chore: bump version to 3.1.21

Co-authored-by: Codex <noreply@openai.com>

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -21,6 +21,11 @@ updates:
       day: monday
       time: '09:10'
       timezone: Asia/Shanghai
+    # 固定官方 Codex Desktop 的 TLS 指纹；升级前必须抓取握手并比对扩展顺序。
+    ignore:
+      - dependency-name: hyper-rustls
+      - dependency-name: reqwest
+      - dependency-name: rustls
     groups:
       minor-and-patch:
         update-types:

.github/workflows/_container.yml

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ jobs:
           ${{ hashFiles('trivy-results.sarif') != '' &&
               (github.event_name != 'pull_request' ||
                github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository) }}
-        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@e4fba868fa4b1b91e1fdab776edc8cfbe6e9fb81 # v4.37.3
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@5595ccaf912efad79be6eef63a5619ff05969be3 # v4.37.6
         with:
           sarif_file: trivy-results.sarif
           category: runtime-container

.github/workflows/_quality.yml

@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ jobs:
           components: rustfmt,clippy
 
       - name: Cache Rust
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
+        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@6323deb102c322ba6fcbdcafc7e3dddab59af2b6 # v2.9.2
         with:
           workspaces: backend -> target
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ jobs:
           ref: ${{ inputs.ref }}
 
       - name: Setup pnpm
-        uses: pnpm/action-setup@0ebf47130e4866e96fce0953f49152a61190b271 # v6.0.9
+        uses: pnpm/action-setup@0977fd99725f1db4007ccb2928dbb4e90d06cc86 # v6.0.10
         with:
           version: 11.7.0
 

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Detect affected checks
         id: filter
-        uses: dorny/paths-filter@7b450fff21473bca461d4b92ce414b9d0420d706 # v4.0.2
+        uses: dorny/paths-filter@ceb8a2b8f2d89434be7ff52d3de7ec3738c5cc9d # v4.0.3
         with:
           filters: |
             backend:

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 name: Release
 
 on:
-  push:
-    tags:
-      - 'v*'
   workflow_dispatch:
     inputs:
       tag:
@@ -15,7 +12,7 @@ permissions:
   contents: read
 
 concurrency:
-  group: release-${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.tag || github.ref_name }}
+  group: release-${{ inputs.tag }}
   cancel-in-progress: false
 
 env:
@@ -43,14 +40,14 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
-          ref: ${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.tag || github.ref }}
+          ref: ${{ inputs.tag }}
           fetch-depth: 0
 
       - name: Read release metadata
         id: version
         shell: bash
         env:
-          RELEASE_TAG: ${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.tag || github.ref_name }}
+          RELEASE_TAG: ${{ inputs.tag }}
         run: |
           ruby <<'RUBY' >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           require "json"
@@ -188,9 +185,9 @@ jobs:
             ~/.cargo/registry
             ~/.cargo/git
             backend/target
-          key: cargo-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-${{ hashFiles('backend/Cargo.lock') }}
+          key: cargo-v2-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-${{ hashFiles('backend/Cargo.lock', 'backend/rust-toolchain.toml', 'backend/**/Cargo.toml', 'backend/.cargo/config.toml') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            cargo-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-
+            cargo-v2-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-
 
       - name: Build binary
         shell: bash
@@ -253,9 +250,9 @@ jobs:
             ~/.cargo/registry
             ~/.cargo/git
             backend/target
-          key: cargo-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-${{ hashFiles('backend/Cargo.lock') }}
+          key: cargo-v2-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-${{ hashFiles('backend/Cargo.lock', 'backend/rust-toolchain.toml', 'backend/**/Cargo.toml', 'backend/.cargo/config.toml') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            cargo-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-
+            cargo-v2-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-
 
       - name: Build binary
         shell: bash
@@ -378,7 +375,7 @@ jobs:
           PY
 
       - name: Generate release asset provenance
-        uses: actions/attest@f7c74d28b9d84cb8768d0b8ca14a4bac6ef463e6 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/attest@1e69f48acb82d1966a394da916b4c1698aa569d6 # v4.2.2
         with:
           subject-path: dist/release/*
 
@@ -454,7 +451,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@bb05f3f5519dd87d3ba754cc423b652a5edd6d2c # v4.2.0
 
       - name: Login to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@abd2ef45e78c5afb21d64d4ca52ee8550d9572c7 # v4.5.1
+        uses: docker/login-action@dbcb813823bdd20940b903addbd779551569679f # v4.6.0
         with:
           registry: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -471,8 +468,8 @@ jobs:
           push: true
           build-args: |
             CPR_PREBUILT_DIR=dist/docker
-          cache-from: type=gha,scope=runtime-prebuilt-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
-          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max,scope=runtime-prebuilt-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
+          cache-from: type=registry,ref=${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}:buildcache-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
+          cache-to: type=registry,ref=${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}:buildcache-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }},mode=min
           provenance: mode=max
           sbom: true
           labels: |
@@ -525,7 +522,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@6f9f17788090df1f26f669e9d70d6ae9567deba6 # v4.1.2
 
       - name: Login to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@abd2ef45e78c5afb21d64d4ca52ee8550d9572c7 # v4.5.1
+        uses: docker/login-action@dbcb813823bdd20940b903addbd779551569679f # v4.6.0
         with:
           registry: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -584,7 +581,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "digest=${digest}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
       - name: Generate container provenance attestation
-        uses: actions/attest@f7c74d28b9d84cb8768d0b8ca14a4bac6ef463e6 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/attest@1e69f48acb82d1966a394da916b4c1698aa569d6 # v4.2.2
         with:
           subject-name: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}
           subject-digest: ${{ steps.manifest.outputs.digest }}
@@ -626,7 +623,7 @@ jobs:
           make_latest: ${{ needs.release-info.outputs.prerelease == 'true' && 'false' || 'true' }}
           body: |
             > [!WARNING]
-            > **Upgrading across major versions?** Database schema and configuration are only compatible within a major version, and the one-click self-update refuses cross-major targets (releases before 3.0 lack this gate — do not use their built-in update to reach a newer major). Deploy the new major fresh (new `.runtime/` data directory) and re-import or re-authorize provider accounts and client keys. See the [upgrade notes](https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/blob/main/deploy/README.md#镜像升级与源码构建).
+            > **Upgrading across major versions?** Online upgrades across major versions are not supported. Deploy the new major fresh with a new `.runtime/` data directory, then re-import or re-authorize provider accounts and client keys. See the [upgrade notes](https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/blob/main/deploy/README.md#镜像升级与源码构建).
 
             ## 📥 Installation
 

.github/workflows/security-scan.yml

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1a3a6d54512beeaffd394f8d516ca16f2c506a20 # 1.97
 
       - name: Cache Rust
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
+        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@6323deb102c322ba6fcbdcafc7e3dddab59af2b6 # v2.9.2
         with:
           workspaces: backend -> target
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
           ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
 
       - name: Setup pnpm
-        uses: pnpm/action-setup@0ebf47130e4866e96fce0953f49152a61190b271 # v6.0.9
+        uses: pnpm/action-setup@0977fd99725f1db4007ccb2928dbb4e90d06cc86 # v6.0.10
         with:
           version: 11.7.0
 

.gitignore

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ Thumbs.db
 /.codex-ws-audit/
 /.agents/
 /.reasonix/
+/.claude
 /.worktrees/
 /worktrees/
 /.cargo/

README.md

@@ -21,15 +21,16 @@
 
 ## 能力
 
-| 领域     | 实现                                                                        |
-| -------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| 协议     | OpenAI Responses JSON、SSE、WebSocket 与模型目录                             |
-| Provider | 固定 OpenAI、xAI 两个 Provider；各自管理 OAuth、账号、额度与模型目录          |
-| 路由     | Client Key 绑定 Provider、全局模型映射、会话亲和与同 Provider 安全 fallback   |
-| 透明边界 | OpenAI SSE 与 WebSocket 均原样转发上游字节；xAI 在 `providers/xai` 内做 Grok 与 Responses 协议转换 |
-| 延续     | OpenAI native/replay continuation；xAI 使用客户端提交的完整历史                |
-| 管理     | Client Key、账号、模型目录、设置、观测、系统更新与 OAuth                       |
-| 计量     | 模型请求 Token、费用、延迟、账号与 Provider 归因                               |
+| 领域     | 实现                                                                                                  |
+| -------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| 协议     | OpenAI Responses JSON、SSE、WebSocket 与模型目录                                                       |
+| Provider | 固定 OpenAI、xAI 两个 Provider；各自管理 OAuth、账号、额度与模型目录                                    |
+| 路由     | Client Key 绑定 Provider、全局模型映射、会话亲和与同 Provider 安全 fallback                             |
+| 透明边界 | OpenAI 请求保留未知字段和字段顺序，SSE 与 WebSocket 原样转发业务字节；xAI 在 Provider 内做协议转换          |
+| 延续     | OpenAI native/replay continuation；xAI 使用客户端提交的完整历史                                          |
+| 账号     | 导入、OAuth、credential 刷新、主动额度刷新，以及正常响应中的被动额度/状态观测                              |
+| 管理     | Client Key、账号、模型目录、设置、观测、系统更新与 OAuth                                                 |
+| 计量     | 模型请求 Token、费用、延迟、账号与 Provider 归因，并记录响应确认的实际 `service_tier`                      |
 
 ## 快速开始
 
@@ -93,6 +94,11 @@ curl -i http://127.0.0.1:8080/healthz
 3. 按需配置客户端模型到上游模型的全局映射；未命中映射的模型名原样透传。
 4. 创建 `sk_...` Client Key，绑定 `openai` 或 `xai`，并设置速率与并发限制。
 
+OpenAI 账号导入和首次 OAuth 创建在 credential 提交后会立即尝试一次额度观测；额度接口临时失败不会
+回滚已提交的账号。Free、K12 等套餐共用同一套额度与状态转换逻辑，套餐字段只作为账号事实并隔离
+对应的模型目录 cache。credential 刷新、额度刷新和正常请求中的被动额度观测是三条独立链路，详见
+[账号接口](docs/api.md#5-账号)。
+
 > [!IMPORTANT]
 > xAI 使用 OAuth session，不支持把 xAI API Key 作为上游 credential。
 
@@ -145,7 +151,7 @@ curl http://127.0.0.1:8080/v1/responses \
 ## 运维
 
 ```bash
-# 升级
+# 实例升级
 docker compose -f deploy/compose.yaml pull codex-proxy-rs
 docker compose -f deploy/compose.yaml up -d --no-build
 
@@ -162,10 +168,8 @@ docker compose -f deploy/compose.yaml up -d
 > 运行状态。
 
 > [!WARNING]
-> 跨大版本不是原地升级：数据库 schema 与配置只在同一大版本内兼容，内置一键自更新
-> 会拒绝跨大版本目标（3.0 之前的旧版没有这道门禁，不要用旧版界面的一键更新跨大版本）。
-> 升级到新的大版本需要全新部署（全新 `.runtime/` 数据目录），并重新导入或重新授权
-> Provider 账号与客户端 Key。
+> 不支持跨大版本在线升级。升级到新的大版本时，请使用全新的 `.runtime/` 数据目录重新部署，
+> 并重新导入或重新授权 Provider 账号与客户端 Key。
 
 Compose 默认只绑定 `127.0.0.1`。公网接入应使用 HTTPS 反向代理，转发 WebSocket
 upgrade 与真实客户端 IP；不要暴露 PostgreSQL 或 Redis。
@@ -178,8 +182,10 @@ upgrade 与真实客户端 IP；不要暴露 PostgreSQL 或 Redis。
 release/publish <version>
 ```
 
-脚本会更新 `release/version.yaml`、创建约定提交与带注释的 `v<version>` tag，并原子推送分支和 tag。
-不要手工修改版本后单独打 tag。
+脚本依赖已登录的 GitHub CLI（`gh auth login`）。它会更新 `release/version.yaml`、创建约定提交与带
+注释的 `v<version>` tag，原子推送分支和 tag，再从发布分支触发 Release 构建，使构建缓存可以跨版本
+复用。不要手工修改版本后单独打 tag。该脚本不会登录服务器，也不会改变任何运行实例；源码提交、
+仓库发版和实例升级是三个独立状态。
 
 ## 文档
 

backend/apps/gateway/Cargo.toml

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ tokio = { version = "1.52.3", default-features = false, features = ["rt-multi-th
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 config = { version = "0.15.23", default-features = false, features = ["yaml"] }
+serde_json = "1"
 syn = { version = "3.0.3", features = ["full"] }
 tempfile = "3.27.0"
 

backend/apps/gateway/src/bootstrap.rs

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ pub async fn run() -> Result<(), BootstrapError> {
     let providers = ProviderRegistry::new([openai.core_provider(), xai.core_provider()])?;
     let mut core = gateway_core::initialize(store.core_ports(), providers).await?;
     host.report_startup_ready("Core");
-    let admin = gateway_admin::initialize(
+    let mut admin = gateway_admin::initialize(
         admin,
         store.admin_ports(),
         vec![openai.admin_provider(), xai.admin_provider()],
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ pub async fn run() -> Result<(), BootstrapError> {
     plan.extend(core.take_worker_contributions());
     plan.extend(openai.take_worker_contributions());
     plan.extend(xai.take_worker_contributions());
+    plan.extend(admin.take_worker_contributions());
     host.start_workers(plan, store.worker_leader_lease())?;
     host.report_startup_ready("Workers");
     host.serve(api.router()).await?;

backend/apps/gateway/src/main.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use std::{env, error::Error, io};
 
+use provider_openai::transport::tls::ensure_rustls_provider;
+
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ensure_rustls_provider();
     let mut arguments = env::args_os().skip(1);
     match arguments.next().as_deref().and_then(|value| value.to_str()) {
         None | Some("serve") => {

backend/apps/gateway/tests/architecture.rs

@@ -82,6 +82,91 @@ fn gateway_admin_stays_free_of_infrastructure_dependencies() {
     );
 }
 
+/// workspace 包名到冻结成员路径的映射。
+const PACKAGE_TO_MEMBER: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
+    ("codex-proxy-rs", "apps/gateway"),
+    ("gateway-admin", "crates/gateway-admin"),
+    ("gateway-api", "crates/gateway-api"),
+    ("gateway-core", "crates/gateway-core"),
+    ("gateway-host", "crates/gateway-host"),
+    ("gateway-protocol", "crates/gateway-protocol"),
+    ("gateway-store", "crates/gateway-store"),
+    ("provider-openai", "crates/providers/openai"),
+    ("provider-xai", "crates/providers/xai"),
+];
+
+/// 冻结的 workspace 内部运行时依赖边；新增/删除任何边都必须同步本表。
+const ALLOWED_INTERNAL_EDGES: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
+    ("codex-proxy-rs", "gateway-admin"),
+    ("codex-proxy-rs", "gateway-api"),
+    ("codex-proxy-rs", "gateway-core"),
+    ("codex-proxy-rs", "gateway-host"),
+    ("codex-proxy-rs", "gateway-store"),
+    ("codex-proxy-rs", "provider-openai"),
+    ("codex-proxy-rs", "provider-xai"),
+    ("gateway-admin", "gateway-core"),
+    ("gateway-api", "gateway-admin"),
+    ("gateway-api", "gateway-core"),
+    ("gateway-api", "gateway-protocol"),
+    ("gateway-host", "gateway-admin"),
+    ("gateway-host", "gateway-core"),
+    ("gateway-store", "gateway-admin"),
+    ("gateway-store", "gateway-core"),
+    ("provider-openai", "gateway-admin"),
+    ("provider-openai", "gateway-core"),
+    ("provider-openai", "gateway-protocol"),
+    ("provider-xai", "gateway-admin"),
+    ("provider-xai", "gateway-core"),
+    ("provider-xai", "gateway-protocol"),
+];
+
+#[test]
+fn workspace_internal_dependency_edges_match_frozen_dag() {
+    let metadata = cargo_metadata_json();
+    let packages = metadata["packages"]
+        .as_array()
+        .expect("cargo metadata packages");
+    let internal_names: std::collections::BTreeSet<&str> =
+        PACKAGE_TO_MEMBER.iter().map(|(name, _)| *name).collect();
+
+    let mut actual: Vec<(String, String)> = Vec::new();
+    for package in packages {
+        let name = package["name"].as_str().expect("package name");
+        if !internal_names.contains(name) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        for dependency in package["dependencies"].as_array().into_iter().flatten() {
+            let dep_name = dependency["name"].as_str().expect("dependency name");
+            if !internal_names.contains(dep_name) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let is_runtime_edge = dependency["dep_kinds"]
+                .as_array()
+                .map(|kinds| {
+                    kinds
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(|kind| kind["kind"].as_str() == Some("normal"))
+                })
+                .unwrap_or(true);
+            if is_runtime_edge {
+                actual.push((name.to_owned(), dep_name.to_owned()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut expected: Vec<(String, String)> = ALLOWED_INTERNAL_EDGES
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(from, to)| ((*from).to_owned(), (*to).to_owned()))
+        .collect();
+    actual.sort();
+    expected.sort();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        actual, expected,
+        "workspace internal dependency edges diverged from the frozen DAG"
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn production_sources_do_not_host_tests() {
     for member in WORKSPACE_MEMBERS {
@@ -107,6 +192,20 @@ fn backend_root() -> PathBuf {
         .expect("backend workspace root")
 }
 
+fn cargo_metadata_json() -> serde_json::Value {
+    let output = std::process::Command::new("cargo")
+        .args(["metadata", "--format-version", "1", "--no-deps"])
+        .current_dir(backend_root())
+        .output()
+        .expect("run cargo metadata");
+    assert!(
+        output.status.success(),
+        "cargo metadata failed: {}",
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
+    );
+    serde_json::from_slice(&output.stdout).expect("parse cargo metadata")
+}
+
 /// 提取成员 `[dependencies]` 段内声明的依赖名;段落以下一个 `[` 表头结束。
 fn dependency_names(member: &str) -> Vec<String> {
     let manifest = fs::read_to_string(backend_root().join(member).join("Cargo.toml"))

backend/apps/gateway/tests/bootstrap.rs

@@ -134,8 +134,8 @@ fn config_loader_should_reject_removed_fingerprint_section() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn config_loader_should_reject_invalid_codex_core_version() {
-    assert_rejected(valid_config().replace("codex_version: '0.145.0'", "codex_version: 'latest'"));
+fn config_loader_should_reject_invalid_codex_cli_version() {
+    assert_rejected(valid_config().replace("codex_version: '0.146.0'", "codex_version: 'latest'"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ fn config_loader_should_reject_zero_server_port() {
 
 #[test]
 fn config_loader_should_reject_invalid_desktop_profile_fields() {
-    assert_rejected(valid_config().replace("desktop_build: '5828'", "desktop_build: 'build'"));
+    assert_rejected(valid_config().replace("desktop_build: '6119'", "desktop_build: 'build'"));
 }
 
 fn assert_rejected(config: String) {

backend/crates/gateway-admin/Cargo.toml

@@ -26,9 +26,14 @@ subtle = "2.6.1"
 thiserror = "2.0.18"
 tracing = "0.1.44"
 uuid = { version = "1.23.3", features = ["v7"] }
+cron = "0.17"
+chrono-tz = "0.10"
+tokio = { version = "1.52", features = ["rt", "time", "macros"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-serde_json = { version = "1.0.150", features = ["preserve_order"] }
+serde_json = { version = "1.0.150", features = ["arbitrary_precision", "preserve_order"] }
+sha2 = "0.11"
+tempfile = "3"
 tokio = { version = "1.52.3", default-features = false, features = ["macros", "rt"] }
 
 [lints]

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/backup/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+//! 备份纯策略与 Worker 任务。
+
+pub mod policy;
+pub mod task;

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/backup/policy.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+//! 备份纯策略：Cron 推进与保留候选。
+//!
+//! 本模块不持有任何端口或对象，是 `BackupService` 与 `BackupTask` 共用的纯函数集。
+
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use chrono::{DateTime, Duration, TimeZone as _, Utc};
+use chrono_tz::Tz;
+use cron::Schedule;
+
+use crate::model::backup::{BackupError, BackupRecord, BackupStatus, code};
+
+/// 向历史回溯的最大范围（分钟）。覆盖 Feb 29 + 特定星期等罕见组合的最长间隔。
+const MAX_BACKDATE_MINUTES: i64 = 40 * 366 * 24 * 60;
+
+/// 已解析并校验的备份计划。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct BackupSchedule {
+    schedule: Schedule,
+    timezone: Tz,
+}
+
+impl BackupSchedule {
+    /// 解析并校验 5 段 Cron 与 IANA 时区。
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Cron 非法或时区不是 IANA 名称时返回 [`BackupError`]。
+    pub fn parse(cron_expression: &str, schedule_timezone: &str) -> Result<Self, BackupError> {
+        let expression = format!("0 {cron_expression}");
+        let schedule = Schedule::from_str(&expression).map_err(|_| {
+            BackupError::new(code::INVALID_CRON, "Cron 表达式必须是 5 段格式".to_owned())
+        })?;
+        let timezone = schedule_timezone.parse::<Tz>().map_err(|_| {
+            BackupError::new(code::INVALID_TIMEZONE, "时区必须是 IANA 名称".to_owned())
+        })?;
+        Ok(Self { schedule, timezone })
+    }
+
+    /// 返回最接近 `at`（含 `at` 所在分钟）的最近一次触发时间。
+    ///
+    /// 若过去 `MAX_BACKDATE_MINUTES` 内没有任何触发（极罕见的稀疏计划或超长停机），
+    /// 返回 `None`，调用方不应为历史点补任务。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn last_firing_at_or_before(&self, at: DateTime<Utc>) -> Option<DateTime<Utc>> {
+        let high_min = at.timestamp().div_euclid(60);
+        let low_min = high_min.saturating_sub(MAX_BACKDATE_MINUTES);
+
+        // 检查窗口内是否存在触发；不存在则直接返回 None。
+        let low_instant = instant(low_min, self.timezone)?;
+        if self
+            .schedule
+            .after(&low_instant)
+            .next()
+            .is_none_or(|firing| firing.timestamp() > high_min * 60 + 59)
+        {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        // 二分查找最小的 u（分钟）使 after(u) > high；prev = after(u - 1 分钟)。
+        let mut lo = low_min;
+        let mut hi = high_min;
+        while lo < hi {
+            let mid = lo + (hi - lo) / 2;
+            if self
+                .firing_after(mid)
+                .is_some_and(|firing| firing > high_min)
+            {
+                hi = mid;
+            } else {
+                lo = mid + 1;
+            }
+        }
+        self.firing_after(lo - 1)
+            .filter(|&firing| firing <= high_min)
+            .and_then(|firing| Utc.timestamp_opt(firing * 60, 0).single())
+    }
+
+    /// 返回第一个严格晚于 `at` 的触发时间。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn next_after(&self, at: DateTime<Utc>) -> Option<DateTime<Utc>> {
+        let local = at.with_timezone(&self.timezone);
+        self.schedule
+            .after(&local)
+            .next()
+            .map(|firing| firing.with_timezone(&Utc))
+    }
+
+    /// `after(u 分钟)` 返回的第一个触发时间（分钟索引），用于二分搜索。
+    fn firing_after(&self, minute_index: i64) -> Option<i64> {
+        let instant = instant(minute_index, self.timezone)?;
+        self.schedule
+            .after(&instant)
+            .next()
+            .map(|firing| firing.timestamp().div_euclid(60))
+    }
+}
+
+/// 构造指定分钟索引（UTC epoch 分钟）在目标时区下的 `DateTime`。
+fn instant(minute_index: i64, timezone: Tz) -> Option<DateTime<Tz>> {
+    timezone.timestamp_opt(minute_index * 60, 0).single()
+}
+
+/// 一条记录被纳入删除流程的原因。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum RetentionReason {
+    /// 超过 `retention_days`。
+    Days,
+    /// 超过 `retention_count`。
+    Count,
+}
+
+/// 保留决策。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct RetentionDecision {
+    pub record_id: String,
+    pub reason: RetentionReason,
+}
+
+/// 从按完成时间倒序的 completed 计划备份中决定纳入删除流程的记录。
+///
+/// 规则（`docs/s3-backup-design-audit.md` §4.4）：
+/// - `retentionDays = 0` 时不按天数清理；`retentionCount = 0` 时不按份数清理。
+/// - 自动计划备份满足任一启用阈值即可进入删除。
+/// - 无论阈值如何，至少保留最近一个成功的计划备份（倒序下标 0）。
+/// - 手动备份不受自动阈值影响；无 TTL，仅由管理员手动删除。
+#[must_use]
+pub fn decide_retention(
+    retention_days: u32,
+    retention_count: u32,
+    now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    scheduled_completed_desc: &[BackupRecord],
+) -> Vec<RetentionDecision> {
+    let mut decisions = Vec::new();
+    for (index, record) in scheduled_completed_desc.iter().enumerate() {
+        if record.status != BackupStatus::Completed {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // 最近一个成功的计划备份永远保留。
+        if index == 0 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let expired_by_days = retention_days > 0
+            && record.completed_at.is_some_and(|completed_at| {
+                completed_at <= now - Duration::days(i64::from(retention_days))
+            });
+        let exceeded_count =
+            retention_count > 0 && index >= usize::try_from(retention_count).unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+        if expired_by_days || exceeded_count {
+            decisions.push(RetentionDecision {
+                record_id: record.id.clone(),
+                reason: if expired_by_days {
+                    RetentionReason::Days
+                } else {
+                    RetentionReason::Count
+                },
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    decisions
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/backup/task.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,648 @@
+//! Backup Worker 贡献：单个可取消 `DaemonTask` 承担调度、执行、删除收敛与保留清理。
+//!
+//! 当前部署边界是单副本，因此不需要 Redis lease、fencing token 或 heartbeat。长时间
+//! `pg_dump` 与上传由本 Daemon 自身持有；Host 只负责 panic 后重启、健康与关闭。
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+use futures::future::BoxFuture;
+use gateway_core::{
+    engine::CancellationToken,
+    task::{DaemonTask, WorkerTaskError},
+};
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+use crate::{
+    model::backup::{
+        BackupError, BackupObjectMetadata, BackupRecord, BackupStatus, BackupStorageConfig,
+        BackupTriggerKind, build_backup_seed, code,
+    },
+    ports::backup::{
+        BackupObjectStorePort, BackupRepository, DatabaseDumpPort, DumpRequest,
+        StatusTransitionUpdate, UploadObjectRequest,
+    },
+};
+
+impl From<BackupError> for WorkerTaskError {
+    fn from(error: BackupError) -> Self {
+        WorkerTaskError::safe(error.message())
+    }
+}
+
+use super::policy::{BackupSchedule, decide_retention};
+
+/// 循环间隔：管理员修改 Cron 后该时长内生效；无工作时可取消等待。
+const BACKUP_LOOP_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(30);
+/// 每个循环最多执行的保留删除数量。
+const RETENTION_BATCH_SIZE: usize = 10;
+/// 保留扫描一次读取的 completed 计划备份上限。
+const RETENTION_SCAN_LIMIT: u32 = 1000;
+/// 每个循环最多完成的待删除记录数量。
+const PENDING_DELETION_BATCH: u32 = 20;
+
+/// 备份 Daemon 任务。
+pub struct BackupTask {
+    repository: Arc<dyn BackupRepository>,
+    dump: Arc<dyn DatabaseDumpPort>,
+    object_store: Arc<dyn BackupObjectStorePort>,
+}
+
+impl BackupTask {
+    /// 组合仓储、导出器与对象存储适配器。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(
+        repository: Arc<dyn BackupRepository>,
+        dump: Arc<dyn DatabaseDumpPort>,
+        object_store: Arc<dyn BackupObjectStorePort>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            repository,
+            dump,
+            object_store,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl DaemonTask for BackupTask {
+    fn run(&self, cancellation: CancellationToken) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<(), WorkerTaskError>> {
+        Box::pin(async move { self.run_daemon(cancellation).await })
+    }
+}
+
+impl BackupTask {
+    async fn run_daemon(&self, cancellation: CancellationToken) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        loop {
+            if cancellation.is_cancelled() {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            self.run_cycle(&cancellation).await?;
+
+            tokio::select! {
+                _ = cancellation.cancelled() => return Ok(()),
+                _ = tokio::time::sleep(BACKUP_LOOP_INTERVAL) => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 执行一个周期：推进计划、恢复中间态、删除收敛、领取执行一个任务、保留清理。
+    ///
+    /// 对外暴露以便集成测试逐周期驱动；daemon 循环内部复用。
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// 仓储或基础设施不可用、任务执行失败时返回 [`WorkerTaskError`]。
+    pub async fn run_cycle(&self, cancellation: &CancellationToken) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        if cancellation.is_cancelled() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        self.advance_schedule(Utc::now()).await?;
+        self.recover_intermediate(cancellation).await?;
+        self.finish_pending_deletions().await?;
+        self.process_next_task(cancellation).await?;
+        self.run_retention_batch(Utc::now()).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 推进到期计划并幂等插入 scheduled 任务。
+    async fn advance_schedule(&self, now: DateTime<Utc>) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let settings = self.repository.load_settings().await.map_err(repo_error)?;
+        if !settings.schedule_enabled {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let cron = settings.cron_expression.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+        let timezone = settings.schedule_timezone.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+        if cron.is_empty() || timezone.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let schedule = BackupSchedule::parse(cron, timezone)
+            .map_err(|_| WorkerTaskError::safe("backup schedule is invalid"))?;
+
+        let due = match settings.next_run_at {
+            Some(next_run_at) if next_run_at <= now => true,
+            Some(_) => false,
+            None => {
+                // 刚启用计划但尚无游标：直接初始化。
+                if let Some(next_run_at) = schedule.next_after(now) {
+                    let _ = self
+                        .repository
+                        .advance_schedule_cursor(next_run_at, cron, timezone)
+                        .await
+                        .map_err(repo_error)?;
+                }
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        };
+        if !due {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let scheduled_at = match schedule.last_firing_at_or_before(now) {
+            Some(scheduled_at) => scheduled_at,
+            None => {
+                // 无法从计划推导最近到期时间：推进游标避免反复触发。
+                if let Some(next_run_at) = schedule.next_after(now) {
+                    let _ = self
+                        .repository
+                        .advance_schedule_cursor(next_run_at, cron, timezone)
+                        .await
+                        .map_err(repo_error)?;
+                }
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        };
+        let prefix = settings.prefix.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+        let expires_at = if settings.retention_days > 0 {
+            Some(now + chrono::Duration::days(i64::from(settings.retention_days)))
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let seed = build_backup_seed(
+            BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+            Some(scheduled_at),
+            prefix,
+            now,
+            expires_at,
+        )
+        .map_err(infra_error)?;
+        let inserted = self
+            .repository
+            .insert_scheduled_record(seed)
+            .await
+            .map_err(repo_error)?;
+        if inserted {
+            info!(scheduled_at = %scheduled_at, "计划备份任务已创建");
+        } else {
+            warn!(scheduled_at = %scheduled_at, "计划时间点冲突，跳过并推进游标");
+        }
+        if let Some(next_run_at) = schedule.next_after(now) {
+            let _ = self
+                .repository
+                .advance_schedule_cursor(next_run_at, cron, timezone)
+                .await
+                .map_err(repo_error)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 恢复中间状态（dumping/uploading/deleting）。
+    async fn recover_intermediate(
+        &self,
+        cancellation: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let records = self
+            .repository
+            .list_intermediate_records()
+            .await
+            .map_err(repo_error)?;
+        for record in records {
+            match record.status {
+                BackupStatus::Dumping => self.recover_dumping(&record, cancellation).await?,
+                BackupStatus::Uploading => self.recover_uploading(&record, cancellation).await?,
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// dumping：有完整暂存则继续上传，否则清理暂存并标记失败。
+    async fn recover_dumping(
+        &self,
+        record: &BackupRecord,
+        cancellation: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        match self.dump.inspect_staging(&record.id).await? {
+            Some(artifact) => {
+                let now = Utc::now();
+                let update = StatusTransitionUpdate {
+                    size_bytes: Some(artifact.size_bytes),
+                    sha256: Some(artifact.sha256.clone()),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                };
+                let Some(uploading_record) = self
+                    .repository
+                    .transition_status(
+                        &record.id,
+                        BackupStatus::Dumping,
+                        BackupStatus::Uploading,
+                        update,
+                        now,
+                    )
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(repo_error)?
+                else {
+                    return Ok(());
+                };
+                self.upload_and_verify(
+                    &uploading_record,
+                    &artifact.path,
+                    artifact.size_bytes,
+                    &artifact.sha256,
+                    now,
+                    cancellation,
+                )
+                .await?;
+            }
+            None => {
+                let _ = self.dump.cleanup_staging(&record.id).await;
+                self.fail_task(record, code::PG_DUMP_FAILED, "导出进程中断，暂存归档不完整")
+                    .await?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// uploading：远端匹配则补记完成，有完整暂存则重试上传，否则失败。
+    async fn recover_uploading(
+        &self,
+        record: &BackupRecord,
+        cancellation: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let settings = self.repository.load_settings().await.map_err(repo_error)?;
+        let Some(config) = BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings) else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        if let Some(remote) = self
+            .object_store
+            .head_object(&config, &record.object_key)
+            .await?
+            && record.size_bytes == Some(remote.size_bytes)
+            && record.sha256.as_deref() == Some(remote.sha256.as_str())
+        {
+            let now = Utc::now();
+            self.repository
+                .transition_status(
+                    &record.id,
+                    BackupStatus::Uploading,
+                    BackupStatus::Completed,
+                    StatusTransitionUpdate::default(),
+                    now,
+                )
+                .await
+                .map_err(repo_error)?;
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        match self.dump.inspect_staging(&record.id).await? {
+            Some(artifact) => {
+                self.upload_and_verify(
+                    record,
+                    &artifact.path,
+                    artifact.size_bytes,
+                    &artifact.sha256,
+                    Utc::now(),
+                    cancellation,
+                )
+                .await
+            }
+            None => {
+                self.fail_task(
+                    record,
+                    code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED,
+                    "远端对象缺失且本地无完整暂存",
+                )
+                .await
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 完成待删除记录（deleting → DeleteObject → 硬删除）。
+    async fn finish_pending_deletions(&self) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let settings = self.repository.load_settings().await.map_err(repo_error)?;
+        let Some(config) = BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings) else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        let records = self
+            .repository
+            .list_pending_deletions(PENDING_DELETION_BATCH)
+            .await
+            .map_err(repo_error)?;
+        for record in records {
+            if self
+                .object_store
+                .delete_object(&config, &record.object_key)
+                .await
+                .is_ok()
+            {
+                self.repository
+                    .delete_record(&record.id)
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(repo_error)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 领取一个 queued 任务并执行导出、上传与远端校验。
+    async fn process_next_task(
+        &self,
+        cancellation: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let now = Utc::now();
+        let Some(record) = self
+            .repository
+            .claim_next_queued(now)
+            .await
+            .map_err(repo_error)?
+        else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        info!(
+            backup_id = %record.id,
+            attempt = record.attempt_count,
+            "领取备份任务"
+        );
+        if let Err(error) = self.execute_task(&record, cancellation).await {
+            warn!(backup_id = %record.id, error = %error, "备份任务执行失败");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 执行单个任务；内部处理全部状态迁移。
+    async fn execute_task(
+        &self,
+        record: &BackupRecord,
+        cancellation: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let settings = self.repository.load_settings().await.map_err(repo_error)?;
+        if BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings).is_none() {
+            return self
+                .fail_task(record, code::INVALID_CONFIG, "备份存储配置不完整")
+                .await;
+        }
+        if !settings.storage_verified() {
+            return self
+                .fail_task(record, code::INVALID_CONFIG, "备份存储配置尚未通过连接测试")
+                .await;
+        }
+
+        let now = Utc::now();
+        let artifact = match self
+            .dump
+            .dump(DumpRequest {
+                backup_id: record.id.clone(),
+                cancellation: cancellation.clone(),
+            })
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(artifact) => artifact,
+            Err(error) => {
+                let (error_code, message) = classify_dump_error(error);
+                return self.fail_task(record, error_code, message).await;
+            }
+        };
+
+        // dumping → uploading，持久化 size/sha256。
+        let update = StatusTransitionUpdate {
+            size_bytes: Some(artifact.size_bytes),
+            sha256: Some(artifact.sha256.clone()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let Some(uploading_record) = self
+            .repository
+            .transition_status(
+                &record.id,
+                BackupStatus::Dumping,
+                BackupStatus::Uploading,
+                update,
+                now,
+            )
+            .await
+            .map_err(repo_error)?
+        else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+
+        self.upload_and_verify(
+            &uploading_record,
+            &artifact.path,
+            artifact.size_bytes,
+            &artifact.sha256,
+            now,
+            cancellation,
+        )
+        .await?;
+        let _ = self.dump.cleanup_staging(&record.id).await;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 上传 + 远端校验，内部完成终态迁移。
+    async fn upload_and_verify(
+        &self,
+        record: &BackupRecord,
+        source: &std::path::Path,
+        size_bytes: u64,
+        sha256: &str,
+        now: DateTime<Utc>,
+        cancellation: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let settings = self.repository.load_settings().await.map_err(repo_error)?;
+        let Some(config) = BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings) else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        let store = self.object_store.clone();
+        let metadata =
+            BackupObjectMetadata::new(record.id.clone(), sha256.to_owned(), now, size_bytes);
+        if let Err(error) = store
+            .upload_file(
+                &config,
+                UploadObjectRequest {
+                    object_key: record.object_key.clone(),
+                    source: source.to_path_buf(),
+                    metadata,
+                    cancellation: cancellation.clone(),
+                },
+            )
+            .await
+        {
+            let _ = store.delete_object(&config, &record.object_key).await;
+            self.fail_task(
+                record,
+                error.code(),
+                format!("上传到对象存储失败：{}", error.message()),
+            )
+            .await?;
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        match store.head_object(&config, &record.object_key).await {
+            Ok(Some(remote)) if remote.size_bytes == size_bytes && remote.sha256 == sha256 => {
+                if self
+                    .repository
+                    .transition_status(
+                        &record.id,
+                        BackupStatus::Uploading,
+                        BackupStatus::Completed,
+                        StatusTransitionUpdate::default(),
+                        Utc::now(),
+                    )
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(repo_error)?
+                    .is_some()
+                {
+                    info!(
+                        backup_id = %record.id,
+                        size_bytes,
+                        "备份完成"
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(Some(remote)) => {
+                let size_matches = remote.size_bytes == size_bytes;
+                let sha256_matches = remote.sha256 == sha256;
+                warn!(
+                    backup_id = %record.id,
+                    expected_size_bytes = size_bytes,
+                    remote_size_bytes = remote.size_bytes,
+                    sha256_matches,
+                    "备份远端对象校验不一致"
+                );
+                let _ = store.delete_object(&config, &record.object_key).await;
+                self.fail_task(
+                    record,
+                    code::REMOTE_VERIFICATION_FAILED,
+                    match (size_matches, sha256_matches) {
+                        (false, true) => "远端对象大小不一致",
+                        (true, false) => "远端对象 sha256 校验值不一致",
+                        (false, false) => "远端对象大小和 sha256 校验值均不一致",
+                        (true, true) => "远端对象校验状态异常",
+                    },
+                )
+                .await?;
+            }
+            Ok(None) => {
+                warn!(backup_id = %record.id, "上传完成后未找到远端对象");
+                self.fail_task(
+                    record,
+                    code::REMOTE_VERIFICATION_FAILED,
+                    "上传完成后未找到远端对象",
+                )
+                .await?;
+            }
+            Err(error) => {
+                let _ = store.delete_object(&config, &record.object_key).await;
+                self.fail_task(
+                    record,
+                    error.code(),
+                    format!("远端对象校验失败：{}", error.message()),
+                )
+                .await?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 把活跃任务写入失败终态并清理暂存。
+    async fn fail_task(
+        &self,
+        record: &BackupRecord,
+        error_code: &'static str,
+        message: impl Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let message = message.into();
+        warn!(
+            backup_id = %record.id,
+            error_code,
+            error_message = %message,
+            "备份任务失败"
+        );
+        let now = Utc::now();
+        let update = StatusTransitionUpdate {
+            error_code: Some(error_code.to_string()),
+            error_message: Some(message),
+            completed_at: Some(now),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let _ = self
+            .repository
+            .transition_status(&record.id, record.status, BackupStatus::Failed, update, now)
+            .await
+            .map_err(repo_error)?;
+        let _ = self.dump.cleanup_staging(&record.id).await;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 执行一小批到期保留清理：先处理 `expires_at` 已到期的记录，再按天数/份数清理计划备份。
+    async fn run_retention_batch(&self, now: DateTime<Utc>) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let settings = self.repository.load_settings().await.map_err(repo_error)?;
+
+        // 1. expires_at 已到期的记录（手动或计划）无条件进入删除。
+        let expired = self
+            .repository
+            .list_expired_records(RETENTION_BATCH_SIZE as u32)
+            .await
+            .map_err(repo_error)?;
+        for record in expired {
+            let Some(record) = self
+                .repository
+                .transition_to_deleting(&record.id, now)
+                .await
+                .map_err(repo_error)?
+            else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            self.finalize_deletion(&record).await?;
+        }
+
+        // 2. 计划备份按 retentionDays / retentionCount 清理。
+        let records = self
+            .repository
+            .list_scheduled_completed_desc(RETENTION_SCAN_LIMIT)
+            .await
+            .map_err(repo_error)?;
+        let decisions = decide_retention(
+            settings.retention_days,
+            settings.retention_count,
+            now,
+            &records,
+        );
+        for decision in decisions.into_iter().take(RETENTION_BATCH_SIZE) {
+            let Some(record) = self
+                .repository
+                .transition_to_deleting(&decision.record_id, now)
+                .await
+                .map_err(repo_error)?
+            else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            self.finalize_deletion(&record).await?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 对已进入 deleting 的记录执行对象删除并硬删除记录行。
+    async fn finalize_deletion(&self, record: &BackupRecord) -> Result<(), WorkerTaskError> {
+        let settings = self.repository.load_settings().await.map_err(repo_error)?;
+        let Some(config) = BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings) else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        if self
+            .object_store
+            .delete_object(&config, &record.object_key)
+            .await
+            .is_ok()
+        {
+            self.repository
+                .delete_record(&record.id)
+                .await
+                .map_err(repo_error)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn classify_dump_error(error: BackupError) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
+    match error.code() {
+        code::CANCELLED => (code::CANCELLED, "备份已取消"),
+        code::STAGING_SPACE_EXHAUSTED => (code::STAGING_SPACE_EXHAUSTED, "暂存磁盘空间不足"),
+        _ => (code::PG_DUMP_FAILED, "数据库导出失败"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn repo_error(error: crate::ports::store::AdminStoreError) -> WorkerTaskError {
+    WorkerTaskError::safe(format!("backup store failed: {error}"))
+}
+
+fn infra_error(error: BackupError) -> WorkerTaskError {
+    WorkerTaskError::safe(error.message())
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/lib.rs

@@ -2,23 +2,28 @@
 //!
 //! 本 crate 不包含 HTTP wire、数据库实现或具体 Provider 实现。
 
-use std::{fmt, path::Path, sync::Arc};
+use std::{fmt, path::Path, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
 
 use gateway_core::{
     engine::probe::AccountProbe,
     routing::{ProviderKind, snapshot::SnapshotControl},
+    task::{
+        DaemonRestartPolicy, WorkerContribution, WorkerId, WorkerKind, WorkerRegistration,
+        WorkerRunnable,
+    },
 };
 use secrecy::{ExposeSecret as _, SecretString};
 use serde::Deserialize;
 
+pub mod backup;
 pub mod model;
 pub mod ports;
 mod use_case;
 
 pub use use_case::{
-    accounts::AccountsService, auth::AuthService, client_keys::ClientKeyService,
-    observability::ObservabilityService, openai::OpenAiService, settings::SettingsService,
-    system::SystemService, xai::XaiService,
+    accounts::AccountsService, auth::AuthService, backup::BackupService,
+    client_keys::ClientKeyService, observability::ObservabilityService, openai::OpenAiService,
+    settings::SettingsService, system::SystemService, xai::XaiService,
 };
 
 use model::{AdminError, AdminErrorKind};
@@ -28,7 +33,7 @@ use ports::{
     system::SystemOperations,
 };
 use use_case::{
-    accounts::DefaultAccountsService, auth::DefaultAuthService,
+    accounts::DefaultAccountsService, auth::DefaultAuthService, backup::DefaultBackupService,
     client_keys::DefaultClientKeyService, observability::DefaultObservabilityService,
     openai::DefaultOpenAiService, settings::DefaultSettingsService, system::DefaultSystemService,
     xai::DefaultXaiService,
@@ -48,6 +53,8 @@ const WEAK_INITIAL_PASSWORDS: &[&str] = &[
     "codex-proxy-rs",
 ];
 
+const BACKUP_WORKER_OWNER: &str = "backup";
+
 /// 只用于首次幂等创建默认管理员的启动密码。
 #[derive(Clone, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(transparent)]
@@ -146,6 +153,7 @@ pub struct AdminServices {
     system: Arc<dyn SystemService>,
     openai: Arc<dyn OpenAiService>,
     xai: Arc<dyn XaiService>,
+    backups: Arc<dyn BackupService>,
 }
 
 impl AdminServices {
@@ -188,11 +196,17 @@ impl AdminServices {
     pub fn xai(&self) -> &dyn XaiService {
         self.xai.as_ref()
     }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn backups(&self) -> &dyn BackupService {
+        self.backups.as_ref()
+    }
 }
 
 /// Admin 初始化完成后的封闭能力包。
 pub struct AdminBundle {
     services: AdminServices,
+    worker_contributions: Vec<WorkerContribution>,
 }
 
 impl AdminBundle {
@@ -200,6 +214,11 @@ impl AdminBundle {
     pub fn services(&self) -> AdminServices {
         self.services.clone()
     }
+
+    /// 取出 Backup Worker 贡献；只能调用一次，与其它 Bundle 的贡献一并交给 Host。
+    pub fn take_worker_contributions(&mut self) -> Vec<WorkerContribution> {
+        std::mem::take(&mut self.worker_contributions)
+    }
 }
 
 /// 校验配置、建立动态 Provider 注册表并完成默认管理员幂等初始化。
@@ -241,6 +260,18 @@ pub async fn initialize(
         snapshot.clone(),
         probe.clone(),
     ));
+    let backup_ports = store.backup();
+    let backups = Arc::new(DefaultBackupService::new(
+        backup_ports.repository(),
+        backup_ports.object_store(),
+        store.auth(),
+        snapshot.clone(),
+    ));
+    let backup_task = backup::task::BackupTask::new(
+        backup_ports.repository(),
+        backup_ports.dump(),
+        backup_ports.object_store(),
+    );
     let services = AdminServices {
         auth,
         accounts,
@@ -268,8 +299,32 @@ pub async fn initialize(
             store.accounts(),
             snapshot.clone(),
         )),
+        backups,
     };
-    Ok(AdminBundle { services })
+    let worker_contributions = backup_worker_contribution(backup_task)?;
+    Ok(AdminBundle {
+        services,
+        worker_contributions,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Backup Worker 注册：单个可取消 Daemon，owner 固定为 `backup`。
+fn backup_worker_contribution(
+    task: backup::task::BackupTask,
+) -> Result<Vec<WorkerContribution>, AdminError> {
+    let id = WorkerId::try_new(WorkerKind::Backup, BACKUP_WORKER_OWNER)
+        .map_err(|_| AdminError::internal("Backup worker id is invalid"))?;
+    let restart = DaemonRestartPolicy::try_new(Duration::from_secs(1), Duration::from_secs(60))
+        .map_err(|_| AdminError::internal("Backup worker restart policy is invalid"))?;
+    let registration = WorkerRegistration::try_new(
+        id,
+        WorkerRunnable::Daemon {
+            restart,
+            task: Box::new(task),
+        },
+    )
+    .map_err(|_| AdminError::internal("Backup worker registration is invalid"))?;
+    Ok(vec![WorkerContribution::Registration(registration)])
 }
 
 fn provider_kind(value: &'static str) -> Result<ProviderKind, AdminError> {

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/model/accounts.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! 多 Provider 账号目录与连接测试的公共事实。
 
-use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::{pin::Pin, time::SystemTime};
 
 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
 use futures::Stream;
@@ -13,13 +13,146 @@ use super::{PageSize, Revision, observability::TimeRange};
 pub use gateway_core::engine::credential::AccountAvailability;
 
 /// 管理页使用的归一化账号状态。
+///
+/// 只回答两个问题：是否可调度、是否需要人工干预。具体错误原因不进入此枚举，
+/// 由 [`AccountErrorReason`] 承载；新增原因只扩展 reason，不改变分类。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum AccountStatus {
-    Active,
-    Expired,
+    /// 正常，可调度。
+    Normal,
+    /// 配额耗尽（持久化终态），等待额度恢复，无需干预。
     QuotaExhausted,
+    /// 限流中（quota 快照级信号），自动恢复，无需干预。
+    RateLimited,
+    /// 管理员手动停用（`enabled = false`）。
     Disabled,
+    /// 错误（过期 / 失效 / 封禁等），需要人工干预。具体原因见 [`AccountErrorReason`]。
+    Error,
+}
+
+impl AccountStatus {
+    /// 返回稳定 wire 值。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Normal => "normal",
+            Self::QuotaExhausted => "quota_exhausted",
+            Self::RateLimited => "rate_limited",
+            Self::Disabled => "disabled",
+            Self::Error => "error",
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 解析稳定 wire 值。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn parse(value: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        match value {
+            "normal" => Some(Self::Normal),
+            "quota_exhausted" => Some(Self::QuotaExhausted),
+            "rate_limited" => Some(Self::RateLimited),
+            "disabled" => Some(Self::Disabled),
+            "error" => Some(Self::Error),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 状态派生所需的最小事实；由 store / use_case 各自构造，派生规则唯一。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct AccountStatusSignals {
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    pub availability: AccountAvailability,
+    pub access_token_expired: bool,
+    pub quota_limit_reached: bool,
+    /// 429 临时限流（Redis 冷却）到期时间；`Some` 表示账号当前处于临时限流。
+    pub rate_limited_until: Option<SystemTime>,
+}
+
+impl AccountStatusSignals {
+    /// 派生产出运营分类。终态优先于瞬时信号：停用 > 配额耗尽 > 错误 > 限流。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn derive(self) -> AccountStatus {
+        if !self.enabled {
+            AccountStatus::Disabled
+        } else if matches!(self.availability, AccountAvailability::QuotaExhausted) {
+            AccountStatus::QuotaExhausted
+        } else if self.access_token_expired
+            || matches!(
+                self.availability,
+                AccountAvailability::Expired
+                    | AccountAvailability::Invalid
+                    | AccountAvailability::Banned
+                    | AccountAvailability::Unknown
+            )
+        {
+            AccountStatus::Error
+        } else if self.rate_limited_until.is_some() {
+            AccountStatus::RateLimited
+        } else if self.quota_limit_reached {
+            AccountStatus::QuotaExhausted
+        } else {
+            AccountStatus::Normal
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 错误分类下的具体原因；仅在 `AccountStatus::Error` 时存在。
+///
+/// 受控枚举用于展示与聚合，扩展不改变状态分类。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum AccountErrorReason {
+    Expired,
+    TokenExpired,
+    Invalid,
     Banned,
+    Unknown,
+}
+
+impl AccountErrorReason {
+    /// 返回稳定 wire 值。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Expired => "expired",
+            Self::TokenExpired => "token_expired",
+            Self::Invalid => "invalid",
+            Self::Banned => "banned",
+            Self::Unknown => "unknown",
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 解析稳定 wire 值。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn parse(value: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        match value {
+            "expired" => Some(Self::Expired),
+            "token_expired" => Some(Self::TokenExpired),
+            "invalid" => Some(Self::Invalid),
+            "banned" => Some(Self::Banned),
+            "unknown" => Some(Self::Unknown),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 由信号派生错误原因；非错误分类（正常 / 配额耗尽 / 限流 / 停用）返回 `None`。
+///
+/// 与 [`AccountStatusSignals::derive`] 保持同一判定：`Error` 当且仅当此处返回 `Some`。
+#[must_use]
+pub fn derive_error_reason(signals: &AccountStatusSignals) -> Option<AccountErrorReason> {
+    if !signals.enabled {
+        return None;
+    }
+    match signals.availability {
+        AccountAvailability::QuotaExhausted => None,
+        AccountAvailability::Ready => signals
+            .access_token_expired
+            .then_some(AccountErrorReason::TokenExpired),
+        AccountAvailability::Expired => Some(AccountErrorReason::Expired),
+        AccountAvailability::Invalid => Some(AccountErrorReason::Invalid),
+        AccountAvailability::Banned => Some(AccountErrorReason::Banned),
+        AccountAvailability::Unknown => Some(AccountErrorReason::Unknown),
+    }
 }
 
 /// 账号列表排序字段。
@@ -65,7 +198,7 @@ pub struct AccountRecord {
     pub provider_kind: ProviderKind,
     pub name: String,
     pub email: Option<String>,
-    pub upstream_user_id: String,
+    pub upstream_user_id: Option<String>,
     pub upstream_account_id: Option<String>,
     pub plan_type: Option<String>,
     pub authentication_kind: String,
@@ -75,9 +208,9 @@ pub struct AccountRecord {
     pub next_refresh_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
     pub enabled: bool,
     pub availability: AccountAvailability,
-    pub availability_reason: Option<String>,
-    pub cooldown_until: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
     pub availability_observed_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    /// 最近一次非 ready 状态变更的原始原因（上游错误原文 / 原因码）；恢复 ready 后清空。
+    pub last_error_message: Option<String>,
     pub quota_observed_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
     pub created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
     pub updated_at: DateTime<Utc>,
@@ -169,12 +302,16 @@ pub struct AccountPage {
 }
 
 /// 统一账号目录的全局状态计数，不受当前筛选和分页影响。
+///
+/// 计数与 [`AccountStatus`] 一一对应，由 store 按派生状态聚合。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct AccountSummary {
     pub total: u64,
-    pub active: u64,
+    pub normal: u64,
     pub quota_exhausted: u64,
-    pub unavailable: u64,
+    pub rate_limited: u64,
+    pub disabled: u64,
+    pub error: u64,
 }
 
 /// 账号启停写入命令。
@@ -212,6 +349,9 @@ pub enum AccountConnectionTestEvent {
         message: String,
         provider_error_code: Option<String>,
         provider_error_type: Option<String>,
+        upstream_status: Option<u16>,
+        upstream_content_type: Option<String>,
+        upstream_body: Option<String>,
         account_status: AccountStatus,
     },
 }

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/model/backup.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+//! S3 备份领域模型、状态机与稳定错误。
+//!
+//! 领域类型只携带事实，不承载基础设施细节。Secret 使用 [`secrecy::SecretString`]，
+//! 全流程不实现 `Serialize`，避免被错误地写入 wire 或日志。管理员身份等审计事实
+//! 只存在于 `admin_audit_events`，本模型不重复保存。
+
+use std::fmt;
+
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+use secrecy::SecretString;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+use super::PageSize;
+
+/// 备份触发来源。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum BackupTriggerKind {
+    Manual,
+    Scheduled,
+}
+
+impl BackupTriggerKind {
+    /// 稳定持久化值。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Manual => "manual",
+            Self::Scheduled => "scheduled",
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 解析持久化值。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn parse(value: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        match value {
+            "manual" => Some(Self::Manual),
+            "scheduled" => Some(Self::Scheduled),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for BackupTriggerKind {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter.write_str(self.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+/// 备份任务状态机（六状态）。
+///
+/// 迁移 `backup_records_lifecycle_ck` 与字段空值语义共同定义合法持久化行；
+/// [`Self::allows_transition_to`] 只约束领域内的显式状态迁移，两层都必须满足。
+/// 删除成功后记录行被硬删除，因此不存在 `deleted` 终态。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub enum BackupStatus {
+    Queued,
+    Dumping,
+    Uploading,
+    Completed,
+    Failed,
+    Deleting,
+}
+
+impl BackupStatus {
+    /// 稳定持久化值。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Queued => "queued",
+            Self::Dumping => "dumping",
+            Self::Uploading => "uploading",
+            Self::Completed => "completed",
+            Self::Failed => "failed",
+            Self::Deleting => "deleting",
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 解析持久化值。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn parse(value: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        match value {
+            "queued" => Some(Self::Queued),
+            "dumping" => Some(Self::Dumping),
+            "uploading" => Some(Self::Uploading),
+            "completed" => Some(Self::Completed),
+            "failed" => Some(Self::Failed),
+            "deleting" => Some(Self::Deleting),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 该状态是否消耗全局活跃名额。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn is_active(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Queued | Self::Dumping | Self::Uploading)
+    }
+
+    /// 该状态是否允许进入删除流程。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn can_be_deleted(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Completed | Self::Failed)
+    }
+
+    /// 领域内允许的显式迁移。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn allows_transition_to(self, target: BackupStatus) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            (self, target),
+            (Self::Queued, Self::Dumping)
+                | (Self::Queued, Self::Failed)
+                | (Self::Dumping, Self::Uploading)
+                | (Self::Dumping, Self::Failed)
+                | (Self::Uploading, Self::Completed)
+                | (Self::Uploading, Self::Failed)
+                | (Self::Completed, Self::Deleting)
+                | (Self::Failed, Self::Deleting)
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for BackupStatus {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter.write_str(self.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+/// S3 存储配置更新命令；`secret_access_key` 为 `None` 表示保留旧值。
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct UpdateBackupStorageCommand {
+    pub endpoint: String,
+    pub region: String,
+    pub bucket: String,
+    pub access_key_id: String,
+    pub secret_access_key: Option<SecretString>,
+    pub prefix: String,
+    pub force_path_style: bool,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for UpdateBackupStorageCommand {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter
+            .debug_struct("UpdateBackupStorageCommand")
+            .field("endpoint", &self.endpoint)
+            .field("region", &self.region)
+            .field("bucket", &self.bucket)
+            .field("access_key_id", &self.access_key_id)
+            .field("secret_access_key", &self.secret_access_key.is_some())
+            .field("prefix", &self.prefix)
+            .field("force_path_style", &self.force_path_style)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// 调度配置更新命令。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct UpdateBackupScheduleCommand {
+    pub schedule_enabled: bool,
+    pub cron_expression: String,
+    pub schedule_timezone: String,
+    pub retention_days: u32,
+    pub retention_count: u32,
+}
+
+/// 完整保存的备份设置（含 Secret）。
+///
+/// 只从仓储读取；不实现 `Serialize`，防止 Secret 进入 wire 或日志。
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct BackupSettings {
+    pub storage_revision: u64,
+    pub endpoint: Option<String>,
+    pub region: Option<String>,
+    pub bucket: Option<String>,
+    pub access_key_id: Option<String>,
+    pub secret_access_key: Option<SecretString>,
+    pub prefix: Option<String>,
+    pub force_path_style: bool,
+    pub schedule_enabled: bool,
+    pub cron_expression: Option<String>,
+    pub schedule_timezone: Option<String>,
+    pub retention_days: u32,
+    pub retention_count: u32,
+    pub next_run_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub last_verified_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub updated_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for BackupSettings {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter
+            .debug_struct("BackupSettings")
+            .field("storage_revision", &self.storage_revision)
+            .field("endpoint", &self.endpoint)
+            .field("region", &self.region)
+            .field("bucket", &self.bucket)
+            .field("access_key_id", &self.access_key_id)
+            .field("secret_access_key", &self.secret_access_key.is_some())
+            .field("prefix", &self.prefix)
+            .field("force_path_style", &self.force_path_style)
+            .field("schedule_enabled", &self.schedule_enabled)
+            .field("cron_expression", &self.cron_expression)
+            .field("schedule_timezone", &self.schedule_timezone)
+            .field("retention_days", &self.retention_days)
+            .field("retention_count", &self.retention_count)
+            .field("next_run_at", &self.next_run_at)
+            .field("last_verified_at", &self.last_verified_at)
+            .field("updated_at", &self.updated_at)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl BackupSettings {
+    /// S3 存储配置是否完整（bucket/region/密钥/前缀齐全）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn storage_configured(&self) -> bool {
+        self.endpoint.is_some()
+            && self.region.is_some()
+            && self.bucket.is_some()
+            && self.access_key_id.is_some()
+            && self.secret_access_key.is_some()
+            && self.prefix.is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// 探测是否已对当前 revision 成功；`last_verified_at` 非空即表示当前配置已通过探针。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn storage_verified(&self) -> bool {
+        self.last_verified_at.is_some()
+    }
+}
+
+/// 已经校验并可用于对象存储操作的存储配置快照。
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct BackupStorageConfig {
+    pub storage_revision: u64,
+    pub endpoint: String,
+    pub region: String,
+    pub bucket: String,
+    pub access_key_id: String,
+    pub secret_access_key: SecretString,
+    pub prefix: String,
+    pub force_path_style: bool,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for BackupStorageConfig {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter
+            .debug_struct("BackupStorageConfig")
+            .field("storage_revision", &self.storage_revision)
+            .field("endpoint", &self.endpoint)
+            .field("region", &self.region)
+            .field("bucket", &self.bucket)
+            .field("access_key_id", &self.access_key_id)
+            .field("secret_access_key", &"[REDACTED]")
+            .field("prefix", &self.prefix)
+            .field("force_path_style", &self.force_path_style)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl BackupStorageConfig {
+    /// 从完整设置推导对象存储配置；设置不完整时返回 `None`。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_settings(settings: &BackupSettings) -> Option<Self> {
+        Some(Self {
+            storage_revision: settings.storage_revision,
+            endpoint: settings.endpoint.clone()?,
+            region: settings.region.clone()?,
+            bucket: settings.bucket.clone()?,
+            access_key_id: settings.access_key_id.clone()?,
+            secret_access_key: settings.secret_access_key.clone()?,
+            prefix: settings.prefix.clone()?,
+            force_path_style: settings.force_path_style,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// 一条备份记录。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BackupRecord {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind,
+    pub status: BackupStatus,
+    pub scheduled_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub object_key: String,
+    pub size_bytes: Option<u64>,
+    pub sha256: Option<String>,
+    pub attempt_count: u32,
+    pub error_code: Option<String>,
+    pub error_message: Option<String>,
+    pub started_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub completed_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    /// 手动过期时间；创建时确定，到期自动清理。
+    pub expires_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub updated_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+}
+
+/// 备份记录分页查询。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BackupRecordListQuery {
+    pub page: u32,
+    pub page_size: PageSize,
+    pub status: Option<BackupStatus>,
+    pub trigger: Option<BackupTriggerKind>,
+}
+
+/// 备份记录分页结果。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BackupRecordPage {
+    pub items: Vec<BackupRecord>,
+    pub total: u64,
+    pub page: u32,
+    pub page_size: PageSize,
+}
+
+impl BackupRecordPage {
+    /// 计算总页数；空集合视为一页。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn total_pages(&self) -> u32 {
+        let size = u64::from(self.page_size.get());
+        if self.total == 0 {
+            1
+        } else {
+            self.total.div_ceil(size).min(u64::from(u32::MAX)) as u32
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 创建备份任务的持久化数据；id 与对象 key 由领域生成。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BackupRecordSeed {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind,
+    pub scheduled_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub object_key: String,
+    pub expires_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+}
+
+/// 连接测试结果；只携带稳定阶段与脱敏消息。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ConnectionTestResult {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub stage: &'static str,
+    pub code: Option<&'static str>,
+    pub message: String,
+}
+
+/// 对象存储探测阶段。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ConnectionTestStage {
+    PutObject,
+    HeadObject,
+    GetObject,
+    DeleteObject,
+}
+
+impl ConnectionTestStage {
+    /// 稳定 wire 值。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::PutObject => "putObject",
+            Self::HeadObject => "headObject",
+            Self::GetObject => "getObject",
+            Self::DeleteObject => "deleteObject",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 上传到对象存储并期望远端校验的归档 metadata。
+///
+/// `size_bytes` 在上传时不写入 metadata，但 `HeadObject` 会返回远端大小，
+/// 用于与本地归档校验一致。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BackupObjectMetadata {
+    pub backup_id: String,
+    pub sha256: String,
+    pub created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub size_bytes: u64,
+}
+
+impl BackupObjectMetadata {
+    /// 构造上传 metadata。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn new(
+        backup_id: String,
+        sha256: String,
+        created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+        size_bytes: u64,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            backup_id,
+            sha256,
+            created_at,
+            size_bytes,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 短时下载地址结果。
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DownloadUrlResult {
+    pub url: String,
+    pub file_name: String,
+    pub expires_in: std::time::Duration,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for DownloadUrlResult {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter
+            .debug_struct("DownloadUrlResult")
+            .field("url", &"[REDACTED]")
+            .field("file_name", &self.file_name)
+            .field("expires_in", &self.expires_in)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// 备份基础设施错误：只携带稳定错误码与脱敏消息。
+///
+/// 该类型不构成第二套 kind 枚举；`gateway-admin` 边界统一映射为既有
+/// `AdminErrorKind`。稳定 `error_code` 同时用于任务记录、日志与 UI。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, thiserror::Error)]
+#[error("{message}")]
+pub struct BackupError {
+    code: &'static str,
+    message: String,
+}
+
+impl BackupError {
+    /// 构造基础设施错误。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn new(code: &'static str, message: String) -> Self {
+        Self { code, message }
+    }
+
+    /// 稳定错误码，例如 `backup.s3_auth_failed`。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn code(&self) -> &'static str {
+        self.code
+    }
+
+    /// 脱敏后的可操作消息。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn message(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.message
+    }
+}
+
+/// 构造稳定错误码常量。
+pub mod code {
+    /// 配置或参数非法。
+    pub const INVALID_CONFIG: &str = "backup.invalid_config";
+    /// Cron 表达式非法。
+    pub const INVALID_CRON: &str = "backup.invalid_cron";
+    /// IANA 时区非法。
+    pub const INVALID_TIMEZONE: &str = "backup.invalid_timezone";
+    /// 记录不存在。
+    pub const RECORD_NOT_FOUND: &str = "backup.record_not_found";
+    /// 已存在活跃任务，拒绝创建。
+    pub const ACTIVE_TASK_CONFLICT: &str = "backup.active_task_conflict";
+    /// 记录状态与期望不符，无法迁移。
+    pub const STATE_CONFLICT: &str = "backup.state_conflict";
+    /// 已有记录时禁止切换存储目标。
+    pub const STORAGE_IDENTITY_LOCKED: &str = "backup.storage_identity_locked";
+    /// `pg_dump` 非零退出或失败。
+    pub const PG_DUMP_FAILED: &str = "backup.pg_dump_failed";
+    /// 暂存磁盘空间不足。
+    pub const STAGING_SPACE_EXHAUSTED: &str = "backup.staging_space_exhausted";
+    /// S3 认证失败。
+    pub const S3_AUTH_FAILED: &str = "backup.s3_auth_failed";
+    /// S3 权限拒绝。
+    pub const S3_PERMISSION_DENIED: &str = "backup.s3_permission_denied";
+    /// S3 上传失败。
+    pub const S3_UPLOAD_FAILED: &str = "backup.s3_upload_failed";
+    /// 远端对象校验失败。
+    pub const REMOTE_VERIFICATION_FAILED: &str = "backup.remote_verification_failed";
+    /// 任务被取消。
+    pub const CANCELLED: &str = "backup.cancelled";
+    /// 仓储或对象存储暂不可用。
+    pub const STORE_UNAVAILABLE: &str = "backup.store_unavailable";
+    /// 上游 S3 服务返回无效或失败响应。
+    pub const UPSTREAM_FAILURE: &str = "backup.upstream_failure";
+}
+
+/// 构建对象 key：`{prefix}/YYYY/MM/DD/codex-proxy-rs_{UTC seconds}_{backup id}.dump`。
+///
+/// 规范化规则：prefix 不得为空、不得以前导 `/` 开头、不得包含 `..`、反斜杠或控制字符；
+/// 输出统一使用 `/` 分隔且不含空段。
+pub fn build_object_key(
+    prefix: &str,
+    backup_id: &str,
+    at: DateTime<Utc>,
+) -> Result<String, BackupError> {
+    let prefix = normalize_prefix(prefix)?;
+    Ok(format!(
+        "{prefix}/{}/{:02}/{:02}/codex-proxy-rs_{}_{}.dump",
+        at.format("%Y"),
+        at.format("%m"),
+        at.format("%d"),
+        at.format("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S"),
+        short_backup_id(backup_id),
+    ))
+}
+
+/// 下载文件名：`codex-proxy-rs_{短 id}.dump`，与对象 key 的文件名一致。
+#[must_use]
+pub fn build_download_file_name(backup_id: &str) -> String {
+    format!("codex-proxy-rs_{}.dump", short_backup_id(backup_id))
+}
+
+/// 截取备份 id 的可读短标识：去掉 `backup_` 前缀，最多保留 8 位 hex。
+#[must_use]
+fn short_backup_id(backup_id: &str) -> String {
+    let hex = backup_id.strip_prefix("backup_").unwrap_or(backup_id);
+    hex.get(..8).unwrap_or(hex).to_owned()
+}
+
+/// 规范化并校验对象 prefix。
+///
+/// 返回去掉尾部 `/` 的规范 prefix；空串、前导 `/`、`..` 段、反斜杠和控制字符均拒绝。
+pub fn normalize_prefix(prefix: &str) -> Result<String, BackupError> {
+    if prefix.is_empty() || prefix.starts_with('/') {
+        return Err(BackupError::new(
+            code::INVALID_CONFIG,
+            "存储对象前缀必须非空且不能以前导 / 开头".to_owned(),
+        ));
+    }
+    if prefix.bytes().any(|byte| byte.is_ascii_control()) || prefix.contains('\\') {
+        return Err(BackupError::new(
+            code::INVALID_CONFIG,
+            "存储对象前缀包含非法字符".to_owned(),
+        ));
+    }
+    if prefix.split('/').any(|segment| segment == "..") {
+        return Err(BackupError::new(
+            code::INVALID_CONFIG,
+            "存储对象前缀不能包含 .. 路径段".to_owned(),
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(prefix.trim_end_matches('/').to_owned())
+}
+
+/// 生成新的备份记录 id。
+#[must_use]
+pub fn new_backup_id() -> String {
+    format!("backup_{}", Uuid::now_v7().simple())
+}
+
+/// 从触发类型与计划时间构造可持久化 seed；id 与对象 key 一次生成保持一致。
+pub fn build_backup_seed(
+    trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind,
+    scheduled_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    prefix: &str,
+    at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    expires_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+) -> Result<BackupRecordSeed, BackupError> {
+    let id = new_backup_id();
+    let object_key = build_object_key(prefix, &id, at)?;
+    Ok(BackupRecordSeed {
+        id,
+        trigger_kind,
+        scheduled_at,
+        object_key,
+        expires_at,
+    })
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/model/mod.rs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use std::num::{NonZeroU16, NonZeroU64};
 
 pub mod accounts;
 pub mod auth;
+pub mod backup;
 pub mod client_keys;
 pub mod observability;
 pub mod provider_credentials;
@@ -50,6 +51,11 @@ impl AdminError {
         Self::new(AdminErrorKind::Invalid, message)
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn bad_request(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self::new(AdminErrorKind::Invalid, message)
+    }
+
     #[must_use]
     pub fn not_found(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
         Self::new(AdminErrorKind::NotFound, message)
@@ -60,6 +66,11 @@ impl AdminError {
         Self::new(AdminErrorKind::Conflict, message)
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn bad_gateway(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self::new(AdminErrorKind::BadGateway, message)
+    }
+
     #[must_use]
     pub fn unavailable(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
         Self::new(AdminErrorKind::Unavailable, message)

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/model/observability.rs

@@ -204,42 +204,22 @@ impl DecimalAmount {
     /// 精确相加两个 `numeric(20,10)` 金额。
     #[must_use]
     pub fn checked_add(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Self> {
-        let sum = scaled_amount(&self.0)?.checked_add(scaled_amount(&other.0)?)?;
-        Self::from_scaled(sum)
+        Self::from_decimal(self.to_decimal()?.checked_add(other.to_decimal()?)?)
     }
 
     /// 将金额按非零请求数均分，保留最多十位小数。
     #[must_use]
     pub fn checked_div_u64(&self, divisor: u64) -> Option<Self> {
-        let divisor = u128::from(divisor);
-        (divisor != 0)
-            .then(|| scaled_amount(&self.0)?.checked_div(divisor))
-            .flatten()
-            .and_then(Self::from_scaled)
+        Self::from_decimal(self.to_decimal()?.checked_div_u64(divisor)?)
     }
 
-    fn from_scaled(value: u128) -> Option<Self> {
-        if value >= 10_u128.pow(20) {
-            return None;
-        }
-        let whole = value / 10_u128.pow(10);
-        let fraction = value % 10_u128.pow(10);
-        let value = if fraction == 0 {
-            whole.to_string()
-        } else {
-            format!("{whole}.{fraction:010}")
-                .trim_end_matches('0')
-                .to_owned()
-        };
-        Some(Self(value))
+    fn to_decimal(&self) -> Option<gateway_core::accounting::Decimal> {
+        self.0.parse().ok()
     }
-}
 
-fn scaled_amount(value: &str) -> Option<u128> {
-    let (whole, fraction) = value.split_once('.').unwrap_or((value, ""));
-    let whole = whole.parse::<u128>().ok()?;
-    let fraction = format!("{fraction:0<10}").parse::<u128>().ok()?;
-    whole.checked_mul(10_u128.pow(10))?.checked_add(fraction)
+    fn from_decimal(value: gateway_core::accounting::Decimal) -> Option<Self> {
+        Some(Self(value.canonical()))
+    }
 }
 
 impl FromStr for DecimalAmount {
@@ -330,6 +310,7 @@ pub struct LatencyPercentiles {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ProviderBillingInput {
     pub upstream_model_id: String,
+    pub service_tier: Option<String>,
     pub input_tokens: Option<u64>,
     pub output_tokens: Option<u64>,
     pub cached_tokens: Option<u64>,
@@ -345,6 +326,7 @@ pub struct UsageCalculatedBillingFact {
     pub bucket_start: DateTime<Utc>,
     pub provider_kind: String,
     pub upstream_model_id: String,
+    pub service_tier: Option<String>,
     pub input_tokens: Option<u64>,
     pub output_tokens: Option<u64>,
     pub cached_tokens: Option<u64>,
@@ -458,13 +440,20 @@ pub struct RequestMetricPoint {
 }
 
 /// 账号池容量统计。
+///
+/// 首页概览的 `unavailable` 表示不可参与调度，包含配额耗尽及过期、禁用和封禁账号。
+///
+/// `quota_exhausted`（402 确认耗尽）与 `rate_limited`（429 限流中）单列，
+/// 以便状态详情展示和诊断。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct AccountPoolMetrics {
     pub total: u64,
     pub enabled: u64,
     pub unavailable: u64,
     pub active: u64,
+    pub rate_limited: u64,
     pub expired: u64,
+    pub invalid: u64,
     pub quota_exhausted: u64,
     pub refreshing: Option<u64>,
     pub disabled: u64,
@@ -542,12 +531,23 @@ pub struct DashboardRuntimeSlots {
     pub used_slots: Option<u64>,
 }
 
-/// 仪表盘所需的公共观测事实。
+/// 仪表盘卡片脚注展示的全历史累计。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq)]
+pub struct DashboardTotals {
+    pub request_count: u64,
+    pub input_tokens: u64,
+    pub cached_tokens: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: u64,
+    pub billing_usd: Option<DecimalAmount>,
+}
+
+/// 仪表盘所需的当前区间事实及全历史累计。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct DashboardObservation {
     pub range: TimeRange,
     pub requests: RequestMetrics,
     pub attempts: AttemptMetrics,
+    pub totals: DashboardTotals,
     pub provider_accounts: AccountPoolMetrics,
     pub trend: Vec<RequestMetricPoint>,
     pub account_usage: Vec<DashboardAccountUsage>,
@@ -574,6 +574,7 @@ pub struct UsageRecord {
     pub upstream_transport: Option<String>,
     pub http_version: Option<String>,
     pub websocket_pool: Option<String>,
+    pub service_tier: Option<String>,
     /// Provider 已筛选的专有观测 JSON；管理领域保持不透明。
     pub provider_metadata_json: Option<String>,
     pub attempt_count: u32,
@@ -642,6 +643,9 @@ pub struct UsageAttempt {
     pub operation: String,
     pub provider_kind: Option<String>,
     pub provider_account_ref: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_name: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_email: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_authentication_kind: Option<String>,
     pub upstream_model_id: Option<String>,
     pub upstream_transport: Option<String>,
     pub upstream_send_state: Option<String>,
@@ -702,6 +706,7 @@ pub struct UsageSummary {
 /// 单个诊断维度值的聚合结果。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct DiagnosticObservation {
+    pub key: String,
     pub name: String,
     pub request_count: u64,
     pub success_count: u64,
@@ -709,6 +714,7 @@ pub struct DiagnosticObservation {
     pub attempt_count: u64,
     pub total_tokens: u64,
     pub average_latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub latency_p95_ms: Option<u64>,
     pub cost_coverage: CostCoverage,
     pub costs: Vec<CurrencyCost>,
 }
@@ -723,8 +729,12 @@ pub struct OpsError {
     pub client_api_key_ref: Option<String>,
     pub component: String,
     pub operation: String,
+    pub endpoint: Option<String>,
     pub provider_kind: Option<String>,
     pub provider_account_ref: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_name: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_email: Option<String>,
+    pub provider_account_authentication_kind: Option<String>,
     pub upstream_model_id: Option<String>,
     pub upstream_transport: Option<String>,
     pub failure_kind: String,
@@ -1018,6 +1028,7 @@ pub struct UsageInsights {
 /// 已完成分母计算的诊断项。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct DiagnosticsItem {
+    pub key: String,
     pub name: String,
     pub request_count: u64,
     pub success_count: u64,
@@ -1025,6 +1036,7 @@ pub struct DiagnosticsItem {
     pub error_rate: f64,
     pub request_share: f64,
     pub average_latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub latency_p95_ms: Option<u64>,
     pub estimated_cost: Option<DecimalAmount>,
     pub attempt_count: u64,
     pub total_tokens: u64,

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/model/provider_credentials.rs

@@ -5,13 +5,16 @@ use std::fmt;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
 use gateway_core::{
-    engine::credential::{OpaqueProviderData, ProviderAccountId},
+    engine::credential::{OpaqueProviderData, ProviderAccountId, ProviderAccountIdentity},
     routing::{ProviderKind, UpstreamModelId},
 };
 
 use super::{
     AdminError, MutationActor, MutationContext, PageSize, Revision,
-    accounts::{AccountAvailability, AccountRecord, AccountStatus, AccountSummary, AccountUsage},
+    accounts::{
+        AccountAvailability, AccountErrorReason, AccountRecord, AccountStatus, AccountSummary,
+        AccountUsage,
+    },
 };
 
 /// Provider-owned JSON；公共层只搬运且 Debug 不输出值。
@@ -143,7 +146,7 @@ pub struct PreparedCredentialCreate {
     pub provider_kind: ProviderKind,
     pub name: String,
     pub email: Option<String>,
-    pub upstream_user_id: String,
+    pub upstream_user_id: Option<String>,
     pub upstream_account_id: Option<String>,
     pub plan_type: Option<String>,
     pub authentication_kind: String,
@@ -153,8 +156,6 @@ pub struct PreparedCredentialCreate {
     pub next_refresh_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
     pub enabled: bool,
     pub availability: AccountAvailability,
-    pub availability_reason: Option<String>,
-    pub cooldown_until: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
     pub availability_observed_at: DateTime<Utc>,
 }
 
@@ -171,13 +172,6 @@ pub struct CredentialImportCommit {
     pub prepared: PreparedCredentialImport,
 }
 
-/// 可选的重新授权目标。
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct ReauthorizationTarget {
-    pub account_id: ProviderAccountId,
-    pub credential_revision: Revision,
-}
-
 /// OAuth pending owner 的中立身份；不编码具体 Provider 的 Redis key 或 JSON。
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum AuthorizationOwner {
@@ -238,15 +232,13 @@ impl fmt::Debug for AuthorizationOwnerBinding {
 }
 
 /// OAuth 完成时应创建新账号还是 CAS 更新既有 credential。
+///
+/// 重新授权只绑定稳定的账号身份：credential revision 由服务端在临近写入时读取，
+/// 长流程期间的后台刷新不得让恢复操作失效。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum AuthorizationMutationTarget {
-    Create {
-        name: String,
-    },
-    Reauthorize {
-        account_id: ProviderAccountId,
-        expected_credential_revision: Revision,
-    },
+    Create { name: String },
+    Reauthorize { account_id: ProviderAccountId },
 }
 
 /// 必须完整进入 Provider opaque pending payload、并在 complete 后原样恢复的事务信封。
@@ -292,7 +284,7 @@ impl PendingAuthorizationMutation {
 pub struct StartAuthorization {
     pub context: MutationContext,
     pub name: String,
-    pub reauthorization: Option<ReauthorizationTarget>,
+    pub reauthorization: Option<ProviderAccountId>,
 }
 
 /// OAuth 流程启动结果。
@@ -480,14 +472,12 @@ pub struct CredentialDeletionResult {
 /// Provider-owned token 轮换命令。
 pub struct RotateCredential {
     pub mutation: CredentialMutation,
-    pub expected_credential_revision: Revision,
     pub provider_material: ProviderDocument,
 }
 
 /// Provider 校验手工轮换材料时所需的非事务输入。
 pub struct PrepareCredentialRotation {
     pub account: AccountRecord,
-    pub expected_credential_revision: Revision,
     pub provider_material: ProviderDocument,
 }
 
@@ -496,10 +486,6 @@ impl fmt::Debug for PrepareCredentialRotation {
         formatter
             .debug_struct("PrepareCredentialRotation")
             .field("account", &self.account)
-            .field(
-                "expected_credential_revision",
-                &self.expected_credential_revision,
-            )
             .field("provider_material", &self.provider_material)
             .finish()
     }
@@ -511,6 +497,7 @@ pub struct PreparedCredentialRotationFacts {
     pub account_id: ProviderAccountId,
     pub provider_kind: ProviderKind,
     pub expected_credential_revision: Revision,
+    pub replacement_identity: Option<ProviderAccountIdentity>,
     pub name: String,
     pub email: Option<String>,
     pub plan_type: Option<String>,
@@ -572,15 +559,20 @@ impl fmt::Debug for RotateCredential {
         formatter
             .debug_struct("RotateCredential")
             .field("mutation", &self.mutation)
-            .field(
-                "expected_credential_revision",
-                &self.expected_credential_revision,
-            )
             .field("provider_material", &self.provider_material)
             .finish()
     }
 }
 
+/// 通用账号用量能否可靠归属到一个 Provider quota 窗口。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum QuotaLocalUsageAttribution {
+    /// 窗口覆盖账号的全部请求，可按账号与时间范围聚合。
+    AccountWide,
+    /// 窗口需要 Provider / 模型级归属，通用账号聚合不可用。
+    Unavailable,
+}
+
 /// 一个 Provider quota 窗口的公共投影。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct ProviderQuotaWindow {
@@ -588,9 +580,11 @@ pub struct ProviderQuotaWindow {
     pub group: String,
     pub label: String,
     pub source: Option<String>,
+    pub local_usage_attribution: QuotaLocalUsageAttribution,
     pub window_seconds: Option<u64>,
     pub used_percent: Option<f64>,
     pub reset_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub limit_reached: bool,
     pub local_usage: Option<AccountUsage>,
     pub provider_data: Option<ProviderDocument>,
 }
@@ -609,6 +603,11 @@ pub struct ProviderQuota {
     pub observed_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
     pub refresh_token_expires_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
     pub windows: Vec<ProviderQuotaWindow>,
+    /// 快照级限流事实（顶层或任一窗口触顶）；Admin 状态派生用，前端不再遍历窗口猜测。
+    pub limit_reached: bool,
+    /// 429 临时限流（Redis 冷却）到期时间；`Some` 时账号处于临时限流，到期自动恢复。
+    /// 与 `limit_reached`（配额耗尽）是独立维度，不污染额度窗口。
+    pub rate_limited_until: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
     pub provider_data: Option<ProviderDocument>,
 }
 
@@ -705,6 +704,8 @@ impl fmt::Debug for ProviderExport {
 pub struct AccountDirectoryItem {
     pub account: AccountRecord,
     pub status: AccountStatus,
+    /// `status == Error` 时的具体原因；其余状态为 `None`。
+    pub error_reason: Option<AccountErrorReason>,
     pub usage: Option<super::accounts::AccountUsage>,
     pub quota: ProviderQuota,
 }

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/model/settings.rs

@@ -11,14 +11,8 @@ use super::Revision;
 /// 客户端模型到上游模型的全局精确映射。
 pub type ModelMappings = BTreeMap<PublicModelId, UpstreamModelId>;
 
-/// 账号调度策略。
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum RotationStrategy {
-    Smart,
-    QuotaResetPriority,
-    RoundRobin,
-    Sticky,
-}
+/// 账号调度策略；由 Core 拥有稳定值与 wire 映射。
+pub use gateway_core::engine::credential::RotationStrategy;
 
 /// 完整运行设置事实。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/ports/backup.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+//! 备份控制面所需的持久化与基础设施能力。
+//!
+//! 端口方法只接受/返回领域类型与既有错误体系：`BackupRepository` 复用
+//! `AdminStoreError`；`DatabaseDumpPort` 与 `BackupObjectStorePort` 返回只携带稳定
+//! 错误码的 [`BackupError`]。`gateway-store` 实现全部端口；`gateway-admin` 拥有
+//! 状态机、Cron、保留策略与 BackupTask 算法。
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+
+use crate::model::Revision;
+use crate::model::{
+    MutationContext,
+    backup::{
+        BackupError, BackupObjectMetadata, BackupRecord, BackupRecordListQuery, BackupRecordPage,
+        BackupRecordSeed, BackupSettings, BackupStatus, BackupStorageConfig, ConnectionTestResult,
+        UpdateBackupScheduleCommand, UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+    },
+};
+use crate::ports::store::AdminStoreResult;
+
+/// Worker 状态迁移携带的字段更新；`None` 字段不写入。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct StatusTransitionUpdate {
+    pub size_bytes: Option<u64>,
+    pub sha256: Option<String>,
+    pub error_code: Option<String>,
+    pub error_message: Option<String>,
+    pub completed_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+}
+
+/// 备份配置、任务与计划游标的 PostgreSQL 仓储端口。
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait BackupRepository: Send + Sync {
+    /// 读取完整设置（含 Secret）。
+    async fn load_settings(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings>;
+
+    /// 同事务更新 S3 存储配置、递增 revision、清空验证状态并写审计事件。
+    ///
+    /// 已有记录时禁止切换 endpoint/region/bucket/path-style（存储身份锁定）。
+    /// 返回更新后的设置与新的全局 `config_revision`。
+    async fn update_storage_settings(
+        &self,
+        command: UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<(BackupSettings, Revision)>;
+
+    /// 同事务更新调度配置、推进计划游标并写审计事件。
+    async fn update_schedule_settings(
+        &self,
+        command: UpdateBackupScheduleCommand,
+        next_run_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings>;
+
+    /// CAS 记录探针成功；`storage_revision` 与当前配置不一致时丢弃结果（返回 `false`）。
+    async fn record_verification(
+        &self,
+        storage_revision: u64,
+        at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool>;
+
+    /// 插入 queued 任务；存在活跃任务时返回 `backup.active_task_conflict`。
+    async fn insert_backup_record(&self, seed: BackupRecordSeed) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupRecord>;
+
+    /// 幂等插入 scheduled 任务；同一时间点或活跃冲突时返回 `false`（调用方推进游标即可）。
+    async fn insert_scheduled_record(&self, seed: BackupRecordSeed) -> AdminStoreResult<bool>;
+
+    /// 分页查询记录。
+    async fn list_backup_records(
+        &self,
+        query: BackupRecordListQuery,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupRecordPage>;
+
+    /// 读取单条记录。
+    async fn load_backup_record(&self, id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>>;
+
+    /// 读取中间状态记录（dumping/uploading），供启动恢复。
+    async fn list_intermediate_records(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>>;
+
+    /// 读取等待完成墓碑的记录（status = deleting）。
+    async fn list_pending_deletions(&self, limit: u32) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>>;
+
+    /// 读取 `expires_at` 已到期且非活跃的记录（completed/failed），供保留清理。
+    async fn list_expired_records(&self, limit: u32) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>>;
+
+    /// 原子领取最旧的 queued 任务并迁移到 dumping；无任务返回 `None`。
+    async fn claim_next_queued(&self, now: DateTime<Utc>)
+    -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>>;
+
+    /// 条件迁移状态：要求当前状态一致；不匹配返回 `None`。
+    async fn transition_status(
+        &self,
+        id: &str,
+        from: BackupStatus,
+        to: BackupStatus,
+        update: StatusTransitionUpdate,
+        now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>>;
+
+    /// 迁移到删除流程（completed/failed → deleting）；供管理员与保留策略调用。
+    async fn transition_to_deleting(
+        &self,
+        id: &str,
+        now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>>;
+
+    /// 远端删除成功后硬删除记录行。
+    async fn delete_record(&self, id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<()>;
+
+    /// 条件推进计划游标；仅当计划表达式和时区仍是 `expected_*` 时才写入，返回是否推进。
+    async fn advance_schedule_cursor(
+        &self,
+        next_run_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+        expected_cron: &str,
+        expected_timezone: &str,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool>;
+
+    /// 按完成时间倒序读取 completed 计划备份，供保留策略扫描（最多 `limit` 条）。
+    async fn list_scheduled_completed_desc(
+        &self,
+        limit: u32,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>>;
+}
+
+/// `pg_dump` 导出与本地暂存端口。
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait DatabaseDumpPort: Send + Sync {
+    /// 创建归档；完成后原子落盘。取消时终止子进程并清理部分文件。
+    async fn dump(&self, request: DumpRequest) -> Result<DumpArtifact, BackupError>;
+
+    /// 检查暂存目录是否存在完整归档。
+    async fn inspect_staging(&self, backup_id: &str)
+    -> Result<Option<StagedArtifact>, BackupError>;
+
+    /// 清理暂存目录中该备份的全部文件。
+    async fn cleanup_staging(&self, backup_id: &str) -> Result<(), BackupError>;
+}
+
+/// 一次 `pg_dump` 请求。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct DumpRequest {
+    pub backup_id: String,
+    pub cancellation: gateway_core::engine::CancellationToken,
+}
+
+/// 已完成并落盘的归档事实。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DumpArtifact {
+    pub path: PathBuf,
+    pub size_bytes: u64,
+    pub sha256: String,
+}
+
+/// 暂存目录中已存在的完整归档。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct StagedArtifact {
+    pub path: PathBuf,
+    pub size_bytes: u64,
+    pub sha256: String,
+}
+
+/// S3 兼容对象存储适配器端口。
+///
+/// 方法接受已经校验的存储配置；SDK client 的构造与缓存属于 adapter 实现细节。
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait BackupObjectStorePort: Send + Sync {
+    /// 对专用探针对象执行 Put/Head/Get/Delete。
+    async fn test_connection(
+        &self,
+        config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+    ) -> Result<ConnectionTestResult, BackupError>;
+
+    /// 分片流式上传本地归档；取消时中止 multipart 并返回 `backup.cancelled`。
+    async fn upload_file(
+        &self,
+        config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        request: UploadObjectRequest,
+    ) -> Result<(), BackupError>;
+
+    /// 读取对象大小与 metadata；对象不存在返回 `Ok(None)`。
+    async fn head_object(
+        &self,
+        config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        object_key: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<BackupObjectMetadata>, BackupError>;
+
+    /// 删除对象；对象不存在视为成功。
+    async fn delete_object(
+        &self,
+        config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        object_key: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), BackupError>;
+
+    /// 创建短时预签名下载 URL。
+    async fn presigned_download(
+        &self,
+        config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        object_key: &str,
+        file_name: &str,
+        ttl: Duration,
+    ) -> Result<String, BackupError>;
+}
+
+/// 一次对象上传请求。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct UploadObjectRequest {
+    pub object_key: String,
+    pub source: PathBuf,
+    pub metadata: BackupObjectMetadata,
+    pub cancellation: gateway_core::engine::CancellationToken,
+}
+
+/// 备份控制面所需的全部 Store 能力集合。
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct BackupStorePorts {
+    repository: Arc<dyn BackupRepository>,
+    dump: Arc<dyn DatabaseDumpPort>,
+    object_store: Arc<dyn BackupObjectStorePort>,
+}
+
+impl BackupStorePorts {
+    /// 组合备份端口。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(
+        repository: Arc<dyn BackupRepository>,
+        dump: Arc<dyn DatabaseDumpPort>,
+        object_store: Arc<dyn BackupObjectStorePort>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            repository,
+            dump,
+            object_store,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 备份任务/配置仓储。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn repository(&self) -> Arc<dyn BackupRepository> {
+        self.repository.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// `pg_dump` 导出与暂存。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn dump(&self) -> Arc<dyn DatabaseDumpPort> {
+        self.dump.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// S3/R2 对象存储适配器。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn object_store(&self) -> Arc<dyn BackupObjectStorePort> {
+        self.object_store.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// 测试与不可用路径使用的空实现；任何调用都返回不可用错误。
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn disabled() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            repository: Arc::new(UnavailableBackupRepository),
+            dump: Arc::new(UnavailableDumpPort),
+            object_store: Arc::new(UnavailableObjectStore),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct UnavailableBackupRepository;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BackupRepository for UnavailableBackupRepository {
+    async fn load_settings(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn update_storage_settings(
+        &self,
+        _command: UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+        _context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<(BackupSettings, Revision)> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn update_schedule_settings(
+        &self,
+        _command: UpdateBackupScheduleCommand,
+        _next_run_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+        _context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn record_verification(
+        &self,
+        _storage_revision: u64,
+        _at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn insert_backup_record(
+        &self,
+        _seed: BackupRecordSeed,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupRecord> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn insert_scheduled_record(&self, _seed: BackupRecordSeed) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn list_backup_records(
+        &self,
+        _query: BackupRecordListQuery,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupRecordPage> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn load_backup_record(&self, _id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn list_intermediate_records(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn list_pending_deletions(&self, _limit: u32) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn list_expired_records(&self, _limit: u32) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn claim_next_queued(
+        &self,
+        _now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn transition_status(
+        &self,
+        _id: &str,
+        _from: BackupStatus,
+        _to: BackupStatus,
+        _update: StatusTransitionUpdate,
+        _now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn transition_to_deleting(
+        &self,
+        _id: &str,
+        _now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn delete_record(&self, _id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<()> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn advance_schedule_cursor(
+        &self,
+        _next_run_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+        _expected_cron: &str,
+        _expected_timezone: &str,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+    async fn list_scheduled_completed_desc(
+        &self,
+        _limit: u32,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        Err(disabled_store())
+    }
+}
+
+struct UnavailableDumpPort;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl DatabaseDumpPort for UnavailableDumpPort {
+    async fn dump(&self, _request: DumpRequest) -> Result<DumpArtifact, BackupError> {
+        Err(disabled_infra())
+    }
+    async fn inspect_staging(
+        &self,
+        _backup_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<StagedArtifact>, BackupError> {
+        Err(disabled_infra())
+    }
+    async fn cleanup_staging(&self, _backup_id: &str) -> Result<(), BackupError> {
+        Err(disabled_infra())
+    }
+}
+
+struct UnavailableObjectStore;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BackupObjectStorePort for UnavailableObjectStore {
+    async fn test_connection(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+    ) -> Result<ConnectionTestResult, BackupError> {
+        Err(disabled_infra())
+    }
+    async fn upload_file(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        _request: UploadObjectRequest,
+    ) -> Result<(), BackupError> {
+        Err(disabled_infra())
+    }
+    async fn head_object(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        _object_key: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<BackupObjectMetadata>, BackupError> {
+        Err(disabled_infra())
+    }
+    async fn delete_object(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        _object_key: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), BackupError> {
+        Err(disabled_infra())
+    }
+    async fn presigned_download(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        _object_key: &str,
+        _file_name: &str,
+        _ttl: std::time::Duration,
+    ) -> Result<String, BackupError> {
+        Err(disabled_infra())
+    }
+}
+
+fn disabled_store() -> crate::ports::store::AdminStoreError {
+    crate::ports::store::AdminStoreError::new(
+        crate::ports::store::AdminStoreErrorKind::Unavailable,
+        "backup",
+        "backup store is disabled in this configuration",
+    )
+}
+
+fn disabled_infra() -> BackupError {
+    BackupError::new(
+        crate::model::backup::code::STORE_UNAVAILABLE,
+        "backup infrastructure is disabled in this configuration".to_owned(),
+    )
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/ports/mod.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 //! 管理用例依赖的外部能力端口。
 
+pub mod backup;
 pub mod provider;
 pub mod store;
 pub mod system;

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/ports/provider.rs

@@ -64,6 +64,12 @@ pub trait ProviderAdmin: Send + Sync {
     /// 成功之后，不参与事务成败，也不得恢复或改写已经提交的账号状态。
     async fn account_unavailable(&self, account_id: &ProviderAccountId);
 
+    /// 账号资格事实已经由控制面提交，失效 Provider 持有的可重建派生状态。
+    ///
+    /// 该通知发生在 Store 事务成功之后、下一份 RuntimeSnapshot 编译之前；通知
+    /// 不参与已提交事务成败。没有账号派生状态的 Provider 可使用默认空实现。
+    async fn account_facts_changed(&self, _account_ids: &[ProviderAccountId]) {}
+
     /// 生成一次连接测试所需的 Provider-owned operation；Core 负责实际执行与落账。
     fn connection_test_operation(
         &self,

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/ports/store.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
 
+use super::backup::BackupStorePorts;
 use crate::model::{
     MutationContext, Revision,
     accounts::{
@@ -300,6 +301,7 @@ pub struct AdminStorePorts {
     client_keys: Arc<dyn ClientKeyStore>,
     observability: Arc<dyn ObservabilityStore>,
     settings: Arc<dyn SettingsStore>,
+    backup: BackupStorePorts,
 }
 
 impl AdminStorePorts {
@@ -310,6 +312,7 @@ impl AdminStorePorts {
         client_keys: Arc<dyn ClientKeyStore>,
         observability: Arc<dyn ObservabilityStore>,
         settings: Arc<dyn SettingsStore>,
+        backup: BackupStorePorts,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             accounts,
@@ -317,6 +320,7 @@ impl AdminStorePorts {
             client_keys,
             observability,
             settings,
+            backup,
         }
     }
 
@@ -344,4 +348,9 @@ impl AdminStorePorts {
     pub fn settings(&self) -> Arc<dyn SettingsStore> {
         self.settings.clone()
     }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn backup(&self) -> BackupStorePorts {
+        self.backup.clone()
+    }
 }

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/use_case/accounts.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! 统一账号目录与跨 Provider 动态分派。
 
-use std::{collections::BTreeMap, sync::Arc};
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, sync::Arc, time::SystemTime};
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use chrono::{Duration, Utc};
@@ -18,13 +18,14 @@ use crate::{
         AdminError, MutationContext,
         accounts::{
             AccountConnectionTestEvent, AccountConnectionTestEventStream, AccountListQuery,
-            AccountRecord, AccountStatus, AccountUsageWindowQuery,
+            AccountRecord, AccountStatus, AccountStatusSignals, AccountUsageWindowQuery,
+            derive_error_reason,
         },
         observability::TimeRange,
         provider_credentials::{
             AccountDirectoryItem, AccountDirectoryPage, AccountExportBundle, AccountRefreshResult,
             PrepareCredentialRefresh, ProviderModels, ProviderQuota, ProviderQuotaRequest,
-            ProviderQuotaWindow,
+            ProviderQuotaWindow, QuotaLocalUsageAttribution,
         },
     },
     ports::{
@@ -159,7 +160,9 @@ impl DefaultAccountsService {
             .collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>();
         for (account, quota) in accounts.iter().zip(quotas) {
             for window in &mut quota.windows {
-                if window.local_usage.is_none() {
+                if window.local_usage.is_none()
+                    && window.local_usage_attribution == QuotaLocalUsageAttribution::AccountWide
+                {
                     let key = (account.id.clone(), window.key.clone());
                     if let Some(usage) = usage_by_window.get(&key) {
                         window.local_usage = Some(usage.clone());
@@ -216,8 +219,11 @@ impl DefaultAccountsService {
             std::slice::from_mut(&mut quota),
         )
         .await?;
+        let signals = account_signals(&account, &quota, now);
+        let error_reason = derive_error_reason(&signals);
         Ok(AccountDirectoryItem {
-            status: account_status(&account, now),
+            status: signals.derive(),
+            error_reason,
             usage: usage.into_iter().next(),
             account,
             quota,
@@ -260,18 +266,37 @@ impl AccountsService for DefaultAccountsService {
         let mut quotas = futures::future::join_all(page.items.iter().map(|account| async {
             let account_id = ProviderAccountId::new(account.id.clone())
                 .map_err(|_| AdminError::invalid("Invalid provider account ID"))?;
-            let provider = self
-                .providers
-                .require(&account.provider_kind)
-                .map_err(|error| map_provider_error(error, "provider quota"))?;
-            provider
+            // 单个账号的 quota 投影失败（Provider 未注册或 quota 读取失败）不拖垮整页：
+            // 该账号降级为空额度投影，其余账号与页面状态照常返回。
+            let provider = match self.providers.require(&account.provider_kind) {
+                Ok(provider) => provider,
+                Err(error) => {
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        account_id = %account.id,
+                        error = %error,
+                        "account directory provider is not registered; showing empty quota"
+                    );
+                    return Ok(empty_quota());
+                }
+            };
+            match provider
                 .quota(ProviderQuotaRequest {
                     account_id,
                     refresh: false,
                     rolling_usage: rolling_usage.get(&account.id).cloned(),
                 })
                 .await
-                .map_err(|error| map_provider_error(error, "provider quota"))
+            {
+                Ok(quota) => Ok(quota),
+                Err(error) => {
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        account_id = %account.id,
+                        error = %error,
+                        "account directory quota projection failed; showing empty quota"
+                    );
+                    Ok(empty_quota())
+                }
+            }
         }))
         .await
         .into_iter()
@@ -282,11 +307,16 @@ impl AccountsService for DefaultAccountsService {
             .items
             .into_iter()
             .zip(quotas)
-            .map(|(account, quota)| AccountDirectoryItem {
-                status: account_status(&account, now),
-                usage: usage.get(&account.id).cloned(),
-                account,
-                quota,
+            .map(|(account, quota)| {
+                let signals = account_signals(&account, &quota, now);
+                let error_reason = derive_error_reason(&signals);
+                AccountDirectoryItem {
+                    status: signals.derive(),
+                    error_reason,
+                    usage: usage.get(&account.id).cloned(),
+                    account,
+                    quota,
+                }
             })
             .collect();
         Ok(AccountDirectoryPage {
@@ -370,6 +400,9 @@ impl AccountsService for DefaultAccountsService {
             "provider credential refresh",
         )
         .await?;
+        provider
+            .account_facts_changed(std::slice::from_ref(&result.account_id))
+            .await;
         publish_committed(self.snapshot.as_ref(), result.config_revision).await?;
         let account = self.load_directory_item(&result.account_id, false).await?;
         Ok(AccountRefreshResult {
@@ -404,7 +437,7 @@ impl AccountsService for DefaultAccountsService {
         upstream_model: UpstreamModelId,
     ) -> Result<AccountConnectionTestEventStream, AdminError> {
         let (account, provider) = self.provider_for_account(&account_id).await?;
-        let initial_status = account_status(&account, Utc::now());
+        let initial_status = account_status(&account, false, Utc::now());
         let model = upstream_model.as_str().to_owned();
         let operation = provider
             .connection_test_operation(&upstream_model, CONNECTION_TEST_INPUT)
@@ -438,7 +471,7 @@ impl AccountsService for DefaultAccountsService {
                 .ok()
                 .flatten()
                 .map_or(initial_status, |account| {
-                    account_status(&account, Utc::now())
+                    account_status(&account, false, Utc::now())
                 });
             match result {
                 Ok(result) => result
@@ -449,12 +482,33 @@ impl AccountsService for DefaultAccountsService {
                         account_status: status,
                     }))
                     .collect(),
-                Err(error) => vec![AccountConnectionTestEvent::Failed {
-                    message: error.client_message().to_owned(),
-                    provider_error_code: error.client_error_code().map(ToOwned::to_owned),
-                    provider_error_type: error.client_error_type().map(ToOwned::to_owned),
-                    account_status: status,
-                }],
+                Err(error) => {
+                    let upstream_status = error
+                        .upstream_response()
+                        .map(gateway_core::engine::probe::AccountProbeUpstreamResponse::status);
+                    let upstream_content_type = error
+                        .upstream_response()
+                        .and_then(|response| response.content_type())
+                        .and_then(|value| std::str::from_utf8(value).ok())
+                        .map(ToOwned::to_owned);
+                    let upstream_body = error
+                        .upstream_response()
+                        .map(|response| String::from_utf8_lossy(response.body()).into_owned());
+                    let message = upstream_body
+                        .as_deref()
+                        .filter(|body| !body.is_empty())
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| error.client_message())
+                        .to_owned();
+                    vec![AccountConnectionTestEvent::Failed {
+                        message,
+                        provider_error_code: error.client_error_code().map(ToOwned::to_owned),
+                        provider_error_type: error.client_error_type().map(ToOwned::to_owned),
+                        upstream_status,
+                        upstream_content_type,
+                        upstream_body,
+                        account_status: status,
+                    }]
+                }
             }
         })
         .flat_map(futures::stream::iter);
@@ -462,28 +516,48 @@ impl AccountsService for DefaultAccountsService {
     }
 }
 
-fn account_status(account: &AccountRecord, now: chrono::DateTime<Utc>) -> AccountStatus {
-    if !account.enabled {
-        AccountStatus::Disabled
-    } else {
-        match account.availability {
-            crate::model::accounts::AccountAvailability::Banned => AccountStatus::Banned,
-            crate::model::accounts::AccountAvailability::QuotaExhausted => {
-                AccountStatus::QuotaExhausted
-            }
-            crate::model::accounts::AccountAvailability::Expired
-            | crate::model::accounts::AccountAvailability::Invalid => AccountStatus::Expired,
-            _ if account
-                .access_token_expires_at
-                .is_some_and(|expires_at| expires_at <= now) =>
-            {
-                AccountStatus::Expired
-            }
-            _ => AccountStatus::Active,
-        }
+/// 账号目录中单个账号 quota 读取失败时使用的空额度投影。
+fn empty_quota() -> ProviderQuota {
+    ProviderQuota {
+        observed_at: None,
+        refresh_token_expires_at: None,
+        windows: Vec::new(),
+        limit_reached: false,
+        rate_limited_until: None,
+        provider_data: None,
     }
 }
 
+/// 构造状态派生所需的信号快照。
+fn account_signals(
+    account: &AccountRecord,
+    quota: &ProviderQuota,
+    now: chrono::DateTime<Utc>,
+) -> AccountStatusSignals {
+    AccountStatusSignals {
+        enabled: account.enabled,
+        availability: account.availability,
+        access_token_expired: account
+            .access_token_expires_at
+            .is_some_and(|expires_at| expires_at <= now),
+        quota_limit_reached: quota.limit_reached,
+        rate_limited_until: quota.rate_limited_until.map(SystemTime::from),
+    }
+}
+
+/// 账号运营分类（互斥展示状态）。
+fn account_status(
+    account: &AccountRecord,
+    quota_limit_reached: bool,
+    now: chrono::DateTime<Utc>,
+) -> AccountStatus {
+    let quota = ProviderQuota {
+        limit_reached: quota_limit_reached,
+        ..empty_quota()
+    };
+    account_signals(account, &quota, now).derive()
+}
+
 fn retained_usage_range(now: chrono::DateTime<Utc>, retention_days: u32) -> TimeRange {
     // 账号留存投影是内部查询，不受外部观测接口 366 天上限约束。
     TimeRange {
@@ -496,7 +570,9 @@ fn quota_usage_window(
     account_id: &str,
     window: &ProviderQuotaWindow,
 ) -> Option<AccountUsageWindowQuery> {
-    if window.local_usage.is_some() {
+    if window.local_usage.is_some()
+        || window.local_usage_attribution != QuotaLocalUsageAttribution::AccountWide
+    {
         return None;
     }
     let reset_at = window.reset_at?;

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/use_case/backup.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+//! 备份配置、手动创建、下载与删除用例。
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+use gateway_core::routing::snapshot::SnapshotControl;
+use secrecy::ExposeSecret as _;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+use crate::model::{
+    AdminError, AdminErrorKind, MutationContext,
+    auth::{AdminAuditEvent, AuditActorKind},
+    backup::{
+        BackupError, BackupRecord, BackupRecordListQuery, BackupRecordPage, BackupSettings,
+        BackupStatus, BackupStorageConfig, BackupTriggerKind, ConnectionTestResult,
+        DownloadUrlResult, UpdateBackupScheduleCommand, UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+        build_backup_seed, code,
+    },
+};
+use crate::ports::{
+    backup::{BackupObjectStorePort, BackupRepository},
+    store::AuthStore,
+};
+
+use super::map_store_error;
+
+/// 默认下载地址有效期。
+const DOWNLOAD_TTL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5 * 60);
+
+/// API 消费的备份管理服务。
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait BackupService: Send + Sync {
+    async fn load_settings(&self) -> Result<BackupSettings, AdminError>;
+
+    async fn update_storage(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        command: UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+    ) -> Result<BackupSettings, AdminError>;
+
+    async fn update_schedule(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        command: UpdateBackupScheduleCommand,
+    ) -> Result<BackupSettings, AdminError>;
+
+    async fn test_connection(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> Result<ConnectionTestResult, AdminError>;
+
+    async fn create_backup(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        expires_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    ) -> Result<BackupRecord, AdminError>;
+
+    async fn list_records(
+        &self,
+        query: BackupRecordListQuery,
+    ) -> Result<BackupRecordPage, AdminError>;
+
+    async fn download_url(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        backup_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<DownloadUrlResult, AdminError>;
+
+    async fn delete_backup(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        backup_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<BackupRecord, AdminError>;
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct DefaultBackupService {
+    repository: Arc<dyn BackupRepository>,
+    object_store: Arc<dyn BackupObjectStorePort>,
+    auth: Arc<dyn AuthStore>,
+    snapshot: Arc<dyn SnapshotControl>,
+}
+
+impl DefaultBackupService {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        repository: Arc<dyn BackupRepository>,
+        object_store: Arc<dyn BackupObjectStorePort>,
+        auth: Arc<dyn AuthStore>,
+        snapshot: Arc<dyn SnapshotControl>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            repository,
+            object_store,
+            auth,
+            snapshot,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BackupService for DefaultBackupService {
+    async fn load_settings(&self) -> Result<BackupSettings, AdminError> {
+        self.repository
+            .load_settings()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup settings"))
+    }
+
+    async fn update_storage(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        command: UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+    ) -> Result<BackupSettings, AdminError> {
+        validate_storage(&command)?;
+        let (settings, revision) = self
+            .repository
+            .update_storage_settings(command, context)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup storage"))?;
+        super::publish_committed(self.snapshot.as_ref(), revision).await?;
+        Ok(settings)
+    }
+
+    async fn update_schedule(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        command: UpdateBackupScheduleCommand,
+    ) -> Result<BackupSettings, AdminError> {
+        validate_schedule(&command)?;
+        let next_run_at = if command.schedule_enabled {
+            Some(
+                crate::backup::policy::BackupSchedule::parse(
+                    &command.cron_expression,
+                    &command.schedule_timezone,
+                )
+                .map_err(map_backup_error)?
+                .next_after(Utc::now())
+                .ok_or_else(|| AdminError::bad_request("无法从计划推导下次执行时间"))?,
+            )
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        self.repository
+            .update_schedule_settings(command, next_run_at, context)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup schedule"))
+    }
+
+    async fn test_connection(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> Result<ConnectionTestResult, AdminError> {
+        let settings = self
+            .repository
+            .load_settings()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup settings"))?;
+        let Some(config) = BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings) else {
+            return Ok(ConnectionTestResult {
+                ok: false,
+                stage: "putObject",
+                code: Some(code::INVALID_CONFIG),
+                message: "备份存储配置不完整，无法执行连接测试".to_owned(),
+            });
+        };
+        let result = self
+            .object_store
+            .test_connection(&config)
+            .await
+            .map_err(map_backup_error)?;
+        if result.ok {
+            let _ = self
+                .repository
+                .record_verification(config.storage_revision, Utc::now())
+                .await
+                .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup settings"))?;
+        }
+        self.append_audit(
+            context,
+            "backup.s3_connection_tested",
+            "backup_settings",
+            vec![],
+        )
+        .await?;
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    async fn create_backup(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        expires_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    ) -> Result<BackupRecord, AdminError> {
+        let settings = self
+            .repository
+            .load_settings()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup settings"))?;
+        if !settings.storage_configured() {
+            return Err(AdminError::bad_request(
+                "备份存储配置不完整，请先保存存储配置",
+            ));
+        }
+        if !settings.storage_verified() {
+            return Err(AdminError::bad_request(
+                "备份存储尚未通过连接测试，请先测试存储配置",
+            ));
+        }
+        let prefix = settings.prefix.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+        let seed = build_backup_seed(
+            BackupTriggerKind::Manual,
+            None,
+            prefix,
+            Utc::now(),
+            expires_at,
+        )
+        .map_err(map_backup_error)?;
+        let record = self
+            .repository
+            .insert_backup_record(seed)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup record"))?;
+        self.append_audit(context, "backup.created", "backup", vec![record.id.clone()])
+            .await?;
+        Ok(record)
+    }
+
+    async fn list_records(
+        &self,
+        query: BackupRecordListQuery,
+    ) -> Result<BackupRecordPage, AdminError> {
+        self.repository
+            .list_backup_records(query)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup records"))
+    }
+
+    async fn download_url(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        backup_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<DownloadUrlResult, AdminError> {
+        let record = self.require_record(backup_id).await?;
+        if record.status != BackupStatus::Completed {
+            return Err(AdminError::conflict(
+                "只有 completed 的备份才能创建下载地址",
+            ));
+        }
+        let settings = self
+            .repository
+            .load_settings()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup settings"))?;
+        let Some(config) = BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings) else {
+            return Err(AdminError::bad_request("备份存储配置不完整"));
+        };
+        let file_name = crate::model::backup::build_download_file_name(backup_id);
+        let url = self
+            .object_store
+            .presigned_download(&config, &record.object_key, &file_name, DOWNLOAD_TTL)
+            .await
+            .map_err(map_backup_error)?;
+        self.append_audit(
+            context,
+            "backup.download_url_created",
+            "backup",
+            vec![backup_id.to_owned()],
+        )
+        .await?;
+        Ok(DownloadUrlResult {
+            url,
+            file_name,
+            expires_in: DOWNLOAD_TTL,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_backup(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        backup_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<BackupRecord, AdminError> {
+        let record = self.require_record(backup_id).await?;
+        if !record.status.can_be_deleted() {
+            return Err(AdminError::conflict(
+                "只有 completed 或 failed 的备份才能删除",
+            ));
+        }
+        let now = Utc::now();
+        let deleting = self
+            .repository
+            .transition_to_deleting(backup_id, now)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup record"))?
+            .ok_or_else(|| AdminError::conflict("备份记录已进入删除流程"))?;
+        self.append_audit(
+            context,
+            "backup.delete_requested",
+            "backup",
+            vec![backup_id.to_owned()],
+        )
+        .await?;
+        Ok(deleting)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DefaultBackupService {
+    async fn require_record(&self, backup_id: &str) -> Result<BackupRecord, AdminError> {
+        self.repository
+            .load_backup_record(backup_id)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup record"))?
+            .ok_or_else(|| AdminError::not_found("备份记录不存在"))
+    }
+
+    async fn append_audit(
+        &self,
+        context: &MutationContext,
+        action: &str,
+        entity_ref: &str,
+        changed_fields: Vec<String>,
+    ) -> Result<(), AdminError> {
+        let actor_kind = match context.actor {
+            crate::model::MutationActor::AdminSession { .. } => AuditActorKind::AdminSession,
+            crate::model::MutationActor::AdminApiKey => AuditActorKind::AdminApiKey,
+            crate::model::MutationActor::System => AuditActorKind::System,
+        };
+        let actor_ref = match &context.actor {
+            crate::model::MutationActor::AdminSession { admin_user_id } => admin_user_id.clone(),
+            crate::model::MutationActor::AdminApiKey => "admin_api_key".to_owned(),
+            crate::model::MutationActor::System => "system".to_owned(),
+        };
+        let actor_admin_user_id = match &context.actor {
+            crate::model::MutationActor::AdminSession { admin_user_id } => {
+                Some(admin_user_id.clone())
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        let event = AdminAuditEvent {
+            id: format!("audit_{}", Uuid::now_v7().simple()),
+            actor_kind,
+            actor_admin_user_id,
+            actor_ref,
+            request_id: Some(context.request_id.clone()),
+            action: action.to_owned(),
+            entity_kind: "backup".to_owned(),
+            entity_ref: entity_ref.to_owned(),
+            config_revision: None,
+            changed_fields,
+            occurred_at: Utc::now(),
+        };
+        self.auth
+            .append_audit_event(event)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "backup audit"))
+    }
+}
+
+/// 校验存储配置；空串视为非法，Secret 缺省表示保留旧值。
+fn validate_storage(command: &UpdateBackupStorageCommand) -> Result<(), AdminError> {
+    validate_endpoint(&command.endpoint)?;
+    validate_nonempty("region", &command.region)?;
+    validate_nonempty("bucket", &command.bucket)?;
+    validate_nonempty("accessKeyId", &command.access_key_id)?;
+    if let Some(secret) = command.secret_access_key.as_ref() {
+        let value = secret.expose_secret();
+        if value.is_empty() {
+            return Err(AdminError::bad_request(
+                "secretAccessKey 不能为空字符串；缺省表示保留旧值",
+            ));
+        }
+        validate_length("secretAccessKey", value, 512)?;
+    }
+    crate::model::backup::normalize_prefix(&command.prefix).map_err(map_backup_error)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_endpoint(value: &str) -> Result<(), AdminError> {
+    if value.is_empty() {
+        return Err(AdminError::bad_request("endpoint 不能为空"));
+    }
+    if !value.starts_with("https://") {
+        return Err(AdminError::bad_request(
+            "endpoint 必须使用 HTTPS；仅测试或显式开发配置允许 HTTP",
+        ));
+    }
+    if value.contains('@') || value.bytes().any(|byte| byte.is_ascii_control()) {
+        return Err(AdminError::bad_request("endpoint 格式非法"));
+    }
+    validate_length("endpoint", value, 2048)
+}
+
+fn validate_nonempty(field: &str, value: &str) -> Result<(), AdminError> {
+    if value.is_empty() {
+        return Err(AdminError::bad_request(format!("{field} 不能为空")));
+    }
+    validate_length(field, value, 255)
+}
+
+fn validate_length(field: &str, value: &str, max: usize) -> Result<(), AdminError> {
+    if value.len() > max || value.bytes().any(|byte| byte.is_ascii_control()) {
+        return Err(AdminError::bad_request(format!(
+            "{field} 超出长度或包含非法字符"
+        )));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// 校验调度配置并解析 Cron 与时区。
+fn validate_schedule(command: &UpdateBackupScheduleCommand) -> Result<(), AdminError> {
+    if command.cron_expression.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Err(AdminError::bad_request("cronExpression 不能为空"));
+    }
+    crate::backup::policy::BackupSchedule::parse(
+        &command.cron_expression,
+        &command.schedule_timezone,
+    )
+    .map_err(map_backup_error)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// 备份基础设施错误到既有 `AdminErrorKind` 的唯一边界映射。
+fn map_backup_error(error: BackupError) -> AdminError {
+    match error.code() {
+        code::INVALID_CONFIG | code::INVALID_CRON | code::INVALID_TIMEZONE => {
+            AdminError::bad_request(error.message().to_owned())
+        }
+        code::RECORD_NOT_FOUND => AdminError::not_found(error.message().to_owned()),
+        code::ACTIVE_TASK_CONFLICT | code::STATE_CONFLICT | code::STORAGE_IDENTITY_LOCKED => {
+            AdminError::conflict(error.message().to_owned())
+        }
+        code::STORE_UNAVAILABLE => {
+            AdminError::new(AdminErrorKind::Unavailable, error.message().to_owned())
+        }
+        _ => AdminError::bad_gateway(error.message().to_owned()),
+    }
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/use_case/mod.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 pub mod accounts;
 pub mod auth;
+pub mod backup;
 pub mod client_keys;
 pub mod observability;
 pub mod openai;
@@ -90,17 +91,10 @@ async fn pending_authorization(
     resource: &'static str,
 ) -> Result<PendingAuthorizationMutation, AdminError> {
     let target = match &command.reauthorization {
-        Some(target) => {
-            let details =
-                required_credential(accounts, provider_kind, &target.account_id, resource).await?;
-            if details.credential.credential_revision != target.credential_revision {
-                return Err(AdminError::conflict(format!(
-                    "{resource} reauthorization target is stale"
-                )));
-            }
+        Some(account_id) => {
+            required_credential(accounts, provider_kind, account_id, resource).await?;
             AuthorizationMutationTarget::Reauthorize {
-                account_id: target.account_id.clone(),
-                expected_credential_revision: target.credential_revision,
+                account_id: account_id.clone(),
             }
         }
         None => AuthorizationMutationTarget::Create {
@@ -142,7 +136,6 @@ fn validate_prepared_rotation(
     let facts = prepared.facts();
     if facts.account_id.as_str() != account.id.as_str()
         || facts.provider_kind != account.provider_kind
-        || facts.expected_credential_revision != account.credential_revision
     {
         return Err(AdminError::conflict(format!(
             "{resource} prepared facts do not match the current credential"
@@ -179,16 +172,11 @@ async fn validate_authorization_commit(
             PreparedAuthorizationCredential::Create(credential),
         ) => credential.provider_kind == *provider_kind,
         (
-            AuthorizationMutationTarget::Reauthorize {
-                account_id,
-                expected_credential_revision,
-            },
+            AuthorizationMutationTarget::Reauthorize { account_id },
             PreparedAuthorizationCredential::Reauthorize(credential),
         ) => {
             let facts = credential.facts();
-            facts.provider_kind == *provider_kind
-                && facts.account_id == *account_id
-                && facts.expected_credential_revision == *expected_credential_revision
+            facts.provider_kind == *provider_kind && facts.account_id == *account_id
         }
         _ => false,
     };
@@ -320,6 +308,9 @@ async fn set_credential_enabled(
     if !enabled {
         provider.account_unavailable(&account_id).await;
     }
+    provider
+        .account_facts_changed(std::slice::from_ref(&account_id))
+        .await;
     Ok(CredentialMutationResult {
         config_revision: revision,
         account_id,
@@ -352,6 +343,7 @@ async fn delete_credentials(
     for account_id in &account_ids {
         provider.account_unavailable(account_id).await;
     }
+    provider.account_facts_changed(&account_ids).await;
     Ok(CredentialDeletionResult {
         config_revision: revision,
         account_ids,

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/use_case/observability.rs

@@ -112,15 +112,10 @@ impl ObservabilityService for DefaultObservabilityService {
         let today =
             dashboard_period_metrics(&observation.trend, today_start, observation.range.end);
         let yesterday = dashboard_period_metrics(&observation.trend, yesterday_start, today_start);
-        let total_billing_usd = observation
-            .attempts
-            .costs
-            .iter()
-            .find(|cost| cost.currency == "USD")
-            .map(|cost| cost.amount.clone());
+        let total_billing_usd = observation.totals.billing_usd.clone();
         let total_cached_token_rate = rate_or_zero(
-            observation.requests.cached_tokens,
-            observation.requests.input_tokens,
+            observation.totals.cached_tokens,
+            observation.totals.input_tokens,
         );
         let average_first_token_latency_ms = average(
             observation.requests.first_token_latency_sum_ms,
@@ -247,6 +242,7 @@ impl ObservabilityService for DefaultObservabilityService {
             items: items
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|item| DiagnosticsItem {
+                    key: item.key,
                     name: item.name,
                     request_count: item.request_count,
                     success_count: item.request_count.saturating_sub(item.failure_count),
@@ -254,6 +250,7 @@ impl ObservabilityService for DefaultObservabilityService {
                     error_rate: rate_or_zero(item.failure_count, item.request_count),
                     request_share: rate_or_zero(item.request_count, total_requests),
                     average_latency_ms: item.average_latency_ms,
+                    latency_p95_ms: item.latency_p95_ms,
                     estimated_cost: usd_cost(&item.costs),
                     attempt_count: item.attempt_count,
                     total_tokens: item.total_tokens,
@@ -428,6 +425,7 @@ fn recover_standard_costs(
         };
         let input = ProviderBillingInput {
             upstream_model_id: fact.upstream_model_id,
+            service_tier: fact.service_tier,
             input_tokens: fact.input_tokens,
             output_tokens: fact.output_tokens,
             cached_tokens: fact.cached_tokens,
@@ -491,14 +489,14 @@ impl DefaultObservabilityService {
         }
     }
 
-    /// 逐条尽力把 calculated 总额升级为完整分解；单条脏数据（非法 Provider kind
-    /// 或费用规则失败）只保留该条已存的总额，不影响整页返回。
+    /// 逐条尽力把可校验的总额升级为完整分解；单条脏数据（非法 Provider kind、
+    /// 不支持的来源或费用规则失败）只保留该条已存的总额，不影响整页返回。
     fn enrich_billing(&self, records: &mut [crate::model::observability::UsageRecord]) {
         for record in records {
             let Some(UsageBilling::Total { source, total }) = record.billing.as_ref() else {
                 continue;
             };
-            if source != "calculated" {
+            if !matches!(source.as_str(), "calculated" | "provider_reported") {
                 continue;
             }
             let (Some(provider), Some(upstream_model_id)) = (
@@ -512,6 +510,7 @@ impl DefaultObservabilityService {
             };
             let input = ProviderBillingInput {
                 upstream_model_id: upstream_model_id.clone(),
+                service_tier: record.service_tier.clone(),
                 input_tokens: record.input_tokens,
                 output_tokens: record.output_tokens,
                 cached_tokens: record.cached_tokens,

backend/crates/gateway-admin/src/use_case/openai.rs

@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@ use crate::{
             CredentialDeletionResult, CredentialDetails, CredentialImportCommit,
             CredentialImportResult, CredentialListQuery, CredentialMutation,
             CredentialMutationResult, CredentialPage, ImportCredentials, PrepareCredentialImport,
-            PrepareCredentialRotation, PreparedAuthorizationCredential, ProviderQuotaRequest,
-            RotateCredential, StartAuthorization,
+            PrepareCredentialRotation, ProviderQuotaRequest, RotateCredential, StartAuthorization,
         },
     },
     ports::{provider::ProviderAdmin, store::AccountStore},
@@ -85,25 +84,29 @@ impl DefaultOpenAiService {
         }
     }
 
-    async fn observe_initial_quotas(&self, account_ids: &[ProviderAccountId], request_id: &str) {
-        for account_id in account_ids {
-            if let Err(error) = self
-                .provider
-                .quota(ProviderQuotaRequest {
-                    account_id: account_id.clone(),
-                    refresh: true,
-                    rolling_usage: None,
-                })
-                .await
-            {
-                tracing::warn!(
-                    request_id,
-                    account_id = %account_id.as_str(),
-                    quota_error = ?error.kind(),
-                    "OpenAI initial quota observation failed"
-                );
+    fn observe_initial_quotas(&self, account_ids: &[ProviderAccountId], request_id: &str) {
+        let provider = Arc::clone(&self.provider);
+        let account_ids = account_ids.to_vec();
+        let request_id = request_id.to_owned();
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            for account_id in account_ids {
+                if let Err(error) = provider
+                    .quota(ProviderQuotaRequest {
+                        account_id: account_id.clone(),
+                        refresh: true,
+                        rolling_usage: None,
+                    })
+                    .await
+                {
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        request_id,
+                        account_id = %account_id.as_str(),
+                        quota_error = ?error.kind(),
+                        "OpenAI initial quota observation failed"
+                    );
+                }
             }
-        }
+        });
     }
 }
 
@@ -151,10 +154,12 @@ impl OpenAiService for DefaultOpenAiService {
             .commit_credential_import(CredentialImportCommit { prepared }, &context)
             .await
             .map_err(|error| map_store_error(error, "OpenAI credential import"))?;
+        self.provider
+            .account_facts_changed(&result.credential_ids)
+            .await;
         publish_committed(self.snapshot.as_ref(), result.config_revision).await?;
         // 导入完成后立即做一次观察；失败不回滚已经提交的 credential。
-        self.observe_initial_quotas(&result.credential_ids, &context.request_id)
-            .await;
+        self.observe_initial_quotas(&result.credential_ids, &context.request_id);
         Ok(result)
     }
 
@@ -192,10 +197,6 @@ impl OpenAiService for DefaultOpenAiService {
             "OpenAI authorization",
         )
         .await?;
-        let creates_account = matches!(
-            &prepared.credential,
-            PreparedAuthorizationCredential::Create(_)
-        );
         let result = commit_authorization(
             self.accounts.as_ref(),
             prepared,
@@ -203,14 +204,14 @@ impl OpenAiService for DefaultOpenAiService {
             "OpenAI authorization",
         )
         .await?;
-        publish_committed(self.snapshot.as_ref(), result.config_revision).await?;
-        if creates_account {
-            self.observe_initial_quotas(
-                std::slice::from_ref(&result.account_id),
-                &context.request_id,
-            )
+        self.provider
+            .account_facts_changed(std::slice::from_ref(&result.account_id))
             .await;
-        }
+        publish_committed(self.snapshot.as_ref(), result.config_revision).await?;
+        self.observe_initial_quotas(
+            std::slice::from_ref(&result.account_id),
+            &context.request_id,
+        );
         Ok(result)
     }
 
@@ -227,17 +228,11 @@ impl OpenAiService for DefaultOpenAiService {
             "OpenAI credential rotation",
         )
         .await?;
-        if details.credential.credential_revision != command.expected_credential_revision {
-            return Err(AdminError::conflict(
-                "OpenAI credential rotation revision is stale",
-            ));
-        }
         let account = details.credential;
         let prepared = self
             .provider
             .prepare_rotation(PrepareCredentialRotation {
                 account: account.clone(),
-                expected_credential_revision: command.expected_credential_revision,
                 provider_material: command.provider_material,
             })
             .await
@@ -250,6 +245,9 @@ impl OpenAiService for DefaultOpenAiService {
             "OpenAI credential rotation",
         )
         .await?;
+        self.provider
+            .account_facts_changed(std::slice::from_ref(&result.account_id))
+            .await;
         publish_committed(self.snapshot.as_ref(), result.config_revision).await?;
         Ok(result)
     }

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/backup/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//! 备份模块测试：镜像 src/backup/ 的 policy 与 task。
+
+mod policy;
+pub mod support;
+mod task;

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/backup/policy.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+//! 备份调度与保留策略（backup/policy.rs）的纯逻辑测试。
+
+use chrono::{Duration, TimeZone as _, Utc};
+
+use gateway_admin::{
+    backup::policy::{BackupSchedule, RetentionReason, decide_retention},
+    model::backup::{BackupRecord, BackupStatus, BackupTriggerKind},
+};
+
+fn record(
+    id: &str,
+    trigger: BackupTriggerKind,
+    status: BackupStatus,
+    created_at: chrono::DateTime<Utc>,
+    completed_at: Option<chrono::DateTime<Utc>>,
+) -> BackupRecord {
+    BackupRecord {
+        id: id.to_owned(),
+        trigger_kind: trigger,
+        status,
+        scheduled_at: if trigger == BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled {
+            Some(created_at)
+        } else {
+            None
+        },
+        object_key: format!("k/{id}"),
+        size_bytes: Some(1),
+        sha256: Some("a".repeat(64)),
+        attempt_count: 0,
+        error_code: None,
+        error_message: None,
+        started_at: Some(created_at),
+        completed_at,
+        expires_at: None,
+        created_at,
+        updated_at: created_at,
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parse_rejects_bad_cron_and_timezone() {
+    assert!(BackupSchedule::parse("61 * * * *", "Asia/Shanghai").is_err());
+    assert!(BackupSchedule::parse("0 2 * * *", "Not/AZone").is_err());
+    assert!(BackupSchedule::parse("0 2 * * *", "Asia/Shanghai").is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn next_after_is_strictly_later() {
+    let schedule = BackupSchedule::parse("0 2 * * *", "Asia/Shanghai").unwrap();
+    let at = Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 8, 1, 18, 0, 0).unwrap();
+    let next = schedule.next_after(at).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(next, Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 8, 2, 18, 0, 0).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn last_firing_is_at_or_before() {
+    let schedule = BackupSchedule::parse("0 2 * * *", "Asia/Shanghai").unwrap();
+    // 北京时间 02:00 = 前一日 18:00 UTC。
+    let before = Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 8, 1, 17, 59, 0).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        schedule.last_firing_at_or_before(before).unwrap(),
+        Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 7, 31, 18, 0, 0).unwrap()
+    );
+    let exact = Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 8, 1, 18, 0, 0).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(schedule.last_firing_at_or_before(exact).unwrap(), exact);
+    let after = Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 8, 1, 19, 0, 0).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(schedule.last_firing_at_or_before(after).unwrap(), exact);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dst_spring_forward_skips_missing_hour() {
+    let schedule = BackupSchedule::parse("30 2 * * *", "America/New_York").unwrap();
+    let at = Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 3, 8, 6, 29, 0).unwrap(); // 01:29 EST
+    let next = schedule.next_after(at).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(next, Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 3, 9, 6, 30, 0).unwrap());
+    let at_after_spring = Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 3, 8, 10, 0, 0).unwrap(); // 06:00 EDT
+    let last = schedule.last_firing_at_or_before(at_after_spring).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(last, Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 3, 7, 7, 30, 0).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn retention_count_keeps_newest_n() {
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    let base = now - Duration::days(10);
+    let records = vec![
+        record(
+            "newest",
+            BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+            BackupStatus::Completed,
+            base + Duration::days(2),
+            Some(base + Duration::days(2)),
+        ),
+        record(
+            "middle",
+            BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+            BackupStatus::Completed,
+            base + Duration::days(1),
+            Some(base + Duration::days(1)),
+        ),
+        record(
+            "oldest",
+            BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+            BackupStatus::Completed,
+            base,
+            Some(base),
+        ),
+    ];
+    let decisions = decide_retention(0, 2, now, &records);
+    let ids: Vec<_> = decisions.iter().map(|d| d.record_id.as_str()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(ids, vec!["oldest"]);
+    assert_eq!(decisions[0].reason, RetentionReason::Count);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn retention_days_deletes_old_scheduled_but_keeps_newest() {
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    let records = vec![
+        record(
+            "recent",
+            BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+            BackupStatus::Completed,
+            now - Duration::days(1),
+            Some(now - Duration::days(1)),
+        ),
+        record(
+            "ancient",
+            BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+            BackupStatus::Completed,
+            now - Duration::days(40),
+            Some(now - Duration::days(40)),
+        ),
+    ];
+    let decisions = decide_retention(30, 0, now, &records);
+    let ids: Vec<_> = decisions.iter().map(|d| d.record_id.as_str()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(ids, vec!["ancient"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn newest_scheduled_never_auto_deleted_even_when_ancient() {
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    let records = vec![record(
+        "sole",
+        BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+        BackupStatus::Completed,
+        now - Duration::days(400),
+        Some(now - Duration::days(400)),
+    )];
+    assert!(decide_retention(30, 1, now, &records).is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn disabled_thresholds_delete_nothing() {
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    let records = vec![
+        record(
+            "newest",
+            BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+            BackupStatus::Completed,
+            now - Duration::days(2),
+            Some(now - Duration::days(2)),
+        ),
+        record(
+            "old",
+            BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+            BackupStatus::Completed,
+            now - Duration::days(90),
+            Some(now - Duration::days(90)),
+        ),
+    ];
+    assert!(decide_retention(0, 0, now, &records).is_empty());
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/backup/support.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,664 @@
+//! 备份测试共享 fixture：内存 fake 端口与辅助函数。
+//!
+//! 用内存 fake 端口驱动编排层，不依赖 MinIO/真实 S3。
+//! s3.rs / pg_dump.rs 是 SDK 薄适配器，协议正确性交给 aws-sdk / pg_dump 保证。
+//! 供 backup::task 与 use_case::backup 的测试复用。
+
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+use gateway_admin::{
+    model::{
+        MutationActor, MutationContext, Revision,
+        auth::AdminAuditEvent,
+        backup::{
+            BackupError, BackupObjectMetadata, BackupRecord, BackupRecordListQuery,
+            BackupRecordPage, BackupRecordSeed, BackupSettings, BackupStatus, BackupStorageConfig,
+            BackupTriggerKind, ConnectionTestResult, UpdateBackupScheduleCommand,
+            UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+        },
+    },
+    ports::{
+        backup::{
+            BackupObjectStorePort, BackupRepository, DatabaseDumpPort, DumpArtifact, DumpRequest,
+            StagedArtifact, StatusTransitionUpdate, UploadObjectRequest,
+        },
+        store::{AdminStoreError, AdminStoreErrorKind, AdminStoreResult, AuthStore},
+    },
+};
+use secrecy::SecretString;
+use sha2::{Digest as _, Sha256};
+use tempfile::TempDir;
+
+/// 假归档内容；dump 与上传校验共用同一字节与校验值。
+pub(crate) const DUMP_CONTENT: &[u8] = b"custom-format-archive-bytes-0123456789";
+
+/// 计算一段内容的 SHA-256 十六进制。
+pub(crate) fn sha256_hex(content: &[u8]) -> String {
+    hex::encode(Sha256::digest(content))
+}
+
+/// 返回 32 位十六进制的合法备份记录 id。
+pub(crate) fn backup_id(suffix: &str) -> String {
+    format!("backup_{}", sha256_hex(suffix.as_bytes()))
+}
+
+/// 已配置且已通过连接测试的设置快照。
+pub(crate) fn configured_settings() -> BackupSettings {
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    BackupSettings {
+        storage_revision: 1,
+        endpoint: Some("https://s3.example.com".to_owned()),
+        region: Some("auto".to_owned()),
+        bucket: Some("backup-bucket".to_owned()),
+        access_key_id: Some("ak".to_owned()),
+        secret_access_key: Some(SecretString::from("sk-value")),
+        prefix: Some("codex".to_owned()),
+        force_path_style: false,
+        schedule_enabled: false,
+        cron_expression: None,
+        schedule_timezone: None,
+        retention_days: 0,
+        retention_count: 0,
+        next_run_at: None,
+        last_verified_at: Some(now),
+        updated_at: now,
+    }
+}
+
+/// 从 seed 构造 queued 记录。
+pub(crate) fn queued_record(seed: &BackupRecordSeed) -> BackupRecord {
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    BackupRecord {
+        id: seed.id.clone(),
+        trigger_kind: seed.trigger_kind,
+        status: BackupStatus::Queued,
+        scheduled_at: seed.scheduled_at,
+        object_key: seed.object_key.clone(),
+        size_bytes: None,
+        sha256: None,
+        attempt_count: 0,
+        error_code: None,
+        error_message: None,
+        started_at: None,
+        completed_at: None,
+        expires_at: seed.expires_at,
+        created_at: now,
+        updated_at: now,
+    }
+}
+
+/// 内存版备份仓储。
+pub(crate) struct FakeBackupRepository {
+    settings: Mutex<BackupSettings>,
+    records: Mutex<Vec<BackupRecord>>,
+}
+
+impl FakeBackupRepository {
+    pub(crate) fn new(settings: BackupSettings) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            settings: Mutex::new(settings),
+            records: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 测试辅助：读取当前全部记录。
+    pub(crate) fn all_records(&self) -> Vec<BackupRecord> {
+        self.records.lock().expect("records").clone()
+    }
+
+    /// 测试辅助：强制把一条记录标记为指定时间完成的 completed。
+    pub(crate) fn set_completed(&self, id: &str, completed_at: DateTime<Utc>) {
+        let mut records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        if let Some(record) = records.iter_mut().find(|record| record.id == id) {
+            record.status = BackupStatus::Completed;
+            record.completed_at = Some(completed_at);
+            record.updated_at = Utc::now();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 测试辅助：强制把一条记录迁移到指定状态。
+    pub(crate) fn force_status(&self, id: &str, status: BackupStatus) {
+        let mut records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        if let Some(record) = records.iter_mut().find(|record| record.id == id) {
+            record.status = status;
+            if matches!(status, BackupStatus::Completed | BackupStatus::Failed) {
+                record.completed_at = Some(Utc::now());
+            }
+            record.updated_at = Utc::now();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BackupRepository for FakeBackupRepository {
+    async fn load_settings(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings> {
+        Ok(self.settings.lock().expect("settings").clone())
+    }
+
+    async fn update_storage_settings(
+        &self,
+        command: UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+        _context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<(BackupSettings, Revision)> {
+        let mut settings = self.settings.lock().expect("settings");
+        settings.storage_revision += 1;
+        settings.endpoint = Some(command.endpoint);
+        settings.region = Some(command.region);
+        settings.bucket = Some(command.bucket);
+        settings.access_key_id = Some(command.access_key_id);
+        if let Some(secret) = command.secret_access_key {
+            settings.secret_access_key = Some(secret);
+        }
+        settings.prefix = Some(command.prefix);
+        settings.force_path_style = command.force_path_style;
+        settings.last_verified_at = None;
+        settings.updated_at = Utc::now();
+        let revision = Revision::new(settings.storage_revision).map_err(|_| {
+            AdminStoreError::new(AdminStoreErrorKind::Invalid, "backup", "zero revision")
+        })?;
+        Ok((settings.clone(), revision))
+    }
+
+    async fn update_schedule_settings(
+        &self,
+        command: UpdateBackupScheduleCommand,
+        next_run_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+        _context: &MutationContext,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupSettings> {
+        let mut settings = self.settings.lock().expect("settings");
+        settings.schedule_enabled = command.schedule_enabled;
+        settings.cron_expression = Some(command.cron_expression);
+        settings.schedule_timezone = Some(command.schedule_timezone);
+        settings.retention_days = command.retention_days;
+        settings.retention_count = command.retention_count;
+        settings.next_run_at = next_run_at;
+        settings.updated_at = Utc::now();
+        Ok(settings.clone())
+    }
+
+    async fn record_verification(
+        &self,
+        storage_revision: u64,
+        at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        let mut settings = self.settings.lock().expect("settings");
+        if settings.storage_revision != storage_revision {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+        settings.last_verified_at = Some(at);
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    async fn insert_backup_record(&self, seed: BackupRecordSeed) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupRecord> {
+        let mut records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        if records.iter().any(|record| record.status.is_active()) {
+            return Err(AdminStoreError::new(
+                AdminStoreErrorKind::Conflict,
+                "backup record",
+                "an active backup task already exists",
+            ));
+        }
+        let record = queued_record(&seed);
+        records.push(record.clone());
+        Ok(record)
+    }
+
+    async fn insert_scheduled_record(&self, seed: BackupRecordSeed) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        let mut records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        if records.iter().any(|record| record.status.is_active())
+            || records.iter().any(|record| {
+                record.trigger_kind == BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled
+                    && record.scheduled_at == seed.scheduled_at
+            })
+        {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+        records.push(queued_record(&seed));
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    async fn list_backup_records(
+        &self,
+        query: BackupRecordListQuery,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<BackupRecordPage> {
+        let records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        let mut items = records
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|record| {
+                query.status.is_none_or(|status| record.status == status)
+                    && query
+                        .trigger
+                        .is_none_or(|trigger| record.trigger_kind == trigger)
+            })
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        items.sort_by(|a, b| {
+            b.created_at
+                .cmp(&a.created_at)
+                .then_with(|| b.id.cmp(&a.id))
+        });
+        let total = items.len() as u64;
+        let offset =
+            (u64::from(query.page.saturating_sub(1)) * u64::from(query.page_size.get())) as usize;
+        let limit = usize::from(query.page_size.get());
+        items = items.into_iter().skip(offset).take(limit).collect();
+        Ok(BackupRecordPage {
+            items,
+            total,
+            page: query.page,
+            page_size: query.page_size,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn load_backup_record(&self, id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        Ok(self
+            .records
+            .lock()
+            .expect("records")
+            .iter()
+            .find(|record| record.id == id)
+            .cloned())
+    }
+
+    async fn list_intermediate_records(&self) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        Ok(self
+            .records
+            .lock()
+            .expect("records")
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|record| {
+                matches!(
+                    record.status,
+                    BackupStatus::Dumping | BackupStatus::Uploading
+                )
+            })
+            .cloned()
+            .collect())
+    }
+
+    async fn list_pending_deletions(&self, _limit: u32) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        Ok(self
+            .records
+            .lock()
+            .expect("records")
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|record| record.status == BackupStatus::Deleting)
+            .cloned()
+            .collect())
+    }
+
+    async fn list_expired_records(&self, _limit: u32) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        let now = Utc::now();
+        Ok(self
+            .records
+            .lock()
+            .expect("records")
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|record| {
+                record
+                    .expires_at
+                    .is_some_and(|expires_at| expires_at <= now)
+                    && matches!(
+                        record.status,
+                        BackupStatus::Completed | BackupStatus::Failed
+                    )
+            })
+            .cloned()
+            .collect())
+    }
+
+    async fn claim_next_queued(
+        &self,
+        now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        let mut records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        let Some(record) = records
+            .iter_mut()
+            .find(|record| record.status == BackupStatus::Queued)
+        else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        record.status = BackupStatus::Dumping;
+        record.started_at = Some(now);
+        record.attempt_count += 1;
+        record.updated_at = now;
+        Ok(Some(record.clone()))
+    }
+
+    async fn transition_status(
+        &self,
+        id: &str,
+        from: BackupStatus,
+        to: BackupStatus,
+        update: StatusTransitionUpdate,
+        now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        let mut records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        let Some(record) = records
+            .iter_mut()
+            .find(|record| record.id == id && record.status == from)
+        else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        record.status = to;
+        if let Some(size) = update.size_bytes {
+            record.size_bytes = Some(size);
+        }
+        if let Some(sha256) = update.sha256 {
+            record.sha256 = Some(sha256);
+        }
+        if let Some(code) = update.error_code {
+            record.error_code = Some(code);
+        }
+        if let Some(message) = update.error_message {
+            record.error_message = Some(message);
+        }
+        record.completed_at = update.completed_at.or_else(|| {
+            matches!(to, BackupStatus::Completed | BackupStatus::Failed).then_some(now)
+        });
+        record.updated_at = now;
+        Ok(Some(record.clone()))
+    }
+
+    async fn transition_to_deleting(
+        &self,
+        id: &str,
+        now: DateTime<Utc>,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<BackupRecord>> {
+        let mut records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        let Some(record) = records
+            .iter_mut()
+            .find(|record| record.id == id && record.status.can_be_deleted())
+        else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        record.status = BackupStatus::Deleting;
+        record.updated_at = now;
+        Ok(Some(record.clone()))
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_record(&self, id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<()> {
+        let mut records = self.records.lock().expect("records");
+        records.retain(|record| record.id != id);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn advance_schedule_cursor(
+        &self,
+        next_run_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+        _expected_cron: &str,
+        _expected_timezone: &str,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        let mut settings = self.settings.lock().expect("settings");
+        settings.next_run_at = Some(next_run_at);
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    async fn list_scheduled_completed_desc(
+        &self,
+        _limit: u32,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<BackupRecord>> {
+        let mut records = self
+            .records
+            .lock()
+            .expect("records")
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|record| {
+                record.trigger_kind == BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled
+                    && record.status == BackupStatus::Completed
+            })
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        records.sort_by(|a, b| {
+            b.completed_at
+                .cmp(&a.completed_at)
+                .then_with(|| b.id.cmp(&a.id))
+        });
+        Ok(records)
+    }
+}
+
+/// 假 `pg_dump` 端口：把固定内容写入临时文件作为归档；可注入失败。
+pub(crate) struct FakeDumpPort {
+    dir: TempDir,
+    fail_dump: bool,
+}
+
+impl FakeDumpPort {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            dir: tempfile::tempdir().expect("temp dir"),
+            fail_dump: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 让下一次 `dump` 返回 `backup.pg_dump_failed`。
+    pub(crate) fn fail_next_dump(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.fail_dump = true;
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn artifact(&self, backup_id: &str) -> DumpArtifact {
+        let path = self.dir.path().join(format!("{backup_id}.dump"));
+        std::fs::write(&path, DUMP_CONTENT).expect("write artifact");
+        DumpArtifact {
+            path,
+            size_bytes: DUMP_CONTENT.len() as u64,
+            sha256: sha256_hex(DUMP_CONTENT),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl DatabaseDumpPort for FakeDumpPort {
+    async fn dump(
+        &self,
+        request: DumpRequest,
+    ) -> Result<DumpArtifact, gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError> {
+        if self.fail_dump {
+            return Err(gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError::new(
+                gateway_admin::model::backup::code::PG_DUMP_FAILED,
+                "pg_dump failed".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        if request.cancellation.is_cancelled() {
+            return Err(gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError::new(
+                gateway_admin::model::backup::code::CANCELLED,
+                "cancelled".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(self.artifact(&request.backup_id))
+    }
+
+    async fn inspect_staging(
+        &self,
+        backup_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<StagedArtifact>, gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError> {
+        let path = self.dir.path().join(format!("{backup_id}.dump"));
+        if !path.exists() {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        Ok(Some(StagedArtifact {
+            path,
+            size_bytes: DUMP_CONTENT.len() as u64,
+            sha256: sha256_hex(DUMP_CONTENT),
+        }))
+    }
+
+    async fn cleanup_staging(
+        &self,
+        _backup_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// 内存版对象存储：把上传内容按 key 保存并支持 Head/Delete/预签名。
+pub(crate) struct FakeObjectStore {
+    pub(crate) objects: Mutex<std::collections::HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>>,
+    upload_error: Option<BackupError>,
+}
+
+impl FakeObjectStore {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            objects: Mutex::new(std::collections::HashMap::new()),
+            upload_error: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 让上传返回指定的脱敏 S3 错误。
+    pub(crate) fn fail_upload(mut self, code: &'static str, message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.upload_error = Some(BackupError::new(code, message.into()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn object(&self, key: &str) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.objects.lock().expect("objects").get(key).cloned()
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BackupObjectStorePort for FakeObjectStore {
+    async fn test_connection(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+    ) -> Result<ConnectionTestResult, gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError> {
+        Ok(ConnectionTestResult {
+            ok: true,
+            stage: "deleteObject",
+            code: None,
+            message: "连接测试成功".to_owned(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn upload_file(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        request: UploadObjectRequest,
+    ) -> Result<(), gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError> {
+        if let Some(error) = &self.upload_error {
+            return Err(error.clone());
+        }
+        let content = std::fs::read(&request.source).map_err(|_| {
+            gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError::new(
+                gateway_admin::model::backup::code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED,
+                "read source".to_owned(),
+            )
+        })?;
+        self.objects
+            .lock()
+            .expect("objects")
+            .insert(request.object_key, content);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn head_object(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        object_key: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<BackupObjectMetadata>, gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError> {
+        let Some(content) = self.object(object_key) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        Ok(Some(BackupObjectMetadata::new(
+            "backup-test".to_owned(),
+            sha256_hex(&content),
+            Utc::now(),
+            content.len() as u64,
+        )))
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_object(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        object_key: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError> {
+        self.objects.lock().expect("objects").remove(object_key);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn presigned_download(
+        &self,
+        _config: &BackupStorageConfig,
+        object_key: &str,
+        _file_name: &str,
+        _ttl: std::time::Duration,
+    ) -> Result<String, gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupError> {
+        Ok(format!("https://presigned.example.com/{object_key}"))
+    }
+}
+
+/// 记录审计事件的假 AuthStore。
+pub(crate) struct FakeAuthStore {
+    audit: Mutex<Vec<AdminAuditEvent>>,
+}
+
+impl FakeAuthStore {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            audit: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn audit_actions(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.audit
+            .lock()
+            .expect("audit")
+            .iter()
+            .map(|event| event.action.clone())
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl AuthStore for FakeAuthStore {
+    async fn load_password_hash(&self, _admin_user_id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<String>> {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+    async fn create_password_hash_if_absent(
+        &self,
+        _admin_user_id: &str,
+        _password_hash: &str,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<bool> {
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+    async fn load_admin_api_key(
+        &self,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<gateway_admin::model::settings::AdminApiKey>> {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+    async fn load_session(
+        &self,
+        _session_id: &str,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<gateway_admin::model::auth::AdminSession>> {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+    async fn store_session(
+        &self,
+        _session_id: &str,
+        _session: &gateway_admin::model::auth::AdminSession,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    async fn delete_session(
+        &self,
+        _session_id: &str,
+    ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<gateway_admin::model::auth::AdminSession>> {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+    async fn append_audit_event(&self, event: AdminAuditEvent) -> AdminStoreResult<()> {
+        self.audit.lock().expect("audit").push(event);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// 系统发起者上下文。
+pub(crate) fn system_context() -> MutationContext {
+    MutationContext {
+        actor: MutationActor::System,
+        request_id: "backup-runtime-test".to_owned(),
+    }
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/backup/task.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+//! BackupTask 执行链测试：驱动内存 fake 端口跑完整 dump/upload/verify/retention 流程。
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use chrono::{Duration, Utc};
+use gateway_admin::{
+    backup::task::BackupTask,
+    model::backup::{
+        BackupRecordSeed, BackupStatus, BackupTriggerKind, UpdateBackupScheduleCommand, code,
+    },
+    ports::backup::{BackupRepository, DatabaseDumpPort, DumpRequest},
+};
+use gateway_core::engine::CancellationToken;
+
+use super::support::{
+    DUMP_CONTENT, FakeBackupRepository, FakeDumpPort, FakeObjectStore, backup_id,
+    configured_settings, sha256_hex, system_context,
+};
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn backup_task_runs_full_dump_upload_verify_pipeline() {
+    let repository = Arc::new(FakeBackupRepository::new(configured_settings()));
+    let dump = Arc::new(FakeDumpPort::new());
+    let object_store = Arc::new(FakeObjectStore::new());
+
+    let seed = BackupRecordSeed {
+        id: backup_id("manual"),
+        trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind::Manual,
+        scheduled_at: None,
+        object_key: "codex/2026/08/01/manual.dump".to_owned(),
+        expires_at: None,
+    };
+    repository
+        .insert_backup_record(seed.clone())
+        .await
+        .expect("insert queued");
+
+    let task = BackupTask::new(repository.clone(), dump.clone(), object_store.clone());
+    task.run_cycle(&CancellationToken::new())
+        .await
+        .expect("run cycle");
+
+    let records = repository.all_records();
+    assert_eq!(records.len(), 1);
+    let finished = &records[0];
+    assert_eq!(finished.status, BackupStatus::Completed);
+    assert_eq!(finished.size_bytes, Some(DUMP_CONTENT.len() as u64));
+    assert_eq!(
+        finished.sha256.as_deref(),
+        Some(sha256_hex(DUMP_CONTENT).as_str())
+    );
+
+    // 对象已上传且内容与本地归档一致。
+    let stored = object_store
+        .object(&seed.object_key)
+        .expect("uploaded object exists");
+    assert_eq!(stored.as_slice(), DUMP_CONTENT);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn backup_task_marks_failed_when_dump_port_fails() {
+    let repository = Arc::new(FakeBackupRepository::new(configured_settings()));
+    let dump = Arc::new(FakeDumpPort::new().fail_next_dump());
+    let object_store = Arc::new(FakeObjectStore::new());
+
+    let seed = BackupRecordSeed {
+        id: backup_id("fail"),
+        trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind::Manual,
+        scheduled_at: None,
+        object_key: "codex/2026/08/01/fail.dump".to_owned(),
+        expires_at: None,
+    };
+    repository
+        .insert_backup_record(seed.clone())
+        .await
+        .expect("insert queued");
+
+    let task = BackupTask::new(repository.clone(), dump.clone(), object_store.clone());
+    task.run_cycle(&CancellationToken::new())
+        .await
+        .expect("run cycle");
+
+    let records = repository.all_records();
+    let failed = &records[0];
+    assert_eq!(failed.status, BackupStatus::Failed);
+    assert_eq!(failed.error_code.as_deref(), Some("backup.pg_dump_failed"));
+    assert!(failed.completed_at.is_some());
+    // 归档未上传，对象不存在。
+    assert!(object_store.object(&seed.object_key).is_none());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn backup_task_marks_failed_with_the_upload_error() {
+    let repository = Arc::new(FakeBackupRepository::new(configured_settings()));
+    let dump = Arc::new(FakeDumpPort::new());
+    let object_store =
+        Arc::new(FakeObjectStore::new().fail_upload(code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED, "对象存储拒绝上传"));
+    let seed = BackupRecordSeed {
+        id: backup_id("upload-failure"),
+        trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind::Manual,
+        scheduled_at: None,
+        object_key: "codex/2026/08/01/upload-failure.dump".to_owned(),
+        expires_at: None,
+    };
+    repository
+        .insert_backup_record(seed.clone())
+        .await
+        .expect("insert queued");
+
+    let task = BackupTask::new(repository.clone(), dump, object_store);
+    task.run_cycle(&CancellationToken::new())
+        .await
+        .expect("run cycle");
+
+    let records = repository.all_records();
+    let failed = &records[0];
+    assert_eq!(failed.status, BackupStatus::Failed);
+    assert_eq!(failed.error_code.as_deref(), Some(code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED));
+    assert_eq!(
+        failed.error_message.as_deref(),
+        Some("上传到对象存储失败：对象存储拒绝上传")
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn backup_task_recovery_marks_failed_with_the_upload_error() {
+    let repository = Arc::new(FakeBackupRepository::new(configured_settings()));
+    let dump = Arc::new(FakeDumpPort::new());
+    let object_store =
+        Arc::new(FakeObjectStore::new().fail_upload(code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED, "对象存储拒绝上传"));
+    let seed = BackupRecordSeed {
+        id: backup_id("recovered-upload-failure"),
+        trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind::Manual,
+        scheduled_at: None,
+        object_key: "codex/2026/08/01/recovered-upload-failure.dump".to_owned(),
+        expires_at: None,
+    };
+    repository
+        .insert_backup_record(seed.clone())
+        .await
+        .expect("insert queued");
+    let cancellation = CancellationToken::new();
+    dump.dump(DumpRequest {
+        backup_id: seed.id.clone(),
+        cancellation: cancellation.clone(),
+    })
+    .await
+    .expect("stage dump");
+    repository.force_status(&seed.id, BackupStatus::Dumping);
+
+    let task = BackupTask::new(repository.clone(), dump, object_store);
+    task.run_cycle(&cancellation).await.expect("run cycle");
+
+    let records = repository.all_records();
+    let failed = &records[0];
+    assert_eq!(failed.status, BackupStatus::Failed);
+    assert_eq!(failed.error_code.as_deref(), Some(code::S3_UPLOAD_FAILED));
+    assert_eq!(
+        failed.error_message.as_deref(),
+        Some("上传到对象存储失败：对象存储拒绝上传")
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn retention_cleans_expired_scheduled_backups() {
+    let repository = Arc::new(FakeBackupRepository::new(configured_settings()));
+    let dump = Arc::new(FakeDumpPort::new());
+    let object_store = Arc::new(FakeObjectStore::new());
+
+    // 造一条旧 completed 计划备份（超过 retention_days）与一条新备份。
+    let old_seed = BackupRecordSeed {
+        id: backup_id("old"),
+        trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+        scheduled_at: Some(Utc::now() - Duration::days(40)),
+        object_key: "codex/2026/06/01/old.dump".to_owned(),
+        expires_at: None,
+    };
+    let new_seed = BackupRecordSeed {
+        id: backup_id("new"),
+        trigger_kind: BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled,
+        scheduled_at: Some(Utc::now() - Duration::days(1)),
+        object_key: "codex/2026/07/01/new.dump".to_owned(),
+        expires_at: None,
+    };
+    repository
+        .insert_scheduled_record(old_seed.clone())
+        .await
+        .expect("insert old");
+    // 旧备份 40 天前完成（释放活跃名额），再插入新备份。
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    repository.set_completed(&backup_id("old"), now - Duration::days(40));
+    repository
+        .insert_scheduled_record(new_seed.clone())
+        .await
+        .expect("insert new");
+    // 新备份 1 天前完成。
+    repository.set_completed(&backup_id("new"), now - Duration::days(1));
+    // 两个对象都已上传。
+    object_store
+        .objects
+        .lock()
+        .expect("objects")
+        .insert(old_seed.object_key.clone(), DUMP_CONTENT.to_vec());
+    object_store
+        .objects
+        .lock()
+        .expect("objects")
+        .insert(new_seed.object_key.clone(), DUMP_CONTENT.to_vec());
+
+    // 设置 retention_days = 30。
+    repository
+        .update_schedule_settings(
+            UpdateBackupScheduleCommand {
+                schedule_enabled: false,
+                cron_expression: "0 2 * * *".to_owned(),
+                schedule_timezone: "Asia/Shanghai".to_owned(),
+                retention_days: 30,
+                retention_count: 0,
+            },
+            None,
+            &system_context(),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("set retention");
+
+    let task = BackupTask::new(repository.clone(), dump.clone(), object_store.clone());
+    task.run_cycle(&CancellationToken::new())
+        .await
+        .expect("run cycle");
+
+    // 旧备份被硬删除，对象被删除；新备份保留。
+    let records = repository.all_records();
+    let ids: Vec<_> = records.iter().map(|record| record.id.as_str()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(ids, vec![backup_id("new").as_str()]);
+    assert!(object_store.object(&old_seed.object_key).is_none());
+    assert!(object_store.object(&new_seed.object_key).is_some());
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/main.rs

@@ -11,12 +11,15 @@ use gateway_admin::{
         observability::{DecimalAmount, RequestOutcome, TimeRange},
         provider_credentials::{
             CredentialCommitGuard, ProviderDocument, ProviderQuota, ProviderQuotaWindow,
+            QuotaLocalUsageAttribution,
         },
         settings::AdminApiKey,
     },
     ports::store::{AccountStore, AuthStore, ClientKeyStore, ObservabilityStore, SettingsStore},
 };
 
+mod backup;
+mod model;
 mod use_case;
 
 #[test]
@@ -125,6 +128,8 @@ fn representative_quota_should_prefer_short_window_and_highest_usage() {
             quota_window("shortTerm", Some(18_000), Some(30.0)),
             quota_window("shortTerm", Some(14_400), Some(45.0)),
         ],
+        limit_reached: false,
+        rate_limited_until: None,
         provider_data: None,
     };
 
@@ -141,9 +146,11 @@ fn quota_window(
         group: group.to_owned(),
         label: group.to_owned(),
         source: None,
+        local_usage_attribution: QuotaLocalUsageAttribution::AccountWide,
         window_seconds,
         used_percent,
         reset_at: None,
+        limit_reached: false,
         local_usage: None,
         provider_data: None,
     }

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/model/backup.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+//! 备份领域模型（model/backup.rs）的纯逻辑测试。
+
+use chrono::{TimeZone as _, Utc};
+use secrecy::SecretString;
+
+use gateway_admin::model::backup::{
+    BackupSettings, BackupStatus, BackupStorageConfig, BackupTriggerKind, build_object_key,
+};
+
+#[test]
+fn status_machine_rejects_invalid_transitions() {
+    assert!(BackupStatus::Queued.allows_transition_to(BackupStatus::Dumping));
+    assert!(BackupStatus::Dumping.allows_transition_to(BackupStatus::Uploading));
+    assert!(BackupStatus::Uploading.allows_transition_to(BackupStatus::Completed));
+    assert!(BackupStatus::Completed.allows_transition_to(BackupStatus::Deleting));
+    assert!(!BackupStatus::Queued.allows_transition_to(BackupStatus::Completed));
+    assert!(!BackupStatus::Completed.allows_transition_to(BackupStatus::Dumping));
+    assert!(!BackupStatus::Deleting.allows_transition_to(BackupStatus::Failed));
+    assert!(!BackupStatus::Deleting.allows_transition_to(BackupStatus::Completed));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn status_classification() {
+    assert!(BackupStatus::Queued.is_active());
+    assert!(BackupStatus::Uploading.is_active());
+    assert!(!BackupStatus::Completed.is_active());
+    assert!(BackupStatus::Completed.can_be_deleted());
+    assert!(BackupStatus::Failed.can_be_deleted());
+    assert!(!BackupStatus::Queued.can_be_deleted());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn object_key_shape() {
+    let at = Utc.with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 8, 1, 12, 30, 0).unwrap();
+    let key = build_object_key("production/backups", "backup_abc", at).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        key,
+        "production/backups/2026/08/01/codex-proxy-rs_20260801_123000_abc.dump"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn object_key_rejects_dangerous_prefixes() {
+    let at = Utc::now();
+    assert!(build_object_key("/leading", "backup_x", at).is_err());
+    assert!(build_object_key("a/../b", "backup_x", at).is_err());
+    assert!(build_object_key("a\\b", "backup_x", at).is_err());
+    assert!(build_object_key("a\u{0001}b", "backup_x", at).is_err());
+    assert!(build_object_key("", "backup_x", at).is_err());
+    assert!(build_object_key("trailing//", "backup_x", at).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn trigger_and_status_roundtrip() {
+    for status in [
+        BackupStatus::Queued,
+        BackupStatus::Dumping,
+        BackupStatus::Uploading,
+        BackupStatus::Completed,
+        BackupStatus::Failed,
+        BackupStatus::Deleting,
+    ] {
+        assert_eq!(BackupStatus::parse(status.as_str()), Some(status));
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        BackupTriggerKind::parse("manual"),
+        Some(BackupTriggerKind::Manual)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        BackupTriggerKind::parse("scheduled"),
+        Some(BackupTriggerKind::Scheduled)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(BackupTriggerKind::parse("unknown"), None);
+    assert_eq!(BackupStatus::parse("skipped"), None);
+    assert_eq!(BackupStatus::parse("deleted"), None);
+    assert_eq!(BackupStatus::parse("unknown"), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn config_from_settings_redacts_secret_in_debug() {
+    let mut settings = BackupSettings {
+        storage_revision: 3,
+        endpoint: Some("https://example.com".to_owned()),
+        region: Some("auto".to_owned()),
+        bucket: Some("b".to_owned()),
+        access_key_id: Some("ak".to_owned()),
+        secret_access_key: Some(SecretString::from("sk-secret")),
+        prefix: Some("p".to_owned()),
+        force_path_style: false,
+        schedule_enabled: false,
+        cron_expression: None,
+        schedule_timezone: None,
+        retention_days: 0,
+        retention_count: 0,
+        next_run_at: None,
+        last_verified_at: None,
+        updated_at: Utc::now(),
+    };
+    assert!(!format!("{:?}", settings).contains("sk-secret"));
+    let config = BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings).unwrap();
+    assert!(!format!("{config:?}").contains("sk-secret"));
+    settings.endpoint = None;
+    assert!(BackupStorageConfig::from_settings(&settings).is_none());
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/model/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+//! 模型模块测试：镜像 src/model/ 中带逻辑的模块。
+
+mod backup;

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/use_case/accounts.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use futures::{StreamExt as _, future::BoxFuture};
 use gateway_core::{
     engine::{
         credential::{OpaqueProviderData, ProviderAccountId},
-        probe::{AccountProbe, AccountProbeRequest, AccountProbeResult},
+        probe::{AccountProbe, AccountProbeError, AccountProbeRequest, AccountProbeResult},
     },
     error::{ClientVisibleUpstreamError, GatewayError, GatewayErrorKind},
     operation::{GenerateRequest, Operation, ProtocolPayload},
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ use gateway_admin::{
             PreparedAuthorizationCredential, PreparedCredentialCreate, PreparedCredentialImport,
             PreparedCredentialRotation, PreparedCredentialRotationFacts, ProviderDocument,
             ProviderExport, ProviderExportCredentialInput, ProviderModels, ProviderQuota,
-            ProviderQuotaRequest, ProviderQuotaWindow,
+            ProviderQuotaRequest, ProviderQuotaWindow, QuotaLocalUsageAttribution,
         },
         settings::{
             AdminApiKey, AdminApiKeyMutation, ReplaceRuntimeSettings, RotationStrategy,
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ pub(super) struct FakeProviderAdmin {
     import_account_ids: Mutex<Vec<String>>,
     quota_requests: Mutex<Vec<ProviderQuotaRequest>>,
     quota: Mutex<ProviderQuota>,
+    current_credential_revision: Mutex<Revision>,
 }
 
 impl FakeProviderAdmin {
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@ impl FakeProviderAdmin {
             import_account_ids: Mutex::new(vec!["acct_prepared".to_owned()]),
             quota_requests: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
             quota: Mutex::new(empty_quota()),
+            current_credential_revision: Mutex::new(revision(1)),
         })
     }
 
@@ -122,6 +124,13 @@ impl FakeProviderAdmin {
             .expect("authorization retry") = true;
     }
 
+    pub(super) fn set_current_credential_revision(&self, revision: Revision) {
+        *self
+            .current_credential_revision
+            .lock()
+            .expect("current credential revision") = revision;
+    }
+
     fn export_inputs(&self) -> Vec<ProviderExportCredentialInput> {
         self.export_inputs.lock().expect("export inputs").clone()
     }
@@ -142,7 +151,11 @@ impl FakeProviderAdmin {
             PreparedCredentialRotationFacts {
                 account_id: ProviderAccountId::new(account.id.clone()).expect("account ID"),
                 provider_kind: account.provider_kind.clone(),
-                expected_credential_revision: account.credential_revision,
+                expected_credential_revision: *self
+                    .current_credential_revision
+                    .lock()
+                    .expect("current credential revision"),
+                replacement_identity: None,
                 name: account.name.clone(),
                 email: account.email.clone(),
                 plan_type: account.plan_type.clone(),
@@ -168,6 +181,10 @@ impl ProviderAdmin for FakeProviderAdmin {
         self.record("provider.account_unavailable");
     }
 
+    async fn account_facts_changed(&self, _: &[ProviderAccountId]) {
+        self.record("provider.account_facts_changed");
+    }
+
     fn connection_test_operation(
         &self,
         model: &gateway_core::routing::UpstreamModelId,
@@ -264,13 +281,9 @@ impl ProviderAdmin for FakeProviderAdmin {
             AuthorizationMutationTarget::Create { name } => {
                 PreparedAuthorizationCredential::Create(prepared_create(self.kind.clone(), name))
             }
-            AuthorizationMutationTarget::Reauthorize {
-                account_id,
-                expected_credential_revision,
-            } => {
+            AuthorizationMutationTarget::Reauthorize { account_id } => {
                 let mut account = account_record(self.kind.as_str());
                 account.id = account_id.as_str().to_owned();
-                account.credential_revision = *expected_credential_revision;
                 PreparedAuthorizationCredential::Reauthorize(self.prepared_rotation(&account))
             }
         };
@@ -360,7 +373,8 @@ impl ProviderAdmin for FakeProviderAdmin {
 
 pub(super) struct FakeAccountStore {
     events: EventLog,
-    account: AccountRecord,
+    accounts: Mutex<Vec<AccountRecord>>,
+    account_after_probe: Mutex<Option<AccountRecord>>,
     fail_commit: Mutex<bool>,
     audit_requests: Mutex<Vec<String>>,
     quota_window_usage: Mutex<Vec<AccountUsageWindowResult>>,
@@ -374,7 +388,8 @@ impl FakeAccountStore {
     fn with_account(account: AccountRecord, events: EventLog) -> Arc<Self> {
         Arc::new(Self {
             events,
-            account,
+            accounts: Mutex::new(vec![account]),
+            account_after_probe: Mutex::new(None),
             fail_commit: Mutex::new(false),
             audit_requests: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
             quota_window_usage: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
@@ -393,6 +408,17 @@ impl FakeAccountStore {
         *self.quota_window_usage.lock().expect("quota window usage") = usage;
     }
 
+    pub(super) fn set_accounts(&self, accounts: Vec<AccountRecord>) {
+        *self.accounts.lock().expect("accounts") = accounts;
+    }
+
+    fn set_account_after_probe(&self, account: AccountRecord) {
+        *self
+            .account_after_probe
+            .lock()
+            .expect("account after probe") = Some(account);
+    }
+
     fn record(&self, event: &'static str) {
         self.events.lock().expect("store events").push(event);
     }
@@ -417,22 +443,41 @@ impl FakeAccountStore {
 #[async_trait]
 impl AccountStore for FakeAccountStore {
     async fn list_accounts(&self, _: AccountListQuery) -> AdminStoreResult<AccountPage> {
+        self.record("store.list_accounts");
+        let accounts = self.accounts.lock().expect("accounts").clone();
         Ok(AccountPage {
             config_revision: revision(1),
-            items: vec![self.account.clone()],
-            total: 1,
+            items: accounts.clone(),
+            total: accounts.len() as u64,
             summary: AccountSummary {
-                total: 1,
-                active: 1,
+                total: accounts.len() as u64,
+                normal: 1,
                 quota_exhausted: 0,
-                unavailable: 0,
+                rate_limited: 0,
+                disabled: 0,
+                error: 0,
             },
         })
     }
 
     async fn load_account(&self, account_id: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<AccountRecord>> {
         self.record("store.load_account");
-        Ok((account_id == self.account.id).then(|| self.account.clone()))
+        // probe 后的账号状态覆盖只对同一 id 生效；其余按账号列表查询。
+        let account = self
+            .account_after_probe
+            .lock()
+            .expect("account after probe")
+            .clone()
+            .filter(|account| account.id == account_id)
+            .or_else(|| {
+                self.accounts
+                    .lock()
+                    .expect("accounts")
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|account| account.id == account_id)
+                    .cloned()
+            });
+        Ok(account)
     }
 
     async fn load_account_usage(
@@ -460,11 +505,12 @@ impl AccountStore for FakeAccountStore {
         _: CredentialListQuery,
     ) -> AdminStoreResult<CredentialPage> {
         self.record("store.list_credentials");
+        let accounts = self.accounts.lock().expect("accounts").clone();
         Ok(CredentialPage {
             config_revision: revision(1),
-            items: (provider_kind == &self.account.provider_kind)
-                .then(|| self.account.clone())
+            items: accounts
                 .into_iter()
+                .filter(|account| &account.provider_kind == provider_kind)
                 .collect(),
             next_cursor: None,
         })
@@ -476,14 +522,19 @@ impl AccountStore for FakeAccountStore {
         account_id: &ProviderAccountId,
     ) -> AdminStoreResult<Option<CredentialDetails>> {
         self.record("store.credential_details");
-        Ok(
-            (provider_kind == &self.account.provider_kind
-                && account_id.as_str() == self.account.id)
-                .then(|| CredentialDetails {
-                    config_revision: revision(1),
-                    credential: self.account.clone(),
-                }),
-        )
+        let account = self
+            .accounts
+            .lock()
+            .expect("accounts")
+            .iter()
+            .find(|account| {
+                &account.provider_kind == provider_kind && account.id == account_id.as_str()
+            })
+            .cloned();
+        Ok(account.map(|credential| CredentialDetails {
+            config_revision: revision(1),
+            credential,
+        }))
     }
 
     async fn load_credentials_for_export(
@@ -492,21 +543,26 @@ impl AccountStore for FakeAccountStore {
         account_ids: &[ProviderAccountId],
     ) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<ProviderExportCredentialInput>> {
         self.record("store.load_credentials_for_export");
-        if provider_kind != &self.account.provider_kind
-            || account_ids
-                .iter()
-                .any(|account_id| account_id.as_str() != self.account.id)
-        {
+        let accounts = self.accounts.lock().expect("accounts").clone();
+        if accounts.iter().any(|account| {
+            &account.provider_kind != provider_kind
+                || !account_ids
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|account_id| account_id.as_str() == account.id)
+        }) {
             return Err(AdminStoreError::new(
                 AdminStoreErrorKind::NotFound,
                 "test account",
                 "credential not found",
             ));
         }
-        Ok(vec![ProviderExportCredentialInput {
-            account: self.account.clone(),
-            provider_material: document(),
-        }])
+        Ok(accounts
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|account| ProviderExportCredentialInput {
+                account,
+                provider_material: document(),
+            })
+            .collect())
     }
 
     async fn commit_credential_import(
@@ -782,17 +838,77 @@ async fn connection_test_should_probe_unavailable_account() {
             provider_error_code: Some(code),
             provider_error_type: Some(error_type),
             account_status: gateway_admin::model::accounts::AccountStatus::QuotaExhausted,
+            ..
         }) if message == "included usage exhausted"
             && code == "usage_exhausted"
             && error_type == "invalid_request_error"
     ));
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn connection_test_rate_limited_probe_preserves_normal_account_status() {
+    let events = events();
+    let provider = FakeProviderAdmin::new("xai", events.clone());
+    let store = FakeAccountStore::new("xai", events);
+    let probe = Arc::new(FreeModelQuotaProbe {
+        store: Arc::clone(&store),
+    });
+    let services = accounts_service_with_probe(provider, store, probe).await;
+
+    let events = services
+        .accounts()
+        .test_connection(
+            ProviderAccountId::new("acct_test").expect("account ID"),
+            gateway_core::routing::UpstreamModelId::new("grok-4.5").expect("model"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("connection test stream")
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .await;
+
+    assert!(matches!(
+        events.last(),
+        Some(AccountConnectionTestEvent::Failed {
+            account_status: gateway_admin::model::accounts::AccountStatus::Normal,
+            ..
+        })
+    ));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn connection_test_should_preserve_disabled_account_status() {
+    let provider = FakeProviderAdmin::new("xai", events());
+    let mut account = account_record("xai");
+    account.enabled = false;
+    let store = FakeAccountStore::with_account(account, events());
+    let services =
+        accounts_service_with_probe(provider, store, Arc::new(FailingAccountProbe)).await;
+
+    let events = services
+        .accounts()
+        .test_connection(
+            ProviderAccountId::new("acct_test").expect("account ID"),
+            gateway_core::routing::UpstreamModelId::new("grok-4.5").expect("model"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("connection test stream")
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .await;
+
+    assert!(matches!(
+        events.last(),
+        Some(AccountConnectionTestEvent::Failed {
+            account_status: gateway_admin::model::accounts::AccountStatus::Disabled,
+            ..
+        })
+    ));
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn accounts_export_should_pass_store_loaded_timestamps_and_material_to_provider() {
     let provider = FakeProviderAdmin::new("openai", events());
     let store = FakeAccountStore::new("openai", events());
-    let expected = store.account.clone();
+    let expected = store.accounts.lock().expect("accounts")[0].clone();
     accounts_service(provider.clone(), store)
         .await
         .accounts()
@@ -834,7 +950,7 @@ async fn accounts_refresh_should_keep_guard_through_store_commit() {
     assert_eq!(result.account.account.provider_kind.as_str(), "openai");
     assert_eq!(
         result.account.status,
-        gateway_admin::model::accounts::AccountStatus::Active
+        gateway_admin::model::accounts::AccountStatus::Normal
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -844,6 +960,7 @@ async fn accounts_refresh_should_keep_guard_through_store_commit() {
             "provider.prepare_refresh",
             "store.commit_refresh",
             "guard.finish",
+            "provider.account_facts_changed",
             "store.load_account",
         ]
     );
@@ -869,12 +986,229 @@ async fn accounts_list_should_return_complete_directory_semantics() {
         .expect("complete account directory");
 
     assert_eq!(page.summary.total, 1);
-    assert_eq!(page.summary.active, 1);
+    assert_eq!(page.summary.normal, 1);
     let account = page.items.first().expect("account item");
     assert_eq!(account.account.provider_kind.as_str(), "openai");
     assert_eq!(
         account.status,
-        gateway_admin::model::accounts::AccountStatus::Active
+        gateway_admin::model::accounts::AccountStatus::Normal
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn accounts_list_should_degrade_quota_failure_to_empty_window_without_dropping_page() {
+    let events = events();
+    let openai = FakeProviderAdmin::new("openai", events.clone());
+    openai.set_quota(ProviderQuota {
+        observed_at: Some(Utc::now()),
+        refresh_token_expires_at: None,
+        windows: vec![ProviderQuotaWindow {
+            key: "primary".to_owned(),
+            group: "shortTerm".to_owned(),
+            label: "5小时限额".to_owned(),
+            source: None,
+            local_usage_attribution: QuotaLocalUsageAttribution::AccountWide,
+            window_seconds: Some(5 * 60 * 60),
+            used_percent: Some(97.0),
+            reset_at: Some(Utc::now() + TimeDelta::hours(1)),
+            limit_reached: false,
+            local_usage: None,
+            provider_data: None,
+        }],
+        limit_reached: false,
+        rate_limited_until: None,
+        provider_data: None,
+    });
+    let failing = FakeProviderAdmin::new("xai", events.clone());
+    failing.fail_next_quota(ProviderAdminErrorKind::Invalid);
+    let store = FakeAccountStore::new("openai", events.clone());
+    let mut xai_account = account_record("xai");
+    xai_account.id = "acct_bad_xai".to_owned();
+    store.set_accounts(vec![account_record("openai"), xai_account]);
+    let services = super::AdminHarness::new()
+        .accounts(store.clone())
+        .settings(Arc::new(StaticSettingsStore))
+        .provider(openai)
+        .provider(failing)
+        .probe(Arc::new(SuccessfulAccountProbe))
+        .build()
+        .await;
+
+    let page = services
+        .accounts()
+        .list(AccountListQuery {
+            page: 1,
+            page_size: gateway_admin::model::PageSize::new(20).expect("page size"),
+            provider_kind: None,
+            search: None,
+            status: None,
+            sort: None,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("one failing quota must not fail the directory page");
+
+    assert_eq!(page.items.len(), 2);
+    let by_id = page
+        .items
+        .iter()
+        .map(|item| (item.account.id.as_str(), item))
+        .collect::<std::collections::HashMap<_, _>>();
+    let healthy = by_id.get("acct_test").expect("healthy account item");
+    assert_eq!(healthy.quota.windows.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(healthy.quota.windows[0].key, "primary");
+    let degraded = by_id.get("acct_bad_xai").expect("degraded account item");
+    assert!(degraded.quota.windows.is_empty());
+    assert!(degraded.quota.observed_at.is_none());
+    assert!(degraded.quota.provider_data.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(page.summary.total, 2);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn accounts_list_should_prefer_quota_exhaustion_over_stale_token_expiry() {
+    let provider = FakeProviderAdmin::new("openai", events());
+    let mut account = account_record("openai");
+    account.availability = AccountAvailability::QuotaExhausted;
+    account.access_token_expires_at = Some(Utc::now() - TimeDelta::minutes(5));
+    let store = FakeAccountStore::with_account(account, events());
+
+    let page = accounts_service(provider, store)
+        .await
+        .accounts()
+        .list(AccountListQuery {
+            page: 1,
+            page_size: gateway_admin::model::PageSize::new(20).expect("page size"),
+            provider_kind: None,
+            search: None,
+            status: None,
+            sort: None,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("usage-limited account directory");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        page.items.first().expect("account item").status,
+        gateway_admin::model::accounts::AccountStatus::QuotaExhausted,
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn accounts_list_should_map_unknown_availability_to_error_not_normal() {
+    // Unknown 不可调度，Admin 不得显示为 normal。
+    let provider = FakeProviderAdmin::new("openai", events());
+    let mut account = account_record("openai");
+    account.availability = AccountAvailability::Unknown;
+    let store = FakeAccountStore::with_account(account, events());
+
+    let page = accounts_service(provider, store)
+        .await
+        .accounts()
+        .list(AccountListQuery {
+            page: 1,
+            page_size: gateway_admin::model::PageSize::new(20).expect("page size"),
+            provider_kind: None,
+            search: None,
+            status: None,
+            sort: None,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("unknown account directory");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        page.items.first().expect("account item").status,
+        gateway_admin::model::accounts::AccountStatus::Error,
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn accounts_list_should_map_rate_limited_from_quota_limit_reached() {
+    // ready + 快照级 quota.limitReached → quota_exhausted（配额耗尽）；
+    // rate_limited 只来自 ProviderQuota.rate_limited_until（429 Redis 冷却）。
+    let provider = FakeProviderAdmin::new("openai", events());
+    provider.set_quota(ProviderQuota {
+        observed_at: Some(Utc::now()),
+        refresh_token_expires_at: None,
+        windows: vec![ProviderQuotaWindow {
+            key: "primary".to_owned(),
+            group: "shortTerm".to_owned(),
+            label: "5小时限额".to_owned(),
+            source: None,
+            local_usage_attribution: QuotaLocalUsageAttribution::AccountWide,
+            window_seconds: Some(5 * 60 * 60),
+            used_percent: Some(100.0),
+            reset_at: Some(Utc::now() + TimeDelta::hours(1)),
+            limit_reached: true,
+            local_usage: None,
+            provider_data: None,
+        }],
+        limit_reached: true,
+        rate_limited_until: Some(Utc::now() + TimeDelta::minutes(5)),
+        provider_data: None,
+    });
+    let store = FakeAccountStore::new("openai", events());
+
+    let page = accounts_service(provider, store)
+        .await
+        .accounts()
+        .list(AccountListQuery {
+            page: 1,
+            page_size: gateway_admin::model::PageSize::new(20).expect("page size"),
+            provider_kind: None,
+            search: None,
+            status: None,
+            sort: None,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("rate limited account directory");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        page.items.first().expect("account item").status,
+        gateway_admin::model::accounts::AccountStatus::RateLimited,
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn accounts_list_should_map_quota_exhausted_when_only_limit_reached() {
+    // ready + 快照级 quota.limitReached、无 429 冷却 → quota_exhausted。
+    let provider = FakeProviderAdmin::new("openai", events());
+    provider.set_quota(ProviderQuota {
+        observed_at: Some(Utc::now()),
+        refresh_token_expires_at: None,
+        windows: vec![ProviderQuotaWindow {
+            key: "primary".to_owned(),
+            group: "shortTerm".to_owned(),
+            label: "5小时限额".to_owned(),
+            source: None,
+            local_usage_attribution: QuotaLocalUsageAttribution::AccountWide,
+            window_seconds: Some(5 * 60 * 60),
+            used_percent: Some(100.0),
+            reset_at: Some(Utc::now() + TimeDelta::hours(1)),
+            limit_reached: true,
+            local_usage: None,
+            provider_data: None,
+        }],
+        limit_reached: true,
+        rate_limited_until: None,
+        provider_data: None,
+    });
+    let store = FakeAccountStore::new("openai", events());
+
+    let page = accounts_service(provider, store)
+        .await
+        .accounts()
+        .list(AccountListQuery {
+            page: 1,
+            page_size: gateway_admin::model::PageSize::new(20).expect("page size"),
+            provider_kind: None,
+            search: None,
+            status: None,
+            sort: None,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("quota exhausted account directory");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        page.items.first().expect("account item").status,
+        gateway_admin::model::accounts::AccountStatus::QuotaExhausted,
     );
 }
 
@@ -890,12 +1224,16 @@ async fn accounts_list_should_attach_local_usage_to_quota_windows() {
             group: "shortTerm".to_owned(),
             label: "5小时限额".to_owned(),
             source: None,
+            local_usage_attribution: QuotaLocalUsageAttribution::AccountWide,
             window_seconds: Some(5 * 60 * 60),
             used_percent: Some(97.0),
             reset_at: Some(reset_at),
+            limit_reached: false,
             local_usage: None,
             provider_data: None,
         }],
+        limit_reached: false,
+        rate_limited_until: None,
         provider_data: None,
     });
     let store = FakeAccountStore::new("openai", events());
@@ -926,6 +1264,96 @@ async fn accounts_list_should_attach_local_usage_to_quota_windows() {
     assert_eq!(usage.total_tokens, Some(4_330_000));
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn accounts_list_should_not_attach_account_usage_to_model_specific_quota_windows() {
+    let provider = FakeProviderAdmin::new("openai", events());
+    let reset_at = Utc::now() + TimeDelta::days(7);
+    provider.set_quota(ProviderQuota {
+        observed_at: Some(Utc::now()),
+        refresh_token_expires_at: None,
+        windows: vec![
+            ProviderQuotaWindow {
+                key: "core-primary".to_owned(),
+                group: "weekly".to_owned(),
+                label: "周额度".to_owned(),
+                source: Some("codex".to_owned()),
+                local_usage_attribution: QuotaLocalUsageAttribution::AccountWide,
+                window_seconds: Some(7 * 24 * 60 * 60),
+                used_percent: Some(1.0),
+                reset_at: Some(reset_at),
+                limit_reached: false,
+                local_usage: None,
+                provider_data: None,
+            },
+            ProviderQuotaWindow {
+                key: "codex-bengalfox-primary".to_owned(),
+                group: "weekly".to_owned(),
+                label: "GPT-5.3-Codex-Spark · 周额度".to_owned(),
+                source: Some("codex_bengalfox".to_owned()),
+                local_usage_attribution: QuotaLocalUsageAttribution::Unavailable,
+                window_seconds: Some(7 * 24 * 60 * 60),
+                used_percent: Some(0.0),
+                reset_at: Some(reset_at),
+                limit_reached: false,
+                local_usage: None,
+                provider_data: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        limit_reached: false,
+        rate_limited_until: None,
+        provider_data: None,
+    });
+    let store = FakeAccountStore::new("openai", events());
+    store.set_quota_window_usage(vec![
+        AccountUsageWindowResult {
+            account_id: "acct_test".to_owned(),
+            key: "core-primary".to_owned(),
+            usage: quota_local_usage("acct_test", 12_818_806),
+        },
+        AccountUsageWindowResult {
+            account_id: "acct_test".to_owned(),
+            key: "codex-bengalfox-primary".to_owned(),
+            usage: quota_local_usage("acct_test", 127_926),
+        },
+    ]);
+
+    let page = accounts_service(provider, store)
+        .await
+        .accounts()
+        .list(AccountListQuery {
+            page: 1,
+            page_size: gateway_admin::model::PageSize::new(20).expect("page size"),
+            provider_kind: None,
+            search: None,
+            status: None,
+            sort: None,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("quota window usage");
+
+    let local_tokens = page.items[0]
+        .quota
+        .windows
+        .iter()
+        .map(|window| {
+            (
+                window.key.as_str(),
+                window
+                    .local_usage
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .and_then(|usage| usage.total_tokens),
+            )
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(
+        local_tokens,
+        [
+            ("core-primary", Some(12_818_806)),
+            ("codex-bengalfox-primary", None),
+        ],
+    );
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn accounts_refresh_provider_failure_should_not_call_store_commit() {
     let events = events();
@@ -1003,6 +1431,8 @@ fn empty_quota() -> ProviderQuota {
         observed_at: None,
         refresh_token_expires_at: None,
         windows: Vec::new(),
+        limit_reached: false,
+        rate_limited_until: None,
         provider_data: None,
     }
 }
@@ -1037,7 +1467,7 @@ pub(super) fn account_record(kind: &str) -> AccountRecord {
         provider_kind: ProviderKind::new(kind).expect("provider kind"),
         name: "test account".to_owned(),
         email: Some("test@example.invalid".to_owned()),
-        upstream_user_id: "upstream-user".to_owned(),
+        upstream_user_id: Some("upstream-user".to_owned()),
         upstream_account_id: None,
         plan_type: Some("test".to_owned()),
         authentication_kind: "oauth".to_owned(),
@@ -1047,9 +1477,8 @@ pub(super) fn account_record(kind: &str) -> AccountRecord {
         next_refresh_at: Some(now + TimeDelta::minutes(30)),
         enabled: true,
         availability: AccountAvailability::Ready,
-        availability_reason: None,
-        cooldown_until: None,
         availability_observed_at: now,
+        last_error_message: None,
         quota_observed_at: None,
         created_at: now,
         updated_at: now,
@@ -1075,7 +1504,7 @@ fn prepared_create_with_id(
         provider_kind,
         name: name.to_owned(),
         email: Some("prepared@example.invalid".to_owned()),
-        upstream_user_id: "prepared-user".to_owned(),
+        upstream_user_id: Some("prepared-user".to_owned()),
         upstream_account_id: None,
         plan_type: Some("test".to_owned()),
         authentication_kind: "oauth".to_owned(),
@@ -1085,8 +1514,6 @@ fn prepared_create_with_id(
         next_refresh_at: Some(now + TimeDelta::minutes(30)),
         enabled: true,
         availability: AccountAvailability::Ready,
-        availability_reason: None,
-        cooldown_until: None,
         availability_observed_at: now,
     }
 }
@@ -1128,7 +1555,7 @@ impl AccountProbe for SuccessfulAccountProbe {
     fn probe(
         &self,
         _: AccountProbeRequest,
-    ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<AccountProbeResult, GatewayError>> {
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<AccountProbeResult, AccountProbeError>> {
         Box::pin(async {
             Ok(AccountProbeResult {
                 text: vec!["OK".to_owned()],
@@ -1143,19 +1570,41 @@ impl AccountProbe for FailingAccountProbe {
     fn probe(
         &self,
         _: AccountProbeRequest,
-    ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<AccountProbeResult, GatewayError>> {
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<AccountProbeResult, AccountProbeError>> {
         Box::pin(async {
             let detail = ClientVisibleUpstreamError::new(
                 "included usage exhausted",
                 Some("usage_exhausted".to_owned()),
                 Some("invalid_request_error".to_owned()),
-            )
-            .expect("safe provider error");
+            );
             Err(GatewayError::new(
                 GatewayErrorKind::RateLimited,
                 "upstream capacity is temporarily unavailable",
             )
-            .with_client_visible_upstream_error(detail))
+            .with_client_visible_upstream_error(detail)
+            .into())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+struct FreeModelQuotaProbe {
+    store: Arc<FakeAccountStore>,
+}
+
+impl AccountProbe for FreeModelQuotaProbe {
+    fn probe(
+        &self,
+        _: AccountProbeRequest,
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<AccountProbeResult, AccountProbeError>> {
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            let mut account = account_record("xai");
+            account.availability = AccountAvailability::Ready;
+            self.store.set_account_after_probe(account);
+            Err(GatewayError::new(
+                GatewayErrorKind::RateLimited,
+                "xAI free model quota is exhausted",
+            )
+            .into())
         })
     }
 }

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/use_case/backup.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+//! BackupService 用例测试：通过 AdminHarness 注入 fake 备份端口构造真实服务。
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupStatus;
+use gateway_admin::ports::backup::BackupStorePorts;
+
+use crate::backup::support::{
+    FakeAuthStore, FakeBackupRepository, FakeDumpPort, FakeObjectStore, configured_settings,
+    system_context,
+};
+
+use super::AdminHarness;
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn backup_service_creates_downloads_and_deletes_with_audit() {
+    let repository = Arc::new(FakeBackupRepository::new(configured_settings()));
+    let dump = Arc::new(FakeDumpPort::new());
+    let object_store = Arc::new(FakeObjectStore::new());
+    let auth = Arc::new(FakeAuthStore::new());
+
+    let services = AdminHarness::new()
+        .auth(auth.clone())
+        .backup(BackupStorePorts::new(
+            repository.clone(),
+            dump,
+            object_store,
+        ))
+        .build()
+        .await;
+
+    // 创建手动备份 → queued + 审计。
+    let created = services
+        .backups()
+        .create_backup(&system_context(), None)
+        .await
+        .expect("create backup");
+    assert_eq!(created.status, BackupStatus::Queued);
+    assert!(created.object_key.starts_with("codex/"));
+    assert!(
+        auth.audit_actions()
+            .iter()
+            .any(|action| action == "backup.created")
+    );
+
+    // 下载地址要求 completed 记录。
+    repository.force_status(&created.id, BackupStatus::Completed);
+    let download = services
+        .backups()
+        .download_url(&system_context(), &created.id)
+        .await
+        .expect("download url");
+    assert!(download.url.starts_with("https://presigned.example.com/"));
+    assert!(
+        auth.audit_actions()
+            .iter()
+            .any(|action| action == "backup.download_url_created")
+    );
+
+    // 删除 → deleting + 审计。
+    let deleting = services
+        .backups()
+        .delete_backup(&system_context(), &created.id)
+        .await
+        .expect("delete backup");
+    assert_eq!(deleting.status, BackupStatus::Deleting);
+    assert!(
+        auth.audit_actions()
+            .iter()
+            .any(|action| action == "backup.delete_requested")
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn backup_service_rejects_download_of_non_completed_record() {
+    let repository = Arc::new(FakeBackupRepository::new(configured_settings()));
+    let dump = Arc::new(FakeDumpPort::new());
+    let object_store = Arc::new(FakeObjectStore::new());
+    let auth = Arc::new(FakeAuthStore::new());
+
+    let services = AdminHarness::new()
+        .auth(auth.clone())
+        .backup(BackupStorePorts::new(
+            repository.clone(),
+            dump,
+            object_store,
+        ))
+        .build()
+        .await;
+
+    let created = services
+        .backups()
+        .create_backup(&system_context(), None)
+        .await
+        .expect("create backup");
+
+    // queued 记录不能创建下载地址。
+    let error = services
+        .backups()
+        .download_url(&system_context(), &created.id)
+        .await
+        .expect_err("non-completed record must be rejected");
+    assert_eq!(error.kind(), gateway_admin::model::AdminErrorKind::Conflict);
+}

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/use_case/mod.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 mod accounts;
 mod auth;
+mod backup;
 mod client_keys;
 mod observability;
 mod openai;
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ use gateway_admin::{
         system::{SystemOperationAccepted, SystemUpdateDetail, SystemUpdateStatus, SystemVersion},
     },
     ports::{
+        backup::BackupStorePorts,
         provider::{ProviderAdmin, ProviderAdminError, ProviderAdminErrorKind},
         store::{
             AccountStore, AdminStoreError, AdminStoreErrorKind, AdminStorePorts, AdminStoreResult,
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ use gateway_admin::{
 use gateway_core::{
     engine::{
         credential::ProviderAccountId,
-        probe::{AccountProbe, AccountProbeRequest, AccountProbeResult},
+        probe::{AccountProbe, AccountProbeError, AccountProbeRequest, AccountProbeResult},
     },
     error::{GatewayError, GatewayErrorKind},
     policy::ClientApiKeyId,
@@ -75,6 +77,7 @@ pub(super) struct AdminHarness {
     client_keys: Arc<dyn ClientKeyStore>,
     observability: Arc<dyn ObservabilityStore>,
     settings: Arc<dyn SettingsStore>,
+    backup: BackupStorePorts,
     providers: Vec<Arc<dyn ProviderAdmin>>,
     probe: Arc<dyn AccountProbe>,
     system: Arc<dyn SystemOperations>,
@@ -91,6 +94,7 @@ impl AdminHarness {
             client_keys: unavailable.clone(),
             observability: unavailable.clone(),
             settings: unavailable,
+            backup: BackupStorePorts::disabled(),
             providers: vec![
                 Arc::new(UnavailableProvider::new("openai")),
                 Arc::new(UnavailableProvider::new("xai")),
@@ -135,6 +139,11 @@ impl AdminHarness {
         self
     }
 
+    pub(super) fn backup(mut self, backup: BackupStorePorts) -> Self {
+        self.backup = backup;
+        self
+    }
+
     pub(super) fn provider(mut self, provider: Arc<dyn ProviderAdmin>) -> Self {
         self.providers
             .retain(|registered| registered.provider_kind() != provider.provider_kind());
@@ -165,6 +174,7 @@ impl AdminHarness {
                 self.client_keys,
                 self.observability,
                 self.settings,
+                self.backup,
             ),
             self.providers,
             Arc::new(NoopSnapshot),
@@ -647,12 +657,13 @@ impl AccountProbe for UnavailableProbe {
     fn probe(
         &self,
         _: AccountProbeRequest,
-    ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<AccountProbeResult, GatewayError>> {
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<AccountProbeResult, AccountProbeError>> {
         Box::pin(async {
             Err(GatewayError::new(
                 GatewayErrorKind::Internal,
                 "test account probe is unavailable",
-            ))
+            )
+            .into())
         })
     }
 }

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/use_case/observability.rs

@@ -249,6 +249,7 @@ async fn observability_services_should_calculate_usage_insights_and_diagnostic_s
         bucket_start: quarter_hour_start(now),
         provider_kind: "openai".to_owned(),
         upstream_model_id: "gpt-5.5".to_owned(),
+        service_tier: None,
         input_tokens: Some(800),
         output_tokens: Some(200),
         cached_tokens: Some(0),
@@ -326,9 +327,19 @@ async fn usage_records_should_tolerate_records_that_fail_billing_enrichment() {
     let store = Arc::new(FixtureObservabilityStore::new(observation_range(now)));
     let invalid_kind = "x".repeat(65);
     store.replace_usage_records(vec![
-        calculated_total_record("request_invalid_kind", Some(&invalid_kind), now),
-        calculated_total_record("request_unregistered_kind", Some("anthropic"), now),
-        calculated_total_record("request_enriched", Some("openai"), now),
+        total_record(
+            "request_invalid_kind",
+            Some(&invalid_kind),
+            "calculated",
+            now,
+        ),
+        total_record(
+            "request_unregistered_kind",
+            Some("anthropic"),
+            "calculated",
+            now,
+        ),
+        total_record("request_enriched", Some("openai"), "calculated", now),
     ]);
     let services = observability_services_with_calculated_billing(store).await;
 
@@ -353,6 +364,30 @@ async fn usage_records_should_tolerate_records_that_fail_billing_enrichment() {
     );
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn usage_records_should_enrich_provider_reported_totals_when_pricing_matches() {
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    let store = Arc::new(FixtureObservabilityStore::new(observation_range(now)));
+    store.replace_usage_records(vec![total_record(
+        "request_provider_reported",
+        Some("openai"),
+        "provider_reported",
+        now,
+    )]);
+    let services = observability_services_with_calculated_billing(store).await;
+
+    let page = services
+        .observability()
+        .usage_records(usage_query(now))
+        .await
+        .expect("usage records");
+
+    assert!(matches!(
+        page.items[0].billing,
+        Some(UsageBilling::Calculated(_))
+    ));
+}
+
 struct FixtureObservabilityStore {
     trend: Mutex<Vec<RequestMetricPoint>>,
     overview: Mutex<UsageOverview>,
@@ -414,6 +449,7 @@ impl ObservabilityStore for FixtureObservabilityStore {
             range,
             requests: RequestMetrics::default(),
             attempts: AttemptMetrics::default(),
+            totals: Default::default(),
             provider_accounts: AccountPoolMetrics::default(),
             trend: self.trend.lock().expect("trend").clone(),
             account_usage: Vec::new(),
@@ -566,9 +602,10 @@ fn usage_query(now: DateTime<Utc>) -> UsageQuery {
     }
 }
 
-fn calculated_total_record(
+fn total_record(
     id: &str,
     provider_kind: Option<&str>,
+    source: &str,
     now: DateTime<Utc>,
 ) -> UsageRecord {
     UsageRecord {
@@ -589,6 +626,7 @@ fn calculated_total_record(
         upstream_transport: None,
         http_version: None,
         websocket_pool: None,
+        service_tier: None,
         provider_metadata_json: None,
         attempt_count: 1,
         upstream_send_state: "sent".to_owned(),
@@ -611,11 +649,11 @@ fn calculated_total_record(
         image_input_tokens: None,
         image_output_tokens: None,
         total_tokens: Some(1_000),
-        cost_source: "calculated".to_owned(),
+        cost_source: source.to_owned(),
         cost_amount: None,
         cost_currency: None,
         billing: Some(UsageBilling::Total {
-            source: "calculated".to_owned(),
+            source: source.to_owned(),
             total: CurrencyCost {
                 currency: "USD".to_owned(),
                 amount: gateway_admin::model::observability::DecimalAmount::from_str("1.25")
@@ -658,6 +696,7 @@ fn health_metric_point(bucket_start: DateTime<Utc>, metrics: RequestMetrics) ->
 
 fn diagnostic(name: &str, request_count: u64) -> DiagnosticObservation {
     DiagnosticObservation {
+        key: name.to_owned(),
         name: name.to_owned(),
         request_count,
         success_count: request_count,
@@ -665,6 +704,7 @@ fn diagnostic(name: &str, request_count: u64) -> DiagnosticObservation {
         attempt_count: request_count,
         total_tokens: request_count.saturating_mul(100),
         average_latency_ms: Some(100),
+        latency_p95_ms: Some(200),
         cost_coverage: CostCoverage::default(),
         costs: Vec::new(),
     }

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/use_case/openai.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use gateway_admin::{
     AdminServices,
     model::provider_credentials::{
         AuthorizationMutationTarget, CompleteAuthorization, CredentialDeletion, CredentialMutation,
-        ImportCredentials, ProviderQuotaRequest, ReauthorizationTarget, StartAuthorization,
+        ImportCredentials, ProviderQuotaRequest, StartAuthorization,
     },
     ports::provider::ProviderAdminErrorKind,
 };
@@ -30,7 +30,11 @@ async fn openai_enable_should_use_scoped_store_without_provider_mutation() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         recorded(&events),
-        ["store.credential_details", "store.set_enabled"]
+        [
+            "store.credential_details",
+            "store.set_enabled",
+            "provider.account_facts_changed",
+        ]
     );
     assert_eq!(store.audit_requests(), ["request-openai"]);
 }
@@ -54,6 +58,7 @@ async fn openai_disable_should_commit_then_release_provider_resources() {
             "store.credential_details",
             "store.set_enabled",
             "provider.account_unavailable",
+            "provider.account_facts_changed",
         ]
     );
     assert_eq!(store.audit_requests(), ["request-openai"]);
@@ -78,6 +83,7 @@ async fn openai_delete_should_commit_then_release_provider_resources() {
             "store.credential_details",
             "store.delete",
             "provider.account_unavailable",
+            "provider.account_facts_changed",
         ]
     );
     assert_eq!(store.audit_requests(), ["request-openai"]);
@@ -119,11 +125,14 @@ async fn openai_import_should_prepare_before_atomic_store_commit() {
         .await
         .expect("import credential");
 
+    await_quota_requests(&provider, 1).await;
+
     assert_eq!(
         recorded(&events),
         [
             "provider.prepare_import",
             "store.commit_import",
+            "provider.account_facts_changed",
             "provider.quota",
         ]
     );
@@ -155,6 +164,8 @@ async fn openai_import_should_refresh_quota_for_every_imported_account() {
         .await
         .expect("import credentials");
 
+    await_quota_requests(&provider, 2).await;
+
     assert_eq!(
         result.credential_ids,
         [
@@ -196,6 +207,8 @@ async fn openai_import_should_remain_successful_when_quota_refresh_fails() {
         .await
         .expect("committed import remains successful");
 
+    await_quota_requests(&provider, 1).await;
+
     assert_eq!(
         result.credential_ids,
         [ProviderAccountId::new("acct_prepared").expect("account ID")]
@@ -229,12 +242,15 @@ async fn openai_authorization_create_should_observe_initial_quota() {
         .await
         .expect("complete authorization");
 
+    await_quota_requests(&provider, 1).await;
+
     assert_eq!(
         recorded(&events),
         [
             "provider.start_authorization",
             "provider.complete_authorization",
             "store.commit_authorization",
+            "provider.account_facts_changed",
             "provider.quota",
         ]
     );
@@ -276,6 +292,8 @@ async fn openai_authorization_create_should_remain_successful_when_initial_quota
         .await
         .expect("quota observation must not fail authorization");
 
+    await_quota_requests(&provider, 1).await;
+
     assert_eq!(result.account_id.as_str(), "acct_prepared");
     assert_eq!(provider.quota_requests().len(), 1);
 }
@@ -314,6 +332,8 @@ async fn openai_authorization_store_failure_should_release_claim_for_retry() {
         .await
         .expect("released claim must permit retry");
 
+    await_quota_requests(&provider, 1).await;
+
     assert_eq!(
         recorded(&events),
         [
@@ -324,6 +344,7 @@ async fn openai_authorization_store_failure_should_release_claim_for_retry() {
             "provider.complete_authorization",
             "store.commit_authorization",
             "authorization_guard.commit",
+            "provider.account_facts_changed",
             "provider.quota",
         ]
     );
@@ -351,7 +372,7 @@ async fn openai_import_provider_error_should_not_touch_store_transaction() {
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
-async fn openai_reauthorization_should_restore_pending_envelope_and_hold_guard_through_commit() {
+async fn openai_reauthorization_should_commit_after_credential_revision_advances() {
     let events = events();
     let provider = FakeProviderAdmin::new("openai", events.clone());
     let store = FakeAccountStore::new("openai", events.clone());
@@ -361,10 +382,7 @@ async fn openai_reauthorization_should_restore_pending_envelope_and_hold_guard_t
         .start_authorization(StartAuthorization {
             context: context("oauth-start-openai"),
             name: "reauthorize".to_owned(),
-            reauthorization: Some(ReauthorizationTarget {
-                account_id: ProviderAccountId::new("acct_test").expect("account ID"),
-                credential_revision: revision(1),
-            }),
+            reauthorization: Some(ProviderAccountId::new("acct_test").expect("account ID")),
         })
         .await
         .expect("start reauthorization");
@@ -377,15 +395,14 @@ async fn openai_reauthorization_should_restore_pending_envelope_and_hold_guard_t
     );
     assert!(matches!(
         pending.target(),
-        AuthorizationMutationTarget::Reauthorize {
-            account_id,
-            expected_credential_revision,
-        } if account_id.as_str() == "acct_test"
-            && *expected_credential_revision == revision(1)
+        AuthorizationMutationTarget::Reauthorize { account_id }
+            if account_id.as_str() == "acct_test"
     ));
     assert!(!format!("{pending:?}").contains("admin-test"));
 
-    services
+    provider.set_current_credential_revision(revision(2));
+
+    let result = services
         .openai()
         .complete_authorization(CompleteAuthorization {
             context: context("oauth-complete-openai"),
@@ -395,6 +412,10 @@ async fn openai_reauthorization_should_restore_pending_envelope_and_hold_guard_t
         .await
         .expect("complete reauthorization");
 
+    await_quota_requests(&provider, 1).await;
+
+    assert_eq!(result.credential_revision, Some(revision(3)));
+
     assert_eq!(
         recorded(&events),
         [
@@ -403,8 +424,11 @@ async fn openai_reauthorization_should_restore_pending_envelope_and_hold_guard_t
             "provider.complete_authorization",
             "store.commit_authorization",
             "guard.finish",
+            "provider.account_facts_changed",
+            "provider.quota",
         ]
     );
+    assert_eq!(provider.quota_requests().len(), 1);
     assert_eq!(store.audit_requests(), ["oauth-complete-openai"]);
 }
 
@@ -416,6 +440,16 @@ async fn service(provider: Arc<FakeProviderAdmin>, store: Arc<FakeAccountStore>)
         .await
 }
 
+async fn await_quota_requests(provider: &FakeProviderAdmin, expected: usize) {
+    for _ in 0..100 {
+        if provider.quota_requests().len() == expected {
+            return;
+        }
+        tokio::task::yield_now().await;
+    }
+    assert_eq!(provider.quota_requests().len(), expected);
+}
+
 fn mutation(account_id: &str) -> CredentialMutation {
     CredentialMutation {
         context: context("request-openai"),

backend/crates/gateway-admin/tests/use_case/xai.rs

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ async fn xai_disable_should_commit_then_notify_the_stateless_provider() {
             "store.credential_details",
             "store.set_enabled",
             "provider.account_unavailable",
+            "provider.account_facts_changed",
         ]
     );
     assert_eq!(store.audit_requests(), ["request-xai"]);

backend/crates/gateway-api/Cargo.toml

@@ -20,8 +20,9 @@ futures = "0.3.32"
 gateway-admin = { path = "../gateway-admin" }
 gateway-core = { path = "../gateway-core" }
 gateway-protocol = { path = "../gateway-protocol" }
+secrecy = "0.10"
 serde = { version = "1.0.228", features = ["derive"] }
-serde_json = { version = "1.0.150", features = ["preserve_order"] }
+serde_json = { version = "1.0.150", features = ["arbitrary_precision", "preserve_order"] }
 thiserror = "2.0.18"
 tokio = { version = "1.52.3", default-features = false, features = ["macros", "time"] }
 tower-http = { version = "0.7.0", features = ["cors", "fs", "request-id", "timeout", "trace"] }
@@ -31,7 +32,9 @@ uuid = { version = "1.23.3", features = ["v7"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 async-trait = "0.1.89"
-tokio = { version = "1.52.3", default-features = false, features = ["macros", "rt"] }
+axum = { version = "0.8.9", default-features = false, features = ["http1", "tokio"] }
+tokio = { version = "1.52.3", default-features = false, features = ["macros", "net", "rt-multi-thread"] }
+tokio-tungstenite = "0.29.0"
 tower = { version = "0.5.3", features = ["util"] }
 
 [lints]

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/accounts.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use base64::{Engine as _, engine::general_purpose::URL_SAFE_NO_PAD};
 use chrono::{DateTime, FixedOffset, Utc};
 use futures::{Stream, StreamExt as _};
 use gateway_admin::model::{
-    AdminError as AdminServiceError, AdminErrorKind, PageSize, Revision,
+    AdminError as AdminServiceError, PageSize,
     accounts::{
         AccountConnectionTestEvent as DomainConnectionTestEvent, AccountCost, AccountListQuery,
         AccountModelUsage, AccountSort, AccountSortField, AccountStatus as DomainAccountStatus,
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ use gateway_admin::model::{
         AccountDirectoryItem, AccountDirectoryPage, AccountExportBundle, AccountRefreshResult,
         AuthorizationStarted, CompleteAuthorization, CredentialDeletion, CredentialDeletionResult,
         CredentialImportResult, CredentialMutation, CredentialMutationResult, ImportCredentials,
-        ProviderDocument, ProviderModels, ProviderQuota, ProviderQuotaWindow,
-        ReauthorizationTarget, RotateCredential, StartAuthorization,
+        ProviderDocument, ProviderModels, ProviderQuota, ProviderQuotaWindow, RotateCredential,
+        StartAuthorization,
     },
 };
 use gateway_core::{
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ use gateway_core::{
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::{Map, Value};
 
+use super::presenter::{format_compact_number, format_number};
 use super::{
     AdminAuth, AdminEnvelope, AdminError, AdminResponse, AdminSessionState, PageMeta,
     WireValidationError,
@@ -90,7 +91,8 @@ impl ListQuery {
         let status = match self.status.as_deref().map(str::trim) {
             None | Some("") => None,
             Some(value) => Some(
-                parse_account_status(value).ok_or_else(|| WireValidationError::new("status"))?,
+                DomainAccountStatus::parse(&value.to_ascii_lowercase())
+                    .ok_or_else(|| WireValidationError::new("status"))?,
             ),
         };
         let sort = match (self.sort_by.as_deref(), self.sort_direction.as_deref()) {
@@ -126,17 +128,6 @@ fn parse_provider(value: &str) -> Result<Option<ProviderKind>, WireValidationErr
         .map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("provider"))
 }
 
-fn parse_account_status(value: &str) -> Option<DomainAccountStatus> {
-    match value.trim().to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
-        "active" => Some(DomainAccountStatus::Active),
-        "expired" => Some(DomainAccountStatus::Expired),
-        "quota_exhausted" => Some(DomainAccountStatus::QuotaExhausted),
-        "disabled" => Some(DomainAccountStatus::Disabled),
-        "banned" => Some(DomainAccountStatus::Banned),
-        _ => None,
-    }
-}
-
 fn parse_sort_field(value: &str) -> Option<AccountSortField> {
     match value.trim() {
         "email" => Some(AccountSortField::Email),
@@ -171,9 +162,11 @@ pub struct AccountPageData {
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct AccountSummaryView {
     pub total: u64,
-    pub active: u64,
+    pub normal: u64,
     pub quota_exhausted: u64,
-    pub unavailable: u64,
+    pub rate_limited: u64,
+    pub disabled: u64,
+    pub error: u64,
 }
 
 /// 一条安全账号视图。
@@ -193,11 +186,12 @@ pub struct AccountView {
     pub has_refresh_token: bool,
     pub status: String,
     pub display_status: String,
-    pub token_refreshing: bool,
+    /// `status == "error"` 时的具体原因；其余状态为 `null`。
+    pub error_reason: Option<String>,
+    /// 最近一次失败的上游错误描述；仅错误状态存在。
+    pub error_message: Option<String>,
     pub availability: String,
     pub enabled: bool,
-    pub credential_revision: u64,
-    pub state_revision: Option<u64>,
     pub access_token_expires_at: Option<String>,
     pub access_token_expires_at_display: Option<String>,
     pub refresh_token_expires_at: Option<String>,
@@ -215,6 +209,9 @@ pub struct AccountView {
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct AccountQuotaView {
     pub refreshed_at_display: String,
+    pub limit_reached: bool,
+    /// 429 临时限流（Redis 冷却）到期时间展示；非限流中为 `null`。
+    pub rate_limited_until: Option<String>,
     pub windows: Vec<AccountQuotaWindowView>,
 }
 
@@ -228,6 +225,7 @@ pub struct AccountQuotaWindowView {
     pub label_display: String,
     pub used_percent: Option<f64>,
     pub used_percent_display: String,
+    pub limit_reached: bool,
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub local_usage: Option<serde_json::Value>,
     pub reset_at_display: String,
@@ -527,19 +525,25 @@ impl From<DomainConnectionTestEvent> for AccountConnectionTestEvent {
             DomainConnectionTestEvent::Completed { account_status } => serde_json::json!({
                 "type": "test_complete",
                 "success": true,
-                "accountStatus": account_status_name(account_status)
+                "accountStatus": account_status.as_str()
             }),
             DomainConnectionTestEvent::Failed {
                 message,
                 provider_error_code,
                 provider_error_type,
+                upstream_status,
+                upstream_content_type,
+                upstream_body,
                 account_status,
             } => serde_json::json!({
                 "type": "error",
                 "error": message,
                 "providerErrorCode": provider_error_code,
                 "providerErrorType": provider_error_type,
-                "accountStatus": account_status_name(account_status)
+                "upstreamStatus": upstream_status,
+                "upstreamContentType": upstream_content_type,
+                "upstreamBody": upstream_body,
+                "accountStatus": account_status.as_str()
             }),
         };
         Self { data }
@@ -604,24 +608,16 @@ pub struct StartAccountAuthorizationRequest {
     pub provider: String,
     pub name: String,
     pub account_id: Option<String>,
-    pub expected_credential_revision: Option<u64>,
 }
 
 impl StartAccountAuthorizationRequest {
     pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<(), WireValidationError> {
         AccountProvider::parse(&self.provider)?;
         require_text(&self.name, MAX_NAME_BYTES, "name")?;
-        match (
-            self.account_id.as_deref(),
-            self.expected_credential_revision,
-        ) {
-            (None, None) => Ok(()),
-            (Some(account_id), Some(credential_revision)) => {
-                require_account_id(account_id, "accountId")?;
-                require_positive(credential_revision, "expectedCredentialRevision")
-            }
-            _ => Err(WireValidationError::new("reauthorization")),
+        if let Some(account_id) = self.account_id.as_deref() {
+            require_account_id(account_id, "accountId")?;
         }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn into_command(
@@ -630,15 +626,11 @@ impl StartAccountAuthorizationRequest {
     ) -> Result<(AccountProvider, StartAuthorization), WireValidationError> {
         self.validate()?;
         let provider = AccountProvider::parse(&self.provider)?;
-        let reauthorization = match (self.account_id, self.expected_credential_revision) {
-            (None, None) => None,
-            (Some(account_id), Some(credential_revision)) => Some(ReauthorizationTarget {
-                account_id: ProviderAccountId::new(account_id)
-                    .map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("accountId"))?,
-                credential_revision: revision(credential_revision, "expectedCredentialRevision")?,
-            }),
-            _ => return Err(WireValidationError::new("reauthorization")),
-        };
+        let reauthorization = self
+            .account_id
+            .map(ProviderAccountId::new)
+            .transpose()
+            .map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("accountId"))?;
         Ok((
             provider,
             StartAuthorization {
@@ -771,7 +763,6 @@ impl AccountDeletionRequest {
 pub struct RotateAccountRequest {
     pub provider: String,
     pub account_id: String,
-    pub expected_credential_revision: u64,
     pub access_token: String,
     pub refresh_token: Option<String>,
 }
@@ -782,10 +773,6 @@ impl RotateAccountRequest {
             return Err(WireValidationError::new("provider"));
         }
         require_account_id(&self.account_id, "accountId")?;
-        require_positive(
-            self.expected_credential_revision,
-            "expectedCredentialRevision",
-        )?;
         validate_oauth_material(&self.access_token, self.refresh_token.as_deref())
     }
 
@@ -806,10 +793,6 @@ impl RotateAccountRequest {
                 account_id: ProviderAccountId::new(self.account_id)
                     .map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("accountId"))?,
             },
-            expected_credential_revision: revision(
-                self.expected_credential_revision,
-                "expectedCredentialRevision",
-            )?,
             provider_material: ProviderDocument::new(OpaqueProviderData::new(material)),
         })
     }
@@ -858,15 +841,12 @@ impl From<AuthorizationStarted> for AccountAuthorizationData {
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct AccountMutationData {
     pub account_id: String,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub credential_revision: Option<u64>,
 }
 
 impl From<CredentialMutationResult> for AccountMutationData {
     fn from(result: CredentialMutationResult) -> Self {
         Self {
             account_id: result.account_id.to_string(),
-            credential_revision: result.credential_revision.map(Revision::get),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1351,9 +1331,11 @@ fn account_page_data(
         page: PageMeta::new(page, u32::from(page_size), result.total, total_pages),
         summary: AccountSummaryView {
             total: result.summary.total,
-            active: result.summary.active,
+            normal: result.summary.normal,
             quota_exhausted: result.summary.quota_exhausted,
-            unavailable: result.summary.unavailable,
+            rate_limited: result.summary.rate_limited,
+            disabled: result.summary.disabled,
+            error: result.summary.error,
         },
     }
 }
@@ -1384,10 +1366,11 @@ fn account_view(item: AccountDirectoryItem, now: DateTime<Utc>) -> AccountView {
     let AccountDirectoryItem {
         account,
         status,
+        error_reason,
         usage,
         quota,
     } = item;
-    let status = account_status_name(status).to_owned();
+    let status = status.as_str().to_owned();
     let expires_at = account.access_token_expires_at.as_ref().map(china_rfc3339);
     let added_at = china_rfc3339(&account.created_at);
     let updated_at = china_rfc3339(&account.updated_at);
@@ -1399,18 +1382,17 @@ fn account_view(item: AccountDirectoryItem, now: DateTime<Utc>) -> AccountView {
         resource_ref: account.id,
         email: account.email,
         account_id: account.upstream_account_id,
-        user_id: Some(account.upstream_user_id),
+        user_id: account.upstream_user_id,
         label: None,
         plan_type: account.plan_type,
         authentication_kind: account.authentication_kind,
         has_refresh_token: account.has_refresh_token,
         status: status.clone(),
         display_status: status,
-        token_refreshing: false,
+        error_reason: error_reason.map(|reason| reason.as_str().to_owned()),
+        error_message: account.last_error_message,
         availability: account.availability.as_str().to_owned(),
         enabled: account.enabled,
-        credential_revision: account.credential_revision.get(),
-        state_revision: None,
         access_token_expires_at: expires_at,
         access_token_expires_at_display: account
             .access_token_expires_at
@@ -1438,9 +1420,12 @@ fn account_quota_view(
         .observed_at
         .map_or_else(|| "—".to_owned(), |value| relative_time(value, now));
     let windows = quota.windows.into_iter().map(quota_window_view).collect();
+    let rate_limited_until = quota.rate_limited_until.map(|until| china_datetime(&until));
     (
         AccountQuotaView {
             refreshed_at_display,
+            limit_reached: quota.limit_reached,
+            rate_limited_until,
             windows,
         },
         refresh_token_expires_at,
@@ -1453,9 +1438,11 @@ fn quota_window_view(window: ProviderQuotaWindow) -> AccountQuotaWindowView {
         group,
         label,
         source: _,
+        local_usage_attribution: _,
         window_seconds,
         used_percent,
         reset_at,
+        limit_reached,
         local_usage,
         provider_data: _,
     } = window;
@@ -1467,6 +1454,7 @@ fn quota_window_view(window: ProviderQuotaWindow) -> AccountQuotaWindowView {
         used_percent,
         used_percent_display: used_percent
             .map_or_else(|| "—".to_owned(), |value| format!("{value:.1}%")),
+        limit_reached,
         local_usage: local_usage.as_ref().map(quota_local_usage),
         reset_at_display: reset_at.map_or_else(|| "—".to_owned(), |value| china_datetime(&value)),
     }
@@ -1490,7 +1478,7 @@ fn quota_local_usage(usage: &AccountUsage) -> Value {
         "imageRequestCount": usage.image_request_count,
         "imageRequestFailedCount": usage.image_request_failed_count,
         "totalTokens": total_tokens,
-        "totalTokensDisplay": format_tokens(total_tokens),
+        "totalTokensDisplay": format_compact_number(total_tokens),
         "requestBuckets": usage.request_buckets.iter().map(|bucket| serde_json::json!({
             "bucketStart": bucket.bucket_start,
             "requestCount": bucket.request_count,
@@ -1623,7 +1611,7 @@ fn account_currency_cost_view(cost: &AccountCost) -> CurrencyCostView {
 }
 
 fn display_optional_tokens(value: Option<u64>) -> String {
-    value.map_or_else(|| "—".to_owned(), format_tokens)
+    value.map_or_else(|| "—".to_owned(), format_compact_number)
 }
 
 fn empty_account_usage() -> AccountUsageView {
@@ -1661,10 +1649,6 @@ fn empty_account_usage() -> AccountUsageView {
     }
 }
 
-fn revision(value: u64, field: &'static str) -> Result<Revision, WireValidationError> {
-    Revision::new(value).map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new(field))
-}
-
 fn provider_document(
     value: Value,
     field: &'static str,
@@ -1698,13 +1682,6 @@ fn require_text(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn require_positive(value: u64, field: &'static str) -> Result<(), WireValidationError> {
-    if value == 0 || i64::try_from(value).is_err() {
-        return Err(WireValidationError::new(field));
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 fn validate_oauth_material(
     access_token: &str,
     refresh_token: Option<&str>,
@@ -1742,47 +1719,6 @@ fn provider_document_value(document: ProviderDocument) -> Value {
     Value::Object(document.into_provider_data().into_inner())
 }
 
-fn account_status_name(status: DomainAccountStatus) -> &'static str {
-    match status {
-        DomainAccountStatus::Active => "active",
-        DomainAccountStatus::Expired => "expired",
-        DomainAccountStatus::QuotaExhausted => "quota_exhausted",
-        DomainAccountStatus::Disabled => "disabled",
-        DomainAccountStatus::Banned => "banned",
-    }
-}
-
-fn format_number(value: u64) -> String {
-    let text = value.to_string();
-    let mut output = String::with_capacity(text.len() + text.len() / 3);
-    for (index, character) in text.chars().rev().enumerate() {
-        if index > 0 && index % 3 == 0 {
-            output.push(',');
-        }
-        output.push(character);
-    }
-    output.chars().rev().collect()
-}
-
-fn format_tokens(value: u64) -> String {
-    if value < 1_000 {
-        return format_number(value);
-    }
-    for (suffix, threshold) in [
-        ("P", 1_000_000_000_000_000_u64),
-        ("T", 1_000_000_000_000_u64),
-        ("B", 1_000_000_000_u64),
-        ("M", 1_000_000_u64),
-        ("K", 1_000_u64),
-    ] {
-        if value >= threshold {
-            let scaled = value as f64 / threshold as f64;
-            return format!("{scaled:.1}{suffix}").replace(".0", "");
-        }
-    }
-    format_number(value)
-}
-
 fn relative_time(value: DateTime<Utc>, now: DateTime<Utc>) -> String {
     let elapsed = now.signed_duration_since(value);
     if elapsed.num_seconds() < 0 {
@@ -1820,16 +1756,5 @@ fn map_wire_error(error: WireValidationError) -> AdminError {
 }
 
 fn map_service_error(error: AdminServiceError) -> AdminError {
-    match error.kind() {
-        AdminErrorKind::Invalid => AdminError::bad_request(error.to_string()),
-        AdminErrorKind::Unauthorized => AdminError::admin_session_required(),
-        AdminErrorKind::NotFound => AdminError::not_found(error.to_string()),
-        AdminErrorKind::Conflict => AdminError::conflict(error.to_string()),
-        AdminErrorKind::RateLimited => AdminError::too_many_login_attempts(),
-        AdminErrorKind::BadGateway => AdminError::bad_gateway(error.to_string()),
-        AdminErrorKind::Unavailable => {
-            AdminError::service_unavailable("Account directory unavailable")
-        }
-        AdminErrorKind::Internal => AdminError::internal(error.to_string()),
-    }
+    super::wire::map_admin_service_error(error, "Account directory unavailable")
 }

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/backups.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
+//! 备份设置、计划、手动创建、记录、下载与删除路由。
+//!
+//! 路径统一位于 `/api/admin/settings/backups/*`，内部由独立 `BackupService` 承担业务。
+
+use axum::{
+    Json, Router,
+    extract::{Query, State},
+    http::StatusCode,
+    response::IntoResponse,
+    routing::{get, post},
+};
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+use gateway_admin::model::backup::{
+    BackupRecord, BackupSettings, BackupStatus, BackupTriggerKind, ConnectionTestResult,
+    UpdateBackupScheduleCommand, UpdateBackupStorageCommand,
+};
+use secrecy::{ExposeSecret as _, SecretString};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use super::{
+    AdminAuth, AdminEnvelope, AdminError, AdminPageData, AdminResponse, AdminSessionState,
+    PageMeta, wire::map_admin_service_error,
+};
+
+/// 备份设置视图；`secretAccessKey` 返回已保存的明文凭据，由前端掩码显示。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct BackupSettingsView {
+    pub storage_revision: u64,
+    pub endpoint: Option<String>,
+    pub region: Option<String>,
+    pub bucket: Option<String>,
+    pub access_key_id: Option<String>,
+    pub secret_access_key: Option<String>,
+    pub prefix: Option<String>,
+    pub force_path_style: bool,
+    pub verified: bool,
+    pub schedule_enabled: bool,
+    pub cron_expression: Option<String>,
+    pub schedule_timezone: Option<String>,
+    pub retention_days: u32,
+    pub retention_count: u32,
+    pub next_run_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub last_verified_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub updated_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+}
+
+impl From<BackupSettings> for BackupSettingsView {
+    fn from(settings: BackupSettings) -> Self {
+        let verified = settings.storage_verified();
+        Self {
+            storage_revision: settings.storage_revision,
+            endpoint: settings.endpoint,
+            region: settings.region,
+            bucket: settings.bucket,
+            access_key_id: settings.access_key_id,
+            secret_access_key: settings
+                .secret_access_key
+                .map(|secret| secret.expose_secret().to_owned()),
+            prefix: settings.prefix,
+            force_path_style: settings.force_path_style,
+            verified,
+            schedule_enabled: settings.schedule_enabled,
+            cron_expression: settings.cron_expression,
+            schedule_timezone: settings.schedule_timezone,
+            retention_days: settings.retention_days,
+            retention_count: settings.retention_count,
+            next_run_at: settings.next_run_at,
+            last_verified_at: settings.last_verified_at,
+            updated_at: settings.updated_at,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 更新 S3 存储配置请求；`secretAccessKey` 缺省表示保留旧值。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct UpdateBackupStorageRequest {
+    pub endpoint: String,
+    pub region: String,
+    pub bucket: String,
+    pub access_key_id: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub secret_access_key: Option<String>,
+    pub prefix: String,
+    pub force_path_style: bool,
+}
+
+/// 更新调度配置请求。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct UpdateBackupScheduleRequest {
+    pub schedule_enabled: bool,
+    pub cron_expression: String,
+    pub schedule_timezone: String,
+    pub retention_days: u32,
+    pub retention_count: u32,
+}
+
+/// 备份记录 wire 视图。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct BackupRecordView {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub trigger_kind: String,
+    pub status: String,
+    pub scheduled_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub object_key: String,
+    pub size_bytes: Option<u64>,
+    pub sha256: Option<String>,
+    pub attempt_count: u32,
+    pub error_code: Option<String>,
+    pub error_message: Option<String>,
+    pub started_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub completed_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub expires_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    pub created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub updated_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+}
+
+impl From<BackupRecord> for BackupRecordView {
+    fn from(record: BackupRecord) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: record.id,
+            trigger_kind: record.trigger_kind.to_string(),
+            status: record.status.to_string(),
+            scheduled_at: record.scheduled_at,
+            object_key: record.object_key,
+            size_bytes: record.size_bytes,
+            sha256: record.sha256,
+            attempt_count: record.attempt_count,
+            error_code: record.error_code,
+            error_message: record.error_message,
+            started_at: record.started_at,
+            completed_at: record.completed_at,
+            expires_at: record.expires_at,
+            created_at: record.created_at,
+            updated_at: record.updated_at,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 记录列表查询参数。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct BackupRecordsQuery {
+    pub page: Option<u32>,
+    pub page_size: Option<u16>,
+    pub status: Option<String>,
+    pub trigger: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// 下载地址请求。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct BackupIdRequest {
+    pub backup_id: String,
+}
+
+/// 下载地址响应。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DownloadUrlView {
+    pub url: String,
+    pub file_name: String,
+    pub expires_in_seconds: u64,
+}
+
+impl From<gateway_admin::model::backup::DownloadUrlResult> for DownloadUrlView {
+    fn from(result: gateway_admin::model::backup::DownloadUrlResult) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            url: result.url,
+            file_name: result.file_name,
+            expires_in_seconds: result.expires_in.as_secs(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 连接测试响应。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct ConnectionTestView {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub stage: String,
+    pub code: Option<String>,
+    pub message: String,
+}
+
+impl From<ConnectionTestResult> for ConnectionTestView {
+    fn from(result: ConnectionTestResult) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            ok: result.ok,
+            stage: result.stage.to_owned(),
+            code: result.code.map(str::to_owned),
+            message: result.message,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 构造固定 GET/POST 备份路由。
+pub fn router<S>() -> Router<S>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    Router::new()
+        .route("/api/admin/settings/backups", get(backup_settings::<S>))
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/settings/backups/storage/update",
+            post(update_backup_storage::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/settings/backups/storage/test",
+            post(test_backup_storage::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/settings/backups/schedule/update",
+            post(update_backup_schedule::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/settings/backups/records",
+            get(backup_records::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/settings/backups/create",
+            post(create_backup::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/settings/backups/download-url",
+            post(download_backup_url::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/settings/backups/delete",
+            post(delete_backup::<S>),
+        )
+}
+
+async fn backup_settings<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let settings = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .backups()
+        .load_settings()
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(BackupSettingsView::from(settings)),
+    ))
+}
+
+async fn update_backup_storage<S>(
+    auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Json(request): Json<UpdateBackupStorageRequest>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let command = UpdateBackupStorageCommand {
+        endpoint: request.endpoint,
+        region: request.region,
+        bucket: request.bucket,
+        access_key_id: request.access_key_id,
+        secret_access_key: request.secret_access_key.map(SecretString::from),
+        prefix: request.prefix,
+        force_path_style: request.force_path_style,
+    };
+    let settings = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .backups()
+        .update_storage(&auth.context().mutation_context(), command)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(BackupSettingsView::from(settings)),
+    ))
+}
+
+async fn test_backup_storage<S>(
+    auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .backups()
+        .test_connection(&auth.context().mutation_context())
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(ConnectionTestView::from(result)),
+    ))
+}
+
+async fn update_backup_schedule<S>(
+    auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Json(request): Json<UpdateBackupScheduleRequest>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let command = UpdateBackupScheduleCommand {
+        schedule_enabled: request.schedule_enabled,
+        cron_expression: request.cron_expression,
+        schedule_timezone: request.schedule_timezone,
+        retention_days: request.retention_days,
+        retention_count: request.retention_count,
+    };
+    let settings = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .backups()
+        .update_schedule(&auth.context().mutation_context(), command)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(BackupSettingsView::from(settings)),
+    ))
+}
+
+async fn backup_records<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<BackupRecordsQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let page_size = gateway_admin::model::PageSize::new(query.page_size.unwrap_or(20))
+        .map_err(|_| AdminError::bad_request("Invalid pageSize"))?;
+    let page = query.page.unwrap_or(1);
+    if page == 0 {
+        return Err(AdminError::bad_request("Invalid page"));
+    }
+    let status = match query.status.as_deref() {
+        None => None,
+        Some(value) => BackupStatus::parse(value)
+            .map(Some)
+            .ok_or_else(|| AdminError::bad_request("Invalid status"))?,
+    };
+    let trigger = match query.trigger.as_deref() {
+        None => None,
+        Some(value) => BackupTriggerKind::parse(value)
+            .map(Some)
+            .ok_or_else(|| AdminError::bad_request("Invalid trigger"))?,
+    };
+    let domain_query = gateway_admin::model::backup::BackupRecordListQuery {
+        page,
+        page_size,
+        status,
+        trigger,
+    };
+    let page_result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .backups()
+        .list_records(domain_query)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    let meta = PageMeta::new(
+        page_result.page,
+        u32::from(page_result.page_size.get()),
+        page_result.total,
+        page_result.total_pages(),
+    );
+    let items: Vec<BackupRecordView> = page_result
+        .items
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(BackupRecordView::from)
+        .collect();
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(AdminPageData::new(items, meta)),
+    ))
+}
+
+async fn create_backup<S>(
+    auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    body: Option<Json<CreateBackupRequest>>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let expires_at = body
+        .and_then(|body| body.0.expires_in_days)
+        .filter(|&days| days > 0)
+        .map(|days| Utc::now() + chrono::Duration::days(i64::from(days)));
+    let record = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .backups()
+        .create_backup(&auth.context().mutation_context(), expires_at)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::ACCEPTED,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(BackupRecordView::from(record)),
+    ))
+}
+
+/// 创建备份请求；`expiresInDays` 为 0 或缺省表示不设置过期时间。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct CreateBackupRequest {
+    pub expires_in_days: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+async fn download_backup_url<S>(
+    auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Json(request): Json<BackupIdRequest>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .backups()
+        .download_url(&auth.context().mutation_context(), &request.backup_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(DownloadUrlView::from(result)),
+    ))
+}
+
+async fn delete_backup<S>(
+    auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Json(request): Json<BackupIdRequest>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let record = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .backups()
+        .delete_backup(&auth.context().mutation_context(), &request.backup_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(BackupRecordView::from(record)),
+    ))
+}
+
+fn map_service_error(error: gateway_admin::model::AdminError) -> AdminError {
+    map_admin_service_error(error, "Backup service unavailable")
+}

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/mod.rs

@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ use axum::{
 
 pub mod accounts;
 pub mod auth;
+pub mod backups;
 pub mod client_keys;
 pub mod observability;
+pub mod presenter;
 pub mod settings;
 pub mod system;
 pub mod wire;
@@ -29,6 +31,7 @@ where
     Router::new()
         .merge(accounts::router::<S>())
         .merge(auth::router::<S>())
+        .merge(backups::router::<S>())
         .merge(client_keys::router::<S>())
         .merge(observability::router::<S>())
         .merge(settings::router::<S>())

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/observability/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//! Dashboard、用量与诊断查询的 wire 映射和固定路由。
+
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, num::NonZeroU32};
+
+use axum::{
+    Router,
+    extract::{Query, State},
+    http::StatusCode,
+    response::IntoResponse,
+    routing::get,
+};
+use base64::engine::general_purpose::URL_SAFE_NO_PAD;
+use chrono::{DateTime, Duration, Utc};
+use gateway_admin::model::{PageSize as DomainPageSize, observability as domain};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use super::presenter::{format_compact_number, format_number};
+use super::{
+    AdminAuth, AdminEnvelope, AdminError, AdminResponse, AdminSessionState, PageMeta,
+    WireValidationError, wire::map_admin_service_error,
+};
+
+mod presenter;
+mod query;
+mod routes;
+mod wire;
+
+pub(crate) use presenter::*;
+pub use query::*;
+pub use routes::*;
+pub use wire::*;

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/observability/query.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+//! 查询 wire 类型、校验与领域命令映射。
+
+use super::*;
+
+use base64::Engine as _;
+
+/// 观测列表默认页大小。
+pub const DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE: u16 = 50;
+/// 观测列表允许的最大页大小。
+pub const MAX_PAGE_SIZE: u16 = 100;
+/// 游标编码在 HTTP 层解码前允许的最大长度。
+pub const MAX_CURSOR_BYTES: usize = 1024;
+
+/// Dashboard 查询参数。
+#[derive(Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct DashboardQuery {
+    pub kind: Option<String>,
+    pub start_time: Option<String>,
+    pub end_time: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl DashboardQuery {
+    /// 解析 dashboard 趋势类型。
+    pub fn trend_kind(&self) -> Result<TrendKind, WireValidationError> {
+        TrendKind::parse(self.kind.as_deref())
+    }
+}
+
+/// 逻辑请求列表、汇总和洞察查询参数。
+#[derive(Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct UsageQuery {
+    pub page: Option<u32>,
+    pub page_size: Option<u16>,
+    pub cursor: Option<String>,
+    pub kind: Option<String>,
+    pub outcome: Option<String>,
+    pub client_api_key_id: Option<String>,
+    pub provider: Option<String>,
+    pub request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub account_id: Option<String>,
+    pub route: Option<String>,
+    pub model: Option<String>,
+    pub status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub transport: Option<String>,
+    pub attempt_index: Option<i64>,
+    pub response_id: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub search: Option<String>,
+    pub start_time: Option<String>,
+    pub end_time: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl UsageQuery {
+    /// 校验分页字段，不改变仓储层的分页 owner。
+    pub fn validate_page(&self) -> Result<(u32, u16), WireValidationError> {
+        let page = self.page.unwrap_or(1);
+        if page == 0 {
+            return Err(WireValidationError::new("page"));
+        }
+        let page_size = self.page_size.unwrap_or(DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE);
+        if page_size == 0 || page_size > MAX_PAGE_SIZE {
+            return Err(WireValidationError::new("pageSize"));
+        }
+        Ok((page, page_size))
+    }
+
+    /// 校验游标的 wire 边界；编码和排序语义由应用层负责。
+    pub fn validate_cursor(&self) -> Result<(), WireValidationError> {
+        validate_cursor(self.cursor.as_deref())
+    }
+}
+
+/// 详情查询参数。
+#[derive(Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct DetailQuery {
+    pub id: String,
+}
+
+impl DetailQuery {
+    /// 校验详情 ID，错误不回显输入值。
+    pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<(), WireValidationError> {
+        require_text(&self.id, "id")
+    }
+}
+
+/// 诊断聚合查询参数。
+#[derive(Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct DiagnosticsQuery {
+    pub dimension: Option<String>,
+    pub start_time: Option<String>,
+    pub end_time: Option<String>,
+    pub provider: Option<String>,
+    pub model: Option<String>,
+    pub status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub search: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl DiagnosticsQuery {
+    /// 解析诊断维度。
+    pub fn dimension(&self) -> Result<DiagnosticDimension, WireValidationError> {
+        DiagnosticDimension::parse(self.dimension.as_deref())
+    }
+}
+
+/// 运维错误查询参数。
+#[derive(Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct OpsQuery {
+    pub page: Option<u32>,
+    pub page_size: Option<u16>,
+    pub cursor: Option<String>,
+    pub kind: Option<String>,
+    pub client_api_key_id: Option<String>,
+    pub provider: Option<String>,
+    pub request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub account_id: Option<String>,
+    pub route: Option<String>,
+    pub model: Option<String>,
+    pub status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub client_status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub upstream_status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub transport: Option<String>,
+    pub attempt_index: Option<i64>,
+    pub failure_class: Option<String>,
+    pub response_id: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub search: Option<String>,
+    pub start_time: Option<String>,
+    pub end_time: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl OpsQuery {
+    /// 校验分页字段。
+    pub fn validate_page(&self) -> Result<(u32, u16), WireValidationError> {
+        let page = self.page.unwrap_or(1);
+        if page == 0 {
+            return Err(WireValidationError::new("page"));
+        }
+        let page_size = self.page_size.unwrap_or(DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE);
+        if page_size == 0 || page_size > MAX_PAGE_SIZE {
+            return Err(WireValidationError::new("pageSize"));
+        }
+        Ok((page, page_size))
+    }
+
+    /// 校验游标的 wire 边界。
+    pub fn validate_cursor(&self) -> Result<(), WireValidationError> {
+        validate_cursor(self.cursor.as_deref())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 趋势类型。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, serde::Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum TrendKind {
+    Usage,
+    Latency,
+    Errors,
+}
+
+impl TrendKind {
+    /// 从 query 值解析趋势类型。
+    pub fn parse(value: Option<&str>) -> Result<Self, WireValidationError> {
+        match trimmed(value) {
+            None | Some("usage") => Ok(Self::Usage),
+            Some("latency") => Ok(Self::Latency),
+            Some("errors") => Ok(Self::Errors),
+            Some(_) => Err(WireValidationError::new("kind")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 诊断聚合维度。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum DiagnosticDimension {
+    Model,
+    Account,
+    ApiKey,
+    Provider,
+    Transport,
+    Failure,
+    Status,
+}
+
+impl DiagnosticDimension {
+    /// 从 query 值解析诊断维度。
+    pub fn parse(value: Option<&str>) -> Result<Self, WireValidationError> {
+        match trimmed(value) {
+            None | Some("model") => Ok(Self::Model),
+            Some("account") => Ok(Self::Account),
+            Some("apiKey" | "api_key") => Ok(Self::ApiKey),
+            Some("provider") => Ok(Self::Provider),
+            Some("transport") => Ok(Self::Transport),
+            Some("failureClass" | "failure_class") => Ok(Self::Failure),
+            Some("status") => Ok(Self::Status),
+            Some(_) => Err(WireValidationError::new("dimension")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 返回终态响应中的稳定维度名称。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn display_name(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Model => "model",
+            Self::Account => "account",
+            Self::ApiKey => "apiKey",
+            Self::Provider => "provider",
+            Self::Transport => "transport",
+            Self::Failure => "failureClass",
+            Self::Status => "status",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 解析 RFC3339 时间；错误不回显原始值。
+pub fn parse_datetime(value: Option<&str>) -> Result<Option<DateTime<Utc>>, WireValidationError> {
+    let Some(value) = trimmed(value) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339(value)
+        .map(|value| Some(value.with_timezone(&Utc)))
+        .map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("timeRange"))
+}
+
+/// 解析 HTTP 状态码。
+pub fn parse_status(value: Option<i64>) -> Result<Option<u16>, WireValidationError> {
+    value
+        .map(|value| {
+            u16::try_from(value)
+                .ok()
+                .filter(|value| (100..=599).contains(value))
+                .ok_or_else(|| WireValidationError::new("statusCode"))
+        })
+        .transpose()
+}
+
+/// 解析尝试序号。
+pub fn parse_attempt_index(value: Option<i64>) -> Result<Option<u32>, WireValidationError> {
+    value
+        .map(|value| {
+            u32::try_from(value)
+                .ok()
+                .filter(|value| *value > 0 && *value <= i32::MAX as u32)
+                .ok_or_else(|| WireValidationError::new("attemptIndex"))
+        })
+        .transpose()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn require_text(value: &str, field: &'static str) -> Result<(), WireValidationError> {
+    if value.trim().is_empty() {
+        Err(WireValidationError::new(field))
+    } else {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn validate_cursor(value: Option<&str>) -> Result<(), WireValidationError> {
+    if value.is_some_and(|value| value.is_empty() || value.len() > MAX_CURSOR_BYTES) {
+        return Err(WireValidationError::new("cursor"));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn trimmed(value: Option<&str>) -> Option<&str> {
+    value.map(str::trim).filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn domain_trend_kind(kind: TrendKind) -> domain::TrendKind {
+    match kind {
+        TrendKind::Usage => domain::TrendKind::Usage,
+        TrendKind::Latency => domain::TrendKind::Latency,
+        TrendKind::Errors => domain::TrendKind::Errors,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn domain_diagnostic_dimension(
+    dimension: DiagnosticDimension,
+) -> domain::DiagnosticDimension {
+    match dimension {
+        DiagnosticDimension::Model => domain::DiagnosticDimension::Model,
+        DiagnosticDimension::Account => domain::DiagnosticDimension::Account,
+        DiagnosticDimension::ApiKey => domain::DiagnosticDimension::ApiKey,
+        DiagnosticDimension::Provider => domain::DiagnosticDimension::Provider,
+        DiagnosticDimension::Transport => domain::DiagnosticDimension::Transport,
+        DiagnosticDimension::Failure => domain::DiagnosticDimension::Failure,
+        DiagnosticDimension::Status => domain::DiagnosticDimension::Status,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn request_outcome(
+    value: Option<String>,
+) -> Result<Option<domain::RequestOutcome>, WireValidationError> {
+    non_empty(value)
+        .map(|value| {
+            domain::RequestOutcome::new(value).map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("outcome"))
+        })
+        .transpose()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn usage_range(
+    start: Option<&str>,
+    end: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<domain::TimeRange, WireValidationError> {
+    let end = parse_datetime(end)?.unwrap_or_else(Utc::now);
+    let start = parse_datetime(start)?.unwrap_or(end - Duration::days(7));
+    domain::TimeRange::new(start, end).map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("timeRange"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn dashboard_today_range(
+    start: Option<&str>,
+    end: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<domain::TimeRange, WireValidationError> {
+    let end = parse_datetime(end)?.unwrap_or_else(Utc::now);
+    let start = parse_datetime(start)?.unwrap_or_else(|| domain::china_day_start(end));
+    domain::TimeRange::new(start, end).map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("timeRange"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn usage_filter(query: &UsageQuery) -> Result<domain::UsageFilter, WireValidationError> {
+    let outcome = query.outcome.clone().or_else(|| {
+        non_empty(query.kind.clone()).filter(|value| {
+            matches!(
+                value.as_str(),
+                "running" | "succeeded" | "failed" | "cancelled" | "incomplete"
+            )
+        })
+    });
+    Ok(domain::UsageFilter {
+        client_api_key_ref: non_empty(query.client_api_key_id.clone()),
+        request_id: non_empty(query.request_id.clone()),
+        provider_account_ref: non_empty(query.account_id.clone()),
+        operation: non_empty(query.route.clone()),
+        provider_kind: non_empty(query.provider.clone()),
+        model: non_empty(query.model.clone()),
+        outcome: request_outcome(outcome)?,
+        status_code: parse_status(query.status_code)?,
+        transport: non_empty(query.transport.clone()),
+        attempt_index: parse_attempt_index(query.attempt_index)?,
+        response_id: non_empty(query.response_id.clone()),
+        upstream_request_id: non_empty(query.upstream_request_id.clone()),
+        search: non_empty(query.search.clone()),
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn usage_command(
+    query: &UsageQuery,
+) -> Result<(domain::UsageQuery, u32, u16), WireValidationError> {
+    let (page, page_size) = query.validate_page()?;
+    query.validate_cursor()?;
+    let page_number = NonZeroU32::new(page)
+        .map(domain::PageNumber::new)
+        .ok_or_else(|| WireValidationError::new("page"))?;
+    let page_size_value =
+        DomainPageSize::new(page_size).map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("pageSize"))?;
+    Ok((
+        domain::UsageQuery {
+            range: usage_range(query.start_time.as_deref(), query.end_time.as_deref())?,
+            filter: usage_filter(query)?,
+            cursor: decode_observability_cursor(query.cursor.as_deref())?,
+            page: page_number,
+            page_size: page_size_value,
+        },
+        page,
+        page_size,
+    ))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn ops_command(
+    query: &OpsQuery,
+) -> Result<(domain::OpsErrorQuery, u32, u16), WireValidationError> {
+    let (page, page_size) = query.validate_page()?;
+    query.validate_cursor()?;
+    let page_number = NonZeroU32::new(page)
+        .map(domain::PageNumber::new)
+        .ok_or_else(|| WireValidationError::new("page"))?;
+    let page_size_value =
+        DomainPageSize::new(page_size).map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("pageSize"))?;
+    let status_code = parse_status(
+        query
+            .upstream_status_code
+            .or(query.client_status_code)
+            .or(query.status_code),
+    )?;
+    Ok((
+        domain::OpsErrorQuery {
+            range: usage_range(query.start_time.as_deref(), query.end_time.as_deref())?,
+            filter: domain::OpsErrorFilter {
+                client_api_key_ref: non_empty(query.client_api_key_id.clone()),
+                request_id: non_empty(query.request_id.clone()),
+                provider_kind: non_empty(query.provider.clone()),
+                provider_account_ref: non_empty(query.account_id.clone()),
+                operation: non_empty(query.route.clone()).or_else(|| non_empty(query.kind.clone())),
+                model: non_empty(query.model.clone()),
+                transport: non_empty(query.transport.clone()),
+                attempt_index: parse_attempt_index(query.attempt_index)?,
+                response_id: non_empty(query.response_id.clone()),
+                upstream_request_id: non_empty(query.upstream_request_id.clone()),
+                failure_kind: non_empty(query.failure_class.clone()),
+                status_code,
+                search: non_empty(query.search.clone()),
+            },
+            cursor: decode_observability_cursor(query.cursor.as_deref())?,
+            page: page_number,
+            page_size: page_size_value,
+        },
+        page,
+        page_size,
+    ))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn decode_observability_cursor(
+    value: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<Option<domain::ObservabilityCursor>, WireValidationError> {
+    value
+        .map(|encoded| {
+            if encoded.is_empty() || encoded.len() > MAX_CURSOR_BYTES {
+                return Err(WireValidationError::new("cursor"));
+            }
+            let bytes = URL_SAFE_NO_PAD
+                .decode(encoded)
+                .map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("cursor"))?;
+            let wire: CursorWire =
+                serde_json::from_slice(&bytes).map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("cursor"))?;
+            if wire.stable_id.trim().is_empty() {
+                return Err(WireValidationError::new("cursor"));
+            }
+            Ok(domain::ObservabilityCursor {
+                observed_at: wire.observed_at,
+                stable_id: wire.stable_id,
+            })
+        })
+        .transpose()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn encode_observability_cursor(
+    cursor: &domain::ObservabilityCursor,
+) -> Result<String, WireValidationError> {
+    let bytes = serde_json::to_vec(&CursorWire {
+        observed_at: cursor.observed_at,
+        stable_id: cursor.stable_id.clone(),
+    })
+    .map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("cursor"))?;
+    Ok(URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode(bytes))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn non_empty(value: Option<String>) -> Option<String> {
+    value
+        .map(|value| value.trim().to_owned())
+        .filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
+}

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/observability/routes.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+//! 固定 `/api/admin` 观测路由与 handler。
+
+use super::*;
+
+pub fn router<S>() -> Router<S>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    Router::new()
+        .route("/api/admin/dashboard/summary", get(dashboard_summary::<S>))
+        .route("/api/admin/dashboard/trend", get(dashboard_trend::<S>))
+        .route("/api/admin/usage/records", get(usage_records::<S>))
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/usage/records/detail",
+            get(usage_record_detail::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/usage/records/summary",
+            get(usage_records_summary::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/usage/insights/overview",
+            get(usage_insights_overview::<S>),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/api/admin/usage/insights/diagnostics",
+            get(usage_insights_diagnostics::<S>),
+        )
+        .route("/api/admin/operations/errors", get(ops_errors::<S>))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn dashboard_summary<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<DashboardQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let kind = query.trend_kind().map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    // 概览默认按中国时区当日统计，与单独趋势接口保持同一口径。
+    let range = dashboard_today_range(query.start_time.as_deref(), query.end_time.as_deref())
+        .map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .observability()
+        .dashboard_summary(range, domain_trend_kind(kind))
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(dashboard_view(result, kind)),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn dashboard_trend<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<DashboardQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let kind = query.trend_kind().map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let range = dashboard_today_range(query.start_time.as_deref(), query.end_time.as_deref())
+        .map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .observability()
+        .dashboard_trend(range, domain_trend_kind(kind))
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(trend_view(result, kind)),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn usage_records<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<UsageQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let (command, page, page_size) = usage_command(&query).map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .observability()
+        .usage_records(command)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    let data = usage_page_view(result, page, page_size)
+        .map_err(|_| AdminError::internal("Failed to encode observability cursor"))?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(StatusCode::OK, AdminEnvelope::ok(data)))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn usage_record_detail<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<DetailQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    query.validate().map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .observability()
+        .usage_record_detail(query.id.trim())
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(usage_detail_view(result)),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn usage_records_summary<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<UsageQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let range = usage_range(query.start_time.as_deref(), query.end_time.as_deref())
+        .map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let filter = usage_filter(&query).map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .observability()
+        .usage_summary(range, filter)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(usage_summary_view(result)),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn usage_insights_overview<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<UsageQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let range = usage_range(query.start_time.as_deref(), query.end_time.as_deref())
+        .map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let filter = usage_filter(&query).map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .observability()
+        .usage_insights(range, filter)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(usage_insights_view(result)),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn usage_insights_diagnostics<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<DiagnosticsQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let dimension = query.dimension().map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let range = usage_range(query.start_time.as_deref(), query.end_time.as_deref())
+        .map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let filter = domain::UsageFilter {
+        provider_kind: non_empty(query.provider),
+        model: non_empty(query.model),
+        status_code: parse_status(query.status_code).map_err(map_wire_error)?,
+        search: non_empty(query.search),
+        ..domain::UsageFilter::default()
+    };
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .observability()
+        .diagnostics(range, filter, domain_diagnostic_dimension(dimension))
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        AdminEnvelope::ok(diagnostics_view(result, dimension)),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn ops_errors<S>(
+    _auth: AdminAuth,
+    State(state): State<S>,
+    Query(query): Query<OpsQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, AdminError>
+where
+    S: AdminSessionState + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let (command, page, page_size) = ops_command(&query).map_err(map_wire_error)?;
+    let result = state
+        .admin_services()
+        .observability()
+        .ops_errors(command)
+        .await
+        .map_err(map_service_error)?;
+    let data = ops_page_view(result, page, page_size)
+        .map_err(|_| AdminError::internal("Failed to encode observability cursor"))?;
+    Ok(AdminResponse::new(StatusCode::OK, AdminEnvelope::ok(data)))
+}

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/observability/wire.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,712 @@
+//! 响应 DTO 与固定 wire 形状。
+
+use super::*;
+
+/// 观测列表游标的稳定 wire 形状。
+#[derive(Clone, Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct CursorWire {
+    pub observed_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub stable_id: String,
+}
+
+/// 观测列表响应数据。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct PageData<T> {
+    pub items: Vec<T>,
+    pub page: PageMeta,
+    pub next_cursor: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// Token 详情展示。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct TokenDetailsView {
+    pub input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cached_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cache_write_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub reasoning_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub image_input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub image_output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub total_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub input_tokens_display: String,
+    pub output_tokens_display: String,
+    pub cached_tokens_display: String,
+    pub cache_write_tokens_display: String,
+    pub reasoning_tokens_display: String,
+    pub image_input_tokens_display: String,
+    pub image_output_tokens_display: String,
+    pub total_tokens_display: String,
+}
+
+/// 按货币展示的成本。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct CostView {
+    pub currency: String,
+    pub estimated_amount: String,
+}
+
+/// 成本覆盖状态计数。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct CostCoverageView {
+    pub known: u64,
+    pub partial: u64,
+    pub unknown: u64,
+    pub not_billable: u64,
+}
+
+/// Provider 受控价格规则生成的单次请求费用明细展示。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct BillingView {
+    pub input_amount_display: String,
+    pub output_amount_display: String,
+    pub cache_read_amount_display: String,
+    pub cache_write_amount_display: String,
+    pub standard_amount_display: String,
+    pub total_amount_display: String,
+    pub input_price_display: String,
+    pub output_price_display: String,
+    pub cache_read_price_display: String,
+    pub cache_write_price_display: String,
+    pub service_tier_display: String,
+    pub multiplier_display: String,
+}
+
+/// 单条逻辑请求展示。
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UsageRecordView {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub request_id: String,
+    pub client_api_key_id: Option<String>,
+    pub kind: String,
+    pub provider: Option<String>,
+    pub authentication_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub account_id: Option<String>,
+    pub account_email: Option<String>,
+    pub account_name: Option<String>,
+    pub route: String,
+    pub model: String,
+    pub requested_model: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_model: Option<String>,
+    pub service_tier: Option<String>,
+    pub status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub transport: Option<String>,
+    pub protocol: String,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub http_version: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub client_status_code: Option<i64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub upstream_status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub websocket_pool: Option<WebSocketPoolMetadataView>,
+    pub image_generation_requested: bool,
+    pub image_generation_succeeded: Option<bool>,
+    pub latency_details: UsageLatencyDetailsView,
+    pub attempt_index: Option<i64>,
+    pub attempt_count: u64,
+    pub response_id: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub first_token_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cached_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cache_write_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub reasoning_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub image_input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub image_output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub message: String,
+    /// Provider 安全观测；Core 字段由顶层字段提供，不再复制进 metadata。
+    pub metadata: BTreeMap<String, Value>,
+    pub created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub created_at_display: String,
+    pub client_ip: Option<String>,
+    pub user_agent: Option<String>,
+    pub reasoning_effort: Option<String>,
+    pub reasoning_preset: Option<String>,
+    pub compact: Option<bool>,
+    pub request_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub subagent_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub token_details: TokenDetailsView,
+    pub billing: Option<BillingView>,
+    pub costs: Vec<CostView>,
+    pub cost_coverage: CostCoverageView,
+    pub first_token_latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub first_token_latency_ms_display: String,
+    pub latency_ms_display: String,
+    pub logical_outcome: String,
+}
+
+/// WebSocket 池决策的稳定形状；与 Provider 选择逻辑无关。
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct WebSocketPoolMetadataView {
+    pub kind: String,
+}
+
+/// 逻辑请求在上游和输出阶段测得的时延事实。
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UsageLatencyDetailsView {
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub transport_decision_wait_ms: Option<u64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub ws_connect_ms: Option<u64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub upstream_headers_ms: Option<u64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub first_event_ms: Option<u64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub first_reasoning_ms: Option<u64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub first_text_ms: Option<u64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub first_token_ms: Option<u64>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub openai_processing_ms: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+/// 单次上游尝试展示。
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UsageAttemptView {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub attempt_index: u32,
+    pub trigger: String,
+    pub provider: String,
+    pub model: String,
+    pub transport: String,
+    pub send_state: String,
+    pub outcome: String,
+    pub downstream_committed: bool,
+    pub status_code: Option<u16>,
+    pub provider_error_code: Option<String>,
+    pub failure_class: Option<String>,
+    pub cost_estimate_status: String,
+    pub estimated_cost_amount: Option<String>,
+    pub estimated_cost_currency: Option<String>,
+    pub input_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub output_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub cached_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub total_tokens: Option<u64>,
+    pub first_token_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub credential_name: Option<String>,
+    pub account_id: Option<String>,
+    pub account_name: Option<String>,
+    pub account_email: Option<String>,
+    pub authentication_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub started_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub completed_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+}
+
+/// 逻辑请求详情与其尝试列表。
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UsageRecordDetailView {
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub request: UsageRecordView,
+    pub attempts: Vec<UsageAttemptView>,
+    /// 尝试列表是否完整；best-effort 下恒为 false。
+    pub attempts_complete: bool,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 趋势数据。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct TrendData {
+    pub kind: TrendKind,
+    pub points: Vec<TrendPointView>,
+    pub summary: Vec<TrendSummaryView>,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 单个趋势桶。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct TrendPointView {
+    pub time: String,
+    pub bucket: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub label: String,
+    pub requests: String,
+    pub requests_value: u64,
+    pub input_tokens: String,
+    pub input_tokens_value: u64,
+    pub output_tokens: String,
+    pub output_tokens_value: u64,
+    pub cached_tokens: String,
+    pub cached_tokens_value: u64,
+    pub cache_hit_rate_value: f64,
+    pub tokens_value: u64,
+    pub errors: String,
+    pub errors_value: u64,
+    pub latency: String,
+    pub latency_value: Option<u64>,
+    pub max_latency: String,
+    pub max_latency_value: Option<u64>,
+    pub min_latency: String,
+    pub min_latency_value: Option<u64>,
+    pub success_rate: String,
+    pub success_rate_value: Option<f64>,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 趋势摘要。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct TrendSummaryView {
+    pub label: String,
+    pub value: String,
+    pub ratio: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 卡片集合。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardCardsView {
+    pub credentials: DashboardCredentialsCardView,
+    pub traffic: DashboardTrafficCardView,
+    pub tokens: DashboardTokensCardView,
+    pub cache: DashboardCacheCardView,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 上游凭据卡片。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardCredentialsCardView {
+    pub total: String,
+    pub total_value: u64,
+    pub available: String,
+    pub available_value: u64,
+    pub unavailable: String,
+    pub unavailable_value: u64,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 流量卡片。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardTrafficCardView {
+    pub today_requests: String,
+    pub today_requests_value: u64,
+    pub yesterday_requests_value: u64,
+    pub total_requests: String,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard token 卡片。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardTokensCardView {
+    pub today_tokens: String,
+    pub today_tokens_value: u64,
+    pub yesterday_tokens_value: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: String,
+    pub total_billing_amount_usd: String,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 缓存卡片。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardCacheCardView {
+    pub today_hit_rate: String,
+    pub today_hit_rate_value: Option<f64>,
+    pub yesterday_hit_rate_value: Option<f64>,
+    pub total_hit_rate: String,
+    pub total_cached_tokens: String,
+    pub average_first_token_latency_ms: String,
+}
+
+/// 旧 Dashboard 账号概览卡片所需的 Provider 安全投影。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardAccountUsageView {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub provider: String,
+    pub authentication_kind: String,
+    pub email: String,
+    pub plan_type: Option<String>,
+    pub tokens: String,
+    pub request_count: u64,
+    pub request_buckets: Vec<DashboardAccountRequestBucketView>,
+    pub quota_used_percent: Option<f64>,
+    pub last_used: String,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 账号单小时请求数。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardAccountRequestBucketView {
+    pub bucket_start: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub request_count: u64,
+}
+
+/// Provider 账号池的持久事实汇总。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardPoolSummaryView {
+    pub total: u64,
+    pub active: u64,
+    pub rate_limited: u64,
+    pub expired: u64,
+    pub invalid: u64,
+    pub quota_exhausted: u64,
+    pub refreshing: Option<u64>,
+    pub disabled: u64,
+    pub banned: u64,
+}
+
+/// 同 target 账号调度容量；Redis 未提供聚合事实时运行中槽位保持空值。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardCapacityInfoView {
+    pub max_concurrent_per_account: u64,
+    pub total_slots: u64,
+    pub used_slots: Option<u64>,
+    pub available_slots: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+/// 逻辑请求指标展示。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RequestMetricsView {
+    pub request_count: u64,
+    pub success_count: u64,
+    pub failure_count: u64,
+    pub cancelled_count: u64,
+    pub incomplete_count: u64,
+    pub caller_error_count: u64,
+    pub input_tokens: u64,
+    pub output_tokens: u64,
+    pub cached_tokens: u64,
+    pub cache_write_tokens: u64,
+    pub reasoning_tokens: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: u64,
+}
+
+/// 上游尝试指标展示。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AttemptMetricsView {
+    pub attempt_count: u64,
+    pub success_count: u64,
+    pub failure_count: u64,
+    pub cancelled_count: u64,
+    pub incomplete_count: u64,
+    pub rate_limited_count: u64,
+    pub auth_failure_count: u64,
+    pub provider5xx_count: u64,
+    pub cost_coverage: CostCoverageView,
+    pub costs: Vec<CostView>,
+}
+
+/// 健康时间线单点。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct HealthTimelinePointView {
+    pub time: String,
+    pub status: String,
+    pub reliability_display: String,
+    pub success_requests: u64,
+    pub failed_requests: u64,
+    pub cancelled_requests: u64,
+    pub incomplete_requests: u64,
+    pub caller_error_requests: u64,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 健康时间线。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct HealthTimelineView {
+    pub title: String,
+    pub description: String,
+    pub reliability_display: String,
+    pub status: String,
+    pub success_requests: u64,
+    pub failed_requests: u64,
+    pub cancelled_requests: u64,
+    pub incomplete_requests: u64,
+    pub caller_error_requests: u64,
+    pub points: Vec<HealthTimelinePointView>,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 展示的实际 Provider 上游请求身份。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardWireProfileView {
+    pub provider: String,
+    pub product: String,
+    pub version: String,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub build: Option<String>,
+    pub target: DashboardWireTargetView,
+    pub user_agent: String,
+    pub attributes: Vec<DashboardWireAttributeView>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub verified_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub release: Option<DashboardDesktopReleaseView>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardWireAttributeView {
+    pub label: String,
+    pub value: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardWireTargetView {
+    pub os_type: String,
+    pub os_version: String,
+    pub arch: String,
+    pub terminal: String,
+}
+
+/// 发布检查与启动画像分离；未检查时使用明确的 `unchecked` 状态。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardDesktopReleaseView {
+    pub status: DashboardDesktopReleaseStatusView,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub checked_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub latest_version: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub latest_build: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 发布检查的稳定 wire 状态。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum DashboardDesktopReleaseStatusView {
+    Unchecked,
+    Aligned,
+    ReviewRequired,
+    CheckFailed,
+}
+
+impl From<domain::DesktopReleaseStatus> for DashboardDesktopReleaseStatusView {
+    fn from(status: domain::DesktopReleaseStatus) -> Self {
+        match status {
+            domain::DesktopReleaseStatus::Unchecked => Self::Unchecked,
+            domain::DesktopReleaseStatus::Current => Self::Aligned,
+            domain::DesktopReleaseStatus::UpdateAvailable => Self::ReviewRequired,
+            domain::DesktopReleaseStatus::Failed => Self::CheckFailed,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Dashboard 汇总响应数据。
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DashboardDataView {
+    pub cards: DashboardCardsView,
+    pub trend: TrendData,
+    pub health_timeline: HealthTimelineView,
+    pub wire_profiles: Vec<DashboardWireProfileView>,
+    pub account_usage: Vec<DashboardAccountUsageView>,
+    pub usage_records: Vec<UsageRecordView>,
+    pub pool_summary: DashboardPoolSummaryView,
+    pub capacity_info: DashboardCapacityInfoView,
+    pub rotation_strategy: String,
+}
+
+/// 用量汇总响应数据。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UsageSummaryView {
+    pub total_requests: String,
+    pub input_tokens: String,
+    pub output_tokens: String,
+    pub cached_tokens: String,
+    pub cache_write_tokens: String,
+    pub total_tokens: String,
+    pub average_latency_ms: String,
+    pub logical_requests: RequestMetricsView,
+    pub attempts: AttemptMetricsView,
+}
+
+/// 洞察健康趋势点。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OverviewHealthPointView {
+    pub bucket: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub label: String,
+    pub success_requests: u64,
+    pub failed_requests: u64,
+    pub cancelled_requests: u64,
+    pub incomplete_requests: u64,
+    pub caller_error_requests: u64,
+    pub error_rate: f64,
+}
+
+/// 洞察健康摘要。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OverviewHealthView {
+    pub total_requests: u64,
+    pub success_requests: u64,
+    pub failed_requests: u64,
+    pub cancelled_requests: u64,
+    pub incomplete_requests: u64,
+    pub caller_error_requests: u64,
+    pub success_rate: f64,
+    pub request_change_rate: Option<f64>,
+    pub success_rate_change: Option<f64>,
+    pub points: Vec<OverviewHealthPointView>,
+}
+
+/// 洞察性能趋势点。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OverviewPerformancePointView {
+    pub bucket: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub label: String,
+    pub latency_p50_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub latency_p95_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub latency_p99_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub first_token_p50_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub first_token_p95_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub first_token_p99_ms: Option<f64>,
+}
+
+/// 洞察性能摘要。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OverviewPerformanceView {
+    pub latency_p50_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub latency_p95_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub latency_p99_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub first_token_p50_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub first_token_p95_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub first_token_p99_ms: Option<f64>,
+    pub latency_coverage: f64,
+    pub first_token_coverage: f64,
+    pub points: Vec<OverviewPerformancePointView>,
+}
+
+/// 洞察成本趋势点。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OverviewCostPointView {
+    pub bucket: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub label: String,
+    pub input_tokens: u64,
+    pub output_tokens: u64,
+    pub cached_tokens: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: u64,
+    pub estimated_cost: Option<String>,
+    pub standard_cost: Option<String>,
+    pub cached_token_rate: f64,
+    pub cache_hit_request_rate: Option<f64>,
+}
+
+/// 洞察成本摘要。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OverviewCostView {
+    pub estimated_cost: Option<String>,
+    pub standard_cost: Option<String>,
+    pub cost_per_request: Option<String>,
+    pub tokens_per_request: f64,
+    pub cached_token_rate: f64,
+    pub cache_hit_request_rate: Option<f64>,
+    pub input_tokens: u64,
+    pub output_tokens: u64,
+    pub cached_tokens: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: u64,
+    pub points: Vec<OverviewCostPointView>,
+    pub costs: Vec<CostView>,
+    pub coverage: CostCoverageView,
+}
+
+/// Provider 维度洞察摘要。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct ProviderOverviewView {
+    pub provider: String,
+    pub request_count: u64,
+    pub attempt_count: u64,
+    pub failure_count: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: u64,
+}
+
+/// 用量洞察总响应。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UsageInsightsOverviewView {
+    pub granularity: String,
+    pub health: OverviewHealthView,
+    pub performance: OverviewPerformanceView,
+    pub cost: OverviewCostView,
+    pub attempts: AttemptMetricsView,
+    pub providers: Vec<ProviderOverviewView>,
+}
+
+/// 诊断聚合项目。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DiagnosticItemView {
+    pub key: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub request_count: u64,
+    pub success_count: u64,
+    pub error_count: u64,
+    pub error_rate: f64,
+    pub request_share: f64,
+    pub average_latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub latency_p95_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub estimated_cost: Option<String>,
+    pub attempt_count: u64,
+    pub total_tokens: u64,
+}
+
+/// 诊断聚合响应。
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DiagnosticsView {
+    pub dimension: String,
+    pub items: Vec<DiagnosticItemView>,
+}
+
+/// 运维错误项目。
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OpsErrorView {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub client_api_key_id: Option<String>,
+    pub kind: String,
+    pub provider: Option<String>,
+    pub authentication_kind: Option<String>,
+    pub account_id: Option<String>,
+    pub route: String,
+    pub model: Option<String>,
+    pub client_status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub upstream_status_code: Option<i64>,
+    pub transport: Option<String>,
+    pub attempt_index: Option<u32>,
+    pub failure_class: String,
+    pub response_id: Option<String>,
+    pub upstream_request_id: Option<String>,
+    pub latency_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub message: String,
+    pub metadata: OpsErrorMetadataView,
+    pub created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
+    pub created_at_display: String,
+}
+
+/// 运维错误安全元数据；只保留可查询的标识，不回显秘密材料。
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OpsErrorMetadataView {
+    pub source: String,
+    pub component: String,
+    pub attempt_id: Option<String>,
+    pub account_label: Option<String>,
+}

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/presenter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//! Admin API 的展示层辅助：数值格式化。
+//!
+//! 按 docs/project-redundancy-boundary-audit.md BE-02 的目标，display 字段最终
+//! 迁移到前端；过渡期统一由本模块提供，避免 accounts/observability 各自维护。
+
+/// 千分位格式化。
+#[must_use]
+pub fn format_number(value: u64) -> String {
+    let text = value.to_string();
+    let mut output = String::with_capacity(text.len() + text.len() / 3);
+    for (index, character) in text.chars().rev().enumerate() {
+        if index > 0 && index % 3 == 0 {
+            output.push(',');
+        }
+        output.push(character);
+    }
+    output.chars().rev().collect()
+}
+
+/// 紧凑格式化：≥1000 时用 K/M/B/T/P 后缀，否则千分位。
+#[must_use]
+pub fn format_compact_number(value: u64) -> String {
+    if value < 1_000 {
+        return format_number(value);
+    }
+    for (suffix, threshold) in [
+        ("P", 1_000_000_000_000_000_u64),
+        ("T", 1_000_000_000_000_u64),
+        ("B", 1_000_000_000_u64),
+        ("M", 1_000_000_u64),
+        ("K", 1_000_u64),
+    ] {
+        if value >= threshold {
+            let scaled = value as f64 / threshold as f64;
+            return format!("{scaled:.1}{suffix}").replace(".0", "");
+        }
+    }
+    format_number(value)
+}

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/admin/settings.rs

@@ -72,10 +72,7 @@ impl UpdateRuntimeSettingsRequest {
         if i64::try_from(self.request_interval_ms).is_err() {
             return Err(WireValidationError::new("requestIntervalMs"));
         }
-        if !matches!(
-            self.rotation_strategy.as_str(),
-            "smart" | "quota_reset_priority" | "round_robin" | "sticky"
-        ) {
+        if RotationStrategy::parse(&self.rotation_strategy).is_none() {
             return Err(WireValidationError::new("rotationStrategy"));
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -91,7 +88,7 @@ impl UpdateRuntimeSettingsRequest {
             max_concurrent_per_account: u32::try_from(self.max_concurrent_per_account)
                 .map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("settingsMaxConcurrencyOverflow"))?,
             request_interval_ms: self.request_interval_ms,
-            rotation_strategy: parse_rotation_strategy(&self.rotation_strategy)
+            rotation_strategy: RotationStrategy::parse(&self.rotation_strategy)
                 .ok_or_else(|| WireValidationError::new("rotationStrategy"))?,
             usage_retention_days: u32::try_from(self.usage_retention_days)
                 .map_err(|_| WireValidationError::new("settingsUsageRetentionOverflow"))?,
@@ -111,7 +108,7 @@ impl From<RuntimeSettings> for RuntimeSettingsView {
             refresh_concurrency: u64::from(settings.refresh_concurrency),
             max_concurrent_per_account: u64::from(settings.max_concurrent_per_account),
             request_interval_ms: settings.request_interval_ms,
-            rotation_strategy: rotation_strategy_name(settings.rotation_strategy).to_owned(),
+            rotation_strategy: settings.rotation_strategy.as_str().to_owned(),
             usage_retention_days: u64::from(settings.usage_retention_days),
             ops_event_retention_days: u64::from(settings.ops_event_retention_days),
             audit_retention_days: u64::from(settings.audit_retention_days),
@@ -319,25 +316,6 @@ fn wire_model_mappings(mappings: DomainModelMappings) -> ModelMappings {
         .collect()
 }
 
-fn parse_rotation_strategy(value: &str) -> Option<RotationStrategy> {
-    match value {
-        "smart" => Some(RotationStrategy::Smart),
-        "quota_reset_priority" => Some(RotationStrategy::QuotaResetPriority),
-        "round_robin" => Some(RotationStrategy::RoundRobin),
-        "sticky" => Some(RotationStrategy::Sticky),
-        _ => None,
-    }
-}
-
-const fn rotation_strategy_name(strategy: RotationStrategy) -> &'static str {
-    match strategy {
-        RotationStrategy::Smart => "smart",
-        RotationStrategy::QuotaResetPriority => "quota_reset_priority",
-        RotationStrategy::RoundRobin => "round_robin",
-        RotationStrategy::Sticky => "sticky",
-    }
-}
-
 fn valid_model_name(value: &str, max_len: usize) -> bool {
     !value.is_empty()
         && value.len() <= max_len

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/lib.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use axum::Router;
-use axum::http::{HeaderName, HeaderValue, Method, StatusCode};
+use axum::http::{HeaderName, HeaderValue, Method, Request, StatusCode};
 use axum::routing::get;
 use gateway_admin::AdminServices;
 use gateway_core::engine::execution::ExecutionService;
@@ -166,10 +166,32 @@ pub fn initialize(
             Duration::from_secs(seconds),
         ));
     }
+    // Trace 必须在 SetRequestId 内侧，span 才能捕获本服务生成的 request_id；
+    // 默认 DEBUG span 会被 info 日志过滤器丢弃，这里显式用 info_span。
+    let trace_layer = TraceLayer::new_for_http().make_span_with({
+        let request_id_header = request_id_header.clone();
+        move |request: &Request<_>| {
+            let request_id = request
+                .headers()
+                .get(&request_id_header)
+                .and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok())
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+            tracing::info_span!(
+                "request",
+                request_id = %request_id,
+                method = %request.method().as_str(),
+                uri = %request
+                    .uri()
+                    .path_and_query()
+                    .map(axum::http::uri::PathAndQuery::as_str)
+                    .unwrap_or_default(),
+            )
+        }
+    });
     let router = router
         .layer(PropagateRequestIdLayer::new(request_id_header.clone()))
+        .layer(trace_layer)
         .layer(SetRequestIdLayer::new(request_id_header, MakeRequestUuid))
-        .layer(TraceLayer::new_for_http())
         .with_state(state);
     Ok(ApiBundle { router })
 }

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/openai/error.rs

@@ -2,12 +2,13 @@
 
 use axum::{
     Json,
-    http::StatusCode,
+    body::Body,
+    http::{HeaderName, HeaderValue, StatusCode, header::CONTENT_TYPE},
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
 };
 use gateway_core::{
-    engine::{EngineError, UpstreamSendState},
-    error::{GatewayError, GatewayErrorKind, ProviderErrorKind},
+    engine::EngineError,
+    error::{GatewayError, GatewayErrorKind},
 };
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
@@ -71,19 +72,6 @@ pub fn model_not_found_response() -> (StatusCode, Json<Value>) {
 #[must_use]
 pub fn gateway_error_from_engine(error: &EngineError) -> GatewayError {
     match error {
-        EngineError::Provider(error)
-            if error.kind() == ProviderErrorKind::Unavailable
-                && error.send_state() == UpstreamSendState::NotSent =>
-        {
-            let gateway = GatewayError::new(
-                GatewayErrorKind::NoAvailableProvider,
-                "no upstream provider is currently available for this request",
-            );
-            match error.client_visible_upstream_error() {
-                Some(upstream) => gateway.with_client_visible_upstream_error(upstream.clone()),
-                None => gateway,
-            }
-        }
         EngineError::Provider(error) => GatewayError::from_provider(error),
         EngineError::Cancelled => {
             GatewayError::new(GatewayErrorKind::Cancelled, "request was cancelled")
@@ -121,6 +109,33 @@ pub fn gateway_error_response(error: &GatewayError) -> Response {
     .into_response()
 }
 
+/// 在下游尚未提交时优先交付 Provider 的原始 HTTP 失败响应。
+pub fn engine_error_response(error: &EngineError) -> Response {
+    if let EngineError::Provider(error) = error
+        && let Some(upstream) = error.client_visible_upstream_response()
+        && let Ok(status) = StatusCode::from_u16(upstream.status())
+    {
+        let mut response = Response::new(Body::from(upstream.body().clone()));
+        *response.status_mut() = status;
+        if let Some(content_type) = upstream.content_type()
+            && let Ok(content_type) = HeaderValue::from_bytes(content_type)
+        {
+            response.headers_mut().insert(CONTENT_TYPE, content_type);
+        }
+        for header in upstream.headers() {
+            let Ok(name) = HeaderName::from_bytes(header.name().as_bytes()) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let Ok(value) = HeaderValue::from_bytes(header.value()) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            response.headers_mut().append(name, value);
+        }
+        return response;
+    }
+    gateway_error_response(&gateway_error_from_engine(error))
+}
+
 /// Gateway 错误稳定映射，供 HTTP、SSE 和 WebSocket 共用。
 #[must_use]
 pub const fn gateway_error_contract(
@@ -157,6 +172,16 @@ pub const fn gateway_error_contract(
             "server_error",
             "no_available_provider",
         ),
+        GatewayErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable => (
+            StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
+            "server_error",
+            "account_capacity_unavailable",
+        ),
+        GatewayErrorKind::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable => (
+            StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
+            "server_error",
+            "provider_infrastructure_unavailable",
+        ),
         GatewayErrorKind::RateLimited => (
             StatusCode::TOO_MANY_REQUESTS,
             "rate_limit_error",

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/openai/responses/error.rs

@@ -152,9 +152,6 @@ pub enum ResponseEncodeError {
     /// 协议原生流缺少可返回的终态 response object。
     #[error("responses wire stream has no terminal response")]
     MissingWireTerminal,
-    /// 协议原生事件携带了不一致的响应身份。
-    #[error("responses wire stream changed its response identity")]
-    WireIdentityChanged,
     /// 终态 response object 无法序列化为完整 HTTP JSON 响应。
     #[error("responses wire terminal serialization failed")]
     Serialization,
@@ -167,7 +164,7 @@ impl ResponseEncodeError {
         ProtocolErrorBody {
             error: ProtocolError {
                 kind: "server_error",
-                code: "invalid_canonical_response",
+                code: "invalid_upstream_response",
                 message: "The gateway could not forward the upstream response.".to_owned(),
                 param: None,
             },

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/openai/responses/http.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use axum::{
     body::{Body, Bytes},
     extract::{Extension, State, connect_info::ConnectInfo},
     http::{
-        HeaderMap, HeaderValue, StatusCode,
+        HeaderMap, HeaderName, HeaderValue, StatusCode,
         header::{CACHE_CONTROL, CONTENT_TYPE, USER_AGENT},
     },
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ use crate::ApiState;
 use crate::openai::{
     auth::{authenticate_client, authentication_error_response},
     error::{
-        gateway_error_contract, gateway_error_from_engine, gateway_error_response,
-        protocol_error_response, runtime_unavailable_response,
+        engine_error_response, gateway_error_contract, gateway_error_from_engine,
+        gateway_error_response, protocol_error_response, runtime_unavailable_response,
     },
 };
 
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ pub async fn collect_execution_response(session: Box<dyn ExecutionSession>) -> R
     let events = match session.collect_uncommitted().await {
         Ok(events) => events,
         Err(error) => {
-            let response = gateway_error_response(&gateway_error_from_engine(&error));
+            let response = engine_error_response(&error);
             return execution.record_response_status(response).await;
         }
     };
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ pub async fn collect_execution_response(session: Box<dyn ExecutionSession>) -> R
         .await
     {
         execution.cancel_and_finalize().await;
-        let response = gateway_error_response(&gateway_error_from_engine(&error));
+        let response = engine_error_response(&error);
         return execution.record_response_status(response).await;
     }
     if !session.is_finalized() {
@@ -237,9 +237,7 @@ fn encode_collected_events(
 ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, BufferedResponseEncodeError> {
     let mut encoder = OpenAiResponsesEncoder::new();
     for event in events {
-        encoder
-            .push_sse(event)
-            .map_err(BufferedResponseEncodeError::Canonical)?;
+        encoder.push_sse(event);
     }
     let response = encoder
         .finish()
@@ -253,23 +251,25 @@ fn json_body_response(encoded: Vec<u8>, response_headers: &[ProviderResponseHead
     response
         .headers_mut()
         .insert(CONTENT_TYPE, HeaderValue::from_static("application/json"));
-    apply_safe_response_headers(response, response_headers)
+    apply_response_headers(response, response_headers)
 }
 
-fn apply_safe_response_headers(
+fn apply_response_headers(
     mut response: Response,
     response_headers: &[ProviderResponseHeader],
 ) -> Response {
+    let connection_options = super::response_connection_options(response_headers);
     for header in response_headers {
-        let Some(name) = super::safe_response_header_name(header.name()) else {
+        if !super::response_header_is_forwardable(header.name(), &connection_options) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Ok(name) = HeaderName::from_bytes(header.name().as_bytes()) else {
             continue;
         };
-        let Ok(value) = HeaderValue::from_str(header.value().as_str()) else {
+        let Ok(value) = HeaderValue::from_bytes(header.value()) else {
             continue;
         };
-        response
-            .headers_mut()
-            .insert(axum::http::header::HeaderName::from_static(name), value);
+        response.headers_mut().append(name, value);
     }
     response
 }
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ pub async fn stream_execution_response(
             return response;
         }
         Err(error) => {
-            let response = gateway_error_response(&gateway_error_from_engine(&error));
+            let response = engine_error_response(&error);
             return execution.record_response_status(response).await;
         }
     };
@@ -310,18 +310,7 @@ pub async fn stream_execution_response(
     let mut encoder = OpenAiResponsesEncoder::new();
     let mut frames = Vec::new();
     for event in &first_events {
-        match encoder.push_sse(event) {
-            Ok(encoded) => frames.extend(encoded),
-            Err(error) => {
-                let response = protocol_error_response(
-                    StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                    error.protocol_body(),
-                );
-                let response = execution.record_response_status(response).await;
-                execution.cancel_and_finalize().await;
-                return response;
-            }
-        }
+        frames.extend(encoder.push_sse(event));
     }
     if frames.is_empty() {
         let response = internal_gateway_response("gateway commit batch encoded no output");
@@ -338,7 +327,7 @@ pub async fn stream_execution_response(
         .await
     {
         execution.cancel_and_finalize().await;
-        let response = gateway_error_response(&gateway_error_from_engine(&error));
+        let response = engine_error_response(&error);
         return execution.record_response_status(response).await;
     }
     let Some(session) = execution.into_session() else {
@@ -371,7 +360,7 @@ fn event_stream_response(body: Body, response_headers: &[ProviderResponseHeader]
     response
         .headers_mut()
         .insert(CACHE_CONTROL, HeaderValue::from_static("no-cache"));
-    apply_safe_response_headers(response, response_headers)
+    apply_response_headers(response, response_headers)
 }
 
 fn internal_gateway_response(message: &'static str) -> Response {
@@ -403,15 +392,10 @@ impl PendingExecution {
     }
 
     async fn record_response_status(&mut self, response: Response) -> Response {
-        let Some(session) = self.session.as_mut() else {
-            return internal_gateway_response("gateway response session is unavailable");
-        };
-        if session
-            .record_client_status(response.status().as_u16())
-            .await
-            .is_err()
-        {
-            return internal_gateway_response("gateway client status could not be persisted");
+        if let Some(session) = self.session.as_mut() {
+            let _ = session
+                .record_client_status(response.status().as_u16())
+                .await;
         }
         response
     }
@@ -499,10 +483,16 @@ impl ResponsesStreamState {
                     .session
                     .as_ref()
                     .is_some_and(|session| session.is_finalized());
-                self.finish_with_gateway_error(GatewayError::new(
-                    GatewayErrorKind::Internal,
-                    "gateway response ended without a terminal event",
-                ));
+                if self.execution_terminal {
+                    self.pending
+                        .push_back(Bytes::from_static(DONE_SSE_FRAME.as_bytes()));
+                    self.output_finished = true;
+                } else {
+                    self.finish_with_gateway_error(GatewayError::new(
+                        GatewayErrorKind::Internal,
+                        "gateway response ended without finalizing the execution",
+                    ));
+                }
             }
             Err(error) => {
                 self.execution_terminal = self
@@ -521,18 +511,11 @@ impl ResponsesStreamState {
     }
 
     async fn push_event(&mut self, event: ProviderEvent) {
-        match self.encoder.push_sse(&event) {
-            Ok(frames) => {
-                if self.encoder.is_completed() {
-                    self.finish_completed(frames).await;
-                } else {
-                    self.pending.extend(frames);
-                }
-            }
-            Err(error) => {
-                self.cancel_execution().await;
-                self.finish_with_encode_error(error);
-            }
+        let frames = self.encoder.push_sse(&event);
+        if self.encoder.is_completed() {
+            self.finish_completed(frames).await;
+        } else {
+            self.pending.extend(frames);
         }
     }
 
@@ -607,20 +590,6 @@ impl ResponsesStreamState {
             .push_back(Bytes::from_static(DONE_SSE_FRAME.as_bytes()));
         self.output_finished = true;
     }
-
-    fn finish_with_encode_error(&mut self, error: ResponseEncodeError) {
-        let protocol = error.protocol_body().error;
-        self.pending
-            .push_back(Bytes::from(response_failed_sse_event_with_id(
-                self.encoder.response_id(),
-                protocol.kind,
-                protocol.code,
-                &protocol.message,
-            )));
-        self.pending
-            .push_back(Bytes::from_static(DONE_SSE_FRAME.as_bytes()));
-        self.output_finished = true;
-    }
 }
 
 impl Drop for ResponsesStreamState {

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/openai/responses/mod.rs

@@ -17,13 +17,63 @@ pub use response::OpenAiResponsesEncoder;
 pub(crate) use websocket::responses_websocket;
 pub use websocket::{ResponseCreateFrameError, decode_response_create_with_context};
 
-pub(super) fn safe_response_header_name(name: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
-    match name {
-        "x-request-id" => Some("x-request-id"),
-        "openai-model" => Some("openai-model"),
-        "x-models-etag" => Some("x-models-etag"),
-        "x-reasoning-included" => Some("x-reasoning-included"),
-        "openai-processing-ms" => Some("openai-processing-ms"),
-        _ => None,
+use gateway_core::event::ProviderResponseHeader;
+
+pub(super) fn response_connection_options(headers: &[ProviderResponseHeader]) -> Vec<String> {
+    headers
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|header| header.name().trim().eq_ignore_ascii_case("connection"))
+        .filter_map(|header| std::str::from_utf8(header.value()).ok())
+        .flat_map(|value| value.split(','))
+        .map(str::trim)
+        .filter(|name| !name.is_empty())
+        .map(str::to_ascii_lowercase)
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub(super) fn response_header_is_forwardable(name: &str, connection_options: &[String]) -> bool {
+    let name = name.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+    if connection_options
+        .iter()
+        .any(|option| option.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&name))
+        || name.starts_with("sec-websocket-")
+    {
+        return false;
     }
+
+    !matches!(
+        name.as_str(),
+        "connection"
+            | "keep-alive"
+            | "proxy-connection"
+            | "te"
+            | "trailer"
+            | "transfer-encoding"
+            | "upgrade"
+            | "content-length"
+            | "content-type"
+            | "content-encoding"
+            | "authorization"
+            | "x-api-key"
+            | "www-authenticate"
+            | "authentication-info"
+            | "proxy-authenticate"
+            | "proxy-authorization"
+            | "proxy-authentication-info"
+            | "cookie"
+            | "cookie2"
+            | "set-cookie"
+            | "set-cookie2"
+            | "chatgpt-account-id"
+            | "chatgpt-organization-id"
+            | "chatgpt-org-id"
+            | "chatgpt-project-id"
+            | "openai-organization"
+            | "openai-project"
+            | "x-openai-organization"
+            | "x-openai-project"
+            | "x-codex-installation-id"
+            | "x-codex-turn-state"
+            | "x-codex-turn-metadata"
+    )
 }

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/openai/responses/request.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 use std::{fmt, net::IpAddr};
 
 use axum::http::HeaderMap;
+use base64::{Engine as _, engine::general_purpose::STANDARD};
 use gateway_core::operation::{GenerateRequest, Operation, ProtocolPayload, ProviderSessionState};
 use gateway_protocol::openai::{
     X_OPENAI_INTERNAL_CODEX_RESPONSES_LITE_HEADER, X_OPENAI_MEMGEN_REQUEST_HEADER,
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ use super::error::RequestDecodeError;
 const OPENAI_PROTOCOL: &str = "openai";
 const REVIEW_SUBAGENT: &str = "review";
 const OPENAI_SUBAGENT_KEY: &str = "x-openai-subagent";
+const PASSTHROUGH_HEADERS_CONTEXT_KEY: &str = "opaque_request_headers";
 
 #[derive(Clone, Default)]
 pub struct OpenAiRequestHeaders {
@@ -34,6 +36,7 @@ pub struct OpenAiRequestHeaders {
     responses_lite: Option<String>,
     memgen_request: Option<String>,
     subagent: Option<String>,
+    passthrough_headers: Vec<Value>,
 }
 
 impl OpenAiRequestHeaders {
@@ -57,12 +60,8 @@ impl OpenAiRequestHeaders {
             turn_id: header_string(headers, "x-codex-turn-id"),
             responses_lite: header_string(headers, X_OPENAI_INTERNAL_CODEX_RESPONSES_LITE_HEADER),
             memgen_request: header_string(headers, X_OPENAI_MEMGEN_REQUEST_HEADER),
-            subagent: header_string(headers, OPENAI_SUBAGENT_KEY).filter(|value| {
-                matches!(
-                    value.as_str(),
-                    "review" | "compact" | "memory_consolidation" | "collab_spawn"
-                )
-            }),
+            subagent: header_string(headers, OPENAI_SUBAGENT_KEY),
+            passthrough_headers: passthrough_headers(headers),
         }
     }
 
@@ -108,6 +107,12 @@ impl OpenAiRequestHeaders {
         insert_protocol_context(&mut context, "turn_id", self.turn_id.as_ref());
         insert_protocol_context(&mut context, "responses_lite", self.responses_lite.as_ref());
         insert_protocol_context(&mut context, "memgen_request", self.memgen_request.as_ref());
+        if !self.passthrough_headers.is_empty() {
+            context.insert(
+                PASSTHROUGH_HEADERS_CONTEXT_KEY.to_owned(),
+                Value::Array(self.passthrough_headers.clone()),
+            );
+        }
         if let Some(use_websocket) = use_websocket {
             context.insert("use_websocket".to_owned(), Value::Bool(use_websocket));
         }
@@ -322,13 +327,14 @@ pub(super) fn decode_request_object(
     review: bool,
     request_headers: &OpenAiRequestHeaders,
 ) -> Result<DecodedResponsesRequest, RequestDecodeError> {
-    // `use_websocket` 只影响本地 transport。无论值是否可识别，都不得进入上游 body。
-    let use_websocket = object
-        .remove("use_websocket")
-        .and_then(|value| value.as_bool());
+    // 仅消费已识别的本地 transport 开关；未知同名值保留给未来上游协议。
+    let use_websocket = object.get("use_websocket").and_then(Value::as_bool);
+    if use_websocket.is_some() {
+        object.remove("use_websocket");
+    }
 
-    let model = required_non_empty_string(&object, "model", "model")?.trim();
-    if model.is_empty() {
+    let model = required_non_empty_string(&object, "model", "model")?;
+    if model.trim().is_empty() {
         return Err(RequestDecodeError::EmptyField {
             field: "model".to_owned(),
         });
@@ -345,7 +351,6 @@ pub(super) fn decode_request_object(
     let continuation = object
         .get("previous_response_id")
         .and_then(Value::as_str)
-        .filter(|response_id| !response_id.is_empty())
         .map(|response_id| ContinuationIntent::PreviousResponseId(response_id.to_owned()))
         .unwrap_or(ContinuationIntent::None);
 
@@ -376,26 +381,107 @@ fn inject_subagent_metadata(body: &mut Map<String, Value>, subagent: &str) {
     let metadata = body
         .entry("client_metadata".to_owned())
         .or_insert_with(|| Value::Object(Map::new()));
-    if !metadata.is_object() {
-        *metadata = Value::Object(Map::new());
-    }
-    if let Some(metadata) = metadata.as_object_mut() {
-        metadata.insert(
-            OPENAI_SUBAGENT_KEY.to_owned(),
-            Value::String(subagent.to_owned()),
-        );
-    }
+    let Some(metadata) = metadata.as_object_mut() else {
+        return;
+    };
+    metadata.insert(
+        OPENAI_SUBAGENT_KEY.to_owned(),
+        Value::String(subagent.to_owned()),
+    );
 }
 
 fn header_string(headers: &HeaderMap, name: &str) -> Option<String> {
     headers
         .get(name)
         .and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok())
-        .map(str::trim)
-        .filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
         .map(ToOwned::to_owned)
 }
 
+fn passthrough_headers(headers: &HeaderMap) -> Vec<Value> {
+    let connection_headers = headers
+        .get_all("connection")
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|value| value.to_str().ok())
+        .flat_map(|value| value.split(','))
+        .map(str::trim)
+        .filter(|name| !name.is_empty())
+        .map(str::to_ascii_lowercase)
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    headers
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|(name, _)| passthrough_header_name(name.as_str(), &connection_headers))
+        .map(|(name, value)| {
+            Value::Array(vec![
+                Value::String(name.as_str().to_owned()),
+                Value::String(STANDARD.encode(value.as_bytes())),
+            ])
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn passthrough_header_name(name: &str, connection_headers: &[String]) -> bool {
+    if connection_headers
+        .iter()
+        .any(|connection_header| connection_header.eq_ignore_ascii_case(name))
+        || name.starts_with("sec-websocket-")
+        || name.starts_with("x-grok-")
+        || name.starts_with("x-xai-")
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    !matches!(
+        name,
+        // 逐跳头、上游 authority 和重序列化后的实体长度由 transport 重建。
+        "connection"
+            | "keep-alive"
+            | "proxy-connection"
+            | "proxy-authenticate"
+            | "proxy-authorization"
+            | "te"
+            | "trailer"
+            | "transfer-encoding"
+            | "upgrade"
+            | "host"
+            | "content-length"
+            // 下游连接诊断事实只用于本地观测，不能伪装成 OpenAI 请求事实。
+            | "forwarded"
+            | "x-forwarded-for"
+            | "x-forwarded-host"
+            | "x-forwarded-proto"
+            | "x-forwarded-port"
+            | "x-real-ip"
+            | "true-client-ip"
+            | "cf-connecting-ip"
+            | "x-request-id"
+            // 下游鉴权和账号 cookie 绝不能成为上游账号身份。
+            | "authorization"
+            | "x-api-key"
+            | "cookie"
+            | "cookie2"
+            | "chatgpt-account-id"
+            | "chatgpt-organization-id"
+            | "chatgpt-org-id"
+            | "chatgpt-project-id"
+            | "openai-organization"
+            | "openai-project"
+            | "x-openai-organization"
+            | "x-openai-project"
+            // installation ID 始终由当前 lease 重建。
+            | "x-codex-installation-id"
+            // 上游指纹必须由运行时画像统一生成，客户端 originator/User-Agent
+            // 不能透传覆盖，避免不同下游客户端暴露不一致的设备指纹。
+            | "originator"
+            | "user-agent"
+            // 设备 attestation/integrity 头只能由官方客户端或网关自身生成，
+            // 客户端注入的 x-oai-attestation / X-OAI-IS 不得透传上游。
+            | "x-oai-attestation"
+            | "x-oai-is"
+            | "x-oai-is-update"
+    )
+}
+
 fn required_non_empty_string<'a>(
     object: &'a Map<String, Value>,
     key: &str,

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/openai/responses/response.rs

@@ -11,15 +11,14 @@ const OPENAI_PROTOCOL: &str = "openai";
 
 /// OpenAI Responses wire 的转发器。
 ///
-/// OpenAI Provider 与 xAI adapter 都必须交付 OpenAI wire。这里仅保留同一
-/// 响应的身份和终态校验，不再从 canonical facts 重建客户端 JSON；因此
-/// OpenAI 上游的未知字段、字段顺序和事件语义不会被 API 层二次解释。
+/// OpenAI Provider 与 xAI adapter 都必须交付 OpenAI wire。wire 是客户端交付
+/// 与终态判断的事实来源；canonical facts 只在 wire 暂未携带 ID 时提供旁路观测，
+/// 不得反过来拒绝或改写上游事件。
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct OpenAiResponsesEncoder {
     response_id: Option<String>,
     wire_terminal: Option<Value>,
     wire_failure: bool,
-    canonical_completed: bool,
 }
 
 impl OpenAiResponsesEncoder {
@@ -30,53 +29,41 @@ impl OpenAiResponsesEncoder {
             response_id: None,
             wire_terminal: None,
             wire_failure: false,
-            canonical_completed: false,
         }
     }
 
     /// 消费一个 Provider event，并返回 SSE frames。
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// 同一响应身份变化时返回错误。
-    pub fn push_sse(&mut self, event: &ProviderEvent) -> Result<Vec<Bytes>, ResponseEncodeError> {
-        self.observe_identity(event)?;
+    pub fn push_sse(&mut self, event: &ProviderEvent) -> Vec<Bytes> {
+        self.observe_canonical_identity(event);
         let Some(wire) = openai_wire(event) else {
-            return Ok(Vec::new());
+            return Vec::new();
         };
-        self.observe_wire_terminal(wire);
+        self.observe_wire(wire);
         if let Some(raw_sse_frame) = wire.raw_sse_frame() {
-            return Ok(vec![raw_sse_frame.clone()]);
+            return vec![raw_sse_frame.clone()];
         }
-        Ok(vec![Bytes::from(encode_sse_event_with_metadata(
+        vec![Bytes::from(encode_sse_event_with_metadata(
             wire.event_type().unwrap_or_default(),
             &wire.data().to_string(),
             wire.sse_id(),
             wire.sse_retry(),
-        ))])
+        ))]
     }
 
     /// 消费一个 Provider event，并返回 WebSocket JSON messages。
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// 同一响应身份变化时返回错误。
-    pub fn push_websocket(
-        &mut self,
-        event: &ProviderEvent,
-    ) -> Result<Vec<String>, ResponseEncodeError> {
-        self.observe_identity(event)?;
+    pub fn push_websocket(&mut self, event: &ProviderEvent) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.observe_canonical_identity(event);
         let Some(wire) = openai_wire(event).filter(|wire| wire.has_json_data()) else {
-            return Ok(Vec::new());
+            return Vec::new();
         };
-        self.observe_wire_terminal(wire);
-        Ok(vec![wire.data().to_string()])
+        self.observe_wire(wire);
+        vec![wire.data().to_string()]
     }
 
-    /// 返回是否已经看到同一响应的 canonical 与 wire 终态。
+    /// 返回是否已经看到客户端可见的 wire 终态。
     #[must_use]
     pub fn is_completed(&self) -> bool {
-        self.wire_terminal.is_some() && self.canonical_completed
+        self.wire_terminal.is_some()
     }
 
     /// 返回是否已把 Provider 原生失败 event 交付给客户端。
@@ -95,39 +82,31 @@ impl OpenAiResponsesEncoder {
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
-    /// 缺少 wire 或 canonical 终态时返回错误。
+    /// 缺少可转换为非流式响应的 wire 终态时返回错误。
     pub fn finish(self) -> Result<Value, ResponseEncodeError> {
-        if self.canonical_completed {
-            self.wire_terminal
-                .ok_or(ResponseEncodeError::MissingWireTerminal)
-        } else {
-            Err(ResponseEncodeError::MissingWireTerminal)
-        }
+        self.wire_terminal
+            .ok_or(ResponseEncodeError::MissingWireTerminal)
     }
 
-    fn observe_identity(&mut self, event: &ProviderEvent) -> Result<(), ResponseEncodeError> {
+    fn observe_canonical_identity(&mut self, event: &ProviderEvent) {
         for fact in event.canonical_facts() {
             let metadata = match fact {
-                GatewayEvent::Started(metadata) => metadata,
-                GatewayEvent::Completed(metadata) => {
-                    self.canonical_completed = true;
-                    metadata
-                }
+                GatewayEvent::Started(metadata) | GatewayEvent::Completed(metadata) => metadata,
                 _ => continue,
             };
-            if self
-                .response_id
-                .as_deref()
-                .is_some_and(|current| current != metadata.response_id())
-            {
-                return Err(ResponseEncodeError::WireIdentityChanged);
-            }
             self.response_id = Some(metadata.response_id().to_owned());
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn observe_wire_terminal(&mut self, wire: &ProtocolWireEvent) {
+    fn observe_wire(&mut self, wire: &ProtocolWireEvent) {
+        if let Some(response_id) = wire
+            .data()
+            .pointer("/response/id")
+            .or_else(|| wire.data().get("response_id"))
+            .and_then(Value::as_str)
+        {
+            self.response_id = Some(response_id.to_owned());
+        }
         let effective_type = wire
             .event_type()
             .or_else(|| wire.data().get("type").and_then(Value::as_str));

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/openai/responses/websocket.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use axum::{
         connect_info::ConnectInfo,
         ws::{CloseFrame, Message, WebSocket, WebSocketUpgrade, close_code},
     },
-    http::{HeaderMap, StatusCode},
+    http::{HeaderMap, HeaderName, StatusCode},
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
 };
 use futures::StreamExt;
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ use crate::{
     openai::{
         auth::{authenticate_client, authentication_error_response},
         error::{gateway_error_contract, gateway_error_from_engine, runtime_unavailable_response},
-        router::MAX_CLIENT_REQUEST_BODY_BYTES,
         service::OpenAiService,
     },
 };
@@ -102,8 +101,10 @@ impl ResponsesWebSocketAdapter {
             _connection_guard: connection_guard,
         };
         websocket
-            .max_message_size(MAX_CLIENT_REQUEST_BODY_BYTES)
-            .max_frame_size(MAX_CLIENT_REQUEST_BODY_BYTES)
+            // 覆盖 axum/tungstenite 的私有 64 MiB message 与 16 MiB frame 默认值。
+            // Responses JSON 的协议可接受性由上游决定，代理不另设 wire 长度上限。
+            .max_message_size(usize::MAX)
+            .max_frame_size(usize::MAX)
             .on_upgrade(move |socket| async move {
                 serve_responses_websocket(socket, session).await;
             })
@@ -303,18 +304,7 @@ async fn forward_execution(
         if let Some(update) = event.take_session_update() {
             provider_state = Some(update);
         }
-        match encoder.push_websocket(event) {
-            Ok(messages) => first_messages.extend(messages),
-            Err(error) => {
-                return send_protocol_error(
-                    socket,
-                    StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                    error.protocol_body(),
-                    &request_id,
-                )
-                .await;
-            }
-        }
+        first_messages.extend(encoder.push_websocket(event));
     }
     if first_messages.is_empty() {
         let error = GatewayError::new(
@@ -336,9 +326,7 @@ async fn forward_execution(
         {
             return outcome;
         }
-        if let Err(error) = commit_connection_replay(replay, &encoder, provider_state.take()) {
-            return send_gateway_error(socket, &error, &request_id).await;
-        }
+        commit_connection_replay(replay, &encoder, provider_state.take());
         if !send_text(
             socket,
             response_metadata_event(&request_id, &response_headers),
@@ -378,18 +366,7 @@ async fn forward_execution(
                     if let Some(update) = event.take_session_update() {
                         provider_state = Some(update);
                     }
-                    match encoder.push_websocket(event) {
-                        Ok(encoded) => messages.extend(encoded),
-                        Err(error) => {
-                            return send_protocol_error(
-                                socket,
-                                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                                error.protocol_body(),
-                                &request_id,
-                            )
-                            .await;
-                        }
-                    }
+                    messages.extend(encoder.push_websocket(event));
                 }
                 if encoder.is_completed() {
                     if let Err(outcome) =
@@ -397,11 +374,7 @@ async fn forward_execution(
                     {
                         return outcome;
                     }
-                    if let Err(error) =
-                        commit_connection_replay(replay, &encoder, provider_state.take())
-                    {
-                        return send_gateway_error(socket, &error, &request_id).await;
-                    }
+                    commit_connection_replay(replay, &encoder, provider_state.take());
                     if !send_messages(socket, messages).await {
                         return ForwardOutcome::Disconnect;
                     }
@@ -413,9 +386,17 @@ async fn forward_execution(
                 }
             }
             ActiveInput::Event(Ok(None)) => {
+                if execution
+                    .session_mut()
+                    .is_some_and(|session| session.is_finalized())
+                {
+                    commit_connection_replay(replay, &encoder, provider_state.take());
+                    execution.disarm();
+                    return ForwardOutcome::Continue;
+                }
                 let error = GatewayError::new(
                     GatewayErrorKind::Internal,
-                    "gateway response ended without a terminal event",
+                    "gateway response ended without finalizing the execution",
                 );
                 return send_gateway_error(socket, &error, &request_id).await;
             }
@@ -441,15 +422,10 @@ fn commit_connection_replay(
     replay: &mut ConnectionReplaySnapshot,
     encoder: &OpenAiResponsesEncoder,
     provider_state: Option<ProviderSessionState>,
-) -> Result<(), GatewayError> {
-    let response_id = encoder.response_id().ok_or_else(|| {
-        GatewayError::new(
-            GatewayErrorKind::Internal,
-            "gateway completed a response without an identity",
-        )
-    })?;
-    replay.commit(response_id.to_owned(), provider_state);
-    Ok(())
+) {
+    if let Some(response_id) = encoder.response_id() {
+        replay.commit(response_id.to_owned(), provider_state);
+    }
 }
 
 async fn confirm_completed_execution(
@@ -595,21 +571,24 @@ fn response_metadata_event(
     request_id: &str,
     response_headers: &[ProviderResponseHeader],
 ) -> String {
-    let mut headers = response_headers
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|header| {
-            super::safe_response_header_name(header.name()).map(|name| {
-                (
-                    name.to_owned(),
-                    Value::String(header.value().as_str().to_owned()),
-                )
-            })
-        })
-        .collect::<Map<String, Value>>();
-    headers.insert(
-        "x-request-id".to_owned(),
-        Value::String(request_id.to_owned()),
-    );
+    let connection_options = super::response_connection_options(response_headers);
+    let mut headers = Map::new();
+    for header in response_headers {
+        if !super::response_header_is_forwardable(header.name(), &connection_options) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Ok(name) = HeaderName::from_bytes(header.name().as_bytes()) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let Ok(value) = std::str::from_utf8(header.value()) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        // 官方 response.metadata 使用 string map，无法表达同名多值；后值保持既有覆盖语义。
+        headers.insert(name.as_str().to_owned(), Value::String(value.to_owned()));
+    }
+    headers
+        .entry("x-request-id".to_owned())
+        .or_insert_with(|| Value::String(request_id.to_owned()));
     json!({
         "type": "response.metadata",
         "headers": headers,

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/openai/router.rs

@@ -13,9 +13,6 @@ use super::{
 
 use crate::ApiState;
 
-/// OpenAI 请求正文上限。
-pub const MAX_CLIENT_REQUEST_BODY_BYTES: usize = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
-
 /// 构造 OpenAI 客户端协议路由。
 pub(crate) fn router() -> Router<ApiState> {
     Router::new()
@@ -26,5 +23,7 @@ pub(crate) fn router() -> Router<ApiState> {
         .route("/v1/models/{model_id}/info", get(model_info))
         // 官方 OpenAI 模型详情合同使用 path ID；它不属于 Admin API 约束。
         .route("/v1/models/{model_id}", get(model_detail))
-        .layer(DefaultBodyLimit::max(MAX_CLIENT_REQUEST_BODY_BYTES))
+        // Responses 正文属于 OpenAI/Codex 协议；代理不能用私有大小上限提前拒绝
+        // 上游本可接受的未来 payload。
+        .layer(DefaultBodyLimit::disable())
 }

backend/crates/gateway-api/src/openai/service.rs

@@ -81,16 +81,10 @@ impl OpenAiService {
                     "requested model was not found",
                 )
             })?;
-        if !self.execution.contains_public_model(&client, &public_model) {
-            return Err(GatewayError::new(
-                GatewayErrorKind::ModelNotFound,
-                "requested model was not found",
-            ));
-        }
         let previous_response_id = match metadata.continuation() {
             ContinuationIntent::None => None,
             ContinuationIntent::PreviousResponseId(value) => {
-                PreviousResponseId::new(value.clone()).ok()
+                Some(PreviousResponseId::new(value.clone()))
             }
         };
         self.execution

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/admin/accounts.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ mod query {
             "pageSize": 20,
             "provider": "xai",
             "search": "  operator  ",
-            "status": "active",
+            "status": "normal",
             "sortBy": "lastUsedAt",
             "sortDirection": "desc"
         }))
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ mod query {
             Some(ref provider) if provider.as_str() == "xai"
         ));
         assert_eq!(query.search.as_deref(), Some("operator"));
-        assert_eq!(query.status, Some(AccountStatus::Active));
+        assert_eq!(query.status, Some(AccountStatus::Normal));
         assert_eq!(
             query.sort.expect("sort").field,
             AccountSortField::LastUsedAt
@@ -34,6 +34,19 @@ mod query {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn account_query_should_parse_rate_limited_status() {
+        let query: ListQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({
+            "status": "rate_limited"
+        }))
+        .expect("deserialize account query");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            query.validate().expect("validate account query").status,
+            Some(AccountStatus::RateLimited)
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn account_query_should_reject_unbounded_page_size() {
         let query: ListQuery =
@@ -105,12 +118,15 @@ mod actions {
     use gateway_admin::model::{
         Revision,
         accounts::{AccountConnectionTestEvent as DomainConnectionTestEvent, AccountStatus},
-        provider_credentials::{CredentialDeletionResult, CredentialImportResult},
+        provider_credentials::{
+            CredentialDeletionResult, CredentialImportResult, CredentialMutationResult,
+        },
     };
     use gateway_api::admin::accounts::{
         AccountActionRequest, AccountConnectionTestEvent, AccountDeletionData,
         AccountDeletionRequest, AccountExportData, AccountExportQuery, AccountIdQuery,
-        AccountImportData, AccountImportRequest, AccountRefreshRequest, AccountTestQuery,
+        AccountImportData, AccountImportRequest, AccountMutationData, AccountRefreshRequest,
+        AccountTestQuery, RotateAccountRequest, StartAccountAuthorizationRequest,
     };
     use gateway_core::engine::credential::ProviderAccountId;
     use serde_json::json;
@@ -168,6 +184,58 @@ mod actions {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn credential_recovery_requests_should_not_accept_client_revision_fences() {
+        let authorization: StartAccountAuthorizationRequest = serde_json::from_value(json!({
+            "provider": "openai",
+            "name": "reauthorize",
+            "accountId": "acct_1"
+        }))
+        .expect("decode reauthorization");
+        assert!(authorization.validate().is_ok());
+        assert!(
+            serde_json::from_value::<StartAccountAuthorizationRequest>(json!({
+                "provider": "openai",
+                "name": "reauthorize",
+                "accountId": "acct_1",
+                "expectedCredentialRevision": 1
+            }))
+            .is_err()
+        );
+
+        let rotation: RotateAccountRequest = serde_json::from_value(json!({
+            "provider": "openai",
+            "accountId": "acct_1",
+            "accessToken": "header.payload.signature",
+            "refreshToken": "refresh-token"
+        }))
+        .expect("decode rotation");
+        assert!(rotation.validate().is_ok());
+        assert!(
+            serde_json::from_value::<RotateAccountRequest>(json!({
+                "provider": "openai",
+                "accountId": "acct_1",
+                "expectedCredentialRevision": 1,
+                "accessToken": "header.payload.signature"
+            }))
+            .is_err()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn credential_mutation_response_should_not_expose_internal_revision() {
+        let response = AccountMutationData::from(CredentialMutationResult {
+            config_revision: Revision::new(8).expect("config revision"),
+            account_id: ProviderAccountId::new("acct_1").expect("account ID"),
+            credential_revision: Some(Revision::new(9).expect("credential revision")),
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            serde_json::to_value(response).expect("serialize credential mutation"),
+            json!({ "accountId": "acct_1" })
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn account_import_should_use_provider_and_opaque_data_fields() {
         let valid: AccountImportRequest = serde_json::from_value(json!({
@@ -276,13 +344,16 @@ mod actions {
                 text: "OK".to_owned(),
             },
             DomainConnectionTestEvent::Completed {
-                account_status: AccountStatus::Active,
+                account_status: AccountStatus::Normal,
             },
             DomainConnectionTestEvent::Failed {
                 message: "upstream unavailable".to_owned(),
                 provider_error_code: Some("usage_exhausted".to_owned()),
                 provider_error_type: Some("invalid_request_error".to_owned()),
-                account_status: AccountStatus::Active,
+                upstream_status: Some(429),
+                upstream_content_type: Some("application/json".to_owned()),
+                upstream_body: Some(r#"{"error":{"type":"usage_limit_reached"}}"#.to_owned()),
+                account_status: AccountStatus::QuotaExhausted,
             },
         ]
         .map(|event| AccountConnectionTestEvent::from(event).data);
@@ -307,13 +378,16 @@ mod actions {
                     }
                 }),
                 json!({ "type": "content", "text": "OK" }),
-                json!({ "type": "test_complete", "success": true, "accountStatus": "active" }),
+                json!({ "type": "test_complete", "success": true, "accountStatus": "normal" }),
                 json!({
                     "type": "error",
                     "error": "upstream unavailable",
                     "providerErrorCode": "usage_exhausted",
                     "providerErrorType": "invalid_request_error",
-                    "accountStatus": "active"
+                    "upstreamStatus": 429,
+                    "upstreamContentType": "application/json",
+                    "upstreamBody": r#"{"error":{"type":"usage_limit_reached"}}"#,
+                    "accountStatus": "quota_exhausted"
                 }),
             ]
         );

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/admin/mod.rs

@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ use gateway_admin::{
             NewClientKey, SetClientKeyEnabled, UpdateClientKey,
         },
         observability::{
-            DashboardObservation, DiagnosticDimension, DiagnosticObservation, OpsErrorPage,
-            OpsErrorQuery, RequestMetricPoint, TimeRange, UsageDetail, UsageFilter, UsageOverview,
-            UsagePage, UsageQuery, UsageRecord,
+            DashboardObservation, DiagnosticDimension, DiagnosticObservation, OpsError,
+            OpsErrorPage, OpsErrorQuery, RequestMetricPoint, TimeRange, UsageDetail, UsageFilter,
+            UsageOverview, UsagePage, UsageQuery, UsageRecord,
         },
         provider_credentials::{
             AuthorizationCommit, AuthorizationStarted, CompleteAuthorization, CredentialDetails,
@@ -58,9 +58,8 @@ use gateway_api::admin::AdminSessionState;
 use gateway_core::{
     engine::{
         credential::ProviderAccountId,
-        probe::{AccountProbe, AccountProbeRequest, AccountProbeResult},
+        probe::{AccountProbe, AccountProbeError, AccountProbeRequest, AccountProbeResult},
     },
-    error::GatewayError,
     policy::{ClientApiKeyId, RateLimits},
     routing::{
         ConfigRevision, ProviderKind, PublicModelId, UpstreamModelId, snapshot::SnapshotControl,
@@ -80,6 +79,11 @@ pub(super) struct AdminTestFixture {
     pub auth: Arc<MemoryAuthStore>,
     pub settings: Arc<MemorySettingsStore>,
     pub usage_records: Arc<Mutex<Vec<UsageRecord>>>,
+    pub usage_detail: Arc<Mutex<Option<UsageDetail>>>,
+    pub diagnostics: Arc<Mutex<Vec<DiagnosticObservation>>>,
+    pub ops_errors: Arc<Mutex<Vec<OpsError>>>,
+    pub dashboard_observation: Arc<Mutex<Option<DashboardObservation>>>,
+    pub dashboard_summary_range: Arc<Mutex<Option<TimeRange>>>,
 }
 
 impl AdminTestFixture {
@@ -93,8 +97,18 @@ impl AdminTestFixture {
         let settings = Arc::new(MemorySettingsStore::new(api_key));
         let client_keys = Arc::new(MemoryClientKeyStore);
         let usage_records = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+        let usage_detail = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None));
+        let diagnostics = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+        let ops_errors = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+        let dashboard_observation = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None));
+        let dashboard_summary_range = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None));
         let unused = Arc::new(UnusedStore {
             usage_records: Arc::clone(&usage_records),
+            usage_detail: Arc::clone(&usage_detail),
+            diagnostics: Arc::clone(&diagnostics),
+            ops_errors: Arc::clone(&ops_errors),
+            dashboard_observation: Arc::clone(&dashboard_observation),
+            dashboard_summary_range: Arc::clone(&dashboard_summary_range),
         });
         let stores = AdminStorePorts::new(
             unused.clone(),
@@ -102,6 +116,7 @@ impl AdminTestFixture {
             client_keys.clone(),
             unused,
             settings.clone(),
+            gateway_admin::ports::backup::BackupStorePorts::disabled(),
         );
         let providers: Vec<Arc<dyn ProviderAdmin>> = vec![
             Arc::new(UnusedProvider::new("openai")),
@@ -126,6 +141,11 @@ impl AdminTestFixture {
             auth,
             settings,
             usage_records,
+            usage_detail,
+            diagnostics,
+            ops_errors,
+            dashboard_observation,
+            dashboard_summary_range,
         }
     }
 
@@ -393,6 +413,11 @@ impl ClientKeyStore for MemoryClientKeyStore {
 
 struct UnusedStore {
     usage_records: Arc<Mutex<Vec<UsageRecord>>>,
+    usage_detail: Arc<Mutex<Option<UsageDetail>>>,
+    diagnostics: Arc<Mutex<Vec<DiagnosticObservation>>>,
+    ops_errors: Arc<Mutex<Vec<OpsError>>>,
+    dashboard_observation: Arc<Mutex<Option<DashboardObservation>>>,
+    dashboard_summary_range: Arc<Mutex<Option<TimeRange>>>,
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
@@ -503,8 +528,16 @@ impl AccountStore for UnusedStore {
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl ObservabilityStore for UnusedStore {
-    async fn dashboard_summary(&self, _: TimeRange) -> AdminStoreResult<DashboardObservation> {
-        Err(unavailable("dashboard"))
+    async fn dashboard_summary(&self, range: TimeRange) -> AdminStoreResult<DashboardObservation> {
+        *self
+            .dashboard_summary_range
+            .lock()
+            .expect("dashboard summary range") = Some(range);
+        self.dashboard_observation
+            .lock()
+            .expect("dashboard observation")
+            .clone()
+            .ok_or_else(|| unavailable("dashboard"))
     }
 
     async fn dashboard_trend(&self, _: TimeRange) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<RequestMetricPoint>> {
@@ -538,7 +571,11 @@ impl ObservabilityStore for UnusedStore {
     }
 
     async fn usage_record_detail(&self, _: &str) -> AdminStoreResult<UsageDetail> {
-        Err(unavailable("usage detail"))
+        self.usage_detail
+            .lock()
+            .expect("usage detail")
+            .clone()
+            .ok_or_else(|| unavailable("usage detail"))
     }
 
     async fn usage_summary(&self, _: TimeRange, _: UsageFilter) -> AdminStoreResult<UsageOverview> {
@@ -551,11 +588,16 @@ impl ObservabilityStore for UnusedStore {
         _: UsageFilter,
         _: DiagnosticDimension,
     ) -> AdminStoreResult<Vec<DiagnosticObservation>> {
-        Err(unavailable("usage diagnostics"))
+        Ok(self.diagnostics.lock().expect("diagnostics").clone())
     }
 
     async fn list_ops_errors(&self, _: OpsErrorQuery) -> AdminStoreResult<OpsErrorPage> {
-        Err(unavailable("ops errors"))
+        let items = self.ops_errors.lock().expect("ops errors").clone();
+        Ok(OpsErrorPage {
+            total: items.len() as u64,
+            items,
+            next_cursor: None,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -675,7 +717,7 @@ impl AccountProbe for NoopProbe {
     fn probe(
         &self,
         _: AccountProbeRequest,
-    ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<AccountProbeResult, GatewayError>> {
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<AccountProbeResult, AccountProbeError>> {
         Box::pin(async { panic!("unused account probe") })
     }
 }

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/admin/observability.rs

@@ -1,456 +0,0 @@
-mod query {
-    use gateway_api::admin::observability::{
-        DashboardQuery, DiagnosticDimension, DiagnosticsQuery, OpsQuery, TrendKind, UsageQuery,
-        parse_attempt_index, parse_datetime, parse_status,
-    };
-    use serde_json::json;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn dashboard_query_should_parse_terminal_trend_kinds() {
-        let query: DashboardQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({"kind": "errors"})).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(query.trend_kind().unwrap(), TrendKind::Errors);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn dashboard_query_should_reject_unknown_trend_kind() {
-        let query: DashboardQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({"kind": "secret"})).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(query.trend_kind().unwrap_err().field(), "kind");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn usage_query_should_bound_page_size_and_cursor() {
-        let query: UsageQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({
-            "page": 2,
-            "pageSize": 100,
-            "cursor": "opaque"
-        }))
-        .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(query.validate_page().unwrap(), (2, 100));
-        assert!(query.validate_cursor().is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn usage_query_should_reject_zero_page() {
-        let query: UsageQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({"page": 0})).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(query.validate_page().unwrap_err().field(), "page");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn ops_query_should_reject_page_size_above_terminal_limit() {
-        let query: OpsQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({"pageSize": 101})).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(query.validate_page().unwrap_err().field(), "pageSize");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn diagnostics_query_should_keep_wire_dimension_name() {
-        let query: DiagnosticsQuery =
-            serde_json::from_value(json!({"dimension": "failure_class"})).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(query.dimension().unwrap(), DiagnosticDimension::Failure);
-        assert_eq!(DiagnosticDimension::Failure.display_name(), "failureClass");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn scalar_query_parsers_should_reject_out_of_range_values_without_echoing_input() {
-        assert_eq!(parse_status(Some(99)).unwrap_err().field(), "statusCode");
-        assert_eq!(
-            parse_attempt_index(Some(0)).unwrap_err().field(),
-            "attemptIndex"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            parse_datetime(Some("not-a-time")).unwrap_err().field(),
-            "timeRange"
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-mod response {
-    use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};
-    use gateway_admin::model::observability::DesktopReleaseStatus;
-    use gateway_api::admin::observability::{
-        BillingView, CostCoverageView, CursorWire, DashboardAccountRequestBucketView,
-        DashboardAccountUsageView, DashboardDesktopReleaseStatusView, DashboardWireAttributeView,
-        DashboardWireProfileView, DashboardWireTargetView, PageData, PageMeta, TokenDetailsView,
-        TrendData, TrendKind, TrendPointView, TrendSummaryView,
-    };
-    use serde_json::json;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn usage_page_should_keep_terminal_camel_case_shape() {
-        let data = PageData {
-            items: vec![json!({"id": "request_1"})],
-            page: PageMeta::new(1, 50, 1, 1),
-            next_cursor: Some("cursor".to_owned()),
-        };
-        let value = serde_json::to_value(data).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(value["page"]["pageSize"], 50);
-        assert_eq!(value["nextCursor"], "cursor");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn dashboard_wire_profiles_should_keep_provider_specific_attributes() {
-        let value = serde_json::to_value(DashboardWireProfileView {
-            provider: "xai".to_owned(),
-            product: "Grok Build".to_owned(),
-            version: "0.2.106".to_owned(),
-            build: None,
-            target: DashboardWireTargetView {
-                os_type: "linux".to_owned(),
-                os_version: "—".to_owned(),
-                arch: "x86_64".to_owned(),
-                terminal: "headless".to_owned(),
-            },
-            user_agent: "grok-shell/0.2.106 (linux; x86_64)".to_owned(),
-            attributes: vec![DashboardWireAttributeView {
-                label: "客户端标识".to_owned(),
-                value: "grok-shell".to_owned(),
-            }],
-            verified_at: None,
-            release: None,
-        })
-        .expect("dashboard profile");
-
-        assert_eq!(value["provider"], "xai");
-        assert_eq!(value["version"], "0.2.106");
-        assert_eq!(value["attributes"][0]["label"], "客户端标识");
-        assert!(value.get("release").is_none());
-        assert!(value.get("verifiedAt").is_none());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn dashboard_account_usage_should_keep_daily_request_timeline() {
-        let bucket_start = Utc.timestamp_opt(0, 0).single().unwrap();
-        let value = serde_json::to_value(DashboardAccountUsageView {
-            id: "account_1".to_owned(),
-            provider: "xai".to_owned(),
-            authentication_kind: "oauth".to_owned(),
-            email: "account@example.com".to_owned(),
-            plan_type: Some("free".to_owned()),
-            tokens: "—".to_owned(),
-            request_count: 3,
-            request_buckets: vec![DashboardAccountRequestBucketView {
-                bucket_start,
-                request_count: 3,
-            }],
-            quota_used_percent: None,
-            last_used: "刚刚".to_owned(),
-        })
-        .expect("dashboard account usage");
-
-        assert_eq!(value["requestCount"], 3);
-        assert_eq!(
-            value["requestBuckets"][0]["bucketStart"],
-            "1970-01-01T00:00:00Z"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(value["requestBuckets"][0]["requestCount"], 3);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn trend_wire_should_serialize_kind_and_values_without_store_types() {
-        let now = Utc.timestamp_opt(0, 0).single().unwrap();
-        let data = TrendData {
-            kind: TrendKind::Usage,
-            points: vec![TrendPointView {
-                time: "08:00".to_owned(),
-                bucket: now,
-                label: "01-01 08:00".to_owned(),
-                requests: "1".to_owned(),
-                requests_value: 1,
-                input_tokens: "2".to_owned(),
-                input_tokens_value: 2,
-                output_tokens: "3".to_owned(),
-                output_tokens_value: 3,
-                cached_tokens: "0".to_owned(),
-                cached_tokens_value: 0,
-                cache_hit_rate_value: 0.0,
-                tokens_value: 5,
-                errors: "0".to_owned(),
-                errors_value: 0,
-                latency: "1 ms".to_owned(),
-                latency_value: Some(1),
-                first_token_latency: "1 ms".to_owned(),
-                first_token_latency_value: Some(1),
-                max_latency: "1 ms".to_owned(),
-                max_latency_value: Some(1),
-                min_latency: "1 ms".to_owned(),
-                min_latency_value: Some(1),
-                success_rate: "100.0%".to_owned(),
-                success_rate_value: Some(100.0),
-            }],
-            summary: vec![TrendSummaryView {
-                label: "输入".to_owned(),
-                value: "2".to_owned(),
-                ratio: None,
-            }],
-        };
-        let value = serde_json::to_value(data).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(value["kind"], "usage");
-        assert_eq!(value["points"][0]["requestsValue"], 1);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn sensitive_response_views_do_not_require_debug_or_add_secret_fields() {
-        let coverage = CostCoverageView {
-            known: 1,
-            partial: 0,
-            unknown: 0,
-            not_billable: 0,
-        };
-        let token_details = TokenDetailsView {
-            input_tokens: Some(1),
-            output_tokens: Some(2),
-            cached_tokens: None,
-            cache_write_tokens: None,
-            reasoning_tokens: None,
-            image_input_tokens: None,
-            image_output_tokens: None,
-            total_tokens: Some(3),
-            input_tokens_display: "1".to_owned(),
-            output_tokens_display: "2".to_owned(),
-            cached_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
-            cache_write_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
-            reasoning_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
-            image_input_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
-            image_output_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
-            total_tokens_display: "3".to_owned(),
-        };
-        let cursor = CursorWire {
-            observed_at: Utc.timestamp_opt(0, 0).single().unwrap(),
-            stable_id: "request_1".to_owned(),
-        };
-        let value = serde_json::to_value((&coverage, &token_details, &cursor)).unwrap();
-        assert!(value.to_string().contains("known"));
-        assert!(!value.to_string().contains("secret"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn billing_view_should_preserve_the_original_detail_contract() {
-        let value = serde_json::to_value(BillingView {
-            input_amount_display: "$0.03".to_owned(),
-            output_amount_display: "$0.00".to_owned(),
-            cache_read_amount_display: "$0.14".to_owned(),
-            cache_write_amount_display: "$0.00".to_owned(),
-            standard_amount_display: "$0.17".to_owned(),
-            total_amount_display: "$0.17".to_owned(),
-            input_price_display: "$10.0000 / 1M Token".to_owned(),
-            output_price_display: "$60.0000 / 1M Token".to_owned(),
-            cache_read_price_display: "$1.0000 / 1M Token".to_owned(),
-            cache_write_price_display: "$12.5000 / 1M Token".to_owned(),
-            service_tier_display: "Fast".to_owned(),
-            multiplier_display: "1.00x".to_owned(),
-        })
-        .expect("billing view");
-
-        assert_eq!(value["inputAmountDisplay"], "$0.03");
-        assert_eq!(value["cacheReadPriceDisplay"], "$1.0000 / 1M Token");
-        assert_eq!(value["serviceTierDisplay"], "Fast");
-        assert_eq!(value["multiplierDisplay"], "1.00x");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn desktop_release_status_should_preserve_the_existing_dashboard_wire_values() {
-        for (domain, expected) in [
-            (DesktopReleaseStatus::Unchecked, "unchecked"),
-            (DesktopReleaseStatus::Current, "aligned"),
-            (DesktopReleaseStatus::UpdateAvailable, "review_required"),
-            (DesktopReleaseStatus::Failed, "check_failed"),
-        ] {
-            let status = DashboardDesktopReleaseStatusView::from(domain);
-            assert_eq!(serde_json::to_value(status).unwrap(), expected);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn usage_route_should_forward_a_bounded_unknown_outcome_filter() {
-    use axum::{
-        body::Body,
-        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
-    };
-    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
-    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
-
-    use super::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
-
-    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
-    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
-    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
-        .with_state(fixture.state())
-        .oneshot(
-            Request::builder()
-                .uri("/api/admin/usage/records?outcome=provider_future_state")
-                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
-                .header("x-request-id", "req_usage_other_outcome")
-                .body(Body::empty())
-                .expect("usage request"),
-        )
-        .await
-        .expect("usage response");
-
-    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn usage_route_should_expose_image_and_websocket_facts() {
-    use axum::{
-        body::{Body, to_bytes},
-        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
-    };
-    use chrono::Utc;
-    use gateway_admin::model::observability::{RequestOutcome, UsageRecord};
-    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
-    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
-
-    use super::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
-
-    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
-    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
-    fixture
-        .usage_records
-        .lock()
-        .expect("usage records")
-        .push(UsageRecord {
-            id: "request_endpoint".to_owned(),
-            client_api_key_ref: "key_endpoint".to_owned(),
-            config_revision: 1,
-            protocol: "openai".to_owned(),
-            operation: "generate".to_owned(),
-            endpoint: "/v1/responses".to_owned(),
-            client_transport: "http_sse".to_owned(),
-            requested_model_id: "grok-4.5".to_owned(),
-            provider_kind: Some("xai".to_owned()),
-            provider_account_ref: None,
-            provider_account_name: None,
-            provider_account_email: None,
-            provider_account_authentication_kind: Some("oauth".to_owned()),
-            upstream_model_id: Some("grok-4.5".to_owned()),
-            upstream_transport: Some("http_sse".to_owned()),
-            http_version: Some("h2".to_owned()),
-            websocket_pool: Some("reuse".to_owned()),
-            provider_metadata_json: Some(
-                serde_json::json!({
-                    "effectiveModel": "grok-4.5",
-                    "requestSummary": {"inputItemsCount": 2},
-                    "transport": "must-not-overwrite-core",
-                })
-                .to_string(),
-            ),
-            attempt_count: 1,
-            upstream_send_state: "sent".to_owned(),
-            downstream_committed_at: None,
-            outcome: RequestOutcome::Succeeded,
-            client_status_code: Some(200),
-            upstream_status_code: Some(200),
-            client_response_id: Some("resp_usage_metadata".to_owned()),
-            upstream_request_id: Some("upstream_usage_metadata".to_owned()),
-            upstream_response_id: None,
-            error_kind: None,
-            provider_error_code: None,
-            error_message: None,
-            retry_after_ms: None,
-            input_tokens: Some(1),
-            output_tokens: Some(1),
-            cached_tokens: Some(0),
-            cache_write_tokens: Some(0),
-            reasoning_tokens: Some(0),
-            image_input_tokens: Some(31),
-            image_output_tokens: Some(9),
-            total_tokens: Some(2),
-            cost_source: "unavailable".to_owned(),
-            cost_amount: None,
-            cost_currency: None,
-            billing: None,
-            transport_decision_wait_ms: Some(7),
-            connect_ms: Some(11),
-            headers_ms: Some(13),
-            first_event_ms: Some(17),
-            first_reasoning_ms: Some(19),
-            first_text_ms: Some(23),
-            first_token_ms: Some(19),
-            provider_processing_ms: Some(29),
-            latency_ms: Some(31),
-            client_ip: Some("127.0.0.1".to_owned()),
-            user_agent: Some("usage-metadata-test".to_owned()),
-            reasoning_effort: Some("max".to_owned()),
-            reasoning_preset: Some("ultra".to_owned()),
-            request_kind: Some("review".to_owned()),
-            subagent_kind: Some("worker".to_owned()),
-            compact: true,
-            image_generation_requested: true,
-            image_generation_succeeded: Some(true),
-            started_at: Utc::now(),
-            deadline_at: Utc::now(),
-            completed_at: Some(Utc::now()),
-        });
-    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
-        .with_state(fixture.state())
-        .oneshot(
-            Request::builder()
-                .uri("/api/admin/usage/records")
-                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
-                .header("x-request-id", "req_usage_endpoint")
-                .body(Body::empty())
-                .expect("usage request"),
-        )
-        .await
-        .expect("usage response");
-    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
-    let body = to_bytes(response.into_body(), 1024 * 1024)
-        .await
-        .expect("usage response body");
-    let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).expect("usage response JSON");
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        serde_json::json!({
-            "route": value["data"]["items"][0]["route"],
-            "authenticationKind": value["data"]["items"][0]["authenticationKind"],
-            "imageInputTokens": value["data"]["items"][0]["tokenDetails"]["imageInputTokens"],
-            "imageOutputTokens": value["data"]["items"][0]["tokenDetails"]["imageOutputTokens"],
-            "websocketPool": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["websocketPool"],
-            "imageGenerationRequested": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["imageGenerationRequested"],
-            "imageGenerationSucceeded": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["imageGenerationSucceeded"],
-            "requestedModel": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["requestedModel"],
-            "upstreamModel": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["upstreamModel"],
-            "clientIp": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["clientIp"],
-            "userAgent": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["userAgent"],
-            "reasoningEffort": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["reasoningEffort"],
-            "reasoningPreset": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["reasoningPreset"],
-            "requestKind": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["requestKind"],
-            "subagentKind": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["subagentKind"],
-            "compact": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["compact"],
-            "transport": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["transport"],
-            "transportDecisionWaitMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["latencyDetails"]["transportDecisionWaitMs"],
-            "wsConnectMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["latencyDetails"]["wsConnectMs"],
-            "firstReasoningMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["latencyDetails"]["firstReasoningMs"],
-            "firstTextMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["latencyDetails"]["firstTextMs"],
-            "firstTokenMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["latencyDetails"]["firstTokenMs"],
-            "effectiveModel": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["effectiveModel"],
-            "requestSummary": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["requestSummary"],
-        }),
-        serde_json::json!({
-            "route": "/v1/responses",
-            "authenticationKind": "oauth",
-            "imageInputTokens": 31,
-            "imageOutputTokens": 9,
-            "websocketPool": {"kind": "reuse"},
-            "imageGenerationRequested": true,
-            "imageGenerationSucceeded": true,
-            "requestedModel": "grok-4.5",
-            "upstreamModel": "grok-4.5",
-            "clientIp": "127.0.0.1",
-            "userAgent": "usage-metadata-test",
-            "reasoningEffort": "max",
-            "reasoningPreset": "ultra",
-            "requestKind": "review",
-            "subagentKind": "worker",
-            "compact": true,
-            "transport": "http_sse",
-            "transportDecisionWaitMs": 7,
-            "wsConnectMs": 11,
-            "firstReasoningMs": 19,
-            "firstTextMs": 23,
-            "firstTokenMs": 19,
-            "effectiveModel": "grok-4.5",
-            "requestSummary": {"inputItemsCount": 2},
-        })
-    );
-}

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/admin/observability/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+//! Admin 观测 wire/路由的固定合同测试。
+
+mod query;
+mod response;

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/admin/observability/query.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+//! 查询 wire 校验的固定合同测试。
+
+use gateway_api::admin::observability::{
+    DashboardQuery, DiagnosticDimension, DiagnosticsQuery, OpsQuery, TrendKind, UsageQuery,
+    parse_attempt_index, parse_datetime, parse_status,
+};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+#[test]
+fn dashboard_query_should_parse_terminal_trend_kinds() {
+    let query: DashboardQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({"kind": "errors"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(query.trend_kind().unwrap(), TrendKind::Errors);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dashboard_query_should_reject_unknown_trend_kind() {
+    let query: DashboardQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({"kind": "secret"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(query.trend_kind().unwrap_err().field(), "kind");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn usage_query_should_bound_page_size_and_cursor() {
+    let query: UsageQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({
+        "page": 2,
+        "pageSize": 100,
+        "cursor": "opaque"
+    }))
+    .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(query.validate_page().unwrap(), (2, 100));
+    assert!(query.validate_cursor().is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn usage_query_should_reject_zero_page() {
+    let query: UsageQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({"page": 0})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(query.validate_page().unwrap_err().field(), "page");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ops_query_should_reject_page_size_above_terminal_limit() {
+    let query: OpsQuery = serde_json::from_value(json!({"pageSize": 101})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(query.validate_page().unwrap_err().field(), "pageSize");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diagnostics_query_should_keep_wire_dimension_name() {
+    let query: DiagnosticsQuery =
+        serde_json::from_value(json!({"dimension": "failure_class"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(query.dimension().unwrap(), DiagnosticDimension::Failure);
+    assert_eq!(DiagnosticDimension::Failure.display_name(), "failureClass");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn scalar_query_parsers_should_reject_out_of_range_values_without_echoing_input() {
+    assert_eq!(parse_status(Some(99)).unwrap_err().field(), "statusCode");
+    assert_eq!(
+        parse_attempt_index(Some(0)).unwrap_err().field(),
+        "attemptIndex"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        parse_datetime(Some("not-a-time")).unwrap_err().field(),
+        "timeRange"
+    );
+}

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/admin/observability/response.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,986 @@
+//! 响应 DTO 与固定 wire 形状的合同测试。
+
+use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};
+use gateway_admin::model::observability::DesktopReleaseStatus;
+use gateway_api::admin::PageMeta;
+use gateway_api::admin::observability::{
+    BillingView, CostCoverageView, CursorWire, DashboardAccountRequestBucketView,
+    DashboardAccountUsageView, DashboardDesktopReleaseStatusView, DashboardWireAttributeView,
+    DashboardWireProfileView, DashboardWireTargetView, PageData, TokenDetailsView, TrendData,
+    TrendKind, TrendPointView, TrendSummaryView,
+};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+#[test]
+fn usage_page_should_keep_terminal_camel_case_shape() {
+    let data = PageData {
+        items: vec![json!({"id": "request_1"})],
+        page: PageMeta::new(1, 50, 1, 1),
+        next_cursor: Some("cursor".to_owned()),
+    };
+    let value = serde_json::to_value(data).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(value["page"]["pageSize"], 50);
+    assert_eq!(value["nextCursor"], "cursor");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dashboard_wire_profiles_should_keep_provider_specific_attributes() {
+    let value = serde_json::to_value(DashboardWireProfileView {
+        provider: "xai".to_owned(),
+        product: "Grok Build".to_owned(),
+        version: "0.2.106".to_owned(),
+        build: None,
+        target: DashboardWireTargetView {
+            os_type: "linux".to_owned(),
+            os_version: "—".to_owned(),
+            arch: "x86_64".to_owned(),
+            terminal: "headless".to_owned(),
+        },
+        user_agent: "grok-shell/0.2.106 (linux; x86_64)".to_owned(),
+        attributes: vec![DashboardWireAttributeView {
+            label: "客户端标识".to_owned(),
+            value: "grok-shell".to_owned(),
+        }],
+        verified_at: None,
+        release: None,
+    })
+    .expect("dashboard profile");
+
+    assert_eq!(value["provider"], "xai");
+    assert_eq!(value["version"], "0.2.106");
+    assert_eq!(value["attributes"][0]["label"], "客户端标识");
+    assert!(value.get("release").is_none());
+    assert!(value.get("verifiedAt").is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dashboard_account_usage_should_keep_daily_request_timeline() {
+    let bucket_start = Utc.timestamp_opt(0, 0).single().unwrap();
+    let value = serde_json::to_value(DashboardAccountUsageView {
+        id: "account_1".to_owned(),
+        provider: "xai".to_owned(),
+        authentication_kind: "oauth".to_owned(),
+        email: "account@example.com".to_owned(),
+        plan_type: Some("free".to_owned()),
+        tokens: "—".to_owned(),
+        request_count: 3,
+        request_buckets: vec![DashboardAccountRequestBucketView {
+            bucket_start,
+            request_count: 3,
+        }],
+        quota_used_percent: None,
+        last_used: "刚刚".to_owned(),
+    })
+    .expect("dashboard account usage");
+
+    assert_eq!(value["requestCount"], 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        value["requestBuckets"][0]["bucketStart"],
+        "1970-01-01T00:00:00Z"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(value["requestBuckets"][0]["requestCount"], 3);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn trend_wire_should_serialize_kind_and_values_without_store_types() {
+    let now = Utc.timestamp_opt(0, 0).single().unwrap();
+    let data = TrendData {
+        kind: TrendKind::Usage,
+        points: vec![TrendPointView {
+            time: "08:00".to_owned(),
+            bucket: now,
+            label: "01-01 08:00".to_owned(),
+            requests: "1".to_owned(),
+            requests_value: 1,
+            input_tokens: "2".to_owned(),
+            input_tokens_value: 2,
+            output_tokens: "3".to_owned(),
+            output_tokens_value: 3,
+            cached_tokens: "0".to_owned(),
+            cached_tokens_value: 0,
+            cache_hit_rate_value: 0.0,
+            tokens_value: 5,
+            errors: "0".to_owned(),
+            errors_value: 0,
+            latency: "1 ms".to_owned(),
+            latency_value: Some(1),
+            max_latency: "1 ms".to_owned(),
+            max_latency_value: Some(1),
+            min_latency: "1 ms".to_owned(),
+            min_latency_value: Some(1),
+            success_rate: "100.0%".to_owned(),
+            success_rate_value: Some(100.0),
+        }],
+        summary: vec![TrendSummaryView {
+            label: "输入".to_owned(),
+            value: "2".to_owned(),
+            ratio: None,
+        }],
+    };
+    let value = serde_json::to_value(data).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(value["kind"], "usage");
+    assert_eq!(value["points"][0]["requestsValue"], 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sensitive_response_views_do_not_require_debug_or_add_secret_fields() {
+    let coverage = CostCoverageView {
+        known: 1,
+        partial: 0,
+        unknown: 0,
+        not_billable: 0,
+    };
+    let token_details = TokenDetailsView {
+        input_tokens: Some(1),
+        output_tokens: Some(2),
+        cached_tokens: None,
+        cache_write_tokens: None,
+        reasoning_tokens: None,
+        image_input_tokens: None,
+        image_output_tokens: None,
+        total_tokens: Some(3),
+        input_tokens_display: "1".to_owned(),
+        output_tokens_display: "2".to_owned(),
+        cached_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
+        cache_write_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
+        reasoning_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
+        image_input_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
+        image_output_tokens_display: "-".to_owned(),
+        total_tokens_display: "3".to_owned(),
+    };
+    let cursor = CursorWire {
+        observed_at: Utc.timestamp_opt(0, 0).single().unwrap(),
+        stable_id: "request_1".to_owned(),
+    };
+    let value = serde_json::to_value((&coverage, &token_details, &cursor)).unwrap();
+    assert!(value.to_string().contains("known"));
+    assert!(!value.to_string().contains("secret"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn billing_view_should_preserve_the_original_detail_contract() {
+    let value = serde_json::to_value(BillingView {
+        input_amount_display: "$0.03".to_owned(),
+        output_amount_display: "$0.00".to_owned(),
+        cache_read_amount_display: "$0.14".to_owned(),
+        cache_write_amount_display: "$0.00".to_owned(),
+        standard_amount_display: "$0.17".to_owned(),
+        total_amount_display: "$0.17".to_owned(),
+        input_price_display: "$10.0000 / 1M Token".to_owned(),
+        output_price_display: "$60.0000 / 1M Token".to_owned(),
+        cache_read_price_display: "$1.0000 / 1M Token".to_owned(),
+        cache_write_price_display: "$12.5000 / 1M Token".to_owned(),
+        service_tier_display: "Fast".to_owned(),
+        multiplier_display: "1.00x".to_owned(),
+    })
+    .expect("billing view");
+
+    assert_eq!(value["inputAmountDisplay"], "$0.03");
+    assert_eq!(value["cacheReadPriceDisplay"], "$1.0000 / 1M Token");
+    assert_eq!(value["serviceTierDisplay"], "Fast");
+    assert_eq!(value["multiplierDisplay"], "1.00x");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn desktop_release_status_should_preserve_the_existing_dashboard_wire_values() {
+    for (domain, expected) in [
+        (DesktopReleaseStatus::Unchecked, "unchecked"),
+        (DesktopReleaseStatus::Current, "aligned"),
+        (DesktopReleaseStatus::UpdateAvailable, "review_required"),
+        (DesktopReleaseStatus::Failed, "check_failed"),
+    ] {
+        let status = DashboardDesktopReleaseStatusView::from(domain);
+        assert_eq!(serde_json::to_value(status).unwrap(), expected);
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn dashboard_summary_should_include_quota_exhaustion_in_unavailable_headline_count() {
+    use axum::{
+        body::{Body, to_bytes},
+        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
+    };
+    use chrono::{Duration, Utc};
+    use gateway_admin::model::observability::{
+        AccountPoolMetrics, AttemptMetrics, DashboardObservation, RequestMetrics, TimeRange,
+    };
+    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
+    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
+
+    use crate::admin::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
+
+    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
+    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    *fixture
+        .dashboard_observation
+        .lock()
+        .expect("dashboard observation") = Some(DashboardObservation {
+        range: TimeRange::new(now - Duration::hours(1), now).expect("dashboard range"),
+        requests: RequestMetrics::default(),
+        attempts: AttemptMetrics::default(),
+        totals: Default::default(),
+        provider_accounts: AccountPoolMetrics {
+            total: 807,
+            enabled: 804,
+            unavailable: 792,
+            active: 15,
+            rate_limited: 0,
+            expired: 2,
+            invalid: 0,
+            quota_exhausted: 785,
+            refreshing: None,
+            disabled: 3,
+            banned: 2,
+        },
+        trend: Vec::new(),
+        account_usage: Vec::new(),
+        recent_requests: Vec::new(),
+    });
+
+    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
+        .with_state(fixture.state())
+        .oneshot(
+            Request::builder()
+                .uri("/api/admin/dashboard/summary")
+                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
+                .header("x-request-id", "req_dashboard_account_summary")
+                .body(Body::empty())
+                .expect("dashboard request"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("dashboard response");
+    let status = response.status();
+    let body = to_bytes(response.into_body(), 1024 * 1024)
+        .await
+        .expect("dashboard response body");
+    let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).expect("dashboard response JSON");
+    assert_eq!(status, StatusCode::OK, "{value}");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        (
+            &value["data"]["cards"]["credentials"]["totalValue"],
+            &value["data"]["cards"]["credentials"]["availableValue"],
+            &value["data"]["cards"]["credentials"]["unavailableValue"],
+        ),
+        (
+            &serde_json::json!(807),
+            &serde_json::json!(15),
+            &serde_json::json!(792)
+        ),
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn dashboard_summary_should_use_lifetime_totals_for_card_footers() {
+    use axum::{
+        body::{Body, to_bytes},
+        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
+    };
+    use chrono::{Duration, Utc};
+    use gateway_admin::model::observability::{
+        AccountPoolMetrics, AttemptMetrics, DashboardObservation, DashboardTotals, RequestMetrics,
+        TimeRange,
+    };
+    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
+    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
+
+    use crate::admin::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
+
+    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
+    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    let range_requests = RequestMetrics {
+        request_count: 2,
+        input_tokens: 8,
+        cached_tokens: 2,
+        total_tokens: 12,
+        ..RequestMetrics::default()
+    };
+    *fixture
+        .dashboard_observation
+        .lock()
+        .expect("dashboard observation") = Some(DashboardObservation {
+        range: TimeRange::new(now - Duration::hours(1), now).expect("dashboard range"),
+        requests: range_requests,
+        attempts: AttemptMetrics::default(),
+        totals: DashboardTotals {
+            request_count: 42,
+            input_tokens: 800,
+            cached_tokens: 200,
+            total_tokens: 840,
+            billing_usd: None,
+        },
+        provider_accounts: AccountPoolMetrics::default(),
+        trend: Vec::new(),
+        account_usage: Vec::new(),
+        recent_requests: Vec::new(),
+    });
+
+    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
+        .with_state(fixture.state())
+        .oneshot(
+            Request::builder()
+                .uri("/api/admin/dashboard/summary")
+                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
+                .header("x-request-id", "req_dashboard_lifetime_totals")
+                .body(Body::empty())
+                .expect("dashboard request"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("dashboard response");
+    let status = response.status();
+    let body = to_bytes(response.into_body(), 1024 * 1024)
+        .await
+        .expect("dashboard response body");
+    let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).expect("dashboard response JSON");
+    assert_eq!(status, StatusCode::OK, "{value}");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        (
+            &value["data"]["cards"]["traffic"]["totalRequests"],
+            &value["data"]["cards"]["tokens"]["totalTokens"],
+            &value["data"]["cards"]["cache"]["totalHitRate"],
+            &value["data"]["cards"]["cache"]["totalCachedTokens"],
+        ),
+        (
+            &serde_json::json!("42"),
+            &serde_json::json!("840"),
+            &serde_json::json!("25.0%"),
+            &serde_json::json!("200"),
+        ),
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn dashboard_summary_should_default_to_current_china_day() {
+    use axum::{
+        body::Body,
+        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
+    };
+    use chrono::{Duration, Utc};
+    use gateway_admin::model::observability::{
+        AccountPoolMetrics, AttemptMetrics, DashboardObservation, RequestMetrics, TimeRange,
+        china_day_start,
+    };
+    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
+    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
+
+    use crate::admin::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
+
+    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
+    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    *fixture
+        .dashboard_observation
+        .lock()
+        .expect("dashboard observation") = Some(DashboardObservation {
+        range: TimeRange::new(now - Duration::hours(1), now).expect("dashboard range"),
+        requests: RequestMetrics::default(),
+        attempts: AttemptMetrics::default(),
+        totals: Default::default(),
+        provider_accounts: AccountPoolMetrics::default(),
+        trend: Vec::new(),
+        account_usage: Vec::new(),
+        recent_requests: Vec::new(),
+    });
+
+    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
+        .with_state(fixture.state())
+        .oneshot(
+            Request::builder()
+                .uri("/api/admin/dashboard/summary")
+                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
+                .header("x-request-id", "req_dashboard_today_range")
+                .body(Body::empty())
+                .expect("dashboard request"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("dashboard response");
+    let range = fixture
+        .dashboard_summary_range
+        .lock()
+        .expect("dashboard summary range")
+        .take()
+        .expect("recorded dashboard summary range");
+
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    assert_eq!(range.start, china_day_start(range.end));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn usage_detail_should_keep_attempt_snapshot_contract() {
+    use axum::{
+        body::{Body, to_bytes},
+        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
+    };
+    use chrono::Utc;
+    use gateway_admin::model::observability::{UsageAttempt, UsageDetail};
+    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
+    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
+
+    use crate::admin::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
+
+    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
+    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
+    let now = Utc::now();
+    fixture
+        .usage_detail
+        .lock()
+        .expect("usage detail")
+        .replace(UsageDetail {
+            request: usage_record_with_account(
+                "req_detail",
+                "acct_snap_a",
+                "Snapshot Alpha",
+                "alpha@example.invalid",
+                "oauth",
+                now,
+            ),
+            attempts: vec![UsageAttempt {
+                source: "ops_event".to_owned(),
+                id: "ops_detail".to_owned(),
+                attempt_index: 1,
+                component: "routing".to_owned(),
+                operation: "fallback".to_owned(),
+                provider_kind: Some("openai".to_owned()),
+                provider_account_ref: Some("acct_snap_b".to_owned()),
+                provider_account_name: Some("Snapshot Beta".to_owned()),
+                provider_account_email: Some("beta@example.invalid".to_owned()),
+                provider_account_authentication_kind: Some("api_key".to_owned()),
+                upstream_model_id: Some("upstream-b".to_owned()),
+                upstream_transport: Some("http_sse".to_owned()),
+                upstream_send_state: Some("sent".to_owned()),
+                outcome: gateway_admin::model::observability::RequestOutcome::Failed,
+                downstream_committed: false,
+                status_code: Some(429),
+                provider_error_code: Some("rate_limit".to_owned()),
+                failure_kind: Some("rate_limited".to_owned()),
+                retry_after_ms: Some(1_000),
+                upstream_request_id: None,
+                latency_ms: Some(120),
+                message: Some("limited".to_owned()),
+                input_tokens: None,
+                output_tokens: None,
+                cached_tokens: None,
+                cache_write_tokens: None,
+                reasoning_tokens: None,
+                total_tokens: None,
+                cost_source: Some("unavailable".to_owned()),
+                cost_amount: None,
+                cost_currency: None,
+                occurred_at: now,
+            }],
+        });
+    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
+        .with_state(fixture.state())
+        .oneshot(
+            Request::builder()
+                .uri("/api/admin/usage/records/detail?id=req_detail")
+                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
+                .header("x-request-id", "req_usage_detail_snapshot")
+                .body(Body::empty())
+                .expect("usage detail request"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("usage detail response");
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let body = to_bytes(response.into_body(), 1024 * 1024)
+        .await
+        .expect("usage detail body");
+    let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).expect("usage detail JSON");
+    assert_eq!(
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "accountId": value["data"]["accountId"],
+            "accountName": value["data"]["accountName"],
+            "accountEmail": value["data"]["accountEmail"],
+            "authenticationKind": value["data"]["authenticationKind"],
+            "attemptCredentialName": value["data"]["attempts"][0]["credentialName"],
+            "attemptAccountId": value["data"]["attempts"][0]["accountId"],
+            "attemptAccountName": value["data"]["attempts"][0]["accountName"],
+            "attemptAccountEmail": value["data"]["attempts"][0]["accountEmail"],
+            "attemptAuthenticationKind": value["data"]["attempts"][0]["authenticationKind"],
+        }),
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "accountId": "acct_snap_a",
+            "accountName": "Snapshot Alpha",
+            "accountEmail": "alpha@example.invalid",
+            "authenticationKind": "oauth",
+            "attemptCredentialName": "Snapshot Beta",
+            "attemptAccountId": "acct_snap_b",
+            "attemptAccountName": "Snapshot Beta",
+            "attemptAccountEmail": "beta@example.invalid",
+            "attemptAuthenticationKind": "api_key",
+        })
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn ops_errors_should_keep_account_label_and_authentication_contract() {
+    use axum::{
+        body::{Body, to_bytes},
+        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
+    };
+    use chrono::Utc;
+    use gateway_admin::model::observability::OpsError;
+    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
+    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
+
+    use crate::admin::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
+
+    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
+    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
+    fixture
+        .ops_errors
+        .lock()
+        .expect("ops errors")
+        .push(OpsError {
+            source: "model_request".to_owned(),
+            event_id: "err_snapshot".to_owned(),
+            request_id: Some("req_err".to_owned()),
+            attempt_index: Some(1),
+            client_api_key_ref: Some("key_err".to_owned()),
+            component: "model_request".to_owned(),
+            operation: "responses".to_owned(),
+            endpoint: Some("/v1/responses".to_owned()),
+            provider_kind: Some("openai".to_owned()),
+            provider_account_ref: Some("acct_err".to_owned()),
+            provider_account_name: None,
+            provider_account_email: Some("err@example.invalid".to_owned()),
+            provider_account_authentication_kind: Some("api_key".to_owned()),
+            upstream_model_id: Some("upstream-err".to_owned()),
+            upstream_transport: Some("http_sse".to_owned()),
+            failure_kind: "upstream_error".to_owned(),
+            client_status_code: Some(502),
+            upstream_status_code: Some(502),
+            provider_error_code: Some("upstream".to_owned()),
+            client_response_id: None,
+            upstream_request_id: None,
+            latency_ms: Some(90),
+            message: "snapshot error".to_owned(),
+            occurrence_count: 1,
+            occurred_at: Utc::now(),
+            stable_sort_id: "model_request:req_err".to_owned(),
+        });
+    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
+        .with_state(fixture.state())
+        .oneshot(
+            Request::builder()
+                .uri("/api/admin/operations/errors")
+                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
+                .header("x-request-id", "req_ops_errors_snapshot")
+                .body(Body::empty())
+                .expect("ops errors request"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("ops errors response");
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let body = to_bytes(response.into_body(), 1024 * 1024)
+        .await
+        .expect("ops errors body");
+    let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).expect("ops errors JSON");
+    assert_eq!(
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "provider": value["data"]["items"][0]["provider"],
+            "authenticationKind": value["data"]["items"][0]["authenticationKind"],
+            "kind": value["data"]["items"][0]["kind"],
+            "accountId": value["data"]["items"][0]["accountId"],
+            "accountLabel": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["accountLabel"],
+            "clientStatusCode": value["data"]["items"][0]["clientStatusCode"],
+            "route": value["data"]["items"][0]["route"],
+        }),
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "provider": "openai",
+            "authenticationKind": "api_key",
+            "kind": "model_request",
+            "accountId": "acct_err",
+            "accountLabel": "err@example.invalid",
+            "clientStatusCode": 502,
+            "route": "/v1/responses",
+        })
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn diagnostics_should_keep_stable_key_and_display_name_contract() {
+    use axum::{
+        body::{Body, to_bytes},
+        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
+    };
+    use gateway_admin::model::observability::{CostCoverage, DiagnosticObservation};
+    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
+    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
+
+    use crate::admin::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
+
+    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
+    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
+    fixture
+        .diagnostics
+        .lock()
+        .expect("diagnostics")
+        .push(DiagnosticObservation {
+            key: "acct_diag".to_owned(),
+            name: "diag@example.invalid".to_owned(),
+            request_count: 2,
+            success_count: 2,
+            failure_count: 0,
+            attempt_count: 2,
+            total_tokens: 200,
+            average_latency_ms: Some(100),
+            latency_p95_ms: Some(3800),
+            cost_coverage: CostCoverage::default(),
+            costs: Vec::new(),
+        });
+    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
+        .with_state(fixture.state())
+        .oneshot(
+            Request::builder()
+                .uri("/api/admin/usage/insights/diagnostics?dimension=account")
+                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
+                .header("x-request-id", "req_diagnostics_snapshot")
+                .body(Body::empty())
+                .expect("diagnostics request"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("diagnostics response");
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let body = to_bytes(response.into_body(), 1024 * 1024)
+        .await
+        .expect("diagnostics body");
+    let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).expect("diagnostics JSON");
+    assert_eq!(
+        (
+            &value["data"]["items"][0]["key"],
+            &value["data"]["items"][0]["name"],
+            &value["data"]["items"][0]["latencyP95Ms"],
+            &value["data"]["dimension"],
+        ),
+        (
+            &serde_json::json!("acct_diag"),
+            &serde_json::json!("diag@example.invalid"),
+            &serde_json::json!(3800),
+            &serde_json::json!("account"),
+        )
+    );
+}
+
+fn usage_record_with_account(
+    id: &str,
+    account_id: &str,
+    name: &str,
+    email: &str,
+    authentication_kind: &str,
+    started_at: chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>,
+) -> gateway_admin::model::observability::UsageRecord {
+    use gateway_admin::model::observability::{RequestOutcome, UsageRecord};
+
+    UsageRecord {
+        id: id.to_owned(),
+        client_api_key_ref: "key_detail".to_owned(),
+        config_revision: 1,
+        protocol: "openai".to_owned(),
+        operation: "responses".to_owned(),
+        endpoint: "/v1/responses".to_owned(),
+        client_transport: "http_sse".to_owned(),
+        requested_model_id: "coding".to_owned(),
+        provider_kind: Some("openai".to_owned()),
+        provider_account_ref: Some(account_id.to_owned()),
+        provider_account_name: Some(name.to_owned()),
+        provider_account_email: Some(email.to_owned()),
+        provider_account_authentication_kind: Some(authentication_kind.to_owned()),
+        upstream_model_id: Some("upstream-model".to_owned()),
+        upstream_transport: Some("http_sse".to_owned()),
+        http_version: Some("h2".to_owned()),
+        websocket_pool: None,
+        service_tier: None,
+        provider_metadata_json: None,
+        attempt_count: 1,
+        upstream_send_state: "sent".to_owned(),
+        downstream_committed_at: Some(started_at),
+        outcome: RequestOutcome::Succeeded,
+        client_status_code: Some(200),
+        upstream_status_code: Some(200),
+        client_response_id: None,
+        upstream_request_id: None,
+        upstream_response_id: None,
+        error_kind: None,
+        provider_error_code: None,
+        error_message: None,
+        retry_after_ms: None,
+        input_tokens: Some(1),
+        output_tokens: Some(1),
+        cached_tokens: Some(0),
+        cache_write_tokens: Some(0),
+        reasoning_tokens: Some(0),
+        image_input_tokens: Some(0),
+        image_output_tokens: Some(0),
+        total_tokens: Some(2),
+        cost_source: "unavailable".to_owned(),
+        cost_amount: None,
+        cost_currency: None,
+        billing: None,
+        transport_decision_wait_ms: None,
+        connect_ms: None,
+        headers_ms: None,
+        first_event_ms: None,
+        first_reasoning_ms: None,
+        first_text_ms: None,
+        first_token_ms: None,
+        provider_processing_ms: None,
+        latency_ms: None,
+        client_ip: None,
+        user_agent: None,
+        reasoning_effort: None,
+        reasoning_preset: None,
+        request_kind: None,
+        subagent_kind: None,
+        compact: false,
+        image_generation_requested: false,
+        image_generation_succeeded: None,
+        started_at,
+        deadline_at: started_at + chrono::Duration::seconds(30),
+        completed_at: Some(started_at),
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn usage_route_should_forward_a_bounded_unknown_outcome_filter() {
+    use axum::{
+        body::Body,
+        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
+    };
+    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
+    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
+
+    use crate::admin::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
+
+    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
+    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
+    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
+        .with_state(fixture.state())
+        .oneshot(
+            Request::builder()
+                .uri("/api/admin/usage/records?outcome=provider_future_state")
+                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
+                .header("x-request-id", "req_usage_other_outcome")
+                .body(Body::empty())
+                .expect("usage request"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("usage response");
+
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn usage_route_should_expose_image_and_websocket_facts() {
+    use std::str::FromStr as _;
+
+    use axum::{
+        body::{Body, to_bytes},
+        http::{Request, StatusCode, header},
+    };
+    use chrono::Utc;
+    use gateway_admin::model::observability::{
+        CalculatedBillingBreakdown, CurrencyCost, DecimalAmount, RequestOutcome, UsageBilling,
+        UsageRecord,
+    };
+    use gateway_api::admin::observability;
+    use tower::ServiceExt as _;
+
+    use crate::admin::{AdminTestFixture, AdminTestState};
+
+    let fixture = AdminTestFixture::new().await;
+    fixture.auth.insert_session("valid-session");
+    let usd = |amount: &str| CurrencyCost {
+        currency: "USD".to_owned(),
+        amount: DecimalAmount::from_str(amount).expect("USD amount"),
+    };
+    fixture
+        .usage_records
+        .lock()
+        .expect("usage records")
+        .push(UsageRecord {
+            id: "request_endpoint".to_owned(),
+            client_api_key_ref: "key_endpoint".to_owned(),
+            config_revision: 1,
+            protocol: "openai".to_owned(),
+            operation: "generate".to_owned(),
+            endpoint: "/v1/responses".to_owned(),
+            client_transport: "http_sse".to_owned(),
+            requested_model_id: "grok-4.5".to_owned(),
+            provider_kind: Some("xai".to_owned()),
+            provider_account_ref: Some("acct_snapshot".to_owned()),
+            provider_account_name: Some("Snapshot Alpha".to_owned()),
+            provider_account_email: Some("alpha@example.invalid".to_owned()),
+            provider_account_authentication_kind: Some("oauth".to_owned()),
+            upstream_model_id: Some("grok-4.5".to_owned()),
+            upstream_transport: Some("http_sse".to_owned()),
+            http_version: Some("h2".to_owned()),
+            websocket_pool: Some("reuse".to_owned()),
+            service_tier: Some("priority".to_owned()),
+            provider_metadata_json: Some(
+                serde_json::json!({
+                    "effectiveModel": "grok-4.5",
+                    "requestSummary": {"inputItemsCount": 2},
+                    "transport": "must-not-overwrite-core",
+                })
+                .to_string(),
+            ),
+            attempt_count: 1,
+            upstream_send_state: "sent".to_owned(),
+            downstream_committed_at: None,
+            outcome: RequestOutcome::Succeeded,
+            client_status_code: Some(200),
+            upstream_status_code: Some(200),
+            client_response_id: Some("resp_usage_metadata".to_owned()),
+            upstream_request_id: Some("upstream_usage_metadata".to_owned()),
+            upstream_response_id: None,
+            error_kind: None,
+            provider_error_code: None,
+            error_message: None,
+            retry_after_ms: None,
+            input_tokens: Some(1),
+            output_tokens: Some(1),
+            cached_tokens: Some(0),
+            cache_write_tokens: Some(0),
+            reasoning_tokens: Some(0),
+            image_input_tokens: Some(31),
+            image_output_tokens: Some(9),
+            total_tokens: Some(2),
+            cost_source: "unavailable".to_owned(),
+            cost_amount: None,
+            cost_currency: None,
+            billing: Some(UsageBilling::Calculated(Box::new(
+                CalculatedBillingBreakdown {
+                    input_amount: usd("0.03"),
+                    output_amount: usd("0.07"),
+                    cache_read_amount: usd("0.00"),
+                    cache_write_amount: usd("0.00"),
+                    standard_amount: usd("0.10"),
+                    total_amount: usd("0.10"),
+                    input_price_per_million: usd("10.0000"),
+                    output_price_per_million: usd("60.0000"),
+                    cache_read_price_per_million: usd("1.0000"),
+                    cache_write_price_per_million: usd("12.5000"),
+                    service_tier: Some("priority".to_owned()),
+                    multiplier_percent: 100,
+                },
+            ))),
+            transport_decision_wait_ms: Some(7),
+            connect_ms: Some(11),
+            headers_ms: Some(13),
+            first_event_ms: Some(17),
+            first_reasoning_ms: Some(19),
+            first_text_ms: Some(23),
+            first_token_ms: Some(19),
+            provider_processing_ms: Some(29),
+            latency_ms: Some(31),
+            client_ip: Some("127.0.0.1".to_owned()),
+            user_agent: Some("usage-metadata-test".to_owned()),
+            reasoning_effort: Some("max".to_owned()),
+            reasoning_preset: Some("ultra".to_owned()),
+            request_kind: Some("review".to_owned()),
+            subagent_kind: Some("worker".to_owned()),
+            compact: true,
+            image_generation_requested: true,
+            image_generation_succeeded: Some(true),
+            started_at: Utc::now(),
+            deadline_at: Utc::now(),
+            completed_at: Some(Utc::now()),
+        });
+    let response = observability::router::<AdminTestState>()
+        .with_state(fixture.state())
+        .oneshot(
+            Request::builder()
+                .uri("/api/admin/usage/records")
+                .header(header::COOKIE, "cpr_admin_session=valid-session")
+                .header("x-request-id", "req_usage_endpoint")
+                .body(Body::empty())
+                .expect("usage request"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("usage response");
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let body = to_bytes(response.into_body(), 1024 * 1024)
+        .await
+        .expect("usage response body");
+    let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).expect("usage response JSON");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        value["data"]["items"][0]["billing"]["inputPriceDisplay"],
+        "$10 / 1M Token"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        value["data"]["items"][0]["billing"]["outputPriceDisplay"],
+        "$60 / 1M Token"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        value["data"]["items"][0]["billing"]["cacheWritePriceDisplay"],
+        "$12.5 / 1M Token"
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "route": value["data"]["items"][0]["route"],
+            "serviceTier": value["data"]["items"][0]["serviceTier"],
+            "accountId": value["data"]["items"][0]["accountId"],
+            "accountName": value["data"]["items"][0]["accountName"],
+            "accountEmail": value["data"]["items"][0]["accountEmail"],
+            "authenticationKind": value["data"]["items"][0]["authenticationKind"],
+            "imageInputTokens": value["data"]["items"][0]["tokenDetails"]["imageInputTokens"],
+            "imageOutputTokens": value["data"]["items"][0]["tokenDetails"]["imageOutputTokens"],
+            "websocketPool": value["data"]["items"][0]["websocketPool"],
+            "imageGenerationRequested": value["data"]["items"][0]["imageGenerationRequested"],
+            "imageGenerationSucceeded": value["data"]["items"][0]["imageGenerationSucceeded"],
+            "requestedModel": value["data"]["items"][0]["requestedModel"],
+            "upstreamModel": value["data"]["items"][0]["upstreamModel"],
+            "clientIp": value["data"]["items"][0]["clientIp"],
+            "userAgent": value["data"]["items"][0]["userAgent"],
+            "reasoningEffort": value["data"]["items"][0]["reasoningEffort"],
+            "reasoningPreset": value["data"]["items"][0]["reasoningPreset"],
+            "requestKind": value["data"]["items"][0]["requestKind"],
+            "subagentKind": value["data"]["items"][0]["subagentKind"],
+            "compact": value["data"]["items"][0]["compact"],
+            "transport": value["data"]["items"][0]["transport"],
+            "transportDecisionWaitMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["latencyDetails"]["transportDecisionWaitMs"],
+            "wsConnectMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["latencyDetails"]["wsConnectMs"],
+            "firstReasoningMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["latencyDetails"]["firstReasoningMs"],
+            "firstTextMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["latencyDetails"]["firstTextMs"],
+            "firstTokenMs": value["data"]["items"][0]["latencyDetails"]["firstTokenMs"],
+            "effectiveModel": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["effectiveModel"],
+            "requestSummary": value["data"]["items"][0]["metadata"]["requestSummary"],
+        }),
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "route": "/v1/responses",
+            "serviceTier": "priority",
+            "accountId": "acct_snapshot",
+            "accountName": "Snapshot Alpha",
+            "accountEmail": "alpha@example.invalid",
+            "authenticationKind": "oauth",
+            "imageInputTokens": 31,
+            "imageOutputTokens": 9,
+            "websocketPool": {"kind": "reuse"},
+            "imageGenerationRequested": true,
+            "imageGenerationSucceeded": true,
+            "requestedModel": "grok-4.5",
+            "upstreamModel": "grok-4.5",
+            "clientIp": "127.0.0.1",
+            "userAgent": "usage-metadata-test",
+            "reasoningEffort": "max",
+            "reasoningPreset": "ultra",
+            "requestKind": "review",
+            "subagentKind": "worker",
+            "compact": true,
+            "transport": "http_sse",
+            "transportDecisionWaitMs": 7,
+            "wsConnectMs": 11,
+            "firstReasoningMs": 19,
+            "firstTextMs": 23,
+            "firstTokenMs": 19,
+            "effectiveModel": "grok-4.5",
+            "requestSummary": {"inputItemsCount": 2},
+        })
+    );
+}

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/admin/settings.rs

@@ -62,6 +62,123 @@ fn settings_request_should_reject_unknown_rotation_strategy() {
     assert_eq!(request.validate().unwrap_err().field(), "rotationStrategy");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn settings_response_should_cover_the_full_runtime_settings_contract() {
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+    use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};
+    use gateway_admin::model::Revision;
+    use gateway_admin::model::settings::RuntimeSettings;
+    use gateway_api::admin::settings::RuntimeSettingsView;
+    use gateway_core::engine::credential::RotationStrategy;
+    use gateway_core::routing::{PublicModelId, UpstreamModelId};
+
+    let settings = RuntimeSettings {
+        config_revision: Revision::new(7).expect("revision"),
+        model_mappings: BTreeMap::from_iter([
+            (
+                PublicModelId::new("gpt-5.4").expect("public model"),
+                UpstreamModelId::new("gpt-5.5").expect("upstream model"),
+            ),
+            (
+                PublicModelId::new("grok-latest").expect("public model"),
+                UpstreamModelId::new("grok-4.5").expect("upstream model"),
+            ),
+        ]),
+        refresh_margin_seconds: 1800,
+        refresh_concurrency: 4,
+        max_concurrent_per_account: 5,
+        request_interval_ms: 25,
+        rotation_strategy: RotationStrategy::RoundRobin,
+        usage_retention_days: 32,
+        ops_event_retention_days: 31,
+        audit_retention_days: 91,
+        updated_at: Utc
+            .with_ymd_and_hms(2026, 8, 2, 10, 30, 0)
+            .single()
+            .expect("timestamp"),
+    };
+
+    let value = serde_json::to_value(RuntimeSettingsView::from(settings)).expect("serialize view");
+    assert_eq!(
+        value,
+        json!({
+            "modelMappings": {
+                "gpt-5.4": "gpt-5.5",
+                "grok-latest": "grok-4.5"
+            },
+            "refreshMarginSeconds": 1800,
+            "refreshConcurrency": 4,
+            "maxConcurrentPerAccount": 5,
+            "requestIntervalMs": 25,
+            "rotationStrategy": "round_robin",
+            "usageRetentionDays": 32,
+            "opsEventRetentionDays": 31,
+            "auditRetentionDays": 91,
+            "updatedAt": "2026-08-02T10:30:00Z"
+        })
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn settings_request_and_response_fields_should_stay_in_lockstep() {
+    use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+
+    use gateway_admin::model::Revision;
+    use gateway_admin::model::settings::RuntimeSettings;
+    use gateway_api::admin::settings::RuntimeSettingsView;
+    use gateway_core::engine::credential::RotationStrategy;
+    use gateway_core::routing::{PublicModelId, UpstreamModelId};
+
+    let request: UpdateRuntimeSettingsRequest =
+        serde_json::from_value(update_body()).expect("decode settings");
+    request.validate().expect("fixture settings must validate");
+
+    let request_fields: BTreeSet<String> = update_body()
+        .as_object()
+        .expect("request body object")
+        .keys()
+        .cloned()
+        .collect();
+    let settings = RuntimeSettings {
+        config_revision: Revision::new(7).expect("revision"),
+        model_mappings: request
+            .model_mappings
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(public, upstream)| {
+                Ok((
+                    PublicModelId::new(public.clone())?,
+                    UpstreamModelId::new(upstream.clone())?,
+                ))
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<BTreeMap<_, _>, gateway_core::error::IdentifierError>>()
+            .expect("valid model mappings"),
+        refresh_margin_seconds: request.refresh_margin_seconds,
+        refresh_concurrency: u32::try_from(request.refresh_concurrency).expect("u32"),
+        max_concurrent_per_account: u32::try_from(request.max_concurrent_per_account).expect("u32"),
+        request_interval_ms: request.request_interval_ms,
+        rotation_strategy: RotationStrategy::parse(&request.rotation_strategy)
+            .expect("fixture rotation strategy"),
+        usage_retention_days: u32::try_from(request.usage_retention_days).expect("u32"),
+        ops_event_retention_days: u32::try_from(request.ops_event_retention_days).expect("u32"),
+        audit_retention_days: u32::try_from(request.audit_retention_days).expect("u32"),
+        updated_at: chrono::Utc::now(),
+    };
+
+    let response_fields: BTreeSet<String> =
+        serde_json::to_value(RuntimeSettingsView::from(settings))
+            .expect("serialize view")
+            .as_object()
+            .expect("view object")
+            .keys()
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
+    let mut expected_fields = request_fields;
+    expected_fields.insert("updatedAt".to_owned());
+
+    assert_eq!(response_fields, expected_fields);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn settings_request_should_reject_unknown_revision_field() {
     let mut body = update_body();

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/architecture.rs

@@ -35,9 +35,15 @@ fn source_tree_should_match_frozen_machine_manifest() {
     let mut expected = vec![
         "src/admin/accounts.rs",
         "src/admin/auth.rs",
+        "src/admin/backups.rs",
         "src/admin/client_keys.rs",
         "src/admin/mod.rs",
-        "src/admin/observability.rs",
+        "src/admin/observability/mod.rs",
+        "src/admin/observability/presenter.rs",
+        "src/admin/observability/query.rs",
+        "src/admin/observability/routes.rs",
+        "src/admin/observability/wire.rs",
+        "src/admin/presenter.rs",
         "src/admin/settings.rs",
         "src/admin/system.rs",
         "src/admin/wire.rs",
@@ -71,7 +77,9 @@ fn test_tree_should_match_frozen_rust_mirror() {
         "tests/admin/auth.rs",
         "tests/admin/client_keys.rs",
         "tests/admin/mod.rs",
-        "tests/admin/observability.rs",
+        "tests/admin/observability/mod.rs",
+        "tests/admin/observability/query.rs",
+        "tests/admin/observability/response.rs",
         "tests/admin/settings.rs",
         "tests/admin/system.rs",
         "tests/admin/wire.rs",

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/openai/error.rs

@@ -58,6 +58,30 @@ fn no_available_provider_error_should_map_to_service_unavailable() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn account_capacity_error_should_map_to_service_unavailable() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        gateway_error_contract(GatewayErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable),
+        (
+            StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
+            "server_error",
+            "account_capacity_unavailable",
+        )
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn provider_infrastructure_error_should_map_to_service_unavailable() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        gateway_error_contract(GatewayErrorKind::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable),
+        (
+            StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
+            "server_error",
+            "provider_infrastructure_unavailable",
+        )
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn rate_limited_error_should_map_to_openai_retryable_status() {
     assert_eq!(
@@ -122,30 +146,32 @@ fn engine_provider_error_should_preserve_retry_classification() {
 #[test]
 fn local_provider_capacity_exhaustion_should_map_to_service_unavailable() {
     let error = EngineError::Provider(ProviderError::new(
-        ProviderErrorKind::Unavailable,
+        ProviderErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable,
         UpstreamSendState::NotSent,
     ));
 
     assert_eq!(
         gateway_error_from_engine(&error),
         GatewayError::new(
-            GatewayErrorKind::NoAvailableProvider,
-            "no upstream provider is currently available for this request"
+            GatewayErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable,
+            "all eligible upstream accounts are temporarily busy"
         )
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn local_provider_capacity_exhaustion_should_preserve_safe_provider_detail() {
+fn no_eligible_provider_account_should_preserve_safe_provider_detail() {
     let detail = ClientVisibleUpstreamError::new(
         "no account is eligible for the requested model",
         Some("no_eligible_account".to_owned()),
         Some("account_unavailable_error".to_owned()),
-    )
-    .expect("safe provider detail");
+    );
     let error = EngineError::Provider(
-        ProviderError::new(ProviderErrorKind::Unavailable, UpstreamSendState::NotSent)
-            .with_client_visible_upstream_error(detail),
+        ProviderError::new(
+            ProviderErrorKind::NoEligibleAccount,
+            UpstreamSendState::NotSent,
+        )
+        .with_client_visible_upstream_error(detail),
     );
     let gateway = gateway_error_from_engine(&error);
 
@@ -165,6 +191,22 @@ fn local_provider_capacity_exhaustion_should_preserve_safe_provider_detail() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn provider_infrastructure_failure_should_have_a_distinct_client_contract() {
+    let error = EngineError::Provider(ProviderError::new(
+        ProviderErrorKind::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable,
+        UpstreamSendState::NotSent,
+    ));
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        gateway_error_from_engine(&error),
+        GatewayError::new(
+            GatewayErrorKind::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable,
+            "provider account infrastructure is temporarily unavailable"
+        )
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn no_eligible_provider_account_should_map_to_service_unavailable() {
     let error = EngineError::Provider(ProviderError::new(
@@ -182,16 +224,18 @@ fn no_eligible_provider_account_should_map_to_service_unavailable() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn sent_provider_unavailability_should_remain_bad_gateway() {
-    let error = EngineError::Provider(ProviderError::new(
-        ProviderErrorKind::Unavailable,
-        UpstreamSendState::Sent,
-    ));
+fn provider_unavailability_should_remain_bad_gateway_regardless_of_send_state() {
+    for send_state in [UpstreamSendState::NotSent, UpstreamSendState::Sent] {
+        let error = EngineError::Provider(ProviderError::new(
+            ProviderErrorKind::Unavailable,
+            send_state,
+        ));
 
-    assert_eq!(
-        gateway_error_from_engine(&error).kind(),
-        GatewayErrorKind::UpstreamUnavailable
-    );
+        assert_eq!(
+            gateway_error_from_engine(&error).kind(),
+            GatewayErrorKind::UpstreamUnavailable
+        );
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -327,14 +371,11 @@ fn openai_error_response_should_preserve_only_safe_contract_fields() {
 async fn gateway_error_response_should_expose_only_structured_client_visible_upstream_fields() {
     let error = GatewayError::from_provider(
         &ProviderError::new(ProviderErrorKind::QuotaExhausted, UpstreamSendState::Sent)
-            .with_client_visible_upstream_error(
-                ClientVisibleUpstreamError::new(
-                    "Your Codex quota is exhausted",
-                    Some("quota_exhausted".to_owned()),
-                    Some("rate_limit_error".to_owned()),
-                )
-                .expect("safe structured upstream error"),
-            ),
+            .with_client_visible_upstream_error(ClientVisibleUpstreamError::new(
+                "Your Codex quota is exhausted",
+                Some("quota_exhausted".to_owned()),
+                Some("rate_limit_error".to_owned()),
+            )),
     );
 
     let response = gateway_error_response(&error);

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/openai/responses/http.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ use std::sync::{
 use axum::{
     body::{Body, to_bytes},
     extract::connect_info::ConnectInfo,
-    http::{HeaderMap, Request, StatusCode, header::AUTHORIZATION},
+    http::{
+        HeaderMap, HeaderValue, Request, StatusCode,
+        header::{AUTHORIZATION, CONTENT_TYPE},
+    },
 };
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use futures::future::{BoxFuture, pending};
@@ -18,8 +21,8 @@ use gateway_core::engine::execution::{
 };
 use gateway_core::engine::{CommitRequirement, CoordinatedEvent, EngineError, UpstreamSendState};
 use gateway_core::error::{
-    ClientVisibleUpstreamError, GatewayError, GatewayErrorKind, ProviderError, ProviderErrorKind,
-    SafeUpstreamValue,
+    ClientVisibleUpstreamError, ClientVisibleUpstreamResponse, GatewayError, GatewayErrorKind,
+    ProviderError, ProviderErrorKind,
 };
 use gateway_core::event::{
     ContentItem, ContentKind, GatewayEvent, ProtocolWireEvent, ProviderEvent,
@@ -101,6 +104,8 @@ struct ContextCaptureExecution {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 struct CapturedClientContext {
+    public_model: String,
+    wire_model: Option<String>,
     client_ip: Option<IpAddr>,
     user_agent: Option<String>,
     endpoint: String,
@@ -109,6 +114,7 @@ struct CapturedClientContext {
     client_metadata: Option<Value>,
     protocol_context: Option<Value>,
     prompt_cache_key: Option<String>,
+    previous_response_id: Option<String>,
 }
 
 impl ExecutionService for ContextCaptureExecution {
@@ -124,11 +130,14 @@ impl ExecutionService for ContextCaptureExecution {
     }
 
     fn public_models(&self, _: &AuthenticatedClient) -> Vec<PublicModelId> {
-        Vec::new()
+        ["model-a", "model-b"]
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|model| PublicModelId::new(model).expect("catalog model"))
+            .collect()
     }
 
-    fn contains_public_model(&self, _: &AuthenticatedClient, _: &PublicModelId) -> bool {
-        true
+    fn contains_public_model(&self, _: &AuthenticatedClient, model: &PublicModelId) -> bool {
+        matches!(model.as_str(), "model-a" | "model-b")
     }
 
     fn start(
@@ -136,11 +145,16 @@ impl ExecutionService for ContextCaptureExecution {
         request: StartExecution,
     ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<StartedExecution, GatewayError>> {
         Box::pin(async move {
+            let public_model = request.public_model.as_str().to_owned();
             let operation_kind = request.operation.kind();
             let generation = match &request.operation {
                 Operation::Generate(generation) => Some(generation),
                 _ => None,
             };
+            let wire_model = generation
+                .and_then(|generation| generation.protocol_payload().body().get("model"))
+                .and_then(Value::as_str)
+                .map(ToOwned::to_owned);
             let (client_metadata, protocol_context, prompt_cache_key, input) =
                 generation.map_or((None, None, None, None), |generation| {
                     let payload = generation.protocol_payload();
@@ -152,7 +166,14 @@ impl ExecutionService for ContextCaptureExecution {
                         payload.body().get("input").cloned(),
                     )
                 });
+            let previous_response_id = request
+                .metadata
+                .previous_response_id
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|value| value.as_str().to_owned());
             *self.observed.lock().expect("context capture lock") = Some(CapturedClientContext {
+                public_model,
+                wire_model,
                 client_ip: request.metadata.client_ip,
                 user_agent: request.metadata.user_agent,
                 endpoint: request.metadata.endpoint,
@@ -161,6 +182,7 @@ impl ExecutionService for ContextCaptureExecution {
                 client_metadata,
                 protocol_context,
                 prompt_cache_key,
+                previous_response_id,
             });
             Err(GatewayError::new(
                 GatewayErrorKind::Internal,
@@ -503,14 +525,18 @@ async fn request_context_should_resolve_forwarded_precedence_and_peer_fallback()
     assert_eq!(
         captured_client_context(headers, peer).await,
         CapturedClientContext {
+            public_model: "smart-code".to_owned(),
+            wire_model: Some("smart-code".to_owned()),
             client_ip: Some("198.51.100.1".parse().expect("expected IP")),
             user_agent: Some("Codex-CLI/1.0".to_owned()),
             endpoint: "/v1/responses".to_owned(),
             operation_kind: OperationKind::Generate,
             input: Some(json!("hello")),
             client_metadata: None,
+            // 客户端 User-Agent 仅用于本地展示，不再透传给上游指纹上下文。
             protocol_context: None,
             prompt_cache_key: None,
+            previous_response_id: None,
         }
     );
 
@@ -533,14 +559,58 @@ async fn request_context_should_resolve_forwarded_precedence_and_peer_fallback()
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
-async fn http_request_should_forward_safe_codex_headers_without_projecting_xai_headers() {
+async fn stale_model_catalog_should_not_block_a_new_model_request() {
+    let model = "  gpt-future-codex  ";
+    let captured = captured_http_request(
+        "openai",
+        json!({"model": model, "input": "hello"}),
+        HeaderMap::new(),
+        None,
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    assert_eq!(captured.public_model, model);
+    assert_eq!(captured.wire_model.as_deref(), Some(model));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn http_request_should_pass_opaque_previous_response_id_to_core() {
+    for response_id in [
+        format!("resp_{}", "x".repeat(257)),
+        "resp_control\0opaque".to_owned(),
+        String::new(),
+    ] {
+        let captured = captured_http_request(
+            "openai",
+            json!({
+                "model": "smart-code",
+                "input": "continue",
+                "previous_response_id": response_id.clone()
+            }),
+            HeaderMap::new(),
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            captured.previous_response_id.as_deref(),
+            Some(response_id.as_str())
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn http_request_should_forward_codex_headers_without_projecting_xai_headers() {
     let peer = "192.0.2.10:443".parse().expect("peer address");
     let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
     headers.insert("x-codex-turn-state", "turn-state".parse().expect("header"));
     headers.insert("conversation-id", "conversation-1".parse().expect("header"));
     headers.insert("session-id", "session-1".parse().expect("header"));
     headers.insert("x-grok-turn-idx", "7".parse().expect("header"));
-    headers.insert("x-openai-subagent", "compact".parse().expect("header"));
+    headers.insert(
+        "x-openai-subagent",
+        "future_codex_mode".parse().expect("header"),
+    );
     headers.insert(
         "x-openai-internal-codex-responses-lite",
         "true".parse().expect("header"),
@@ -566,10 +636,33 @@ async fn http_request_should_forward_safe_codex_headers_without_projecting_xai_h
             .client_metadata
             .as_ref()
             .and_then(|metadata| metadata.get("x-openai-subagent")),
-        Some(&json!("compact"))
+        Some(&json!("future_codex_mode"))
     );
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn subagent_header_should_not_replace_non_object_client_metadata() {
+    let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+    headers.insert(
+        "x-openai-subagent",
+        "future_codex_mode".parse().expect("header"),
+    );
+
+    let captured = captured_http_request(
+        "openai",
+        json!({
+            "model": "smart-code",
+            "input": "preserve metadata",
+            "client_metadata": "opaque-client-value"
+        }),
+        headers,
+        None,
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    assert_eq!(captured.client_metadata, Some(json!("opaque-client-value")));
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn xai_private_headers_should_not_enter_openai_request_facts() {
     let peer = "192.0.2.10:443".parse().expect("peer address");
@@ -632,6 +725,43 @@ async fn review_route_should_inject_review_subagent_and_record_its_endpoint() {
     );
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn review_route_should_not_replace_non_object_client_metadata() {
+    let observed = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None));
+    let execution = Arc::new(ContextCaptureExecution {
+        observed: Arc::clone(&observed),
+        client: authenticated_client("sk_context_test"),
+    });
+    let request = Request::post("/v1/responses/review")
+        .header(AUTHORIZATION, "Bearer sk_context_test")
+        .body(Body::from(
+            json!({
+                "model": "smart-code",
+                "input": "review this",
+                "client_metadata": ["opaque", "client", "value"]
+            })
+            .to_string(),
+        ))
+        .expect("review request");
+
+    let response = api_router(execution)
+        .await
+        .oneshot(request)
+        .await
+        .expect("review response");
+    let captured = observed
+        .lock()
+        .expect("review capture lock")
+        .clone()
+        .expect("captured review request");
+
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+    assert_eq!(
+        captured.client_metadata,
+        Some(json!(["opaque", "client", "value"]))
+    );
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn streaming_encodes_first_frame_before_commit_and_http_delivery() {
     let trace = Arc::new(Trace::default());
@@ -653,19 +783,22 @@ async fn streaming_encodes_first_frame_before_commit_and_http_delivery() {
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
-async fn streaming_response_forwards_only_allowlisted_provider_headers() {
+async fn streaming_response_should_append_ordinary_headers_and_skip_unrepresentable_or_sensitive_ones()
+ {
     let trace = Arc::new(Trace::default());
     let headers = vec![
-        ProviderResponseHeader::new(
-            "x-models-etag",
-            SafeUpstreamValue::new("models-v2").expect("etag"),
-        )
-        .expect("safe header"),
+        ProviderResponseHeader::new("x-models-etag", Bytes::from_static(b"models-v2")),
+        ProviderResponseHeader::new("x-future-multi", Bytes::from_static(b"first")),
+        ProviderResponseHeader::new("x-future-multi", Bytes::from_static(b"second")),
+        ProviderResponseHeader::new("x-future-bytes", Bytes::from_static(b"\xffopaque")),
         ProviderResponseHeader::new(
             "authorization",
-            SafeUpstreamValue::new("should-not-cross-boundary").expect("header value"),
-        )
-        .expect("syntactically safe header"),
+            Bytes::from_static(b"should-not-cross-boundary"),
+        ),
+        ProviderResponseHeader::new("connection", Bytes::from_static(b"x-hop-secret")),
+        ProviderResponseHeader::new("x-hop-secret", Bytes::from_static(b"hop-secret")),
+        ProviderResponseHeader::new("content-type", Bytes::from_static(b"application/private")),
+        ProviderResponseHeader::new("bad\0name", Bytes::from_static(b"unrepresentable")),
     ];
     let session = FakeSession::streaming(
         Arc::clone(&trace),
@@ -685,7 +818,29 @@ async fn streaming_response_forwards_only_allowlisted_provider_headers() {
             .and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok()),
         Some("models-v2")
     );
+    assert_eq!(
+        response
+            .headers()
+            .get_all("x-future-multi")
+            .iter()
+            .map(HeaderValue::as_bytes)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec![b"first".as_slice(), b"second".as_slice()]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        response
+            .headers()
+            .get("x-future-bytes")
+            .map(HeaderValue::as_bytes),
+        Some(b"\xffopaque".as_slice())
+    );
     assert!(response.headers().get("authorization").is_none());
+    assert!(response.headers().get("connection").is_none());
+    assert!(response.headers().get("x-hop-secret").is_none());
+    assert_eq!(
+        response.headers().get(CONTENT_TYPE),
+        Some(&HeaderValue::from_static("text/event-stream"))
+    );
     std::mem::forget(response);
 }
 
@@ -801,7 +956,107 @@ async fn streaming_rate_limit_before_first_frame_should_persist_the_returned_429
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
-async fn streaming_postcommit_encode_failure_cancels_without_second_commit() {
+async fn streaming_upstream_http_failure_before_first_frame_should_preserve_raw_response() {
+    let trace = Arc::new(Trace::default());
+    let raw_body = Bytes::from_static(
+        b"{\"error\":{\"message\":\"rate limited\",\"future_field\":{\"kept\":true}},\"top_level\":17}\x00",
+    );
+    let error = ProviderError::new(ProviderErrorKind::RateLimited, UpstreamSendState::Sent)
+        .with_client_visible_upstream_response(
+            ClientVisibleUpstreamResponse::new(
+                429,
+                Some(b"application/problem+json; charset=utf-8".to_vec()),
+                raw_body.clone(),
+            )
+            .with_headers(vec![
+                ProviderResponseHeader::new("retry-after", Bytes::from_static(b"17")),
+                ProviderResponseHeader::new("x-request-id", Bytes::from_static(b"req-failure")),
+                ProviderResponseHeader::new("x-future-error", Bytes::from_static(b"first")),
+                ProviderResponseHeader::new("x-future-error", Bytes::from_static(b"second")),
+                ProviderResponseHeader::new("x-future-bytes", Bytes::from_static(b"\xffopaque")),
+            ]),
+        );
+    let session = FakeSession::streaming(
+        Arc::clone(&trace),
+        vec![NextStep::Error(EngineError::Provider(error))],
+    );
+
+    let response = stream_execution_response(Box::new(session), None).await;
+
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::TOO_MANY_REQUESTS);
+    assert_eq!(
+        response
+            .headers()
+            .get(CONTENT_TYPE)
+            .map(|value| value.as_bytes()),
+        Some(b"application/problem+json; charset=utf-8".as_slice())
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        response
+            .headers()
+            .get("retry-after")
+            .map(|value| value.as_bytes()),
+        Some(b"17".as_slice())
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        response
+            .headers()
+            .get("x-request-id")
+            .map(|value| value.as_bytes()),
+        Some(b"req-failure".as_slice())
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        response
+            .headers()
+            .get_all("x-future-error")
+            .iter()
+            .map(|value| value.as_bytes())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec![b"first".as_slice(), b"second".as_slice()]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        response
+            .headers()
+            .get("x-future-bytes")
+            .map(|value| value.as_bytes()),
+        Some(b"\xffopaque".as_slice())
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        to_bytes(response.into_body(), usize::MAX)
+            .await
+            .expect("read raw error body"),
+        raw_body
+    );
+    assert_eq!(trace.client_statuses(), vec![429]);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn buffered_upstream_http_failure_should_preserve_raw_response() {
+    let trace = Arc::new(Trace::default());
+    let raw_body = Bytes::from_static(b"not-json\xffstill-upstream");
+    let error = ProviderError::new(ProviderErrorKind::Unavailable, UpstreamSendState::Sent)
+        .with_client_visible_upstream_response(ClientVisibleUpstreamResponse::new(
+            503,
+            Some(b"application/octet-stream".to_vec()),
+            raw_body.clone(),
+        ));
+    let session = FakeSession::buffered(Arc::clone(&trace), vec![started(), completed()])
+        .with_collect_error(EngineError::Provider(error));
+
+    let response = collect_execution_response(Box::new(session)).await;
+
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE);
+    assert_eq!(
+        to_bytes(response.into_body(), usize::MAX)
+            .await
+            .expect("read raw error body"),
+        raw_body
+    );
+    assert_eq!(trace.client_statuses(), vec![503]);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn streaming_canonical_identity_change_does_not_interrupt_wire_delivery() {
     let trace = Arc::new(Trace::default());
     let session = FakeSession::streaming(
         Arc::clone(&trace),
@@ -811,7 +1066,7 @@ async fn streaming_postcommit_encode_failure_cancels_without_second_commit() {
                 mismatched_terminal_event(),
                 CommitRequirement::AlreadyCommitted,
             )),
-            NextStep::FinalizeCancelled,
+            NextStep::FinalizeSuccess,
         ],
     );
 
@@ -820,12 +1075,16 @@ async fn streaming_postcommit_encode_failure_cancels_without_second_commit() {
         .await
         .expect("read SSE body");
 
-    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&body).contains("response.failed"));
+    let body = String::from_utf8_lossy(&body);
+    assert!(body.contains("response.completed"));
+    assert!(body.contains("resp_other"));
+    assert!(!body.contains("response.failed"));
+    assert!(body.ends_with("data: [DONE]\n\n"));
     assert_eq!(trace.client_statuses(), vec![200]);
-    assert!(trace.is_cancelled());
+    assert!(!trace.is_cancelled());
     assert_eq!(
         trace.snapshot(),
-        vec!["next_event", "commit", "next_event", "cancel_finalize"]
+        vec!["next_event", "commit", "next_event", "next_end"]
     );
 }
 
@@ -874,6 +1133,38 @@ async fn streaming_success_should_emit_terminal_event_and_done_marker() {
     );
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn streaming_finalized_unknown_wire_should_end_cleanly_without_synthetic_failure() {
+    let trace = Arc::new(Trace::default());
+    let raw = Bytes::from_static(
+        b"event: response.future_terminal\ndata: {\"type\":\"response.future_terminal\",\"opaque\":true}\n\n",
+    );
+    let event = ProviderEvent::wire(
+        ProtocolWireEvent::raw_sse("openai", raw.clone()).expect("raw future event"),
+    );
+    let session = FakeSession::streaming(
+        Arc::clone(&trace),
+        vec![
+            NextStep::Event(delivery_provider(
+                event,
+                CommitRequirement::CommitBeforeDelivery,
+            )),
+            NextStep::FinalizeSuccess,
+        ],
+    );
+
+    let response = stream_execution_response(Box::new(session), None).await;
+    let body = to_bytes(response.into_body(), usize::MAX)
+        .await
+        .expect("read transparent SSE body");
+
+    assert!(body.as_ref().starts_with(raw.as_ref()));
+    assert!(body.as_ref().ends_with(b"data: [DONE]\n\n"));
+    assert!(!String::from_utf8_lossy(&body).contains("response.failed"));
+    assert!(!trace.is_cancelled());
+    assert_eq!(trace.snapshot(), vec!["next_event", "commit", "next_end"]);
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn streaming_completed_event_without_finalized_execution_should_fail_closed() {
     let trace = Arc::new(Trace::default());
@@ -942,14 +1233,11 @@ async fn streaming_empty_terminal_should_emit_failure_done_and_cancel_execution(
 async fn streaming_error_should_emit_client_visible_upstream_details() {
     let trace = Arc::new(Trace::default());
     let error = ProviderError::new(ProviderErrorKind::RateLimited, UpstreamSendState::Sent)
-        .with_client_visible_upstream_error(
-            ClientVisibleUpstreamError::new(
-                "Your Codex quota is exhausted",
-                Some("quota_exhausted".to_owned()),
-                Some("rate_limit_error".to_owned()),
-            )
-            .expect("safe structured upstream error"),
-        );
+        .with_client_visible_upstream_error(ClientVisibleUpstreamError::new(
+            "Your Codex quota is exhausted",
+            Some("quota_exhausted".to_owned()),
+            Some("rate_limit_error".to_owned()),
+        ));
     let session = FakeSession::streaming(
         Arc::clone(&trace),
         vec![
@@ -1055,6 +1343,86 @@ async fn streaming_upstream_wire_failure_should_not_be_rewritten_as_a_gateway_er
     );
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn atomic_uncommitted_upstream_failure_batch_should_be_forwarded_once() {
+    let trace = Arc::new(Trace::default());
+    let raw_created = Bytes::from_static(
+        b"event: response.created\r\ndata: {\"type\":\"response.created\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_atomic_api\",\"model\":\"public-model\",\"status\":\"in_progress\"}}\r\n\r\n",
+    );
+    let raw_failure = Bytes::from_static(
+        b"event: response.failed\r\ndata: {\"type\":\"response.failed\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_atomic_api\",\"status\":\"failed\",\"error\":{\"code\":\"rate_limit_exceeded\",\"message\":\"atomic upstream marker\"}}}\r\n\r\n",
+    );
+    let started_wire = ProviderEvent::canonical_with_wire(
+        vec![started()],
+        ProtocolWireEvent::json_with_raw_sse_metadata(
+            "openai",
+            Some("response.created".to_owned()),
+            json!({
+                "type": "response.created",
+                "response": {
+                    "id": "resp_atomic_api",
+                    "model": "public-model",
+                    "status": "in_progress"
+                }
+            }),
+            raw_created.clone(),
+            None,
+            None,
+        )
+        .expect("valid upstream started wire"),
+    );
+    let failed_wire = ProviderEvent::wire(
+        ProtocolWireEvent::json_with_raw_sse_metadata(
+            "openai",
+            Some("response.failed".to_owned()),
+            json!({
+                "type": "response.failed",
+                "response": {
+                    "id": "resp_atomic_api",
+                    "status": "failed",
+                    "error": {
+                        "code": "rate_limit_exceeded",
+                        "message": "atomic upstream marker"
+                    }
+                }
+            }),
+            raw_failure.clone(),
+            None,
+            None,
+        )
+        .expect("valid upstream failure wire"),
+    );
+    let batch = CoordinatedEvent::try_batch(
+        vec![started_wire, failed_wire],
+        CommitRequirement::CommitBeforeDelivery,
+    )
+    .expect("atomic failure delivery");
+    let session = FakeSession::streaming(
+        Arc::clone(&trace),
+        vec![
+            NextStep::Event(batch),
+            NextStep::Error(EngineError::Provider(ProviderError::new(
+                ProviderErrorKind::RateLimited,
+                UpstreamSendState::Sent,
+            ))),
+        ],
+    );
+
+    let response = stream_execution_response(Box::new(session), None).await;
+    let body = to_bytes(response.into_body(), usize::MAX)
+        .await
+        .expect("read SSE body");
+    let body = String::from_utf8(body.to_vec()).expect("SSE is UTF-8");
+
+    assert_eq!(body.matches("atomic upstream marker").count(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(body.matches("event: response.failed").count(), 1);
+    assert!(body.contains(std::str::from_utf8(&raw_created).expect("created frame")));
+    assert!(body.contains(std::str::from_utf8(&raw_failure).expect("failure frame")));
+    assert!(!body.contains("upstream capacity is temporarily unavailable"));
+    assert!(body.ends_with("data: [DONE]\n\n"));
+    assert_eq!(trace.snapshot(), vec!["next_event", "commit", "next_error"]);
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn streaming_second_commit_request_should_fail_and_finalize_once() {
     let trace = Arc::new(Trace::default());
@@ -1132,13 +1500,10 @@ async fn buffered_response_commits_only_after_complete_json_is_encoded() {
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
-async fn buffered_response_forwards_allowlisted_provider_headers() {
+async fn buffered_response_forwards_long_ordinary_provider_header_values() {
     let trace = Arc::new(Trace::default());
-    let header = ProviderResponseHeader::new(
-        "openai-model",
-        SafeUpstreamValue::new("gpt-5.5-effective").expect("model header"),
-    )
-    .expect("safe header");
+    let model = format!("gpt-{}", "x".repeat(512));
+    let header = ProviderResponseHeader::new("openai-model", Bytes::from(model.clone()));
     let session = FakeSession::buffered(Arc::clone(&trace), vec![started(), completed()])
         .with_response_headers(vec![header]);
 
@@ -1149,7 +1514,7 @@ async fn buffered_response_forwards_allowlisted_provider_headers() {
             .headers()
             .get("openai-model")
             .and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok()),
-        Some("gpt-5.5-effective")
+        Some(model.as_str())
     );
 }
 

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/openai/responses/mod.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ mod http;
 mod websocket;
 
 use axum::http::{HeaderMap, HeaderValue};
+use base64::{Engine as _, engine::general_purpose::STANDARD};
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use gateway_api::openai::responses::{
     ContinuationIntent, DecodedResponsesRequest, OpenAiRequestHeaders, OpenAiResponsesEncoder,
@@ -117,6 +118,28 @@ fn decoder_should_preserve_the_openai_body_and_only_derive_stable_routing_facts(
     assert!(decoded.metadata().store());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn decoder_should_preserve_opaque_client_model_values() {
+    for model in [
+        format!("future-{}", "x".repeat(512)),
+        "future\0model".to_owned(),
+        "  future-model  ".to_owned(),
+    ] {
+        let decoded = generate_request(json!({
+            "model": model.clone(),
+            "input": "hello"
+        }));
+
+        assert_eq!(decoded.metadata().public_model(), model);
+        assert_eq!(
+            openai_wire_body(&decoded)
+                .get("model")
+                .and_then(Value::as_str),
+            Some(model.as_str())
+        );
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn decoder_should_preserve_compaction_trigger_for_the_openai_provider() {
     let decoded = generate_request(json!({
@@ -149,6 +172,21 @@ fn decoder_should_keep_transport_override_out_of_the_openai_wire_body() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn decoder_should_preserve_unrecognized_use_websocket_values() {
+    let decoded = generate_request(json!({
+        "model": "smart-code",
+        "input": "hello",
+        "use_websocket": {"future": "transport-mode"}
+    }));
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        openai_wire_body(&decoded).get("use_websocket"),
+        Some(&json!({"future": "transport-mode"}))
+    );
+    assert!(!openai_protocol_context(&decoded).contains_key("use_websocket"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn decoder_should_preserve_connection_metadata_outside_the_openai_wire_body() {
     let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
@@ -170,10 +208,155 @@ fn decoder_should_preserve_connection_metadata_outside_the_openai_wire_body() {
             ("turn_state".to_owned(), json!("turn-state")),
             ("turn_metadata".to_owned(), json!("{\"kind\":\"review\"}")),
             ("conversation_id".to_owned(), json!("conversation")),
+            (
+                "opaque_request_headers".to_owned(),
+                json!([
+                    ["x-codex-turn-state", STANDARD.encode(b"turn-state")],
+                    [
+                        "x-codex-turn-metadata",
+                        STANDARD.encode(br#"{"kind":"review"}"#)
+                    ],
+                    ["conversation-id", STANDARD.encode(b"conversation")]
+                ]),
+            ),
         ])
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn decoder_should_preserve_ordinary_request_headers_as_opaque_multivalues() {
+    let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+    headers.append(
+        "x-openai-future-mode",
+        HeaderValue::from_static("future-ascii"),
+    );
+    headers.append(
+        "x-openai-future-mode",
+        HeaderValue::from_bytes(b"\x80\xff").expect("opaque header bytes"),
+    );
+    headers.append("version", HeaderValue::from_static("future-v1"));
+    headers.append(
+        "version",
+        HeaderValue::from_bytes(b"future-\x80").expect("opaque known header bytes"),
+    );
+    headers.insert(
+        "accept",
+        HeaderValue::from_static("application/vnd.openai.responses+json"),
+    );
+    headers.insert(
+        "content-type",
+        HeaderValue::from_static("application/vnd.openai.responses.request+json"),
+    );
+    headers.insert(
+        "user-agent",
+        HeaderValue::from_static("Codex future-client"),
+    );
+    headers.insert("originator", HeaderValue::from_static("future-codex"));
+    headers.append(
+        "openai-beta",
+        HeaderValue::from_static("future_responses=v2"),
+    );
+    headers.append("openai-beta", HeaderValue::from_static("future_tools=v3"));
+    headers.insert(
+        "x-openai-internal-codex-residency",
+        HeaderValue::from_static("future-region"),
+    );
+    headers.insert(
+        "x-codex-turn-state",
+        HeaderValue::from_static("same-account-turn"),
+    );
+
+    headers.insert(
+        "connection",
+        HeaderValue::from_static("keep-alive, x-private-hop"),
+    );
+    headers.insert("x-private-hop", HeaderValue::from_static("drop-me"));
+    headers.insert("host", HeaderValue::from_static("downstream.invalid"));
+    headers.insert("content-length", HeaderValue::from_static("999"));
+    headers.insert("authorization", HeaderValue::from_static("Bearer client"));
+    headers.insert("x-api-key", HeaderValue::from_static("client-key"));
+    headers.insert("cookie", HeaderValue::from_static("client=cookie"));
+    headers.insert(
+        "chatgpt-account-id",
+        HeaderValue::from_static("client-account"),
+    );
+    headers.insert(
+        "chatgpt-project-id",
+        HeaderValue::from_static("client-project"),
+    );
+    headers.insert(
+        "x-codex-installation-id",
+        HeaderValue::from_static("client-installation"),
+    );
+    headers.insert(
+        "x-oai-attestation",
+        HeaderValue::from_static("client-attestation"),
+    );
+    headers.insert("x-oai-is", HeaderValue::from_static("client-is"));
+    headers.insert(
+        "x-oai-is-update",
+        HeaderValue::from_static("client-is-update"),
+    );
+
+    let decoded =
+        decode_request_with_headers(br#"{"model":"smart-code","input":"hello"}"#, &headers)
+            .expect("opaque request headers should not affect body decoding");
+    let entries = openai_protocol_context(&decoded)
+        .get("opaque_request_headers")
+        .and_then(Value::as_array)
+        .expect("opaque request header context");
+    let values = |target: &str| {
+        entries
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(Value::as_array)
+            .filter(|entry| entry.first().and_then(Value::as_str) == Some(target))
+            .filter_map(|entry| entry.get(1).and_then(Value::as_str))
+            .map(|encoded| STANDARD.decode(encoded).expect("valid base64 header value"))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        values("x-openai-future-mode"),
+        vec![b"future-ascii".to_vec(), b"\x80\xff".to_vec()]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        values("version"),
+        vec![b"future-v1".to_vec(), b"future-\x80".to_vec()]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        values("openai-beta"),
+        vec![b"future_responses=v2".to_vec(), b"future_tools=v3".to_vec()]
+    );
+    for preserved in [
+        "accept",
+        "content-type",
+        "x-openai-internal-codex-residency",
+        "x-codex-turn-state",
+    ] {
+        assert_eq!(values(preserved).len(), 1, "missing {preserved}");
+    }
+    for excluded in [
+        "connection",
+        "x-private-hop",
+        "host",
+        "content-length",
+        "authorization",
+        "x-api-key",
+        "cookie",
+        "chatgpt-account-id",
+        "chatgpt-project-id",
+        "x-codex-installation-id",
+        // 上游指纹由运行时画像统一生成，客户端不得覆盖。
+        "user-agent",
+        "originator",
+        "x-oai-attestation",
+        "x-oai-is",
+        "x-oai-is-update",
+    ] {
+        assert!(values(excluded).is_empty(), "unexpected {excluded}");
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn decoder_should_preserve_unknown_nested_values_without_debug_disclosure() {
     let secret = "nested-private-value";
@@ -191,25 +374,51 @@ fn decoder_should_preserve_unknown_nested_values_without_debug_disclosure() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn decoder_should_preserve_continuation_and_mark_the_routing_requirement() {
-    let decoded = generate_request(json!({
-        "model": "smart-code",
-        "input": "continue",
-        "previous_response_id": "resp_private_continuation"
-    }));
+fn decoder_should_preserve_unknown_arbitrary_precision_numbers() {
+    let number = "12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890";
+    let body = format!(r#"{{"model":"smart-code","input":"hello","future_number":{number}}}"#);
 
-    assert!(matches!(
-        decoded.metadata().continuation(),
-        ContinuationIntent::PreviousResponseId(value) if value == "resp_private_continuation"
-    ));
-    assert!(
-        decoded
-            .operation()
-            .capability_requirements()
-            .features()
-            .contains(&Feature::NativeContinuation)
-    );
-    assert!(!format!("{decoded:?}").contains("resp_private_continuation"));
+    let decoded = decode_request_with_headers(body.as_bytes(), &HeaderMap::new())
+        .expect("opaque numeric field should decode");
+    let encoded = serde_json::to_string(openai_wire_body(&decoded)).expect("encode request body");
+
+    assert!(encoded.contains(&format!(r#""future_number":{number}"#)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn decoder_should_preserve_opaque_continuation_and_mark_the_routing_requirement() {
+    for response_id in [
+        "resp_private_continuation".to_owned(),
+        format!("resp_{}\0opaque", "x".repeat(257)),
+        String::new(),
+    ] {
+        let decoded = generate_request(json!({
+            "model": "smart-code",
+            "input": "continue",
+            "previous_response_id": response_id.clone()
+        }));
+
+        assert!(matches!(
+            decoded.metadata().continuation(),
+            ContinuationIntent::PreviousResponseId(value) if value == &response_id
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(
+            openai_wire_body(&decoded)
+                .get("previous_response_id")
+                .and_then(Value::as_str),
+            Some(response_id.as_str())
+        );
+        assert!(
+            decoded
+                .operation()
+                .capability_requirements()
+                .features()
+                .contains(&Feature::NativeContinuation)
+        );
+        if !response_id.is_empty() {
+            assert!(!format!("{decoded:?}").contains(&response_id));
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -316,7 +525,7 @@ fn transparent_encoder_should_forward_raw_sse_frames_unknown_events_and_terminal
     let mut encoder = OpenAiResponsesEncoder::new();
     let frames = events
         .iter()
-        .flat_map(|event| encoder.push_sse(event).expect("wire event should encode"))
+        .flat_map(|event| encoder.push_sse(event))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
     let response = encoder.finish().expect("wire response should finish");
     let body = frames
@@ -370,15 +579,11 @@ fn transparent_encoder_should_use_identical_json_for_sse_and_websocket() {
 
     let sse = events
         .iter()
-        .flat_map(|event| sse_encoder.push_sse(event).expect("SSE wire event"))
+        .flat_map(|event| sse_encoder.push_sse(event))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
     let websocket = events
         .iter()
-        .flat_map(|event| {
-            websocket_encoder
-                .push_websocket(event)
-                .expect("WebSocket wire event")
-        })
+        .flat_map(|event| websocket_encoder.push_websocket(event))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
     let sse_text = String::from_utf8(
         sse.iter()
@@ -400,8 +605,40 @@ fn transparent_encoder_should_use_identical_json_for_sse_and_websocket() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn transparent_encoder_should_require_matching_canonical_and_wire_terminals() {
+fn transparent_encoder_should_follow_wire_when_canonical_identity_changes() {
     let mut encoder = OpenAiResponsesEncoder::new();
+    let started = openai_wire_event(
+        vec![GatewayEvent::Started(ResponseMeta::new(
+            "resp_1", "gpt-test",
+        ))],
+        "response.created",
+        json!({"type": "response.created", "response": {"id": "wire_resp_1"}}),
+    );
+    encoder.push_sse(&started);
+    let changed_identity = openai_wire_event(
+        vec![GatewayEvent::Completed(ResponseMeta::new(
+            "resp_2", "gpt-test",
+        ))],
+        "response.completed",
+        json!({"type": "response.completed", "response": {"id": "wire_resp_2"}}),
+    );
+
+    let completed = encoder.push_sse(&changed_identity);
+
+    assert_eq!(completed.len(), 1);
+    assert!(encoder.is_completed());
+    assert_eq!(encoder.response_id(), Some("wire_resp_2"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        encoder
+            .finish()
+            .expect("wire terminal remains authoritative"),
+        json!({"id": "wire_resp_2"})
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn transparent_encoder_should_only_require_wire_terminal_for_buffered_conversion() {
+    let mut missing_terminal = OpenAiResponsesEncoder::new();
     let started = openai_wire_event(
         vec![GatewayEvent::Started(ResponseMeta::new(
             "resp_1", "gpt-test",
@@ -409,24 +646,8 @@ fn transparent_encoder_should_require_matching_canonical_and_wire_terminals() {
         "response.created",
         json!({"type": "response.created", "response": {"id": "resp_1"}}),
     );
-    encoder.push_sse(&started).expect("started event");
-    let changed_identity = openai_wire_event(
-        vec![GatewayEvent::Completed(ResponseMeta::new(
-            "resp_2", "gpt-test",
-        ))],
-        "response.completed",
-        json!({"type": "response.completed", "response": {"id": "resp_2"}}),
-    );
 
-    assert_eq!(
-        encoder
-            .push_sse(&changed_identity)
-            .expect_err("identity changes must fail"),
-        ResponseEncodeError::WireIdentityChanged
-    );
-
-    let mut missing_terminal = OpenAiResponsesEncoder::new();
-    missing_terminal.push_sse(&started).expect("started event");
+    missing_terminal.push_sse(&started);
     assert_eq!(
         missing_terminal
             .finish()

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/openai/responses/websocket.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,35 @@
+use std::sync::{
+    Arc,
+    atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+};
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
+
 use axum::{
     body::Body,
     http::{Request, StatusCode, header::AUTHORIZATION},
 };
+use bytes::Bytes;
+use futures::{SinkExt, StreamExt, future::BoxFuture};
 use gateway_api::openai::responses::ResponseCreateFrameError;
+use gateway_core::engine::execution::{
+    AuthenticatedClient, ClientAuthenticationError, ExecutionService, ExecutionSession,
+    StartExecution, StartedExecution,
+};
+use gateway_core::engine::{CommitRequirement, CoordinatedEvent, EngineError, UpstreamSendState};
+use gateway_core::error::{GatewayError, ProviderError, ProviderErrorKind};
+use gateway_core::event::{
+    GatewayEvent, ProtocolWireEvent, ProviderEvent, ProviderResponseHeader, ResponseMeta,
+};
 use gateway_core::operation::Operation;
-use serde_json::json;
+use gateway_core::routing::PublicModelId;
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+use tokio_tungstenite::connect_async;
+use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::Message as ClientMessage;
+use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::client::IntoClientRequest;
 use tower::ServiceExt;
 
 use super::decode_response_create;
-use crate::openai::{api_router, models::ModelsExecution};
+use crate::openai::{api_router, authenticated_client, models::ModelsExecution};
 
 #[test]
 fn response_create_should_default_to_the_websocket_streaming_contract() {
@@ -148,11 +169,403 @@ fn response_create_should_reject_non_boolean_stream_without_disclosing_body_valu
     assert!(!rendered.contains(opaque_stream_value));
 }
 
-// `serve_responses_websocket`/`forward_execution` 只有拿到 `hyper::upgrade::OnUpgrade`
-// 的真实 HTTP/1.1 升级连接才会运行;本 crate 的依赖图按 axum `ws` feature 编译
-// hyper(无 `http1`),测试进程内不存在能完成升级的服务端,`hyper::upgrade` 也不
-// 提供公开构造器。集成测试因此止步于 upgrade 边界:会话循环内的事件转发、错误帧
-// 与断连取消仍未被覆盖,需要 dev 依赖开启 `http1` 或 socket 泛化后才能落地。
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct AtomicFailureTrace {
+    next_calls: AtomicUsize,
+    committed: AtomicBool,
+    finalized: AtomicBool,
+}
+
+struct AtomicFailureSession {
+    trace: Arc<AtomicFailureTrace>,
+    response_headers: Vec<ProviderResponseHeader>,
+}
+
+impl ExecutionSession for AtomicFailureSession {
+    fn next_event(&mut self) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<Option<CoordinatedEvent>, EngineError>> {
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            match self.trace.next_calls.fetch_add(1, Ordering::AcqRel) {
+                0 => Ok(Some(atomic_failure_batch())),
+                1 => {
+                    self.trace.finalized.store(true, Ordering::Release);
+                    Err(EngineError::Provider(ProviderError::new(
+                        ProviderErrorKind::RateLimited,
+                        UpstreamSendState::Sent,
+                    )))
+                }
+                _ => Ok(None),
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn collect_uncommitted(&mut self) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<Vec<ProviderEvent>, EngineError>> {
+        Box::pin(async { Err(EngineError::InvalidDeliveryState) })
+    }
+
+    fn response_headers(&self) -> &[ProviderResponseHeader] {
+        &self.response_headers
+    }
+
+    fn commit_downstream(&mut self, _: Option<u16>) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<(), EngineError>> {
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            self.trace.committed.store(true, Ordering::Release);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn record_client_status(&mut self, _: u16) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<(), EngineError>> {
+        Box::pin(async { Ok(()) })
+    }
+
+    fn is_finalized(&self) -> bool {
+        self.trace.finalized.load(Ordering::Acquire)
+    }
+
+    fn cancel(&self) {}
+
+    fn detach_finalize(self: Box<Self>) -> BoxFuture<'static, ()> {
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            self.trace.finalized.store(true, Ordering::Release);
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+struct AtomicFailureExecution {
+    client: AuthenticatedClient,
+    trace: Arc<AtomicFailureTrace>,
+    response_headers: Vec<ProviderResponseHeader>,
+}
+
+impl ExecutionService for AtomicFailureExecution {
+    fn authenticate(
+        &self,
+        plaintext: &str,
+    ) -> Result<AuthenticatedClient, ClientAuthenticationError> {
+        (plaintext == "sk_ws_atomic")
+            .then(|| self.client.clone())
+            .ok_or(ClientAuthenticationError::InvalidKey)
+    }
+
+    fn public_models(&self, _: &AuthenticatedClient) -> Vec<PublicModelId> {
+        vec![PublicModelId::new("model-a").expect("public model")]
+    }
+
+    fn contains_public_model(&self, _: &AuthenticatedClient, model: &PublicModelId) -> bool {
+        model.as_str() == "model-a"
+    }
+
+    fn start(
+        &self,
+        request: StartExecution,
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<StartedExecution, GatewayError>> {
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            Ok(StartedExecution {
+                request_id: gateway_core::engine::ModelRequestId::new("req_ws_atomic")
+                    .expect("request id"),
+                created_at: SystemTime::now(),
+                stream: request.metadata.stream,
+                session: Box::new(AtomicFailureSession {
+                    trace: Arc::clone(&self.trace),
+                    response_headers: self.response_headers.clone(),
+                }),
+            })
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn atomic_failure_batch() -> CoordinatedEvent {
+    let started = ProviderEvent::canonical_with_wire(
+        vec![GatewayEvent::Started(ResponseMeta::new(
+            "resp_ws_atomic",
+            "model-a",
+        ))],
+        ProtocolWireEvent::json(
+            "openai",
+            Some("response.created".to_owned()),
+            json!({
+                "type": "response.created",
+                "response": {
+                    "id": "resp_ws_atomic",
+                    "model": "model-a",
+                    "status": "in_progress"
+                }
+            }),
+        )
+        .expect("created wire"),
+    );
+    let failed = ProviderEvent::wire(
+        ProtocolWireEvent::json(
+            "openai",
+            Some("response.failed".to_owned()),
+            json!({
+                "type": "response.failed",
+                "response": {
+                    "id": "resp_ws_atomic",
+                    "status": "failed",
+                    "error": {
+                        "code": "rate_limit_exceeded",
+                        "message": "websocket atomic upstream marker"
+                    }
+                }
+            }),
+        )
+        .expect("failed wire"),
+    );
+    CoordinatedEvent::try_batch(
+        vec![started, failed],
+        CommitRequirement::CommitBeforeDelivery,
+    )
+    .expect("atomic WebSocket batch")
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn websocket_atomic_upstream_failure_batch_should_be_forwarded_once() {
+    let trace = Arc::new(AtomicFailureTrace::default());
+    let execution = Arc::new(AtomicFailureExecution {
+        client: authenticated_client("sk_ws_atomic"),
+        trace: Arc::clone(&trace),
+        response_headers: Vec::new(),
+    });
+    let app = api_router(execution).await;
+    let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0")
+        .await
+        .expect("bind WebSocket test server");
+    let address = listener.local_addr().expect("test server address");
+    let server = tokio::spawn(async move {
+        axum::serve(listener, app)
+            .await
+            .expect("serve WebSocket test router");
+    });
+    let mut request = format!("ws://{address}/v1/responses")
+        .into_client_request()
+        .expect("WebSocket request");
+    request.headers_mut().insert(
+        AUTHORIZATION,
+        "Bearer sk_ws_atomic".parse().expect("authorization"),
+    );
+    let (mut socket, response) = connect_async(request).await.expect("upgrade WebSocket");
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS);
+    socket
+        .send(ClientMessage::Text(
+            json!({
+                "type": "response.create",
+                "model": "model-a",
+                "input": "hello"
+            })
+            .to_string()
+            .into(),
+        ))
+        .await
+        .expect("send response.create");
+
+    let mut messages = Vec::<Value>::new();
+    loop {
+        let message = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(2), socket.next())
+            .await
+            .expect("WebSocket response timeout")
+            .expect("WebSocket remains open")
+            .expect("valid WebSocket frame");
+        let ClientMessage::Text(text) = message else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let value: Value = serde_json::from_str(&text).expect("JSON WebSocket event");
+        let failed = value.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("response.failed");
+        messages.push(value);
+        if failed {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        messages
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|message| message.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("response.failed"))
+            .count(),
+        1
+    );
+    let failed = messages
+        .iter()
+        .find(|message| message.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("response.failed"))
+        .expect("upstream failed event");
+    assert_eq!(
+        failed
+            .pointer("/response/error/message")
+            .and_then(Value::as_str),
+        Some("websocket atomic upstream marker")
+    );
+    assert!(trace.committed.load(Ordering::Acquire));
+    assert_eq!(trace.next_calls.load(Ordering::Acquire), 2);
+    assert!(trace.finalized.load(Ordering::Acquire));
+
+    socket.close(None).await.expect("close WebSocket");
+    server.abort();
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn websocket_response_metadata_should_preserve_ordinary_headers_without_blocking_events() {
+    let trace = Arc::new(AtomicFailureTrace::default());
+    let execution = Arc::new(AtomicFailureExecution {
+        client: authenticated_client("sk_ws_atomic"),
+        trace,
+        response_headers: vec![
+            ProviderResponseHeader::new("x-future-header", Bytes::from_static(b"future-value")),
+            ProviderResponseHeader::new("x-future-multi", Bytes::from_static(b"first")),
+            ProviderResponseHeader::new("x-future-multi", Bytes::from_static(b"second")),
+            ProviderResponseHeader::new("x-future-bytes", Bytes::from_static(b"\xffopaque")),
+            ProviderResponseHeader::new("bad\0name", Bytes::from_static(b"unrepresentable")),
+            ProviderResponseHeader::new(
+                "authorization",
+                Bytes::from_static(b"should-not-cross-boundary"),
+            ),
+            ProviderResponseHeader::new("connection", Bytes::from_static(b"x-private-hop")),
+            ProviderResponseHeader::new("x-private-hop", Bytes::from_static(b"private-hop")),
+            ProviderResponseHeader::new("content-type", Bytes::from_static(b"application/private")),
+            ProviderResponseHeader::new("x-request-id", Bytes::from_static(b"req_upstream")),
+        ],
+    });
+    let app = api_router(execution).await;
+    let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0")
+        .await
+        .expect("bind WebSocket test server");
+    let address = listener.local_addr().expect("test server address");
+    let server = tokio::spawn(async move {
+        axum::serve(listener, app)
+            .await
+            .expect("serve WebSocket test router");
+    });
+    let mut request = format!("ws://{address}/v1/responses")
+        .into_client_request()
+        .expect("WebSocket request");
+    request.headers_mut().insert(
+        AUTHORIZATION,
+        "Bearer sk_ws_atomic".parse().expect("authorization"),
+    );
+    let (mut socket, response) = connect_async(request).await.expect("upgrade WebSocket");
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS);
+    socket
+        .send(ClientMessage::Text(
+            json!({
+                "type": "response.create",
+                "model": "model-a",
+                "input": "hello"
+            })
+            .to_string()
+            .into(),
+        ))
+        .await
+        .expect("send response.create");
+
+    let mut metadata = None;
+    let mut saw_failed = false;
+    while metadata.is_none() || !saw_failed {
+        let message = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(2), socket.next())
+            .await
+            .expect("WebSocket response timeout")
+            .expect("WebSocket remains open")
+            .expect("valid WebSocket frame");
+        let ClientMessage::Text(text) = message else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let value: Value = serde_json::from_str(&text).expect("JSON WebSocket event");
+        match value.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str) {
+            Some("response.metadata") => metadata = Some(value),
+            Some("response.failed") => saw_failed = true,
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    let headers = metadata
+        .as_ref()
+        .and_then(|value| value.get("headers"))
+        .and_then(Value::as_object)
+        .expect("response metadata headers");
+    assert_eq!(headers.get("x-future-header"), Some(&json!("future-value")));
+    // 官方 metadata 是 string map，同名多值只能保持既有的后值覆盖语义。
+    assert_eq!(headers.get("x-future-multi"), Some(&json!("second")));
+    assert_eq!(headers.get("x-request-id"), Some(&json!("req_upstream")));
+    for omitted in [
+        "x-future-bytes",
+        "bad\0name",
+        "authorization",
+        "connection",
+        "x-private-hop",
+        "content-type",
+    ] {
+        assert!(
+            !headers.contains_key(omitted),
+            "unexpected metadata header: {omitted:?}"
+        );
+    }
+    assert!(saw_failed);
+
+    socket.close(None).await.expect("close WebSocket");
+    server.abort();
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn websocket_response_create_should_not_have_a_private_16_mib_frame_limit() {
+    let trace = Arc::new(AtomicFailureTrace::default());
+    let execution = Arc::new(AtomicFailureExecution {
+        client: authenticated_client("sk_ws_atomic"),
+        trace,
+        response_headers: Vec::new(),
+    });
+    let app = api_router(execution).await;
+    let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0")
+        .await
+        .expect("bind WebSocket test server");
+    let address = listener.local_addr().expect("test server address");
+    let server = tokio::spawn(async move {
+        axum::serve(listener, app)
+            .await
+            .expect("serve WebSocket test router");
+    });
+    let mut request = format!("ws://{address}/v1/responses")
+        .into_client_request()
+        .expect("WebSocket request");
+    request.headers_mut().insert(
+        AUTHORIZATION,
+        "Bearer sk_ws_atomic".parse().expect("authorization"),
+    );
+    let (mut socket, response) = connect_async(request).await.expect("upgrade WebSocket");
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS);
+    let payload = json!({
+        "type": "response.create",
+        "model": "model-a",
+        "input": "x".repeat(16 * 1024 * 1024 + 1),
+    })
+    .to_string();
+    assert!(payload.len() > 16 * 1024 * 1024);
+
+    socket
+        .send(ClientMessage::Text(payload.into()))
+        .await
+        .expect("send response.create above the former frame limit");
+
+    let mut saw_upstream_event = false;
+    for _ in 0..3 {
+        let message = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(10), socket.next())
+            .await
+            .expect("WebSocket response timeout")
+            .expect("WebSocket remains open")
+            .expect("valid WebSocket frame");
+        let ClientMessage::Text(text) = message else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let value: Value = serde_json::from_str(&text).expect("JSON WebSocket event");
+        if matches!(
+            value.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str),
+            Some("response.created" | "response.failed")
+        ) {
+            saw_upstream_event = true;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(saw_upstream_event);
+
+    socket.close(None).await.expect("close WebSocket");
+    server.abort();
+}
 
 const TEST_WEBSOCKET_KEY: &str = "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==";
 

backend/crates/gateway-api/tests/openai/router.rs

@@ -1,57 +1,29 @@
 use axum::{
-    Router,
-    body::{Body, Bytes},
-    extract::DefaultBodyLimit,
+    body::Body,
     http::{Method, Request, StatusCode},
-    routing::post,
 };
-use gateway_api::openai::router::MAX_CLIENT_REQUEST_BODY_BYTES;
 use tower::ServiceExt;
 
 use super::api_router_with_origins;
 use super::models::ModelsExecution;
 
-fn body_limit_app() -> Router {
-    Router::new()
-        .route(
-            "/v1/responses",
-            post(|body: Bytes| async move {
-                if body.len() == MAX_CLIENT_REQUEST_BODY_BYTES {
-                    StatusCode::NO_CONTENT
-                } else {
-                    StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR
-                }
-            }),
-        )
-        .layer(DefaultBodyLimit::max(MAX_CLIENT_REQUEST_BODY_BYTES))
-}
+const REMOVED_BODY_LIMIT_BYTES: usize = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
 
 #[tokio::test]
-async fn responses_body_limit_should_accept_exactly_sixteen_mibibytes() {
-    let response = body_limit_app()
+async fn responses_body_should_accept_payload_above_the_removed_private_limit() {
+    let router = api_router_with_origins(ModelsExecution::new(), Vec::new()).await;
+    let response = router
         .oneshot(
             Request::post("/v1/responses")
-                .body(Body::from(vec![b'a'; MAX_CLIENT_REQUEST_BODY_BYTES]))
-                .expect("build exact-limit request"),
+                .body(Body::from(vec![b'a'; REMOVED_BODY_LIMIT_BYTES + 1]))
+                .expect("build request above the removed limit"),
         )
         .await
-        .expect("route exact-limit request");
+        .expect("route request above the removed limit");
 
-    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::NO_CONTENT);
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn responses_body_limit_should_reject_one_byte_over_sixteen_mibibytes() {
-    let response = body_limit_app()
-        .oneshot(
-            Request::post("/v1/responses")
-                .body(Body::from(vec![b'a'; MAX_CLIENT_REQUEST_BODY_BYTES + 1]))
-                .expect("build over-limit request"),
-        )
-        .await
-        .expect("route over-limit request");
-
-    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::PAYLOAD_TOO_LARGE);
+    // The handler sees the body and rejects the missing credentials. A restored body limit
+    // would return 413 before authentication runs.
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED);
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]

backend/crates/gateway-core/Cargo.toml

@@ -17,8 +17,9 @@ bytes = "1.11.1"
 futures = "0.3.32"
 futures-timer = "3.0.3"
 serde = { version = "1.0.228", features = ["derive"] }
-serde_json = { version = "1.0.150", features = ["preserve_order"] }
+serde_json = { version = "1.0.150", features = ["arbitrary_precision", "preserve_order"] }
 thiserror = "2.0.18"
+tracing = "0.1.44"
 uuid = { version = "1.23.3", features = ["v7"] }
 
 [lints]

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/accounting/mod.rs

@@ -39,6 +39,30 @@ impl Decimal {
             .filter(|value| *value <= MAX_SCALED_DECIMAL)
             .map(Self)
     }
+
+    /// 除以非零整数，保留最多十位小数。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn checked_div_u64(self, divisor: u64) -> Option<Self> {
+        let divisor = u128::from(divisor);
+        (divisor != 0)
+            .then(|| self.0.checked_div(divisor))
+            .flatten()
+            .and_then(|value| Self::from_scaled(value).ok())
+    }
+
+    /// 去尾零的 canonical 字符串，用于 wire 序列化。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn canonical(self) -> String {
+        let integer = self.0 / DECIMAL_SCALE;
+        let fraction = self.0 % DECIMAL_SCALE;
+        if fraction == 0 {
+            integer.to_string()
+        } else {
+            let fraction = format!("{fraction:010}");
+            let trimmed = fraction.trim_end_matches('0');
+            format!("{integer}.{trimmed}")
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl FromStr for Decimal {

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/engine/continuation.rs

@@ -8,24 +8,21 @@ use std::fmt;
 use futures::future::BoxFuture;
 
 use crate::engine::credential::ProviderAccountId;
-use crate::error::{IdentifierError, SafeUpstreamValue, validate_text};
 use crate::operation::ProviderSessionState;
 use crate::routing::ProviderKind;
 
-/// 客户端传入的 previous response ID。
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+/// 客户端或 Provider 传递的 opaque response handle。
+///
+/// Codex 定义这个值的语义和格式。网关只将其作为亲和查找键或同账号上游
+/// continuation 的载体，不得按私有长度、字符集或前缀规则拒绝、归一化或改写。
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 pub struct PreviousResponseId(String);
 
 impl PreviousResponseId {
-    /// 校验并创建 previous response ID。
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// ID 为空、过长或包含控制字符时返回错误。
-    pub fn new(value: impl Into<String>) -> Result<Self, IdentifierError> {
-        let value = value.into();
-        validate_text(&value, 256, false, None)?;
-        Ok(Self(value))
+    /// 按原样创建 opaque response handle。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self(value.into())
     }
 
     #[must_use]
@@ -34,6 +31,12 @@ impl PreviousResponseId {
     }
 }
 
+impl fmt::Debug for PreviousResponseId {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter.write_str("PreviousResponseId(<redacted>)")
+    }
+}
+
 /// Provider 原生 response handle 的续接范围。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum NativeContinuationScope {
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@ pub struct NativeContinuationPin {
     /// 客户端提交、用于查找可丢失会话亲和记录的 response ID。
     previous_response_id: PreviousResponseId,
     /// Provider 原生 response handle。
-    upstream_response_id: SafeUpstreamValue,
+    upstream_response_id: PreviousResponseId,
     provider: ProviderKind,
     account: ProviderAccountId,
     scope: NativeContinuationScope,
@@ -63,7 +66,7 @@ impl NativeContinuationPin {
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn new(
         previous_response_id: PreviousResponseId,
-        upstream_response_id: SafeUpstreamValue,
+        upstream_response_id: PreviousResponseId,
         provider: ProviderKind,
         account: ProviderAccountId,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -98,7 +101,7 @@ impl NativeContinuationPin {
 
     /// 返回只允许发送给已冻结 Provider 目标的原生上游 handle。
     #[must_use]
-    pub const fn upstream_response_id(&self) -> &SafeUpstreamValue {
+    pub const fn upstream_response_id(&self) -> &PreviousResponseId {
         &self.upstream_response_id
     }
 
@@ -187,9 +190,26 @@ impl fmt::Debug for ContinuationBinding {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, thiserror::Error)]
-#[error("native continuation store is unavailable")]
-pub struct NativeContinuationStoreError;
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, thiserror::Error)]
+#[error("native continuation store is unavailable: {detail}")]
+pub struct NativeContinuationStoreError {
+    detail: String,
+}
+
+impl NativeContinuationStoreError {
+    /// 构造带可排查细节的亲和存储错误；`detail` 不应包含 response handle。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(detail: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            detail: detail.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn detail(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.detail
+    }
+}
 
 /// 可丢失的 previous-response 亲和存储端口。
 ///

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/engine/coordinator.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! 唯一的账号重试、发送与下游 commit barrier owner。
 
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::future::Future;
 use std::num::NonZeroU32;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant, SystemTime};
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::engine::{
     ModelRequestTimings, NewModelRequest, ProviderAccountStateOwner, ProviderAttemptOutcome,
     RequestAttemptContext, UpstreamSendState,
 };
-use crate::error::{GatewayError, GatewayErrorKind, ProviderError, ProviderErrorKind};
+use crate::error::{GatewayError, GatewayErrorKind, ProviderError, ProviderErrorKind, StoreError};
 use crate::event::{
     GatewayEvent, ProviderEvent, ProviderResponseHeader, ProviderResponseObservation,
 };
@@ -164,8 +165,10 @@ where
             timings: ModelRequestTimings::default(),
             client_response_id: None,
             upstream_response_id: None,
-            last_account_exhaustion: None,
+            last_retryable_failure: None,
+            last_retryable_failure_events: Vec::new(),
             provider_attempt_outcomes: Vec::new(),
+            pending_terminal_failure: None,
         };
 
         if session.cancellation.is_cancelled() {
@@ -242,8 +245,18 @@ pub struct ResponseExecutionSession<S: ?Sized> {
     timings: ModelRequestTimings,
     client_response_id: Option<String>,
     upstream_response_id: Option<String>,
-    last_account_exhaustion: Option<ProviderError>,
+    /// 最近一次为无感恢复而被丢弃的原始上游错误；只在后续空选路时成为终态。
+    last_retryable_failure: Option<ProviderError>,
+    /// 与 `last_retryable_failure` 同属一个 attempt 的原始失败批次。
+    last_retryable_failure_events: Vec<ProviderEvent>,
     provider_attempt_outcomes: Vec<ProviderAttemptOutcome>,
+    /// 原子失败批次已交给协议层、但尚待下游提交后收敛的原 Provider 错误。
+    pending_terminal_failure: Option<PendingTerminalFailure>,
+}
+
+struct PendingTerminalFailure {
+    error: ProviderError,
+    send_state: UpstreamSendState,
 }
 
 impl<S: ?Sized> ResponseExecutionSession<S>
@@ -259,6 +272,11 @@ where
         if self.delivery_pending {
             return Err(EngineError::DownstreamCommitRequired);
         }
+        if let Some(pending) = self.pending_terminal_failure.take() {
+            self.finish_provider_error_with_send_state(&pending.error, pending.send_state)
+                .await?;
+            return Err(provider_engine_error(pending.error));
+        }
         if self.finalized {
             return Ok(None);
         }
@@ -278,6 +296,21 @@ where
                     )));
                 }
                 PullOutcome::AttemptDiscarded => {}
+                PullOutcome::TerminalFailure {
+                    events,
+                    error,
+                    send_state,
+                } => {
+                    let requirement = if self.downstream_committed_at.is_some() {
+                        CommitRequirement::AlreadyCommitted
+                    } else {
+                        self.delivery_pending = true;
+                        CommitRequirement::CommitBeforeDelivery
+                    };
+                    self.pending_terminal_failure =
+                        Some(PendingTerminalFailure { error, send_state });
+                    return CoordinatedEvent::try_batch(events, requirement).map(Some);
+                }
                 PullOutcome::End => {
                     if self.downstream_committed_at.is_some() {
                         self.finish_success().await?;
@@ -306,6 +339,13 @@ where
             match self.pull().await? {
                 PullOutcome::Event(event) => events.push(event),
                 PullOutcome::AttemptDiscarded => events.clear(),
+                PullOutcome::TerminalFailure {
+                    error, send_state, ..
+                } => {
+                    self.finish_provider_error_with_send_state(&error, send_state)
+                        .await?;
+                    return Err(provider_engine_error(error));
+                }
                 PullOutcome::End => {
                     if events.is_empty() {
                         return Err(EngineError::InvalidDeliveryState);
@@ -317,11 +357,11 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    /// 在协议 adapter 真正写出首字节前持久化下游不可撤回边界。
+    /// 在协议 adapter 真正写出首字节前记录下游不可撤回边界。
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
-    /// 没有待提交结果、重复提交或 Store 失败时返回错误。
+    /// 没有待提交结果或重复提交时返回错误；观测 Store 失败只记服务端告警。
     pub async fn commit_downstream(
         &mut self,
         client_status_code: Option<u16>,
@@ -330,10 +370,18 @@ where
             return Err(EngineError::InvalidDeliveryState);
         }
         let committed_at = SystemTime::now();
-        self.engine
-            .store()
-            .mark_downstream_committed(&self.request_id, committed_at, client_status_code)
-            .await?;
+        if self.request_persisted {
+            best_effort_store_write(
+                "mark_downstream_committed",
+                &self.request_id,
+                self.engine.store().mark_downstream_committed(
+                    &self.request_id,
+                    committed_at,
+                    client_status_code,
+                ),
+            )
+            .await;
+        }
         self.downstream_committed_at = Some(committed_at);
         self.client_status_code = client_status_code;
         self.delivery_pending = false;
@@ -347,7 +395,7 @@ where
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
-    /// 状态已经写入或 Store 无法写回时返回错误。
+    /// 状态已经写入时返回错误；观测 Store 失败只记服务端告警。
     pub async fn record_client_status(
         &mut self,
         client_status_code: u16,
@@ -356,10 +404,14 @@ where
             return Err(EngineError::InvalidDeliveryState);
         }
         if self.request_persisted {
-            self.engine
-                .store()
-                .record_client_status(&self.request_id, client_status_code)
-                .await?;
+            best_effort_store_write(
+                "record_client_status",
+                &self.request_id,
+                self.engine
+                    .store()
+                    .record_client_status(&self.request_id, client_status_code),
+            )
+            .await;
         }
         self.client_status_code = Some(client_status_code);
         Ok(())
@@ -403,9 +455,8 @@ where
         }
         let account = current.metadata.provider_account_id()?.clone();
         let response_id = self.upstream_response_id.as_deref()?;
-        let previous_response_id = PreviousResponseId::new(response_id.to_owned()).ok()?;
-        let upstream_response_id =
-            crate::error::SafeUpstreamValue::new(response_id.to_owned()).ok()?;
+        let previous_response_id = PreviousResponseId::new(response_id.to_owned());
+        let upstream_response_id = PreviousResponseId::new(response_id.to_owned());
         Some(
             NativeContinuationPin::new(
                 previous_response_id,
@@ -434,13 +485,20 @@ where
             return Ok(());
         }
         self.delivery_pending = false;
+        if let Some(pending) = self.pending_terminal_failure.take() {
+            return self
+                .finish_provider_error_with_send_state(&pending.error, pending.send_state)
+                .await;
+        }
         self.finish_interruption(EngineError::Cancelled).await
     }
 
     async fn pull(&mut self) -> Result<PullOutcome, EngineError> {
         loop {
-            if self.current.is_none() {
-                self.prepare_attempt().await?;
+            if self.current.is_none()
+                && let Some(outcome) = self.prepare_attempt().await?
+            {
+                return Ok(outcome);
             }
 
             let boundary = {
@@ -467,32 +525,17 @@ where
                     return Err(EngineError::Deadline);
                 }
                 PollBoundary::Item(Some(Ok(mut event))) => {
-                    if let Some(observation) = event.take_observation()
-                        && let Err(error) = self.observe_response(observation)
-                    {
-                        if self.handle_stream_error(error).await? {
-                            return Ok(PullOutcome::AttemptDiscarded);
-                        }
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    let mut identity_error = None;
-                    for fact in event.canonical_facts() {
-                        if let Err(error) = self.observe_response_identity(fact) {
-                            identity_error = Some(error);
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if let Some(error) = identity_error {
-                        if self.handle_stream_error(error).await? {
-                            return Ok(PullOutcome::AttemptDiscarded);
-                        }
-                        continue;
+                    if let Some(observation) = event.take_observation() {
+                        self.observe_response(observation);
                     }
                     for fact in event.canonical_facts() {
-                        self.observe_event(fact).await?;
+                        self.observe_response_identity(fact);
+                    }
+                    for fact in event.canonical_facts() {
+                        self.observe_event(fact).await;
                     }
                     if event.wire_event().is_some() && !event.has_canonical_facts() {
-                        self.observe_wire_event().await?;
+                        self.observe_wire_event().await;
                     }
                     if !event.has_client_event() {
                         continue;
@@ -500,8 +543,13 @@ where
                     return Ok(PullOutcome::Event(event));
                 }
                 PollBoundary::Item(Some(Err(error))) => {
-                    if self.handle_stream_error(error).await? {
-                        return Ok(PullOutcome::AttemptDiscarded);
+                    match self.handle_stream_error(error).await? {
+                        StreamErrorOutcome::AttemptDiscarded => {
+                            return Ok(PullOutcome::AttemptDiscarded);
+                        }
+                        terminal @ StreamErrorOutcome::TerminalFailure { .. } => {
+                            return Ok(terminal.into_pull_outcome());
+                        }
                     }
                 }
                 PollBoundary::Item(None) => {
@@ -513,7 +561,7 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    async fn prepare_attempt(&mut self) -> Result<(), EngineError> {
+    async fn prepare_attempt(&mut self) -> Result<Option<PullOutcome>, EngineError> {
         if self.attempts >= self.plan.max_attempts().get() {
             return Err(EngineError::EmptyRoutingPlan);
         }
@@ -612,23 +660,39 @@ where
             ProviderBoundary::Result(result) => match *result {
                 Ok(stream) => stream,
                 Err(error) => {
-                    if error.kind() == ProviderErrorKind::NoEligibleAccount
-                        && let Some(exhaustion) = self.last_account_exhaustion.clone()
+                    if self.prepare_unavailable_native_continuation_replay(&error) {
+                        return Ok(Some(PullOutcome::AttemptDiscarded));
+                    }
+                    if matches!(
+                        error.kind(),
+                        ProviderErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable
+                            | ProviderErrorKind::NoEligibleAccount
+                    ) && let Some(last_failure) = self.last_retryable_failure.take()
                     {
-                        let engine_error = provider_engine_error(&exhaustion);
-                        self.finish_provider_error(&exhaustion).await?;
-                        return Err(engine_error);
+                        let send_state = self.current_send_state();
+                        let mut events = std::mem::take(&mut self.last_retryable_failure_events);
+                        if !events.is_empty() {
+                            self.observe_atomic_terminal_events(&mut events);
+                            return Ok(Some(PullOutcome::TerminalFailure {
+                                events,
+                                error: last_failure,
+                                send_state,
+                            }));
+                        }
+                        self.finish_provider_error(&last_failure).await?;
+                        return Err(provider_engine_error(last_failure));
                     }
                     if !(matches!(
                         error.kind(),
-                        ProviderErrorKind::Unavailable | ProviderErrorKind::NoEligibleAccount
+                        ProviderErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable
+                            | ProviderErrorKind::NoEligibleAccount
+                            | ProviderErrorKind::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable
                     ) && error.send_state() == UpstreamSendState::NotSent)
                     {
                         self.record_provider_failure(candidate.provider().clone(), error.kind());
                     }
-                    let engine_error = provider_engine_error(&error);
                     self.finish_provider_error(&error).await?;
-                    return Err(engine_error);
+                    return Err(provider_engine_error(error));
                 }
             },
         };
@@ -717,17 +781,30 @@ where
             http_version: None,
         };
         if self.request_persisted {
-            self.engine.store().record_attempt(attempt_record).await?;
+            best_effort_store_write(
+                "record_attempt",
+                &self.request_id,
+                self.engine.store().record_attempt(attempt_record),
+            )
+            .await;
         } else {
             let request = self
                 .pending_request
-                .take()
+                .as_ref()
                 .ok_or(EngineError::InvalidDeliveryState)?;
-            self.engine
-                .store()
-                .create_model_request_with_attempt(request, attempt_record)
-                .await?;
-            self.request_persisted = true;
+            if best_effort_store_write(
+                "create_model_request_with_attempt",
+                &self.request_id,
+                self.engine
+                    .store()
+                    .create_model_request_with_attempt(request.clone(), attempt_record),
+            )
+            .await
+            .is_some()
+            {
+                self.pending_request = None;
+                self.request_persisted = true;
+            }
         }
         self.attempts = next_attempt.get();
         self.current = Some(CurrentAttempt {
@@ -739,10 +816,15 @@ where
             send_observed: false,
             response_observation: None,
         });
-        Ok(())
+        Ok(None)
     }
 
-    async fn observe_event(&mut self, event: &GatewayEvent) -> Result<(), EngineError> {
+    async fn observe_event(&mut self, event: &GatewayEvent) {
+        self.observe_event_facts(event);
+        self.mark_send_observed().await;
+    }
+
+    fn observe_event_facts(&mut self, event: &GatewayEvent) {
         let elapsed = elapsed_ms(self.timing_started_at);
         observe_event_timing(&mut self.timings, event, elapsed);
         if let GatewayEvent::Usage(observed) = event {
@@ -756,46 +838,42 @@ where
         if let GatewayEvent::ProviderCost(observed) = event {
             self.cost = observed.into_estimate();
         }
-        let current = self.current.as_mut().ok_or(EngineError::NoActiveAttempt)?;
+    }
+
+    async fn observe_wire_event(&mut self) {
+        self.mark_send_observed().await;
+    }
+
+    async fn mark_send_observed(&mut self) {
+        let Some(current) = self.current.as_mut() else {
+            return;
+        };
         if !current.send_observed {
-            self.engine
-                .store()
-                .mark_send_state(&self.request_id, UpstreamSendState::Sent)
-                .await?;
+            if self.request_persisted {
+                best_effort_store_write(
+                    "mark_send_state",
+                    &self.request_id,
+                    self.engine
+                        .store()
+                        .mark_send_state(&self.request_id, UpstreamSendState::Sent),
+                )
+                .await;
+            }
             current.send_observed = true;
             self.send_state_watermark = UpstreamSendState::Sent;
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
-    async fn observe_wire_event(&mut self) -> Result<(), EngineError> {
-        let current = self.current.as_mut().ok_or(EngineError::NoActiveAttempt)?;
-        if !current.send_observed {
-            self.engine
-                .store()
-                .mark_send_state(&self.request_id, UpstreamSendState::Sent)
-                .await?;
-            current.send_observed = true;
-            self.send_state_watermark = UpstreamSendState::Sent;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn observe_response(
-        &mut self,
-        observation: ProviderResponseObservation,
-    ) -> Result<(), ProviderError> {
-        let send_state = self.current_send_state();
-        let current = self
-            .current
-            .as_mut()
-            .ok_or_else(|| ProviderError::new(ProviderErrorKind::Protocol, send_state))?;
+    fn observe_response(&mut self, observation: ProviderResponseObservation) {
+        let Some(current) = self.current.as_mut() else {
+            return;
+        };
         if current
             .response_observation
             .as_ref()
             .is_some_and(|existing| existing.transport() != observation.transport())
         {
-            return Err(ProviderError::new(ProviderErrorKind::Protocol, send_state));
+            return;
         }
         let observed = observation.timings();
         if let Some(value) = observed.transport_decision_wait_ms {
@@ -823,47 +901,27 @@ where
             self.timings.provider_processing_ms = Some(value);
         }
         current.response_observation = Some(observation);
-        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn observe_response_identity(&mut self, event: &GatewayEvent) -> Result<(), ProviderError> {
+    fn observe_response_identity(&mut self, event: &GatewayEvent) {
         let metadata = match event {
             GatewayEvent::Started(metadata) | GatewayEvent::Completed(metadata) => metadata,
-            _ => return Ok(()),
+            _ => return,
         };
-        let response_id = crate::error::SafeUpstreamValue::new(metadata.response_id().to_owned())
-            .map_err(|_| {
-            ProviderError::new(ProviderErrorKind::Protocol, UpstreamSendState::Sent)
-        })?;
-        let response_id = response_id.as_str();
-        if response_id.is_empty() {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        if self
-            .upstream_response_id
-            .as_deref()
-            .is_some_and(|expected| expected != response_id)
-        {
-            return Err(ProviderError::new(
-                ProviderErrorKind::Protocol,
-                UpstreamSendState::Sent,
-            ));
-        }
-        let response_id = response_id.to_owned();
+        let response_id = metadata.response_id().to_owned();
         self.client_response_id = Some(response_id.clone());
         self.upstream_response_id = Some(response_id);
-        Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// 返回 `true` 表示调用方必须丢弃本 attempt 已收集的未提交事件。
-    async fn handle_stream_error(&mut self, error: ProviderError) -> Result<bool, EngineError> {
+    /// 失败可重试时要求丢弃本 attempt；预算耗尽时可返回最后一批原始失败事件。
+    async fn handle_stream_error(
+        &mut self,
+        mut error: ProviderError,
+    ) -> Result<StreamErrorOutcome, EngineError> {
+        // 原始 wire 只活在 request-local 决策状态；clone、attempt 记录与持久化终态
+        // 均只接触已剥离的稳定错误字段。
+        let mut atomic_client_events = error.take_atomic_client_events();
         let current = self.current.take().ok_or(EngineError::NoActiveAttempt)?;
-        if matches!(
-            error.kind(),
-            ProviderErrorKind::RateLimited | ProviderErrorKind::QuotaExhausted
-        ) {
-            self.last_account_exhaustion = Some(error.clone());
-        }
         self.record_provider_failure(current.metadata.provider().clone(), error.kind());
         // attempt_send_state 是本 attempt 自身的发送事实，驱动重试门；
         // 持久化与终态用请求级水位，二者不可混用（水位会把早先 attempt 的
@@ -874,10 +932,16 @@ where
             error.send_state()
         };
         let send_state = self.raise_send_watermark(attempt_send_state);
-        self.engine
-            .store()
-            .mark_send_state(&self.request_id, send_state)
-            .await?;
+        if self.request_persisted {
+            best_effort_store_write(
+                "mark_send_state",
+                &self.request_id,
+                self.engine
+                    .store()
+                    .mark_send_state(&self.request_id, send_state),
+            )
+            .await;
+        }
         let provider_proved_replay_safe = provider_proved_replay_safe(&error);
         let continuation_retry = self.prepare_continuation_retry(
             &current,
@@ -885,6 +949,12 @@ where
             attempt_send_state,
             provider_proved_replay_safe,
         );
+        let pre_delivery_retry = self.account_selection.required_account().is_none()
+            && self.continuation_attempt == ContinuationAttempt::None
+            && self.downstream_committed_at.is_none()
+            && !self.delivery_pending
+            && error.allows_pre_delivery_retry()
+            && self.attempts < self.plan.max_attempts().get();
         let ordinary_retry = self.account_selection.required_account().is_none()
             && self.continuation_attempt == ContinuationAttempt::None
             && self.downstream_committed_at.is_none()
@@ -907,9 +977,13 @@ where
                         .credential_recovery_attempted_accounts
                         .contains(account)
                 });
-        let retryable = continuation_retry || same_account_retry || ordinary_retry;
+        let retryable =
+            continuation_retry || same_account_retry || ordinary_retry || pre_delivery_retry;
 
         if retryable {
+            // 普通 clone 只保留稳定事实；原始 wire/HTTP response 由 request-local
+            // 所有权保留到下一次 attempt 成功，或最终空选路时返回客户端。
+            let persistence_error = self.request_persisted.then(|| error.clone());
             if same_account_retry {
                 if let Some(account) = current.metadata.provider_account_id() {
                     self.credential_recovery_attempted_accounts
@@ -923,37 +997,64 @@ where
             {
                 self.excluded_accounts.insert(account.clone());
             }
-            self.engine
-                .store()
-                .record_intermediate_failure(IntermediateFailure {
-                    request_id: self.request_id.clone(),
-                    attempt_index: current.index,
-                    trigger: current.trigger,
-                    provider_kind: current.metadata.provider().clone(),
-                    account_id: current.metadata.provider_account_id().cloned(),
-                    upstream_model_id: current.metadata.upstream_model().clone(),
-                    upstream_status_code: current
-                        .response_observation
-                        .as_ref()
-                        .and_then(ProviderResponseObservation::status_code),
-                    upstream_request_id: current
-                        .response_observation
-                        .as_ref()
-                        .and_then(ProviderResponseObservation::request_id)
-                        .map(|value| value.as_str().to_owned()),
-                    latency: current.started_at.elapsed().unwrap_or_default(),
-                    error,
-                })
-                .await?;
+            self.last_retryable_failure_events = atomic_client_events;
+            self.last_retryable_failure = Some(error);
+            if let Some(error) = persistence_error {
+                best_effort_store_write(
+                    "record_intermediate_failure",
+                    &self.request_id,
+                    self.engine
+                        .store()
+                        .record_intermediate_failure(IntermediateFailure {
+                            request_id: self.request_id.clone(),
+                            attempt_index: current.index,
+                            trigger: current.trigger,
+                            provider_kind: current.metadata.provider().clone(),
+                            account_id: current.metadata.provider_account_id().cloned(),
+                            upstream_model_id: current.metadata.upstream_model().clone(),
+                            upstream_status_code: current
+                                .response_observation
+                                .as_ref()
+                                .and_then(ProviderResponseObservation::status_code),
+                            upstream_request_id: current
+                                .response_observation
+                                .as_ref()
+                                .and_then(ProviderResponseObservation::request_id)
+                                .map(|value| value.as_str().to_owned()),
+                            latency: current.started_at.elapsed().unwrap_or_default(),
+                            error,
+                        }),
+                )
+                .await;
+            }
             self.reset_uncommitted_observations();
-            return Ok(true);
+            return Ok(StreamErrorOutcome::AttemptDiscarded);
         }
 
-        let engine_error = provider_engine_error(&error);
         self.current = Some(current);
+        if !atomic_client_events.is_empty() {
+            self.observe_atomic_terminal_events(&mut atomic_client_events);
+            return Ok(StreamErrorOutcome::TerminalFailure {
+                events: atomic_client_events,
+                error,
+                send_state,
+            });
+        }
         self.finish_provider_error_with_send_state(&error, send_state)
             .await?;
-        Err(engine_error)
+        Err(provider_engine_error(error))
+    }
+
+    fn observe_atomic_terminal_events(&mut self, events: &mut [ProviderEvent]) {
+        for event in events {
+            if let Some(observation) = event.take_observation() {
+                self.observe_response(observation);
+            }
+            for fact in event.canonical_facts() {
+                self.observe_response_identity(fact);
+                self.observe_event_facts(fact);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     fn prepare_continuation_retry(
@@ -998,6 +1099,41 @@ where
         true
     }
 
+    /// 原生续写的原账号在本地调度阶段已不可用时，改用完整输入重放。
+    ///
+    /// 这不是强制 Smart：下一次 attempt 仍使用请求配置的调度策略。只有网关持有
+    /// 对应 Provider 的可携带会话状态时，才可安全移除 native handle 并换号。
+    fn prepare_unavailable_native_continuation_replay(&mut self, error: &ProviderError) -> bool {
+        if self.account_selection.required_account().is_some()
+            || self.continuation_attempt != ContinuationAttempt::Native
+            || !matches!(
+                error.kind(),
+                ProviderErrorKind::NoEligibleAccount
+                    | ProviderErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable
+            )
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let Some(pin) = self
+            .continuation
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(ContinuationBinding::pinned)
+        else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        if self
+            .operation
+            .provider_session_state(pin.provider().as_str())
+            .is_none()
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        self.continuation_attempt = ContinuationAttempt::ReplayAny;
+        self.excluded_accounts.insert(pin.account().clone());
+        true
+    }
+
     fn reset_uncommitted_observations(&mut self) {
         self.usage = Usage::new();
         self.cost = CostEstimate::unavailable();
@@ -1043,34 +1179,42 @@ where
             .and_then(ProviderResponseObservation::status_code);
         let (upstream_transport, http_version, websocket_pool) =
             self.current_transport_observation();
+        let service_tier = self.current_service_tier();
         let provider_metadata_json = self.current_provider_metadata_json();
-        self.engine
-            .store()
-            .finalize_model_request(ModelRequestFinalization {
-                request_id: self.request_id.clone(),
-                outcome: ExecutionOutcome::Succeeded,
-                send_state: UpstreamSendState::Sent,
-                attempt_count: self.attempts,
-                downstream_committed_at: self.downstream_committed_at,
-                client_status_code: self.client_status_code,
-                upstream_status_code,
-                client_response_id: self.client_response_id.clone(),
-                upstream_request_id,
-                upstream_response_id: self.upstream_response_id.clone(),
-                upstream_transport,
-                http_version,
-                websocket_pool,
-                provider_metadata_json,
-                error: None,
-                provider_error_code: None,
-                retry_after_ms: None,
-                usage: self.usage.clone(),
-                image_generation_succeeded: self.image_generation_succeeded(),
-                cost: self.cost.clone(),
-                timings: self.timings.clone(),
-                completed_at,
-            })
-            .await?;
+        if self.request_persisted {
+            best_effort_store_write(
+                "finalize_model_request",
+                &self.request_id,
+                self.engine
+                    .store()
+                    .finalize_model_request(ModelRequestFinalization {
+                        request_id: self.request_id.clone(),
+                        outcome: ExecutionOutcome::Succeeded,
+                        send_state: UpstreamSendState::Sent,
+                        attempt_count: self.attempts,
+                        downstream_committed_at: self.downstream_committed_at,
+                        client_status_code: self.client_status_code,
+                        upstream_status_code,
+                        client_response_id: self.client_response_id.clone(),
+                        upstream_request_id,
+                        upstream_response_id: self.upstream_response_id.clone(),
+                        upstream_transport,
+                        http_version,
+                        websocket_pool,
+                        service_tier,
+                        provider_metadata_json,
+                        error: None,
+                        provider_error_code: None,
+                        retry_after_ms: None,
+                        usage: self.usage.clone(),
+                        image_generation_succeeded: self.image_generation_succeeded(),
+                        cost: self.cost.clone(),
+                        timings: self.timings.clone(),
+                        completed_at,
+                    }),
+            )
+            .await;
+        }
         self.finalized = true;
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -1139,11 +1283,15 @@ where
             UpstreamSendState::Ambiguous
         };
         let send_state = self.raise_send_watermark(send_state);
-        if self.attempts > 0 {
-            self.engine
-                .store()
-                .mark_send_state(&self.request_id, send_state)
-                .await?;
+        if self.attempts > 0 && self.request_persisted {
+            best_effort_store_write(
+                "mark_send_state",
+                &self.request_id,
+                self.engine
+                    .store()
+                    .mark_send_state(&self.request_id, send_state),
+            )
+            .await;
         }
         self.finish_failure(FailureFinalization {
             outcome,
@@ -1193,36 +1341,44 @@ where
             .and_then(ProviderResponseObservation::status_code);
         let (upstream_transport, http_version, websocket_pool) =
             self.current_transport_observation();
+        let service_tier = self.current_service_tier();
         let provider_metadata_json = self.current_provider_metadata_json();
-        self.engine
-            .store()
-            .finalize_model_request(ModelRequestFinalization {
-                request_id: self.request_id.clone(),
-                outcome: finalization.outcome,
-                send_state: finalization.send_state,
-                attempt_count: self.attempts,
-                downstream_committed_at: self.downstream_committed_at,
-                client_status_code: self.client_status_code,
-                upstream_status_code: finalization.upstream_status_code.or(observed_status_code),
-                client_response_id: self.client_response_id.clone(),
-                upstream_request_id,
-                upstream_response_id: finalization
-                    .provider_response_id
-                    .or_else(|| self.upstream_response_id.clone()),
-                upstream_transport,
-                http_version,
-                websocket_pool,
-                provider_metadata_json,
-                error: Some(finalization.error),
-                provider_error_code: finalization.provider_error_code,
-                retry_after_ms: finalization.retry_after_ms,
-                usage: self.usage.clone(),
-                image_generation_succeeded: self.image_generation_succeeded(),
-                cost: self.cost.clone(),
-                timings: self.timings.clone(),
-                completed_at,
-            })
-            .await?;
+        best_effort_store_write(
+            "finalize_model_request",
+            &self.request_id,
+            self.engine
+                .store()
+                .finalize_model_request(ModelRequestFinalization {
+                    request_id: self.request_id.clone(),
+                    outcome: finalization.outcome,
+                    send_state: finalization.send_state,
+                    attempt_count: self.attempts,
+                    downstream_committed_at: self.downstream_committed_at,
+                    client_status_code: self.client_status_code,
+                    upstream_status_code: finalization
+                        .upstream_status_code
+                        .or(observed_status_code),
+                    client_response_id: self.client_response_id.clone(),
+                    upstream_request_id,
+                    upstream_response_id: finalization
+                        .provider_response_id
+                        .or_else(|| self.upstream_response_id.clone()),
+                    upstream_transport,
+                    http_version,
+                    websocket_pool,
+                    service_tier,
+                    provider_metadata_json,
+                    error: Some(finalization.error),
+                    provider_error_code: finalization.provider_error_code,
+                    retry_after_ms: finalization.retry_after_ms,
+                    usage: self.usage.clone(),
+                    image_generation_succeeded: self.image_generation_succeeded(),
+                    cost: self.cost.clone(),
+                    timings: self.timings.clone(),
+                    completed_at,
+                }),
+        )
+        .await;
         self.finalized = true;
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -1253,6 +1409,14 @@ where
             .map(|metadata| metadata.as_json().to_owned())
     }
 
+    fn current_service_tier(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        self.current
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|current| current.response_observation.as_ref())
+            .and_then(ProviderResponseObservation::service_tier)
+            .map(str::to_owned)
+    }
+
     fn image_generation_succeeded(&self) -> Option<bool> {
         self.image_generation_requested
             .then(|| self.usage.image_output_tokens.unwrap_or_default() > 0)
@@ -1302,12 +1466,62 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+async fn best_effort_store_write<T>(
+    operation: &'static str,
+    request_id: &ModelRequestId,
+    write: impl Future<Output = Result<T, StoreError>>,
+) -> Option<T> {
+    match write.await {
+        Ok(value) => Some(value),
+        Err(error) => {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                operation,
+                request_id = request_id.as_str(),
+                error_kind = ?error.kind(),
+                "执行观测写入失败，数据面不受影响"
+            );
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 enum PullOutcome {
     Event(ProviderEvent),
     AttemptDiscarded,
+    TerminalFailure {
+        events: Vec<ProviderEvent>,
+        error: ProviderError,
+        send_state: UpstreamSendState,
+    },
     End,
 }
 
+enum StreamErrorOutcome {
+    AttemptDiscarded,
+    TerminalFailure {
+        events: Vec<ProviderEvent>,
+        error: ProviderError,
+        send_state: UpstreamSendState,
+    },
+}
+
+impl StreamErrorOutcome {
+    fn into_pull_outcome(self) -> PullOutcome {
+        match self {
+            Self::AttemptDiscarded => PullOutcome::AttemptDiscarded,
+            Self::TerminalFailure {
+                events,
+                error,
+                send_state,
+            } => PullOutcome::TerminalFailure {
+                events,
+                error,
+                send_state,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 enum PollBoundary {
     Item(Option<Result<ProviderEvent, ProviderError>>),
     Cancelled,
@@ -1380,11 +1594,11 @@ fn initial_continuation_attempt(
     }
 }
 
-fn provider_engine_error(error: &ProviderError) -> EngineError {
+fn provider_engine_error(error: ProviderError) -> EngineError {
     if error.kind() == ProviderErrorKind::Cancelled {
         EngineError::Cancelled
     } else {
-        EngineError::Provider(error.clone())
+        EngineError::Provider(error)
     }
 }
 

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/engine/credential.rs

@@ -44,6 +44,46 @@ impl fmt::Display for ProviderAccountId {
     }
 }
 
+/// credential 轮换时可选替换的上游账号身份。
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ProviderAccountIdentity {
+    upstream_user_id: String,
+    upstream_account_id: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for ProviderAccountIdentity {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter
+            .debug_struct("ProviderAccountIdentity")
+            .field("upstream_user_id", &"<redacted>")
+            .field(
+                "upstream_account_id",
+                &self.upstream_account_id.as_ref().map(|_| "<redacted>"),
+            )
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ProviderAccountIdentity {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn new(upstream_user_id: String, upstream_account_id: Option<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            upstream_user_id,
+            upstream_account_id,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn upstream_user_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.upstream_user_id
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn upstream_account_id(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.upstream_account_id.as_deref()
+    }
+}
+
 /// `provider_accounts.credential_revision` 的正数 CAS revision。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 pub struct CredentialRevision(NonZeroU64);
@@ -148,11 +188,13 @@ impl fmt::Debug for OpaqueProviderData {
 }
 
 /// 数据库中固定的账号运行状态。
+///
+/// 只承载终态或需要外部干预的状态；临时限流（429）不进入此状态，由
+/// Provider quota 数据驱动（`AccountQuotaSignals::limit_reached`）。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub enum AccountAvailability {
     Unknown,
     Ready,
-    Cooldown,
     QuotaExhausted,
     Expired,
     Banned,
@@ -166,7 +208,6 @@ impl AccountAvailability {
         match self {
             Self::Unknown => "unknown",
             Self::Ready => "ready",
-            Self::Cooldown => "cooldown",
             Self::QuotaExhausted => "quota_exhausted",
             Self::Expired => "expired",
             Self::Banned => "banned",
@@ -174,13 +215,26 @@ impl AccountAvailability {
         }
     }
 
+    /// 返回账号进入不可恢复错误态、但 Provider 未给出更具体上游原因时的稳定兜底。
+    ///
+    /// Provider 应优先持久化已脱敏的上游 message 或原因码；该值只避免错误态沿用
+    /// 上一次无关的错误信息。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn fallback_error_reason(self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Expired => Some("credential_expired"),
+            Self::Banned => Some("account_banned"),
+            Self::Invalid => Some("credential_invalid"),
+            Self::Unknown | Self::Ready | Self::QuotaExhausted => None,
+        }
+    }
+
     /// 解析数据库稳定值。
     #[must_use]
     pub fn parse(value: &str) -> Option<Self> {
         match value {
             "unknown" => Some(Self::Unknown),
             "ready" => Some(Self::Ready),
-            "cooldown" => Some(Self::Cooldown),
             "quota_exhausted" => Some(Self::QuotaExhausted),
             "expired" => Some(Self::Expired),
             "banned" => Some(Self::Banned),
@@ -197,14 +251,13 @@ pub struct ProviderAccount {
     provider: ProviderKind,
     name: String,
     email: Option<String>,
-    upstream_user_id: String,
+    upstream_user_id: Option<String>,
     upstream_account_id: Option<String>,
     plan_type: Option<String>,
     authentication_kind: String,
     revision: CredentialRevision,
     enabled: bool,
     availability: AccountAvailability,
-    cooldown_until: Option<SystemTime>,
     access_token_expires_at: Option<SystemTime>,
     next_refresh_at: Option<SystemTime>,
     has_refresh_token: bool,
@@ -217,7 +270,7 @@ impl ProviderAccount {
         id: ProviderAccountId,
         provider: ProviderKind,
         name: String,
-        upstream_user_id: String,
+        upstream_user_id: Option<String>,
         authentication_kind: String,
         revision: CredentialRevision,
         access_token_expires_at: Option<SystemTime>,
@@ -234,7 +287,6 @@ impl ProviderAccount {
             revision,
             enabled: true,
             availability: AccountAvailability::Unknown,
-            cooldown_until: None,
             access_token_expires_at,
             next_refresh_at: None,
             has_refresh_token: false,
@@ -259,14 +311,20 @@ impl ProviderAccount {
         mut self,
         enabled: bool,
         availability: AccountAvailability,
-        cooldown_until: Option<SystemTime>,
     ) -> Self {
         self.enabled = enabled;
-        self.availability = availability;
-        self.cooldown_until = cooldown_until;
+        self.availability = if self.upstream_user_id.is_some() {
+            availability
+        } else {
+            AccountAvailability::Unknown
+        };
         self
     }
 
+    /// 设置 RT 存在性与失败后的最早重试时刻。
+    ///
+    /// 正常 OAuth 预刷新由 worker 使用 AT 原始过期时间与当前运行时策略动态判断，
+    /// 不应把提前量物化到 `next_refresh_at`。
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn with_refresh_schedule(
         mut self,
@@ -304,8 +362,8 @@ impl ProviderAccount {
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn upstream_user_id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.upstream_user_id
+    pub fn upstream_user_id(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.upstream_user_id.as_deref()
     }
 
     #[must_use]
@@ -333,16 +391,12 @@ impl ProviderAccount {
         self.enabled
     }
 
-    #[must_use]
-    pub const fn cooldown_until(&self) -> Option<SystemTime> {
-        self.cooldown_until
-    }
-
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn access_token_expires_at(&self) -> Option<SystemTime> {
         self.access_token_expires_at
     }
 
+    /// 返回瞬态 OAuth 刷新失败后的最早重试时刻；正常账号为 `None`。
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn next_refresh_at(&self) -> Option<SystemTime> {
         self.next_refresh_at
@@ -358,14 +412,14 @@ impl ProviderAccount {
     pub fn is_schedulable(&self, now: SystemTime) -> bool {
         let available = match self.availability {
             AccountAvailability::Ready => true,
-            AccountAvailability::Cooldown => self.cooldown_until.is_some_and(|until| until <= now),
             AccountAvailability::Unknown
             | AccountAvailability::QuotaExhausted
             | AccountAvailability::Expired
             | AccountAvailability::Banned
             | AccountAvailability::Invalid => false,
         };
-        self.enabled
+        self.upstream_user_id.is_some()
+            && self.enabled
             && available
             && self
                 .access_token_expires_at
@@ -548,6 +602,8 @@ pub struct QuotaObservation {
     pub expected_revision: CredentialRevision,
     pub quota: Option<OpaqueProviderData>,
     pub observed_at: Option<SystemTime>,
+    /// 快照级限流事实（Provider 解析后物化）；None 表示不更新物化列。
+    pub limit_reached: Option<bool>,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for QuotaObservation {
@@ -574,9 +630,9 @@ pub struct AccountStateChange {
     pub account_id: ProviderAccountId,
     pub expected_revision: CredentialRevision,
     pub availability: AccountAvailability,
-    pub reason: Option<String>,
-    pub cooldown_until: Option<SystemTime>,
     pub observed_at: SystemTime,
+    /// 上游原因（错误原文 / 原因码）；`Some` 写入持久化错误信息，`None` 不更新，恢复 `Ready` 时清空。
+    pub message: Option<String>,
 }
 
 /// `provider_accounts` 的数据库中立端口。
@@ -602,6 +658,15 @@ pub trait ProviderAccountStore: Send + Sync {
         expected_revision: CredentialRevision,
     ) -> Result<LoadedCredential, StoreError>;
 
+    /// 读取账号当前 credential 及其 revision，不做任何版本比对。
+    ///
+    /// 管理写入必须在临近 CAS 时用它取 fence，而不是携带调用方持有的旧 revision：
+    /// 后台刷新随时会推进 revision，用陈旧快照会把正常的恢复操作误判为冲突。
+    async fn load_current_credential(
+        &self,
+        account: &ProviderAccountId,
+    ) -> Result<LoadedCredential, StoreError>;
+
     async fn compare_and_swap_credential(
         &self,
         update: CredentialCasUpdate,
@@ -649,6 +714,17 @@ impl RotationStrategy {
             Self::Sticky => "sticky",
         }
     }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn parse(value: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        match value {
+            "smart" => Some(Self::Smart),
+            "quota_reset_priority" => Some(Self::QuotaResetPriority),
+            "round_robin" => Some(Self::RoundRobin),
+            "sticky" => Some(Self::Sticky),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /// 从 `runtime_settings` 冻结到一次请求计划的账号调度策略。
@@ -696,6 +772,7 @@ pub struct AccountRuntimeSignals {
     pub last_started_at: Option<SystemTime>,
     pub quota_reset_at: Option<SystemTime>,
     pub quota_remaining_rank: Option<u64>,
+    pub quota_limit_reached: bool,
     pub failure_rate_basis_points: Option<u16>,
     pub first_output_latency_ms: Option<u64>,
 }
@@ -843,6 +920,7 @@ impl AccountRuntimeSignals {
         if let Some(quota) = quota {
             self.quota_reset_at = quota.reset_at;
             self.quota_remaining_rank = quota.remaining_rank;
+            self.quota_limit_reached = quota.limit_reached;
         }
         self
     }
@@ -864,14 +942,20 @@ impl AccountRuntimeSignals {
 pub struct AccountQuotaSignals {
     reset_at: Option<SystemTime>,
     remaining_rank: Option<u64>,
+    limit_reached: bool,
 }
 
 impl AccountQuotaSignals {
     #[must_use]
-    pub const fn new(reset_at: Option<SystemTime>, remaining_rank: Option<u64>) -> Self {
+    pub const fn new(
+        reset_at: Option<SystemTime>,
+        remaining_rank: Option<u64>,
+        limit_reached: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
             reset_at,
             remaining_rank,
+            limit_reached,
         }
     }
 
@@ -884,6 +968,12 @@ impl AccountQuotaSignals {
     pub const fn remaining_rank(self) -> Option<u64> {
         self.remaining_rank
     }
+
+    /// 任一计量窗口已触顶（`limit_reached`/`used_percent >= 100`）；调度据此排除候选。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn limit_reached(self) -> bool {
+        self.limit_reached
+    }
 }
 
 /// 账号持久事实与可重建运行信号的请求级组合。
@@ -923,6 +1013,43 @@ impl AccountAvailabilityPolicy {
     }
 }
 
+/// 候选账号未进入调度池的约束。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum AccountSchedulingBlocker {
+    LocalAvailability,
+    Excluded,
+    ConcurrencyLimit,
+    RequestInterval,
+}
+
+/// 优先账号在本次选择中的处理结果。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum PreferredAccountSelection {
+    NotRequested,
+    Hit,
+    Missing,
+    Blocked(AccountSchedulingBlocker),
+}
+
+/// 一次完整账号选择；同时保留优先账号决策，供 Provider 记录调度遥测。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct AccountSelection<'a> {
+    candidate: &'a AccountCandidate,
+    preferred: PreferredAccountSelection,
+}
+
+impl<'a> AccountSelection<'a> {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn candidate(self) -> &'a AccountCandidate {
+        self.candidate
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn preferred(self) -> PreferredAccountSelection {
+        self.preferred
+    }
+}
+
 /// 同一 target 内唯一的账号排序器。
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AccountSelector;
@@ -934,43 +1061,55 @@ impl AccountSelector {
         &self,
         candidates: &'a [AccountCandidate],
         context: &AccountSelectionContext,
-    ) -> Option<&'a AccountCandidate> {
+    ) -> Option<AccountSelection<'a>> {
+        let preferred = if let Some(preferred) = context.preferred_account.as_ref() {
+            match candidates
+                .iter()
+                .find(|candidate| candidate.account.id() == preferred)
+            {
+                Some(candidate) => match self.scheduling_blocker(candidate, context) {
+                    None => {
+                        return Some(AccountSelection {
+                            candidate,
+                            preferred: PreferredAccountSelection::Hit,
+                        });
+                    }
+                    Some(blocker) => PreferredAccountSelection::Blocked(blocker),
+                },
+                None => PreferredAccountSelection::Missing,
+            }
+        } else {
+            PreferredAccountSelection::NotRequested
+        };
+
         let mut eligible = candidates
             .iter()
-            .filter(|candidate| eligible(candidate, context))
+            .filter(|candidate| self.scheduling_blocker(candidate, context).is_none())
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         if eligible.is_empty() {
             return None;
         }
 
-        if let Some(preferred) = context.preferred_account.as_ref()
-            && let Some(candidate) = eligible
-                .iter()
-                .find(|candidate| candidate.account.id() == preferred)
-            && (context.policy.strategy() == RotationStrategy::Sticky
-                || (context.policy.strategy() == RotationStrategy::Smart
-                    && !smart_preference_should_escape(&candidate.signals)))
-        {
-            return Some(candidate);
-        }
-
-        match context.policy.strategy() {
-            RotationStrategy::QuotaResetPriority => eligible.sort_by_key(|candidate| {
-                (
-                    candidate.signals.quota_reset_at.is_none(),
-                    candidate.signals.quota_reset_at,
-                    candidate.signals.in_flight,
-                    candidate.signals.last_started_at,
-                    candidate.account.id().clone(),
-                )
-            }),
+        let candidate = match context.policy.strategy() {
+            RotationStrategy::QuotaResetPriority => {
+                eligible.sort_by_key(|candidate| {
+                    (
+                        candidate.signals.quota_reset_at.is_none(),
+                        candidate.signals.quota_reset_at,
+                        candidate.signals.in_flight,
+                        candidate.signals.last_started_at,
+                        candidate.account.id().clone(),
+                    )
+                });
+                eligible.first().copied()?
+            }
             RotationStrategy::RoundRobin => {
                 eligible.sort_by_key(|candidate| candidate.account.id().clone());
                 let index = context.round_robin_cursor as usize % eligible.len();
-                return Some(eligible[index]);
+                eligible.get(index).copied()?
             }
             RotationStrategy::Smart => {
-                return select_smart_candidate(&eligible, context.round_robin_cursor);
+                select_smart_candidate(&eligible, context.round_robin_cursor)?
             }
             RotationStrategy::Sticky => {
                 eligible.sort_by_key(|candidate| {
@@ -979,9 +1118,44 @@ impl AccountSelector {
                         candidate.account.id().clone(),
                     )
                 });
+                eligible.first().copied()?
             }
+        };
+        Some(AccountSelection {
+            candidate,
+            preferred,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn scheduling_blocker(
+        &self,
+        candidate: &AccountCandidate,
+        context: &AccountSelectionContext,
+    ) -> Option<AccountSchedulingBlocker> {
+        if !context.availability.bypasses_local_availability()
+            && !candidate.account.is_schedulable(context.now)
+        {
+            return Some(AccountSchedulingBlocker::LocalAvailability);
         }
-        eligible.into_iter().next()
+        if context.excluded_accounts.contains(candidate.account.id()) {
+            return Some(AccountSchedulingBlocker::Excluded);
+        }
+        if candidate.signals.in_flight >= context.policy.max_concurrent_per_account().get() {
+            return Some(AccountSchedulingBlocker::ConcurrencyLimit);
+        }
+        if candidate
+            .signals
+            .last_started_at
+            .is_some_and(|last_started| {
+                !context
+                    .now
+                    .duration_since(last_started)
+                    .is_ok_and(|elapsed| elapsed >= context.policy.request_interval())
+            })
+        {
+            return Some(AccountSchedulingBlocker::RequestInterval);
+        }
+        None
     }
 }
 
@@ -989,8 +1163,6 @@ const SMART_LOAD_WEIGHT: f64 = 1.0;
 const SMART_QUOTA_WEIGHT: f64 = 0.8;
 const SMART_FAILURE_WEIGHT: f64 = 1.0;
 const SMART_LATENCY_WEIGHT: f64 = 0.5;
-const SMART_PREFERENCE_FAILURE_ESCAPE_BASIS_POINTS: u16 = 5_000;
-const SMART_PREFERENCE_LATENCY_ESCAPE_MS: u64 = 15_000;
 
 struct SmartNormalization {
     max_in_flight: u32,
@@ -1111,35 +1283,6 @@ fn higher_is_better(value: u64, minimum: u64, maximum: u64) -> f64 {
     (value.saturating_sub(minimum) as f64 / (maximum - minimum) as f64).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
 }
 
-fn smart_preference_should_escape(signals: &AccountRuntimeSignals) -> bool {
-    signals
-        .failure_rate_basis_points
-        .is_some_and(|rate| rate > SMART_PREFERENCE_FAILURE_ESCAPE_BASIS_POINTS)
-        || signals
-            .first_output_latency_ms
-            .is_some_and(|latency| latency > SMART_PREFERENCE_LATENCY_ESCAPE_MS)
-}
-
-fn eligible(candidate: &AccountCandidate, context: &AccountSelectionContext) -> bool {
-    if (!context.availability.bypasses_local_availability()
-        && !candidate.account.is_schedulable(context.now))
-        || context.excluded_accounts.contains(candidate.account.id())
-        || candidate.signals.in_flight >= context.policy.max_concurrent_per_account().get()
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    candidate
-        .signals
-        .last_started_at
-        .is_none_or(|last_started| {
-            context
-                .now
-                .duration_since(last_started)
-                .is_ok_and(|elapsed| elapsed >= context.policy.request_interval())
-        })
-}
-
 /// Credential 值对象构造错误。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Error)]
 pub enum CredentialError {

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/engine/execution.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::net::IpAddr;
+use std::num::NonZeroU32;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
 
@@ -17,7 +18,10 @@ use crate::engine::continuation::{
     ContinuationBinding, NativeContinuationPin, NativeContinuationPort, PreviousResponseId,
 };
 use crate::engine::coordinator::ResponseExecutionSession;
-use crate::engine::probe::{AccountProbe, AccountProbeRequest, AccountProbeResult};
+use crate::engine::probe::{
+    AccountProbe, AccountProbeError, AccountProbeRequest, AccountProbeResult,
+    AccountProbeUpstreamResponse,
+};
 use crate::engine::provider::ProviderRegistry;
 use crate::engine::{
     AttemptCoordinator, AttemptRecord, CancellationToken, CoordinatedEvent, EngineError,
@@ -36,7 +40,7 @@ use crate::routing::{
 };
 
 const MODEL_REQUEST_DEADLINE: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10 * 60);
-const CONTINUATION_AFFINITY_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(100);
+const COORDINATION_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(100);
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ClientTransport {
@@ -170,6 +174,22 @@ pub enum ProviderCircuitDecision {
 #[error("provider circuit store is unavailable")]
 pub struct ProviderCircuitError;
 
+/// Provider circuit 的可重建协调策略；由 Core 拥有并交给 Store adapter 执行。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ProviderCircuitPolicy {
+    pub failure_threshold: NonZeroU32,
+    pub open_duration: Duration,
+}
+
+impl Default for ProviderCircuitPolicy {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            failure_threshold: NonZeroU32::new(3).unwrap_or(NonZeroU32::MIN),
+            open_duration: Duration::from_secs(30),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub trait ProviderCircuitPort: Send + Sync {
     fn decision<'a>(
         &'a self,
@@ -233,15 +253,6 @@ impl DefaultExecutionService {
         request.client.policy.authorize().map_err(|_| {
             GatewayError::new(GatewayErrorKind::PolicyDenied, "client API key is disabled")
         })?;
-        if !request.client.snapshot.contains_public_model_for_provider(
-            &request.public_model,
-            request.client.policy.provider_kind(),
-        ) {
-            return Err(GatewayError::new(
-                GatewayErrorKind::ModelNotFound,
-                "requested model was not found",
-            ));
-        }
         let started_at = SystemTime::now();
         let deadline_at = started_at
             .checked_add(MODEL_REQUEST_DEADLINE)
@@ -260,10 +271,20 @@ impl DefaultExecutionService {
         let continuation = match request.metadata.previous_response_id.as_ref() {
             Some(previous) => {
                 let resolve = self.continuation.resolve(previous).fuse();
-                let timeout = Delay::new(CONTINUATION_AFFINITY_TIMEOUT).fuse();
+                let timeout = Delay::new(COORDINATION_TIMEOUT).fuse();
                 pin_mut!(resolve, timeout);
                 let pin = select_biased! {
-                    result = resolve => result.ok().flatten(),
+                    result = resolve => match result {
+                        Ok(pin) => pin,
+                        Err(error) => {
+                            tracing::debug!(
+                                request_id = request_id.as_str(),
+                                %error,
+                                "Continuation affinity 查询失败，退化为外部续接"
+                            );
+                            None
+                        }
+                    },
                     _ = timeout => None,
                 };
                 match pin {
@@ -398,14 +419,33 @@ impl DefaultExecutionService {
         &self,
         provider_kind: &ProviderKind,
     ) -> Result<RoutingContext, GatewayError> {
-        let blocked_providers = match self.circuits.decision(provider_kind).await.map_err(|_| {
-            GatewayError::new(
-                GatewayErrorKind::NoAvailableProvider,
-                "provider health state is temporarily unavailable",
-            )
-        })? {
-            ProviderCircuitDecision::Allow => BTreeSet::new(),
-            ProviderCircuitDecision::BlockedUntil(_) => BTreeSet::from([provider_kind.clone()]),
+        let decision = self.circuits.decision(provider_kind).fuse();
+        let timeout = Delay::new(COORDINATION_TIMEOUT).fuse();
+        pin_mut!(decision, timeout);
+        let decision = select_biased! {
+            result = decision => Some(result),
+            _ = timeout => None,
+        };
+        let blocked_providers = match decision {
+            Some(Ok(ProviderCircuitDecision::Allow)) => BTreeSet::new(),
+            Some(Ok(ProviderCircuitDecision::BlockedUntil(_))) => {
+                BTreeSet::from([provider_kind.clone()])
+            }
+            Some(Err(error)) => {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    provider = provider_kind.as_str(),
+                    %error,
+                    "Provider circuit 读取失败，按可重建协调状态 fail-open"
+                );
+                BTreeSet::new()
+            }
+            None => {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    provider = provider_kind.as_str(),
+                    "Provider circuit 读取超时，按可重建协调状态 fail-open"
+                );
+                BTreeSet::new()
+            }
         };
         Ok(RoutingContext {
             provider_kind: Some(provider_kind.clone()),
@@ -416,7 +456,7 @@ impl DefaultExecutionService {
     async fn probe_inner(
         &self,
         request: AccountProbeRequest,
-    ) -> Result<AccountProbeResult, GatewayError> {
+    ) -> Result<AccountProbeResult, AccountProbeError> {
         let AccountProbeRequest {
             account_id,
             provider_kind,
@@ -525,26 +565,55 @@ impl DefaultExecutionService {
         })
     }
 
-    /// 探测失败先落库再转成客户端错误；转换会丢掉上游状态码与 provider code。
+    /// 探测失败先记录脱敏分类事实，再把请求局部的原始上游响应交给认证管理端。
     async fn observe_probe_failure(
         &self,
         observed: &ProbeObservation,
         started_at: SystemTime,
         error: &EngineError,
-    ) -> GatewayError {
+    ) -> AccountProbeError {
+        let upstream_response = match error {
+            EngineError::Provider(provider_error) => provider_error
+                .client_visible_upstream_response()
+                .map(AccountProbeUpstreamResponse::from_client_response),
+            _ => None,
+        };
         if let EngineError::Provider(provider_error) = error {
-            let _ = self
+            let latency = started_at.elapsed().unwrap_or_default();
+            let latency_ms = u64::try_from(latency.as_millis()).unwrap_or(u64::MAX);
+            tracing::warn!(
+                target: "gateway_probe",
+                provider_kind = observed.provider_kind.as_str(),
+                account_id = observed.account_id.as_str(),
+                upstream_model = observed.upstream_model.as_str(),
+                failure_kind = provider_error.kind().as_str(),
+                send_state = ?provider_error.send_state(),
+                upstream_status = ?provider_error.upstream_status(),
+                provider_error_code = ?provider_error.upstream_code().map(|code| code.as_str()),
+                latency_ms,
+                "账号连接测试失败"
+            );
+            if let Err(store_error) = self
                 .observations
                 .record_probe_failure(ProbeFailure {
                     provider_kind: observed.provider_kind.clone(),
                     account_id: observed.account_id.clone(),
                     upstream_model_id: observed.upstream_model.clone(),
                     error: provider_error.clone(),
-                    latency: started_at.elapsed().unwrap_or_default(),
+                    latency,
                 })
-                .await;
+                .await
+            {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    operation = "record_probe_failure",
+                    provider_kind = observed.provider_kind.as_str(),
+                    account_id = observed.account_id.as_str(),
+                    error_kind = ?store_error.kind(),
+                    "账号连接测试观测写入失败，测试结果不受影响"
+                );
+            }
         }
-        gateway_error_from_engine(error)
+        AccountProbeError::new(gateway_error_from_engine(error), upstream_response)
     }
 }
 
@@ -651,7 +720,7 @@ impl AccountProbe for DefaultExecutionService {
     fn probe(
         &self,
         request: AccountProbeRequest,
-    ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<AccountProbeResult, GatewayError>> {
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<AccountProbeResult, AccountProbeError>> {
         Box::pin(async move { self.probe_inner(request).await })
     }
 }
@@ -664,10 +733,13 @@ struct AdmissionLease {
 
 impl AdmissionLease {
     async fn release(self) {
-        let _ = self
+        if let Err(error) = self
             .port
             .release(&self.client_api_key_id, &self.model_request_id)
-            .await;
+            .await
+        {
+            tracing::warn!(%error, "Client admission 释放失败，依赖租约 TTL 收敛");
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -742,13 +814,7 @@ impl DefaultExecutionSession {
             return;
         };
         self.continuation_recorded = true;
-        let record = self.continuation.record(pin).fuse();
-        let timeout = Delay::new(CONTINUATION_AFFINITY_TIMEOUT).fuse();
-        pin_mut!(record, timeout);
-        select_biased! {
-            _ = record => {},
-            _ = timeout => {},
-        }
+        record_native_continuation(self.continuation.as_ref(), pin).await;
     }
 
     async fn finalize_detached(&mut self) {
@@ -756,8 +822,10 @@ impl DefaultExecutionSession {
             return;
         };
         core.cancel();
-        if !core.is_finalized() {
-            let _ = core.cancel_and_finalize().await;
+        if !core.is_finalized()
+            && let Err(error) = core.cancel_and_finalize().await
+        {
+            tracing::warn!(%error, "Detached execution 终态收敛失败");
         }
         let pending = core
             .provider_attempt_outcomes()
@@ -878,7 +946,43 @@ async fn publish_provider_attempt_outcomes(
             }
             Some(_) => continue,
         };
-        let _ = result;
+        if let Err(error) = result {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                provider = outcome.provider_kind().as_str(),
+                %error,
+                "Provider circuit feedback 写入失败，数据面不受影响"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+async fn record_native_continuation(
+    continuation: &dyn NativeContinuationPort,
+    pin: NativeContinuationPin,
+) {
+    let provider = pin.provider().as_str().to_owned();
+    let account = pin.account().as_str().to_owned();
+    let record = continuation.record(pin).fuse();
+    let timeout = Delay::new(COORDINATION_TIMEOUT).fuse();
+    pin_mut!(record, timeout);
+    select_biased! {
+        result = record => {
+            if let Err(error) = result {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    provider = %provider,
+                    account = %account,
+                    %error,
+                    "Continuation affinity 写入失败，后续请求将退化为外部续接"
+                );
+            }
+        },
+        _ = timeout => {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                provider = %provider,
+                account = %account,
+                "Continuation affinity 后台写入超时，已丢弃本次亲和记录"
+            );
+        },
     }
 }
 

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/engine/mod.rs

@@ -615,6 +615,7 @@ pub struct ModelRequestFinalization {
     pub upstream_transport: Option<String>,
     pub http_version: Option<String>,
     pub websocket_pool: Option<String>,
+    pub service_tier: Option<String>,
     /// Provider 已筛选的专有观测 JSON；Core 不解释字段。
     pub provider_metadata_json: Option<String>,
     pub error: Option<GatewayError>,

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/engine/probe.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 //! 管理端账号连通性测试的真实执行链端口。
 
+use std::fmt;
+
+use bytes::Bytes;
 use futures::future::BoxFuture;
 
-use crate::error::GatewayError;
+use crate::error::{ClientVisibleUpstreamResponse, GatewayError, GatewayErrorKind};
 use crate::routing::{ProviderKind, UpstreamModelId};
 use crate::{engine::credential::ProviderAccountId, operation::Operation};
 
@@ -19,9 +22,111 @@ pub struct AccountProbeResult {
     pub text: Vec<String>,
 }
 
+/// 仅供当前管理端连接测试展示的原始上游失败响应。
+///
+/// 正文不进入 `Debug`、日志或持久化；Core 只在探测终态从原始 Provider 错误显式复制。
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct AccountProbeUpstreamResponse {
+    status: u16,
+    content_type: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    body: Bytes,
+}
+
+impl AccountProbeUpstreamResponse {
+    pub(crate) fn from_client_response(response: &ClientVisibleUpstreamResponse) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            status: response.status(),
+            content_type: response.content_type().map(<[u8]>::to_vec),
+            body: response.body().clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn status(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.status
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn content_type(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
+        self.content_type.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn body(&self) -> &Bytes {
+        &self.body
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for AccountProbeUpstreamResponse {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter
+            .debug_struct("AccountProbeUpstreamResponse")
+            .field("status", &self.status)
+            .field(
+                "content_type",
+                &self.content_type.as_ref().map(|_| "<present>"),
+            )
+            .field("body", &"<redacted>")
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// 管理端连接测试的终态错误。
+///
+/// `gateway` 保留稳定分类，`upstream_response` 只面向本次认证管理请求展示源响应。
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct AccountProbeError {
+    gateway: GatewayError,
+    upstream_response: Option<AccountProbeUpstreamResponse>,
+}
+
+impl AccountProbeError {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn new(
+        gateway: GatewayError,
+        upstream_response: Option<AccountProbeUpstreamResponse>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            gateway,
+            upstream_response,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn kind(&self) -> GatewayErrorKind {
+        self.gateway.kind()
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn client_message(&self) -> &str {
+        self.gateway.client_message()
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn client_error_type(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.gateway.client_error_type()
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn client_error_code(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.gateway.client_error_code()
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn upstream_response(&self) -> Option<&AccountProbeUpstreamResponse> {
+        self.upstream_response.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<GatewayError> for AccountProbeError {
+    fn from(gateway: GatewayError) -> Self {
+        Self::new(gateway, None)
+    }
+}
+
 pub trait AccountProbe: Send + Sync {
     fn probe(
         &self,
         request: AccountProbeRequest,
-    ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<AccountProbeResult, GatewayError>>;
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<AccountProbeResult, AccountProbeError>>;
 }

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/engine/provider.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use crate::engine::credential::{
 };
 use crate::engine::{AttemptContext, UpstreamSendState};
 use crate::error::{
-    IdentifierError, ProviderError, ProviderErrorKind, SafeUpstreamValue, validate_text,
+    IdentifierError, OpaqueUpstreamValue, ProviderError, ProviderErrorKind, validate_text,
 };
 use crate::event::{EventSequenceValidator, ProviderEvent};
 use crate::operation::Operation;
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ pub struct ProviderCallMetadata {
     provider: ProviderKind,
     upstream_model: UpstreamModelId,
     resource: ProviderResource,
-    upstream_request_id: Option<SafeUpstreamValue>,
+    upstream_request_id: Option<OpaqueUpstreamValue>,
     transport: UpstreamTransport,
 }
 
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ impl ProviderCallMetadata {
 
     /// 设置 adapter 已分类为非 bearer 的 request ID。
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn with_upstream_request_id(mut self, request_id: SafeUpstreamValue) -> Self {
+    pub fn with_upstream_request_id(mut self, request_id: OpaqueUpstreamValue) -> Self {
         self.upstream_request_id = Some(request_id);
         self
     }
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ impl ProviderCallMetadata {
 
     /// 返回安全上游 request ID。
     #[must_use]
-    pub const fn upstream_request_id(&self) -> Option<&SafeUpstreamValue> {
+    pub const fn upstream_request_id(&self) -> Option<&OpaqueUpstreamValue> {
         self.upstream_request_id.as_ref()
     }
 

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/error.rs

@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
 use std::fmt;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
+use bytes::Bytes;
 use thiserror::Error;
 
 use crate::engine::UpstreamSendState;
+use crate::event::{ProviderEvent, ProviderResponseHeader};
 
 /// 应用层标识不满足约束。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Error)]
@@ -127,8 +129,12 @@ pub enum ProviderErrorKind {
     RateLimited,
     /// Credential 配额耗尽。
     QuotaExhausted,
+    /// 仍有符合条件的账号，但它们暂时没有可调度容量。
+    AccountCapacityUnavailable,
     /// Provider 已确认当前请求无法选出可用账号。
     NoEligibleAccount,
+    /// Provider 的账号存储、租约协调或本地凭据数据不可用。
+    ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable,
     /// 请求超时。
     Timeout,
     /// 网络或 transport 失败。
@@ -154,7 +160,9 @@ impl ProviderErrorKind {
             Self::PermissionDenied => "permission_denied",
             Self::RateLimited => "rate_limited",
             Self::QuotaExhausted => "quota_exhausted",
+            Self::AccountCapacityUnavailable => "account_capacity_unavailable",
             Self::NoEligibleAccount => "no_eligible_account",
+            Self::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable => "provider_infrastructure_unavailable",
             Self::Timeout => "timeout",
             Self::Transport => "transport",
             Self::Protocol => "protocol",
@@ -174,22 +182,18 @@ pub enum ContinuationFailure {
     HistoryUnavailable,
 }
 
-/// Adapter 已明确分类为非 bearer、可用于诊断的上游值。
+/// Adapter 已明确分类为非 bearer 的不透明上游值。
+///
+/// Core 不解释或校验内容，只通过自定义 [`Debug`] 避免它意外进入日志。协议 adapter
+/// 可在原客户端响应中读取原值。
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct SafeUpstreamValue(String);
+pub struct OpaqueUpstreamValue(String);
 
-impl SafeUpstreamValue {
-    const MAX_BYTES: usize = 256;
-
-    /// 校验并创建诊断值。
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// 空值、超长值或控制字符会返回 [`IdentifierError`]。
-    pub fn new(value: impl Into<String>) -> Result<Self, IdentifierError> {
-        let value = value.into();
-        validate_text(&value, Self::MAX_BYTES, false, None)?;
-        Ok(Self(value))
+impl OpaqueUpstreamValue {
+    /// 原样保存上游值。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self(value.into())
     }
 
     /// 返回已经由 adapter 安全分类的原值。
@@ -199,9 +203,9 @@ impl SafeUpstreamValue {
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Debug for SafeUpstreamValue {
+impl fmt::Debug for OpaqueUpstreamValue {
     fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        formatter.write_str("SafeUpstreamValue(<redacted-from-Debug>)")
+        formatter.write_str("OpaqueUpstreamValue(<redacted-from-Debug>)")
     }
 }
 
@@ -212,31 +216,23 @@ impl fmt::Debug for SafeUpstreamValue {
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ClientVisibleUpstreamError {
     message: String,
-    code: Option<SafeUpstreamValue>,
-    error_type: Option<SafeUpstreamValue>,
+    code: Option<OpaqueUpstreamValue>,
+    error_type: Option<OpaqueUpstreamValue>,
 }
 
 impl ClientVisibleUpstreamError {
-    const MAX_MESSAGE_BYTES: usize = 8_192;
-
-    /// 从结构化上游 `message`、`code` 和 `type` 创建客户端可见错误。
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// message 为空、过长或含控制字符时返回错误；可选 code/type 不满足安全
-    /// 约束时会被省略，不会把整段上游 body 重新暴露。
+    /// 原样保存结构化上游 `message`、`code` 和 `type`。
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new(
         message: impl Into<String>,
         code: Option<String>,
         error_type: Option<String>,
-    ) -> Result<Self, IdentifierError> {
-        let message = message.into();
-        validate_text(&message, Self::MAX_MESSAGE_BYTES, false, None)?;
-        Ok(Self {
-            message,
-            code: code.and_then(|value| SafeUpstreamValue::new(value).ok()),
-            error_type: error_type.and_then(|value| SafeUpstreamValue::new(value).ok()),
-        })
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            message: message.into(),
+            code: code.map(OpaqueUpstreamValue::new),
+            error_type: error_type.map(OpaqueUpstreamValue::new),
+        }
     }
 
     /// 返回原上游的结构化 message。
@@ -248,13 +244,13 @@ impl ClientVisibleUpstreamError {
     /// 返回原上游的结构化 code。
     #[must_use]
     pub fn code(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.code.as_ref().map(SafeUpstreamValue::as_str)
+        self.code.as_ref().map(OpaqueUpstreamValue::as_str)
     }
 
     /// 返回原上游的结构化 type。
     #[must_use]
     pub fn error_type(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.error_type.as_ref().map(SafeUpstreamValue::as_str)
+        self.error_type.as_ref().map(OpaqueUpstreamValue::as_str)
     }
 }
 
@@ -264,28 +260,110 @@ impl fmt::Debug for ClientVisibleUpstreamError {
     }
 }
 
+/// 只供当前客户端请求使用的原始上游 HTTP 失败响应。
+///
+/// 该值不属于稳定诊断事实，不能进入日志或持久化。它刻意不实现 [`Clone`]；
+/// [`ProviderError`] 的普通 clone 会丢弃它，只有最终失败的原对象才能把响应交给
+/// 原客户端协议，或由认证管理端的账号连接测试显式复制到请求局部结果。
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ClientVisibleUpstreamResponse {
+    status: u16,
+    content_type: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    headers: Vec<ProviderResponseHeader>,
+    body: Bytes,
+}
+
+impl ClientVisibleUpstreamResponse {
+    /// 保存 transport 实际收到的状态码、Content-Type 原值和正文。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(status: u16, content_type: Option<Vec<u8>>, body: Bytes) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            status,
+            content_type,
+            headers: Vec::new(),
+            body,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 附加 Provider 已剔除账号绑定与 framing 信息的普通响应头。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn with_headers(mut self, headers: Vec<ProviderResponseHeader>) -> Self {
+        self.headers = headers;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn status(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.status
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn content_type(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
+        self.content_type.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn headers(&self) -> &[ProviderResponseHeader] {
+        &self.headers
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn body(&self) -> &Bytes {
+        &self.body
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for ClientVisibleUpstreamResponse {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        formatter
+            .debug_struct("ClientVisibleUpstreamResponse")
+            .field("status", &self.status)
+            .field(
+                "content_type",
+                &self.content_type.as_ref().map(|_| "<present>"),
+            )
+            .field("header_count", &self.headers.len())
+            .field("body", &"<redacted>")
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
 /// 单次 Provider 调用的稳定错误。
 ///
-/// 该类型不接收原始响应正文，也不会在 `Debug` 或 `Display` 中打印上游
+/// 稳定诊断字段不接收原始响应正文，也不会在 `Debug` 或 `Display` 中打印上游
 /// code/request ID/response ID。Adapter 若捕获到可能含 secret 的上下文，只能调用
 /// [`ProviderError::redact_sensitive_context`] 丢弃正文并留下脱敏标记。
-#[derive(Clone)]
+///
+/// 唯一例外是 [`ProviderError::with_atomic_client_events`]：它只承载尚未交付客户端、
+/// 必须与本错误一起完成重试判断的协议事件。Core 会在任何持久化或日志记录前取走
+/// 这些事件，不能把它们当作诊断上下文使用。
 pub struct ProviderError {
     kind: ProviderErrorKind,
     send_state: UpstreamSendState,
     upstream_status: Option<u16>,
-    upstream_code: Option<SafeUpstreamValue>,
-    upstream_request_id: Option<SafeUpstreamValue>,
-    upstream_response_id: Option<SafeUpstreamValue>,
+    upstream_values: Option<Box<ProviderErrorUpstreamValues>>,
     retry_after: Option<Duration>,
     continuation_failure: Option<ContinuationFailure>,
     replay_safe: bool,
+    pre_delivery_retry: bool,
     credential_recovery_required: bool,
     retry_same_account: bool,
     sensitive_context_redacted: bool,
     client_visible_upstream_error: Option<Box<ClientVisibleUpstreamError>>,
+    client_visible_upstream_response: Option<Box<ClientVisibleUpstreamResponse>>,
+    atomic_client_events: Option<Box<AtomicClientEvents>>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+struct ProviderErrorUpstreamValues {
+    code: Option<OpaqueUpstreamValue>,
+    request_id: Option<OpaqueUpstreamValue>,
+    response_id: Option<OpaqueUpstreamValue>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct AtomicClientEvents(Vec<ProviderEvent>);
+
 impl ProviderError {
     /// 创建 Provider 错误。
     #[must_use]
@@ -294,16 +372,17 @@ impl ProviderError {
             kind,
             send_state,
             upstream_status: None,
-            upstream_code: None,
-            upstream_request_id: None,
-            upstream_response_id: None,
+            upstream_values: None,
             retry_after: None,
             continuation_failure: None,
             replay_safe: false,
+            pre_delivery_retry: false,
             credential_recovery_required: false,
             retry_same_account: false,
             sensitive_context_redacted: false,
             client_visible_upstream_error: None,
+            client_visible_upstream_response: None,
+            atomic_client_events: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -318,25 +397,30 @@ impl ProviderError {
 
     /// 附加 adapter 已分类为安全的上游错误 code。
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn with_upstream_code(mut self, code: SafeUpstreamValue) -> Self {
-        self.upstream_code = Some(code);
+    pub fn with_upstream_code(mut self, code: OpaqueUpstreamValue) -> Self {
+        self.upstream_values_mut().code = Some(code);
         self
     }
 
     /// 附加 adapter 已分类为非 bearer 的上游 request ID。
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn with_upstream_request_id(mut self, request_id: SafeUpstreamValue) -> Self {
-        self.upstream_request_id = Some(request_id);
+    pub fn with_upstream_request_id(mut self, request_id: OpaqueUpstreamValue) -> Self {
+        self.upstream_values_mut().request_id = Some(request_id);
         self
     }
 
     /// 附加 adapter 已分类为非 bearer 的上游 response ID。
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn with_upstream_response_id(mut self, response_id: SafeUpstreamValue) -> Self {
-        self.upstream_response_id = Some(response_id);
+    pub fn with_upstream_response_id(mut self, response_id: OpaqueUpstreamValue) -> Self {
+        self.upstream_values_mut().response_id = Some(response_id);
         self
     }
 
+    fn upstream_values_mut(&mut self) -> &mut ProviderErrorUpstreamValues {
+        self.upstream_values
+            .get_or_insert_with(|| Box::new(ProviderErrorUpstreamValues::default()))
+    }
+
     /// 附加 Provider 建议的冷却时间。
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn with_retry_after(mut self, retry_after: Duration) -> Self {
@@ -358,6 +442,17 @@ impl ProviderError {
         self
     }
 
+    /// 允许 Core 仅在客户端尚未收到任何事件时执行一次受预算约束的换号恢复。
+    ///
+    /// 该标记不证明上游未执行，也不等价于 [`Self::with_replay_safe`]；它只表达
+    /// Provider 选择了“客户端无感恢复优先”的传输策略。Core 在 continuation、
+    /// 指定账号或下游已经进入提交状态时必须忽略它。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn with_pre_delivery_retry(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.pre_delivery_retry = true;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// 要求 Core 在账号凭据已恢复后仅对原账号重放一次。
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn with_same_account_retry(mut self) -> Self {
@@ -379,6 +474,27 @@ impl ProviderError {
         self
     }
 
+    /// 附加仅可返回给当前请求方的原始上游 HTTP 失败响应。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn with_client_visible_upstream_response(
+        mut self,
+        response: ClientVisibleUpstreamResponse,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.client_visible_upstream_response = Some(Box::new(response));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// 附加必须先由 Core 判断重试、再决定丢弃或交付的客户端协议事件。
+    ///
+    /// Provider 只能放入当前 attempt 尚未交付的事件；调用方应设置明确的有界缓冲，
+    /// 并保证失败事件本身位于这批事件的末尾。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn with_atomic_client_events(mut self, events: Vec<ProviderEvent>) -> Self {
+        self.atomic_client_events =
+            (!events.is_empty()).then(|| Box::new(AtomicClientEvents(events)));
+        self
+    }
+
     /// 丢弃敏感正文，只记录“发生过脱敏”这一事实。
     #[must_use]
     pub fn redact_sensitive_context(mut self, _sensitive_context: impl AsRef<str>) -> Self {
@@ -406,20 +522,26 @@ impl ProviderError {
 
     /// 返回安全分类的上游错误 code。
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn upstream_code(&self) -> Option<&SafeUpstreamValue> {
-        self.upstream_code.as_ref()
+    pub fn upstream_code(&self) -> Option<&OpaqueUpstreamValue> {
+        self.upstream_values
+            .as_deref()
+            .and_then(|values| values.code.as_ref())
     }
 
     /// 返回安全分类的上游 request ID。
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn upstream_request_id(&self) -> Option<&SafeUpstreamValue> {
-        self.upstream_request_id.as_ref()
+    pub fn upstream_request_id(&self) -> Option<&OpaqueUpstreamValue> {
+        self.upstream_values
+            .as_deref()
+            .and_then(|values| values.request_id.as_ref())
     }
 
     /// 返回安全分类的上游 response ID。
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn upstream_response_id(&self) -> Option<&SafeUpstreamValue> {
-        self.upstream_response_id.as_ref()
+    pub fn upstream_response_id(&self) -> Option<&OpaqueUpstreamValue> {
+        self.upstream_values
+            .as_deref()
+            .and_then(|values| values.response_id.as_ref())
     }
 
     /// 返回 Provider 建议的冷却时间。
@@ -440,6 +562,12 @@ impl ProviderError {
         self.replay_safe
     }
 
+    /// 返回 Provider 是否允许在首个客户端事件前换号恢复传输失败。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn allows_pre_delivery_retry(&self) -> bool {
+        self.pre_delivery_retry
+    }
+
     /// 返回 Provider 是否已完成凭据恢复并要求原账号重放。
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn retries_same_account(&self) -> bool {
@@ -462,6 +590,50 @@ impl ProviderError {
     pub fn client_visible_upstream_error(&self) -> Option<&ClientVisibleUpstreamError> {
         self.client_visible_upstream_error.as_deref()
     }
+
+    /// 返回只供当前协议响应使用的原始上游 HTTP 失败响应。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn client_visible_upstream_response(&self) -> Option<&ClientVisibleUpstreamResponse> {
+        self.client_visible_upstream_response.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    /// 取走只供本次重试/提交决策使用的原子客户端事件。
+    ///
+    /// Core 必须在克隆错误、记录中间失败或构造终态前调用本方法，避免原始 wire
+    /// 进入诊断或持久化对象。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn take_atomic_client_events(&mut self) -> Vec<ProviderEvent> {
+        self.atomic_client_events
+            .take()
+            .map_or_else(Vec::new, |events| events.0)
+    }
+
+    /// 返回是否携带尚未提交的原子客户端事件；不暴露事件内容。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn has_atomic_client_events(&self) -> bool {
+        self.atomic_client_events.is_some()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Clone for ProviderError {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            kind: self.kind,
+            send_state: self.send_state,
+            upstream_status: self.upstream_status,
+            upstream_values: self.upstream_values.clone(),
+            retry_after: self.retry_after,
+            continuation_failure: self.continuation_failure,
+            replay_safe: self.replay_safe,
+            pre_delivery_retry: self.pre_delivery_retry,
+            credential_recovery_required: self.credential_recovery_required,
+            retry_same_account: self.retry_same_account,
+            sensitive_context_redacted: self.sensitive_context_redacted,
+            client_visible_upstream_error: self.client_visible_upstream_error.clone(),
+            client_visible_upstream_response: None,
+            atomic_client_events: None,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for ProviderError {
@@ -473,25 +645,20 @@ impl fmt::Debug for ProviderError {
             .field("upstream_status", &self.upstream_status)
             .field(
                 "upstream_code",
-                &self.upstream_code.as_ref().map(|_| "<classified-safe>"),
+                &self.upstream_code().map(|_| "<classified-safe>"),
             )
             .field(
                 "upstream_request_id",
-                &self
-                    .upstream_request_id
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .map(|_| "<classified-safe>"),
+                &self.upstream_request_id().map(|_| "<classified-safe>"),
             )
             .field(
                 "upstream_response_id",
-                &self
-                    .upstream_response_id
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .map(|_| "<classified-safe>"),
+                &self.upstream_response_id().map(|_| "<classified-safe>"),
             )
             .field("retry_after", &self.retry_after)
             .field("continuation_failure", &self.continuation_failure)
             .field("replay_safe", &self.replay_safe)
+            .field("pre_delivery_retry", &self.pre_delivery_retry)
             .field(
                 "credential_recovery_required",
                 &self.credential_recovery_required,
@@ -508,6 +675,20 @@ impl fmt::Debug for ProviderError {
                     .as_ref()
                     .map(|_| "<present>"),
             )
+            .field(
+                "client_visible_upstream_response",
+                &self
+                    .client_visible_upstream_response
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|_| "<present>"),
+            )
+            .field(
+                "atomic_client_events",
+                &self
+                    .atomic_client_events
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map_or(0, |events| events.0.len()),
+            )
             .finish()
     }
 }
@@ -536,6 +717,10 @@ pub enum GatewayErrorKind {
     ModelNotFound,
     /// 当前没有可用 target。
     NoAvailableProvider,
+    /// 符合条件的上游账号暂时没有调度容量。
+    AccountCapacityUnavailable,
+    /// Provider 的本地账号基础设施不可用。
+    ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable,
     /// 上游限流。
     RateLimited,
     /// 上游暂不可用。
@@ -559,6 +744,8 @@ impl GatewayErrorKind {
             Self::PolicyDenied => "policy_denied",
             Self::ModelNotFound => "model_not_found",
             Self::NoAvailableProvider => "no_available_provider",
+            Self::AccountCapacityUnavailable => "account_capacity_unavailable",
+            Self::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable => "provider_infrastructure_unavailable",
             Self::RateLimited => "rate_limited",
             Self::UpstreamUnavailable => "upstream_unavailable",
             Self::Timeout => "timeout",
@@ -607,10 +794,18 @@ impl GatewayError {
                 GatewayErrorKind::RateLimited,
                 "upstream capacity is temporarily unavailable",
             ),
+            ProviderErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable => Self::new(
+                GatewayErrorKind::AccountCapacityUnavailable,
+                "all eligible upstream accounts are temporarily busy",
+            ),
             ProviderErrorKind::NoEligibleAccount => Self::new(
                 GatewayErrorKind::NoAvailableProvider,
                 "no upstream provider is currently available for this request",
             ),
+            ProviderErrorKind::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable => Self::new(
+                GatewayErrorKind::ProviderInfrastructureUnavailable,
+                "provider account infrastructure is temporarily unavailable",
+            ),
             ProviderErrorKind::Timeout => {
                 Self::new(GatewayErrorKind::Timeout, "upstream request timed out")
             }

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/event.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use thiserror::Error;
 
 use crate::accounting::{CalculatedCost, ProviderReportedCost, Usage};
 use crate::engine::provider::UpstreamTransport;
-use crate::error::{IdentifierError, SafeUpstreamValue, validate_text};
+use crate::error::{IdentifierError, OpaqueUpstreamValue, validate_text};
 use crate::operation::ProviderSessionState;
 
 /// 一次响应的稳定元数据。
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ impl ProtocolWireEvent {
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
-    /// 协议名或显式事件名为空、过长或含控制字符时返回错误。
+    /// 协议名不满足内部路由标识约束时返回错误。上游事件名保持不透明。
     pub fn json(
         protocol: impl Into<String>,
         event_type: Option<String>,
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ impl ProtocolWireEvent {
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
-    /// 协议名、显式事件名或 SSE ID 不满足 wire 安全约束时返回错误。
+    /// 协议名不满足内部路由标识约束时返回错误。SSE 元数据保持不透明。
     pub fn json_with_sse_metadata(
         protocol: impl Into<String>,
         event_type: Option<String>,
@@ -222,15 +222,6 @@ impl ProtocolWireEvent {
     ) -> Result<Self, IdentifierError> {
         let protocol = protocol.into();
         validate_text(&protocol, 64, true, None)?;
-        if let Some(event_type) = event_type.as_deref() {
-            validate_text(event_type, 256, true, None)?;
-        }
-        if sse_id
-            .as_deref()
-            .is_some_and(|id| id.contains(['\0', '\r', '\n']))
-        {
-            return Err(IdentifierError::ControlCharacter);
-        }
         Ok(Self {
             protocol,
             event_type,
@@ -440,24 +431,21 @@ impl fmt::Debug for ProviderResponseMetadata {
     }
 }
 
-/// Provider 已筛选、可由协议 adapter 再次按白名单表达的响应头。
+/// Provider 已筛选、可由协议 adapter 尝试表达的不透明响应头。
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ProviderResponseHeader {
     name: String,
-    value: SafeUpstreamValue,
+    value: Bytes,
 }
 
 impl ProviderResponseHeader {
-    /// 创建规范化的小写响应头；非 ASCII token 名称直接拒绝。
+    /// 保存 Provider 交付的原始名称和值；HTTP 可表达性由最终 adapter 判断。
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn new(name: impl Into<String>, value: SafeUpstreamValue) -> Option<Self> {
-        let name = name.into().trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-        let valid = !name.is_empty()
-            && name.len() <= 64
-            && name
-                .bytes()
-                .all(|byte| byte.is_ascii_lowercase() || byte.is_ascii_digit() || byte == b'-');
-        valid.then_some(Self { name, value })
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<String>, value: Bytes) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.into(),
+            value,
+        }
     }
 
     #[must_use]
@@ -466,7 +454,7 @@ impl ProviderResponseHeader {
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    pub const fn value(&self) -> &SafeUpstreamValue {
+    pub const fn value(&self) -> &Bytes {
         &self.value
     }
 }
@@ -475,7 +463,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for ProviderResponseHeader {
     fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         formatter
             .debug_struct("ProviderResponseHeader")
-            .field("name", &self.name)
+            .field("name", &"<redacted>")
             .field("value", &"<redacted>")
             .finish()
     }
@@ -488,7 +476,8 @@ pub struct ProviderResponseObservation {
     http_version: Option<UpstreamHttpVersion>,
     websocket_pool: Option<WebSocketPoolKind>,
     status_code: Option<u16>,
-    request_id: Option<SafeUpstreamValue>,
+    request_id: Option<OpaqueUpstreamValue>,
+    service_tier: Option<String>,
     timings: ProviderResponseTimings,
     client_headers: Vec<ProviderResponseHeader>,
     provider_metadata: Option<ProviderResponseMetadata>,
@@ -503,6 +492,7 @@ impl ProviderResponseObservation {
             websocket_pool: None,
             status_code: None,
             request_id: None,
+            service_tier: None,
             timings: ProviderResponseTimings::default(),
             client_headers: Vec::new(),
             provider_metadata: None,
@@ -528,11 +518,36 @@ impl ProviderResponseObservation {
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn with_request_id(mut self, request_id: SafeUpstreamValue) -> Self {
+    pub fn with_request_id(mut self, request_id: OpaqueUpstreamValue) -> Self {
         self.request_id = Some(request_id);
         self
     }
 
+    /// 附加 Provider 在响应中确认的服务档位。
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// 档位为空、超过 64 字节或包含控制字符时返回错误。
+    pub fn try_with_service_tier(
+        mut self,
+        service_tier: impl Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, IdentifierError> {
+        let service_tier = service_tier.into();
+        validate_text(&service_tier, 64, false, None)?;
+        self.service_tier = Some(service_tier);
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// 附加合法服务档位；不适合持久化的上游观测值会被忽略。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn with_service_tier_if_valid(mut self, service_tier: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        let service_tier = service_tier.into();
+        if validate_text(&service_tier, 64, false, None).is_ok() {
+            self.service_tier = Some(service_tier);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn with_timings(mut self, timings: ProviderResponseTimings) -> Self {
         self.timings = timings;
@@ -573,10 +588,15 @@ impl ProviderResponseObservation {
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    pub const fn request_id(&self) -> Option<&SafeUpstreamValue> {
+    pub const fn request_id(&self) -> Option<&OpaqueUpstreamValue> {
         self.request_id.as_ref()
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn service_tier(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.service_tier.as_deref()
+    }
+
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn timings(&self) -> ProviderResponseTimings {
         self.timings

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/operation/mod.rs

@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ impl GenerateRequest {
         self.body()
             .get("previous_response_id")
             .and_then(Value::as_str)
-            .is_some_and(|response_id| !response_id.is_empty())
+            .is_some()
     }
 
     /// 返回客户端是否请求了图片生成工具。

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/provider_ports/mod.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use crate::engine::credential::{
     OpaqueProviderData, ProviderAccountId, ProviderAccountStore,
 };
 use crate::error::{IdentifierError, validate_text};
-use crate::routing::ProviderKind;
+use crate::routing::{ProviderKind, UpstreamModelId};
 
 const MAX_PENDING_FLOW_TTL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(30 * 60);
 
@@ -527,6 +527,80 @@ impl ProviderCooldown {
     }
 }
 
+/// 可丢失 cooldown 的细粒度作用域。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub enum ProviderCooldownScope {
+    /// 只阻止同一账号调用指定上游模型。
+    UpstreamModel(UpstreamModelId),
+}
+
+impl ProviderCooldownScope {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn upstream_model(model: UpstreamModelId) -> Self {
+        Self::UpstreamModel(model)
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn kind(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::UpstreamModel(_) => "model",
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn value(&self) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            Self::UpstreamModel(model) => model.as_str(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 不进入账号持久状态的账号+作用域 cooldown。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ProviderScopedCooldown {
+    account_id: ProviderAccountId,
+    credential_revision: CredentialRevision,
+    scope: ProviderCooldownScope,
+    until: SystemTime,
+}
+
+impl ProviderScopedCooldown {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn new(
+        account_id: ProviderAccountId,
+        credential_revision: CredentialRevision,
+        scope: ProviderCooldownScope,
+        until: SystemTime,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            account_id,
+            credential_revision,
+            scope,
+            until,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn account_id(&self) -> &ProviderAccountId {
+        &self.account_id
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn credential_revision(&self) -> CredentialRevision {
+        self.credential_revision
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn scope(&self) -> &ProviderCooldownScope {
+        &self.scope
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn until(&self) -> SystemTime {
+        self.until
+    }
+}
+
 pub trait ProviderCooldownPort: Send + Sync {
     fn put_if_later(
         &self,
@@ -543,6 +617,31 @@ pub trait ProviderCooldownPort: Send + Sync {
         account_id: &'a ProviderAccountId,
         through_revision: CredentialRevision,
     ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<bool, ProviderStoreError>>;
+
+    fn put_scoped_if_later(
+        &self,
+        cooldown: ProviderScopedCooldown,
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<bool, ProviderStoreError>>;
+
+    fn read_scoped<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        account_id: &'a ProviderAccountId,
+        scope: &'a ProviderCooldownScope,
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<Option<ProviderScopedCooldown>, ProviderStoreError>>;
+
+    fn clear_scoped<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        account_id: &'a ProviderAccountId,
+        scope: &'a ProviderCooldownScope,
+        through_revision: CredentialRevision,
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<bool, ProviderStoreError>>;
+
+    /// 删除账号时清除该账号全部 account/model scope cooldown key。
+    /// 生命周期与 credential revision 无关；不要求调用方持有 revision。
+    fn clear_all<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        account_id: &'a ProviderAccountId,
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<bool, ProviderStoreError>>;
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -575,33 +674,20 @@ impl ProviderRefreshPolicy {
         self.concurrency
     }
 
-    /// 按账号稳定扰动刷新提前量；相同账号与过期时间跨进程得到同一执行时刻。
-    pub fn next_attempt_at(
+    /// 判断 AT 是否已经进入当前配置的提前刷新窗口。
+    ///
+    /// `margin` 是运行时策略，不投影为账号的持久化时间字段；已过期 AT 也需要
+    /// 尝试用 RT 恢复，因此视为到期。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn is_refresh_due(
         self,
-        account_id: &ProviderAccountId,
         access_token_expires_at: SystemTime,
         observed_at: SystemTime,
-    ) -> Result<SystemTime, ProviderStoreError> {
-        let remaining = access_token_expires_at
-            .duration_since(observed_at)
-            .map_err(|_| invalid_refresh_policy("schedule expired access token"))?;
-        let base_margin_seconds = self.margin.as_secs();
-        if base_margin_seconds == 0 {
-            return Ok(observed_at);
+    ) -> bool {
+        match access_token_expires_at.duration_since(observed_at) {
+            Ok(remaining) => remaining <= self.margin,
+            Err(_) => true,
         }
-
-        let factor = stable_factor(account_id.as_str(), "normal", 850, 1_150);
-        let jittered_seconds = base_margin_seconds
-            .saturating_mul(u64::from(factor))
-            .saturating_add(500)
-            / 1_000;
-        if jittered_seconds >= remaining.as_secs() {
-            return Ok(observed_at);
-        }
-        let lead = jittered_seconds.max(1);
-        access_token_expires_at
-            .checked_sub(Duration::from_secs(lead))
-            .ok_or_else(|| invalid_refresh_policy("schedule access token refresh"))
     }
 }
 

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/routing/mod.rs

@@ -89,6 +89,18 @@ impl UpstreamModelId {
         Ok(Self(value))
     }
 
+    /// 从未命中显式映射的客户端模型名构造同名上游模型。
+    ///
+    /// 目录和配置仍使用 [`Self::new`] 的内部标识约束；客户端 wire 只要求非空，
+    /// 具体模型字符串是否可用由绑定 Provider 决定。
+    pub fn from_client_wire(value: impl Into<String>) -> Result<Self, IdentifierError> {
+        let value = value.into();
+        if value.is_empty() {
+            return Err(IdentifierError::Empty);
+        }
+        Ok(Self(value))
+    }
+
     #[must_use]
     pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
         &self.0

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/routing/snapshot.rs

@@ -244,13 +244,8 @@ async fn compile_runtime_snapshot(
     }
 
     let model_mappings = facts.settings.model_mappings;
-    let rotation_strategy = match facts.settings.rotation_strategy.as_str() {
-        "smart" => RotationStrategy::Smart,
-        "quota_reset_priority" => RotationStrategy::QuotaResetPriority,
-        "round_robin" => RotationStrategy::RoundRobin,
-        "sticky" => RotationStrategy::Sticky,
-        _ => return Err(RuntimeSnapshotCompileError::InvalidData),
-    };
+    let rotation_strategy = RotationStrategy::parse(facts.settings.rotation_strategy.as_str())
+        .ok_or(RuntimeSnapshotCompileError::InvalidData)?;
     let selection_policy = AccountSelectionPolicy::new(
         rotation_strategy,
         NonZeroU32::new(facts.settings.max_concurrent_per_account)
@@ -488,15 +483,11 @@ impl RuntimeSnapshot {
 
     #[must_use]
     pub fn mapped_model(&self, requested: &str) -> String {
-        let original = requested.trim();
+        let original = requested;
         let mut current = original.to_owned();
         let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
         for _ in 0..20 {
-            let Some(target) = self
-                .model_mappings
-                .get(&current)
-                .map(|target| target.trim())
-            else {
+            let Some(target) = self.model_mappings.get(&current).map(String::as_str) else {
                 return current;
             };
             if !seen.insert(current.clone()) || seen.contains(target) {
@@ -529,8 +520,14 @@ impl RuntimeSnapshot {
             {
                 continue;
             }
-            let upstream_model = UpstreamModelId::new(self.mapped_model(public_model.as_str()))
-                .map_err(|_| RoutingError::InvalidIdentifier)?;
+            let requested_model = public_model.as_str();
+            let mapped_model = self.mapped_model(requested_model);
+            let upstream_model = if self.model_mappings.contains_key(requested_model) {
+                UpstreamModelId::new(mapped_model)
+            } else {
+                UpstreamModelId::from_client_wire(mapped_model)
+            }
+            .map_err(|_| RoutingError::InvalidIdentifier)?;
             let emulated_features = match self
                 .provider_models
                 .get(provider)

backend/crates/gateway-core/src/task/mod.rs

@@ -21,10 +21,11 @@ pub enum WorkerKind {
     StaleModelRequestRecovery,
     Retention,
     OpsFlush,
+    Backup,
 }
 
 impl WorkerKind {
-    pub const ALL: [Self; 7] = [
+    pub const ALL: [Self; 8] = [
         Self::OAuthRefresh,
         Self::QuotaCatalogHealth,
         Self::RuntimeSnapshotReconciliation,
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ impl WorkerKind {
         Self::StaleModelRequestRecovery,
         Self::Retention,
         Self::OpsFlush,
+        Self::Backup,
     ];
 
     #[must_use]
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@ impl WorkerKind {
             Self::StaleModelRequestRecovery => "stale_model_request_recovery",
             Self::Retention => "retention",
             Self::OpsFlush => "ops_flush",
+            Self::Backup => "backup",
         }
     }
 }

backend/crates/gateway-core/tests/accounting/mod.rs

@@ -12,6 +12,22 @@ fn decimal_should_render_with_database_scale() {
     assert_eq!(decimal.to_string(), "12.3400000000");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn decimal_canonical_should_strip_trailing_zeroes() {
+    assert_eq!(Decimal::from_str("12.34").unwrap().canonical(), "12.34");
+    assert_eq!(Decimal::from_str("12").unwrap().canonical(), "12");
+    assert_eq!(Decimal::from_str("0").unwrap().canonical(), "0");
+    assert_eq!(Decimal::from_str("1.0000000000").unwrap().canonical(), "1");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn decimal_div_u64_should_keep_up_to_ten_fraction_digits() {
+    let decimal = Decimal::from_str("10").unwrap();
+    let third = decimal.checked_div_u64(3).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(third.canonical(), "3.3333333333");
+    assert_eq!(decimal.checked_div_u64(0), None);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn provider_usd_ticks_should_map_exactly_to_decimal_scale() {
     let estimate = ProviderReportedCost::from_usd_ticks(12_345_678_901)

backend/crates/gateway-core/tests/engine/continuation.rs

@@ -2,13 +2,12 @@ use gateway_core::engine::continuation::{
     ContinuationBinding, NativeContinuationPin, PreviousResponseId,
 };
 use gateway_core::engine::credential::ProviderAccountId;
-use gateway_core::error::SafeUpstreamValue;
 use gateway_core::routing::ProviderKind;
 
 fn pin() -> NativeContinuationPin {
     NativeContinuationPin::new(
-        PreviousResponseId::new("response-private").expect("valid response"),
-        SafeUpstreamValue::new("upstream-private").expect("valid upstream response"),
+        PreviousResponseId::new("response-private"),
+        PreviousResponseId::new("upstream-private"),
         ProviderKind::new("openai").expect("valid provider"),
         ProviderAccountId::new("acct_codex").expect("valid account"),
     )
@@ -23,13 +22,20 @@ fn native_pin_debug_should_redact_previous_response_id() {
 
 #[test]
 fn external_binding_debug_should_redact_previous_response_id() {
-    let binding = ContinuationBinding::External(
-        PreviousResponseId::new("external-private").expect("valid response"),
-    );
+    let binding = ContinuationBinding::External(PreviousResponseId::new("external-private"));
 
     assert!(!format!("{binding:?}").contains("external-private"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn opaque_response_id_preserves_any_codex_string_without_debug_disclosure() {
+    let value = format!("resp_{}\0opaque", "x".repeat(257));
+    let response_id = PreviousResponseId::new(value.clone());
+
+    assert_eq!(response_id.as_str(), value);
+    assert!(!format!("{response_id:?}").contains(&value));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn native_pin_should_reject_different_account() {
     assert!(!pin().matches(