PY_ENV_MAN for env manager choice

feat: refactor parse_args&rm USE_ENV
feat: more opts for cli
2025-12-22 22:20:02 +00:00 · 2023-12-07 10:42:26 +08:00 · 2023-12-07 10:35:40 +08:00 · 2023-12-06 17:58:49 +08:00 · 2023-12-06 17:39:12 +08:00 · 2023-12-06 16:40:58 +08:00
195 changed files with 10758 additions and 2155 deletions
--- a/.github/actions/publish-github-release/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/publish-github-release/action.yml
@@ -31,10 +31,12 @@ runs:
          echo "prerelease=false" >> $GITHUB_ENV
          echo "makeLatest=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
          echo "generateReleaseNotes=false" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "omitBody=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
        else
          echo "prerelease=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
          echo "makeLatest=false" >> $GITHUB_ENV
          echo "generateReleaseNotes=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "omitBody=false" >> $GITHUB_ENV
        fi

    - name: Publish release
@@ -45,6 +47,7 @@ runs:
        makeLatest: ${{ env.makeLatest }}
        tag: ${{ inputs.version }}
        generateReleaseNotes: ${{ env.generateReleaseNotes }}
+        omitBody: ${{ env.omitBody }} # omitBody is true when the release is a official release.
        allowUpdates: true
        artifacts: |
          **/greptime-*/*
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ checksum = "8f1f8f5a6f3d50d89e3797d7593a50f96bb2aaa20ca0cc7be1fb673232c91d72"

 [[package]]
 name = "api"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "common-base",
 "common-decimal",
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "auth"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -828,7 +828,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "benchmarks"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "arrow",
 "chrono",
@@ -1160,7 +1160,7 @@ checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"

 [[package]]
 name = "catalog"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arc-swap",
@@ -1429,7 +1429,7 @@ checksum = "702fc72eb24e5a1e48ce58027a675bc24edd52096d5397d4aea7c6dd9eca0bd1"

 [[package]]
 name = "client"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arrow-flight",
@@ -1462,7 +1462,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "session",
 "snafu",
 "substrait 0.17.1",
- "substrait 0.4.3",
+ "substrait 0.4.4",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-stream",
 "tonic 0.10.2",
@@ -1492,7 +1492,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "cmd"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "anymap",
 "async-trait",
@@ -1540,7 +1540,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "servers",
 "session",
 "snafu",
- "substrait 0.4.3",
+ "substrait 0.4.4",
 "table",
 "temp-env",
 "tikv-jemallocator",
@@ -1573,7 +1573,7 @@ checksum = "55b672471b4e9f9e95499ea597ff64941a309b2cdbffcc46f2cc5e2d971fd335"

 [[package]]
 name = "common-base"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "anymap",
 "bitvec",
@@ -1588,7 +1588,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-catalog"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "chrono",
 "common-error",
@@ -1599,7 +1599,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-config"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "common-base",
 "humantime-serde",
@@ -1608,7 +1608,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-datasource"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "arrow",
 "arrow-schema",
@@ -1639,7 +1639,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-decimal"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "arrow",
 "bigdecimal",
@@ -1653,7 +1653,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-error"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "snafu",
 "strum 0.25.0",
@@ -1661,7 +1661,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-function"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "arc-swap",
 "chrono-tz 0.6.3",
@@ -1684,7 +1684,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-greptimedb-telemetry"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "common-error",
@@ -1703,7 +1703,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-grpc"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arrow-flight",
@@ -1733,7 +1733,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-grpc-expr"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -1752,7 +1752,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-macro"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "arc-swap",
 "common-query",
@@ -1767,7 +1767,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-mem-prof"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "common-error",
 "common-macro",
@@ -1780,7 +1780,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-meta"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-recursion",
@@ -1819,7 +1819,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-procedure"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "async-stream",
 "async-trait",
@@ -1843,7 +1843,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-procedure-test"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "common-procedure",
@@ -1851,7 +1851,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-query"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -1866,7 +1866,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "datatypes",
 "serde",
 "snafu",
- "sqlparser 0.38.0 (git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=0fbae07d0c46dc18e3381c406d8b9b8abef6b1fd)",
+ "sqlparser 0.38.0 (git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=6a93567ae38d42be5c8d08b13c8ff4dde26502ef)",
 "sqlparser_derive 0.1.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
 "statrs",
 "tokio",
@@ -1874,7 +1874,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-recordbatch"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "common-error",
 "common-macro",
@@ -1891,7 +1891,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-runtime"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "common-error",
@@ -1909,7 +1909,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-telemetry"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "backtrace",
 "common-error",
@@ -1934,7 +1934,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-test-util"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "once_cell",
 "rand",
@@ -1943,7 +1943,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-time"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "arrow",
 "chrono",
@@ -1958,7 +1958,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-version"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "build-data",
 ]
@@ -2581,7 +2581,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "datanode"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arrow-flight",
@@ -2640,7 +2640,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "snafu",
 "sql",
 "store-api",
- "substrait 0.4.3",
+ "substrait 0.4.4",
 "table",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-stream",
@@ -2654,7 +2654,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "datatypes"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "arrow",
 "arrow-array",
@@ -2797,6 +2797,12 @@ version = "0.1.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "56254986775e3233ffa9c4d7d3faaf6d36a2c09d30b20687e9f88bc8bafc16c8"

+[[package]]
+name = "difflib"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6184e33543162437515c2e2b48714794e37845ec9851711914eec9d308f6ebe8"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "digest"
 version = "0.10.7"
@@ -2895,6 +2901,12 @@ version = "0.15.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1aaf95b3e5c8f23aa320147307562d361db0ae0d51242340f558153b4eb2439b"

+[[package]]
+name = "downcast"
+version = "0.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1435fa1053d8b2fbbe9be7e97eca7f33d37b28409959813daefc1446a14247f1"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "dyn-clone"
 version = "1.0.16"
@@ -3092,7 +3104,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "file-engine"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -3182,6 +3194,15 @@ dependencies = [
 "miniz_oxide",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "float-cmp"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "98de4bbd547a563b716d8dfa9aad1cb19bfab00f4fa09a6a4ed21dbcf44ce9c4"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "fnv"
 version = "1.0.7"
@@ -3190,9 +3211,9 @@ checksum = "3f9eec918d3f24069decb9af1554cad7c880e2da24a9afd88aca000531ab82c1"

 [[package]]
 name = "form_urlencoded"
-version = "1.2.0"
+version = "1.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a62bc1cf6f830c2ec14a513a9fb124d0a213a629668a4186f329db21fe045652"
+checksum = "e13624c2627564efccf4934284bdd98cbaa14e79b0b5a141218e507b3a823456"
 dependencies = [
 "percent-encoding",
 ]
@@ -3206,9 +3227,15 @@ dependencies = [
 "regex",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "fragile"
+version = "2.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6c2141d6d6c8512188a7891b4b01590a45f6dac67afb4f255c4124dbb86d4eaa"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "frontend"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arc-swap",
@@ -3269,10 +3296,10 @@ dependencies = [
 "session",
 "snafu",
 "sql",
- "sqlparser 0.38.0 (git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=0fbae07d0c46dc18e3381c406d8b9b8abef6b1fd)",
+ "sqlparser 0.38.0 (git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=6a93567ae38d42be5c8d08b13c8ff4dde26502ef)",
 "store-api",
 "strfmt",
- "substrait 0.4.3",
+ "substrait 0.4.4",
 "table",
 "tokio",
 "toml 0.7.8",
@@ -3543,7 +3570,7 @@ checksum = "d2fabcfbdc87f4758337ca535fb41a6d701b65693ce38287d856d1674551ec9b"
 [[package]]
 name = "greptime-proto"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git?rev=2b3ae45740a49ec6a0830d71fc09c3093aeb5fe7#2b3ae45740a49ec6a0830d71fc09c3093aeb5fe7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git?rev=b1d403088f02136bcebde53d604f491c260ca8e2#b1d403088f02136bcebde53d604f491c260ca8e2"
 dependencies = [
 "prost 0.12.2",
 "serde",
@@ -3875,9 +3902,9 @@ checksum = "b9e0384b61958566e926dc50660321d12159025e767c18e043daf26b70104c39"

 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "0.4.0"
+version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7d20d6b07bfbc108882d88ed8e37d39636dcc260e15e30c45e6ba089610b917c"
+checksum = "634d9b1461af396cad843f47fdba5597a4f9e6ddd4bfb6ff5d85028c25cb12f6"
 dependencies = [
 "unicode-bidi",
 "unicode-normalization",
@@ -3910,16 +3937,20 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "index"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
+ "bytemuck",
 "common-base",
 "common-error",
 "common-macro",
 "fst",
 "futures",
 "greptime-proto",
+ "mockall",
 "prost 0.12.2",
+ "regex",
+ "regex-automata 0.1.10",
 "snafu",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-util",
@@ -4365,7 +4396,7 @@ checksum = "b5e6163cb8c49088c2c36f57875e58ccd8c87c7427f7fbd50ea6710b2f3f2e8f"

 [[package]]
 name = "log-store"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "async-stream",
 "async-trait",
@@ -4635,7 +4666,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "meta-client"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -4665,7 +4696,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "meta-srv"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "anymap",
 "api",
@@ -4743,7 +4774,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "metric-engine"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "ahash 0.8.6",
 "api",
@@ -4814,7 +4845,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "mito2"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "anymap",
 "api",
@@ -4871,6 +4902,33 @@ dependencies = [
 "uuid",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "mockall"
+version = "0.11.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4c84490118f2ee2d74570d114f3d0493cbf02790df303d2707606c3e14e07c96"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "downcast",
+ "fragile",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "mockall_derive",
+ "predicates",
+ "predicates-tree",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "mockall_derive"
+version = "0.11.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "22ce75669015c4f47b289fd4d4f56e894e4c96003ffdf3ac51313126f94c6cbb"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "moka"
 version = "0.12.1"
@@ -5099,6 +5157,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "minimal-lexical",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "normalize-line-endings"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "61807f77802ff30975e01f4f071c8ba10c022052f98b3294119f3e615d13e5be"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-ansi-term"
 version = "0.46.0"
@@ -5272,7 +5336,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "object-store"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "anyhow",
 "async-trait",
@@ -5349,7 +5413,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "parking_lot 0.12.1",
 "percent-encoding",
 "pin-project",
- "prometheus",
 "quick-xml 0.29.0",
 "reqsign",
 "reqwest",
@@ -5519,7 +5582,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "operator"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-compat",
@@ -5562,9 +5625,9 @@ dependencies = [
 "session",
 "snafu",
 "sql",
- "sqlparser 0.38.0 (git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=0fbae07d0c46dc18e3381c406d8b9b8abef6b1fd)",
+ "sqlparser 0.38.0 (git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=6a93567ae38d42be5c8d08b13c8ff4dde26502ef)",
 "store-api",
- "substrait 0.4.3",
+ "substrait 0.4.4",
 "table",
 "tokio",
 "tonic 0.10.2",
@@ -5784,7 +5847,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "partition"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -5876,9 +5939,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "percent-encoding"
-version = "2.3.0"
+version = "2.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9b2a4787296e9989611394c33f193f676704af1686e70b8f8033ab5ba9a35a94"
+checksum = "e3148f5046208a5d56bcfc03053e3ca6334e51da8dfb19b6cdc8b306fae3283e"

 [[package]]
 name = "pest"
@@ -6122,7 +6185,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "plugins"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "auth",
 "common-base",
@@ -6223,6 +6286,36 @@ version = "0.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "925383efa346730478fb4838dbe9137d2a47675ad789c546d150a6e1dd4ab31c"

+[[package]]
+name = "predicates"
+version = "2.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "59230a63c37f3e18569bdb90e4a89cbf5bf8b06fea0b84e65ea10cc4df47addd"
+dependencies = [
+ "difflib",
+ "float-cmp",
+ "itertools 0.10.5",
+ "normalize-line-endings",
+ "predicates-core",
+ "regex",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "predicates-core"
+version = "1.0.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b794032607612e7abeb4db69adb4e33590fa6cf1149e95fd7cb00e634b92f174"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "predicates-tree"
+version = "1.0.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "368ba315fb8c5052ab692e68a0eefec6ec57b23a36959c14496f0b0df2c0cecf"
+dependencies = [
+ "predicates-core",
+ "termtree",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "prettydiff"
 version = "0.6.4"
@@ -6349,7 +6442,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "promql"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "async-recursion",
 "async-trait",
@@ -6558,7 +6651,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "puffin"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "bitflags 2.4.1",
@@ -6669,7 +6762,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "query"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "ahash 0.8.6",
 "api",
@@ -6727,7 +6820,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "stats-cli",
 "store-api",
 "streaming-stats",
- "substrait 0.4.3",
+ "substrait 0.4.4",
 "table",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-stream",
@@ -6953,6 +7046,7 @@ version = "0.1.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6c230d73fb8d8c1b9c0b3135c5142a8acee3a0558fb8db5cf1cb65f8d7862132"
 dependencies = [
+ "fst",
 "regex-syntax 0.6.29",
 ]

@@ -7928,7 +8022,7 @@ checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"

 [[package]]
 name = "script"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arc-swap",
@@ -8188,7 +8282,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "servers"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "aide",
 "api",
@@ -8277,11 +8371,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "tonic-reflection",
 "tower",
 "tower-http",
+ "urlencoding",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "session"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arc-swap",
@@ -8542,7 +8637,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "sql"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "common-base",
@@ -8561,7 +8656,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "once_cell",
 "regex",
 "snafu",
- "sqlparser 0.38.0 (git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=0fbae07d0c46dc18e3381c406d8b9b8abef6b1fd)",
+ "sqlparser 0.38.0 (git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=6a93567ae38d42be5c8d08b13c8ff4dde26502ef)",
 "sqlparser_derive 0.1.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
 "table",
 ]
@@ -8594,7 +8689,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "sqlness-runner"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "clap 4.4.8",
@@ -8624,13 +8719,13 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "sqlparser"
 version = "0.38.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=0fbae07d0c46dc18e3381c406d8b9b8abef6b1fd#0fbae07d0c46dc18e3381c406d8b9b8abef6b1fd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=6a93567ae38d42be5c8d08b13c8ff4dde26502ef#6a93567ae38d42be5c8d08b13c8ff4dde26502ef"
 dependencies = [
 "lazy_static",
 "log",
 "regex",
 "sqlparser 0.38.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "sqlparser_derive 0.1.1 (git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=0fbae07d0c46dc18e3381c406d8b9b8abef6b1fd)",
+ "sqlparser_derive 0.1.1 (git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=6a93567ae38d42be5c8d08b13c8ff4dde26502ef)",
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -8647,7 +8742,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "sqlparser_derive"
 version = "0.1.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=0fbae07d0c46dc18e3381c406d8b9b8abef6b1fd#0fbae07d0c46dc18e3381c406d8b9b8abef6b1fd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=6a93567ae38d42be5c8d08b13c8ff4dde26502ef#6a93567ae38d42be5c8d08b13c8ff4dde26502ef"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
@@ -8800,7 +8895,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "store-api"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "aquamarine",
@@ -8939,7 +9034,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "substrait"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "async-recursion",
 "async-trait",
@@ -9087,7 +9182,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "table"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "anymap",
 "async-trait",
@@ -9191,9 +9286,15 @@ dependencies = [
 "libc",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "termtree"
+version = "0.4.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3369f5ac52d5eb6ab48c6b4ffdc8efbcad6b89c765749064ba298f2c68a16a76"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tests-integration"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -9249,7 +9350,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "sql",
 "sqlx",
 "store-api",
- "substrait 0.4.3",
+ "substrait 0.4.4",
 "table",
 "tempfile",
 "time",
@@ -10248,9 +10349,9 @@ checksum = "8ecb6da28b8a351d773b68d5825ac39017e680750f980f3a1a85cd8dd28a47c1"

 [[package]]
 name = "url"
-version = "2.4.1"
+version = "2.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "143b538f18257fac9cad154828a57c6bf5157e1aa604d4816b5995bf6de87ae5"
+checksum = "31e6302e3bb753d46e83516cae55ae196fc0c309407cf11ab35cc51a4c2a4633"
 dependencies = [
 "form_urlencoded",
 "idna",
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ members = [
 resolver = "2"

 [workspace.package]
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "Apache-2.0"

@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ async-trait = "0.1"
 base64 = "0.21"
 bigdecimal = "0.4.2"
 bitflags = "2.4.1"
+bytemuck = "1.12"
 chrono = { version = "0.4", features = ["serde"] }
 datafusion = { git = "https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion.git", rev = "26e43acac3a96cec8dd4c8365f22dfb1a84306e9" }
 datafusion-common = { git = "https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion.git", rev = "26e43acac3a96cec8dd4c8365f22dfb1a84306e9" }
@@ -87,11 +88,12 @@ etcd-client = "0.12"
 fst = "0.4.7"
 futures = "0.3"
 futures-util = "0.3"
-greptime-proto = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git", rev = "2b3ae45740a49ec6a0830d71fc09c3093aeb5fe7" }
+greptime-proto = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git", rev = "b1d403088f02136bcebde53d604f491c260ca8e2" }
 humantime-serde = "1.1"
 itertools = "0.10"
 lazy_static = "1.4"
 meter-core = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-meter.git", rev = "abbd357c1e193cd270ea65ee7652334a150b628f" }
+mockall = "0.11.4"
 moka = "0.12"
 once_cell = "1.18"
 opentelemetry-proto = { git = "https://github.com/waynexia/opentelemetry-rust.git", rev = "33841b38dda79b15f2024952be5f32533325ca02", features = [
@@ -107,6 +109,7 @@ prost = "0.12"
 raft-engine = { git = "https://github.com/tikv/raft-engine.git", rev = "22dfb426cd994602b57725ef080287d3e53db479" }
 rand = "0.8"
 regex = "1.8"
+regex-automata = { version = "0.1", features = ["transducer"] }
 reqwest = { version = "0.11", default-features = false, features = [
    "json",
    "rustls-tls-native-roots",
@@ -118,7 +121,7 @@ serde_json = "1.0"
 smallvec = "1"
 snafu = "0.7"
 # on branch v0.38.x
-sqlparser = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git", rev = "0fbae07d0c46dc18e3381c406d8b9b8abef6b1fd", features = [
+sqlparser = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git", rev = "6a93567ae38d42be5c8d08b13c8ff4dde26502ef", features = [
    "visitor",
 ] }
 strum = { version = "0.25", features = ["derive"] }
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ Please see the online document site for more installation options and [operation

 ### Get started

-Read the [complete getting started guide](https://docs.greptime.com/getting-started/try-out-greptimedb) on our [official document site](https://docs.greptime.com/).
+Read the [complete getting started guide](https://docs.greptime.com/getting-started/overview) on our [official document site](https://docs.greptime.com/).

 To write and query data, GreptimeDB is compatible with multiple [protocols and clients](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/clients/overview).

@@ -135,6 +135,7 @@ To write and query data, GreptimeDB is compatible with multiple [protocols and c
 - [GreptimeDB Java Client](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-client-java)
 - [GreptimeDB Python Client](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-client-py) (WIP)
 - [GreptimeDB Rust Client](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-client-rust)
+- [GreptimeDB JavaScript Client](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-js-sdk)

 ## Project Status

--- a/config/datanode.example.toml
+++ b/config/datanode.example.toml
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ worker_channel_size = 128
 worker_request_batch_size = 64
 # Number of meta action updated to trigger a new checkpoint for the manifest
 manifest_checkpoint_distance = 10
-# Manifest compression type
-manifest_compress_type = "uncompressed"
+# Whether to compress manifest and checkpoint file by gzip (default false).
+compress_manifest = false
 # Max number of running background jobs
 max_background_jobs = 4
 # Interval to auto flush a region if it has not flushed yet.
--- a/config/standalone.example.toml
+++ b/config/standalone.example.toml
@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@ worker_channel_size = 128
 worker_request_batch_size = 64
 # Number of meta action updated to trigger a new checkpoint for the manifest
 manifest_checkpoint_distance = 10
-# Manifest compression type
-manifest_compress_type = "uncompressed"
+# Whether to compress manifest and checkpoint file by gzip (default false).
+compress_manifest = false
 # Max number of running background jobs
 max_background_jobs = 4
 # Interval to auto flush a region if it has not flushed yet.
--- a/scripts/run-pyo3-greptime.sh
+++ b/scripts/run-pyo3-greptime.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# This script configures the environment to run 'greptime' with the required Python version
+
+# This script should be compatible both in Linux and macOS
+OS_TYPE="$(uname)"
+readonly OS_TYPE
+
+check_command_existence() {
+    command -v "$1" &> /dev/null
+}
+
+get_python_version() {
+    case "$OS_TYPE" in
+        Darwin)
+            otool -L $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH | grep -o 'Python.framework/Versions/3.[0-9]\+/Python' | grep -o '3.[0-9]\+'
+            ;;
+        Linux)
+            ldd $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH | grep -o 'libpython3\.[0-9]\+' | grep -o '3\.[0-9]\+'
+            ;;
+        *)
+            echo "Unsupported OS type: $OS_TYPE"
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+setup_virtualenv() {
+    local req_py_version="$1"
+    local env_name="GreptimeTmpVenv$req_py_version"
+    virtualenv --python=python"$req_py_version" "$env_name"
+    source "$env_name/bin/activate"
+}
+
+setup_conda_env() {
+    local req_py_version="$1"
+    local conda_base
+    conda_base=$(conda info --base) || { echo "Error obtaining conda base directory"; exit 1; }
+    . "$conda_base/etc/profile.d/conda.sh"
+
+    if ! conda list --name "GreptimeTmpPyO3Env$req_py_version" &> /dev/null; then
+        conda create --yes --name "GreptimeTmpPyO3Env$req_py_version" python="$req_py_version"
+    fi
+
+    conda activate "GreptimeTmpPyO3Env$req_py_version"
+}
+
+GREPTIME_BIN_PATH="./greptime"
+YES="false"
+
+usage() {
+  echo "Usage:"
+  echo "  $0 -f <greptime-bin-path> [-y] <args-pass-to-greptime>"
+  echo "Set $PY_ENV_MAN to 1 to use virtualenv, 2 to use conda"
+  exit 1
+}
+
+function parse_args() {
+  while getopts ":f:y" opt; do
+    case $opt in
+      f)
+        GREPTIME_BIN_PATH=$OPTARG
+        ;;
+      y)
+        YES="yes"
+        ;;
+      \?)
+        echo "Invalid option: -$OPTARG" >&2
+        exit 1
+        ;;
+      :)
+        echo "Option -$OPTARG requires an argument." >&2
+        exit 1
+        ;;
+    esac
+  done
+
+  shift $((OPTIND -1))
+
+  REST_ARGS=$*
+
+  if [ -z "$GREPTIME_BIN_PATH" ]; then
+    usage
+  fi
+
+  echo "Run greptime binary at '$GREPTIME_BIN_PATH' (yes=$YES)..."
+  echo "The args pass to greptime: '$REST_ARGS'"
+}
+
+# Set library path and pass all arguments to greptime to run it
+execute_greptime() {
+    if [[ "$OS_TYPE" == "Darwin" ]]; then
+        DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH="${CONDA_PREFIX:-$PREFIX}/lib:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:-}" $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH $@
+    elif [[ "$OS_TYPE" == "Linux" ]]; then
+        LD_LIBRARY_PATH="${CONDA_PREFIX:-$PREFIX}/lib:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:-}" $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH $@
+    fi
+}
+
+main() {
+    parse_args $@
+
+    local req_py_version
+    req_py_version=$(get_python_version)
+    readonly req_py_version
+
+    if [[ -z "$req_py_version" ]]; then
+        if $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH --version &> /dev/null; then
+            $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH $REST_ARGS
+        else
+            echo "The 'greptime' binary is not valid or encountered an error."
+            $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH --version
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        return
+    fi
+
+    echo "The required version of Python shared library is $req_py_version"
+
+    # if YES exist, assign it to yn, else read from stdin
+    if [[ -z "$YES" ]]; then
+        echo "Now this script will try to install or find correct Python Version"
+        echo "Do you want to continue? (yes/no): "
+        read -r yn
+    else
+        yn="$YES"
+    fi
+    case $yn in
+        [Yy]* ) ;;
+        [Nn]* ) exit;;
+        * ) echo "Please answer yes or no.";;
+    esac
+
+    # if USE_ENV exist, assign it to option
+    # else read from stdin
+    if [[ -z "$PY_ENV_MAN" ]]; then
+        echo "Do you want to use virtualenv or conda? (virtualenv(1)/conda(2)): "
+        read -r option
+    else
+        option="$PY_ENV_MAN"
+    fi
+    
+    case $option in 
+        1) 
+        setup_virtualenv "$req_py_version"
+        ;;
+        2) 
+        setup_conda_env "$req_py_version"
+        ;;
+        *) 
+        echo "Please input 1 or 2"; exit 1
+        ;;
+    esac
+
+    execute_greptime $REST_ARGS
+}
+
+main "$@"
--- a/src/catalog/src/information_schema/columns.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/information_schema/columns.rs
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ impl InformationSchemaColumnsBuilder {
                        &schema_name,
                        &table_name,
                        &column.name,
-                        column.data_type.name(),
+                        &column.data_type.name(),
                        semantic_type,
                    );
                }
--- a/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/manager.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/manager.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
 use common_catalog::consts::{DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME, INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME, NUMBERS_TABLE_ID};
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_meta::cache_invalidator::{CacheInvalidator, CacheInvalidatorRef, Context};
-use common_meta::datanode_manager::DatanodeManagerRef;
 use common_meta::error::Result as MetaResult;
 use common_meta::key::catalog_name::CatalogNameKey;
 use common_meta::key::schema_name::SchemaNameKey;
@@ -55,7 +54,6 @@ pub struct KvBackendCatalogManager {
    cache_invalidator: CacheInvalidatorRef,
    partition_manager: PartitionRuleManagerRef,
    table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManagerRef,
-    datanode_manager: DatanodeManagerRef,
    /// A sub-CatalogManager that handles system tables
    system_catalog: SystemCatalog,
 }
@@ -76,16 +74,11 @@ impl CacheInvalidator for KvBackendCatalogManager {
 }

 impl KvBackendCatalogManager {
-    pub fn new(
-        backend: KvBackendRef,
-        cache_invalidator: CacheInvalidatorRef,
-        datanode_manager: DatanodeManagerRef,
-    ) -> Arc<Self> {
+    pub fn new(backend: KvBackendRef, cache_invalidator: CacheInvalidatorRef) -> Arc<Self> {
        Arc::new_cyclic(|me| Self {
            partition_manager: Arc::new(PartitionRuleManager::new(backend.clone())),
            table_metadata_manager: Arc::new(TableMetadataManager::new(backend)),
            cache_invalidator,
-            datanode_manager,
            system_catalog: SystemCatalog {
                catalog_manager: me.clone(),
            },
@@ -99,10 +92,6 @@ impl KvBackendCatalogManager {
    pub fn table_metadata_manager_ref(&self) -> &TableMetadataManagerRef {
        &self.table_metadata_manager
    }
-
-    pub fn datanode_manager(&self) -> DatanodeManagerRef {
-        self.datanode_manager.clone()
-    }
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
--- a/src/cmd/src/cli/repl.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/cli/repl.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Instant;

 use catalog::kvbackend::{CachedMetaKvBackend, KvBackendCatalogManager};
-use client::client_manager::DatanodeClients;
 use client::{Client, Database, DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME};
 use common_base::Plugins;
 use common_error::ext::ErrorExt;
@@ -250,13 +249,8 @@ async fn create_query_engine(meta_addr: &str) -> Result<DatafusionQueryEngine> {

    let cached_meta_backend = Arc::new(CachedMetaKvBackend::new(meta_client.clone()));

-    let datanode_clients = Arc::new(DatanodeClients::default());
-
-    let catalog_list = KvBackendCatalogManager::new(
-        cached_meta_backend.clone(),
-        cached_meta_backend.clone(),
-        datanode_clients,
-    );
+    let catalog_list =
+        KvBackendCatalogManager::new(cached_meta_backend.clone(), cached_meta_backend);
    let plugins: Plugins = Default::default();
    let state = Arc::new(QueryEngineState::new(
        catalog_list,
--- a/src/cmd/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/error.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,12 @@ pub enum Error {
        source: common_meta::error::Error,
    },

+    #[snafu(display("Failed to init DDL manager"))]
+    InitDdlManager {
+        location: Location,
+        source: common_meta::error::Error,
+    },
+
    #[snafu(display("Failed to start procedure manager"))]
    StartProcedureManager {
        location: Location,
@@ -225,13 +231,6 @@ pub enum Error {
        #[snafu(source)]
        error: std::io::Error,
    },
-
-    #[snafu(display("Failed to parse address {}", addr))]
-    ParseAddr {
-        addr: String,
-        #[snafu(source)]
-        error: std::net::AddrParseError,
-    },
 }

 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
@@ -247,9 +246,11 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            Error::ShutdownMetaServer { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
            Error::BuildMetaServer { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
            Error::UnsupportedSelectorType { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
-            Error::IterStream { source, .. } | Error::InitMetadata { source, .. } => {
-                source.status_code()
-            }
+
+            Error::IterStream { source, .. }
+            | Error::InitMetadata { source, .. }
+            | Error::InitDdlManager { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+
            Error::ConnectServer { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
            Error::MissingConfig { .. }
            | Error::LoadLayeredConfig { .. }
@@ -259,8 +260,7 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            | Error::NotDataFromOutput { .. }
            | Error::CreateDir { .. }
            | Error::EmptyResult { .. }
-            | Error::InvalidDatabaseName { .. }
-            | Error::ParseAddr { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,
+            | Error::InvalidDatabaseName { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,

            Error::StartProcedureManager { source, .. }
            | Error::StopProcedureManager { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
--- a/src/cmd/src/frontend.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/frontend.rs
@@ -12,18 +12,26 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;

+use catalog::kvbackend::CachedMetaKvBackend;
 use clap::Parser;
+use client::client_manager::DatanodeClients;
+use common_meta::heartbeat::handler::parse_mailbox_message::ParseMailboxMessageHandler;
+use common_meta::heartbeat::handler::HandlerGroupExecutor;
 use common_telemetry::logging;
 use frontend::frontend::FrontendOptions;
+use frontend::heartbeat::handler::invalidate_table_cache::InvalidateTableCacheHandler;
+use frontend::heartbeat::HeartbeatTask;
+use frontend::instance::builder::FrontendBuilder;
 use frontend::instance::{FrontendInstance, Instance as FeInstance};
 use meta_client::MetaClientOptions;
 use servers::tls::{TlsMode, TlsOption};
 use servers::Mode;
-use snafu::ResultExt;
+use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};

-use crate::error::{self, Result, StartFrontendSnafu};
+use crate::error::{self, MissingConfigSnafu, Result, StartFrontendSnafu};
 use crate::options::{Options, TopLevelOptions};

 pub struct Instance {
@@ -196,10 +204,38 @@ impl StartCommand {
        logging::info!("Frontend start command: {:#?}", self);
        logging::info!("Frontend options: {:#?}", opts);

-        let mut instance = FeInstance::try_new_distributed(&opts, plugins.clone())
+        let meta_client_options = opts.meta_client.as_ref().context(MissingConfigSnafu {
+            msg: "'meta_client'",
+        })?;
+        let meta_client = FeInstance::create_meta_client(meta_client_options)
            .await
            .context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;

+        let meta_backend = Arc::new(CachedMetaKvBackend::new(meta_client.clone()));
+
+        let executor = HandlerGroupExecutor::new(vec![
+            Arc::new(ParseMailboxMessageHandler),
+            Arc::new(InvalidateTableCacheHandler::new(meta_backend.clone())),
+        ]);
+
+        let heartbeat_task = HeartbeatTask::new(
+            meta_client.clone(),
+            opts.heartbeat.clone(),
+            Arc::new(executor),
+        );
+
+        let mut instance = FrontendBuilder::new(
+            meta_backend.clone(),
+            Arc::new(DatanodeClients::default()),
+            meta_client,
+        )
+        .with_cache_invalidator(meta_backend)
+        .with_plugin(plugins)
+        .with_heartbeat_task(heartbeat_task)
+        .try_build()
+        .await
+        .context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;
+
        instance
            .build_servers(opts)
            .await
--- a/src/cmd/src/metasrv.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/metasrv.rs
@@ -100,6 +100,9 @@ struct StartCommand {
    http_timeout: Option<u64>,
    #[clap(long, default_value = "GREPTIMEDB_METASRV")]
    env_prefix: String,
+    /// The working home directory of this metasrv instance.
+    #[clap(long)]
+    data_home: Option<String>,
 }

 impl StartCommand {
@@ -152,6 +155,10 @@ impl StartCommand {
            opts.http.timeout = Duration::from_secs(http_timeout);
        }

+        if let Some(data_home) = &self.data_home {
+            opts.data_home = data_home.clone();
+        }
+
        // Disable dashboard in metasrv.
        opts.http.disable_dashboard = true;

@@ -166,7 +173,12 @@ impl StartCommand {
        logging::info!("MetaSrv start command: {:#?}", self);
        logging::info!("MetaSrv options: {:#?}", opts);

-        let instance = MetaSrvInstance::new(opts, plugins)
+        let builder = meta_srv::bootstrap::metasrv_builder(&opts, plugins.clone(), None)
+            .await
+            .context(error::BuildMetaServerSnafu)?;
+        let metasrv = builder.build().await.context(error::BuildMetaServerSnafu)?;
+
+        let instance = MetaSrvInstance::new(opts, plugins, metasrv)
            .await
            .context(error::BuildMetaServerSnafu)?;

--- a/src/cmd/src/standalone.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/standalone.rs
@@ -15,21 +15,23 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::{fs, path};

-use catalog::kvbackend::KvBackendCatalogManager;
-use catalog::CatalogManagerRef;
 use clap::Parser;
-use common_base::Plugins;
 use common_config::{metadata_store_dir, KvBackendConfig, WalConfig};
-use common_meta::cache_invalidator::DummyKvCacheInvalidator;
+use common_meta::cache_invalidator::DummyCacheInvalidator;
+use common_meta::datanode_manager::DatanodeManagerRef;
+use common_meta::ddl::DdlTaskExecutorRef;
+use common_meta::ddl_manager::DdlManager;
+use common_meta::key::{TableMetadataManager, TableMetadataManagerRef};
 use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
 use common_procedure::ProcedureManagerRef;
 use common_telemetry::info;
 use common_telemetry::logging::LoggingOptions;
 use datanode::config::{DatanodeOptions, ProcedureConfig, RegionEngineConfig, StorageConfig};
 use datanode::datanode::{Datanode, DatanodeBuilder};
-use datanode::region_server::RegionServer;
 use file_engine::config::EngineConfig as FileEngineConfig;
 use frontend::frontend::FrontendOptions;
+use frontend::instance::builder::FrontendBuilder;
+use frontend::instance::standalone::StandaloneTableMetadataCreator;
 use frontend::instance::{FrontendInstance, Instance as FeInstance, StandaloneDatanodeManager};
 use frontend::service_config::{
    GrpcOptions, InfluxdbOptions, MysqlOptions, OpentsdbOptions, PostgresOptions, PromStoreOptions,
@@ -42,9 +44,9 @@ use servers::Mode;
 use snafu::ResultExt;

 use crate::error::{
-    CreateDirSnafu, IllegalConfigSnafu, InitMetadataSnafu, Result, ShutdownDatanodeSnafu,
-    ShutdownFrontendSnafu, StartDatanodeSnafu, StartFrontendSnafu, StartProcedureManagerSnafu,
-    StopProcedureManagerSnafu,
+    CreateDirSnafu, IllegalConfigSnafu, InitDdlManagerSnafu, InitMetadataSnafu, Result,
+    ShutdownDatanodeSnafu, ShutdownFrontendSnafu, StartDatanodeSnafu, StartFrontendSnafu,
+    StartProcedureManagerSnafu, StopProcedureManagerSnafu,
 };
 use crate::options::{MixOptions, Options, TopLevelOptions};

@@ -156,6 +158,7 @@ impl StandaloneOptions {
            wal: self.wal,
            storage: self.storage,
            region_engine: self.region_engine,
+            rpc_addr: self.grpc.addr,
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }
@@ -227,6 +230,9 @@ struct StartCommand {
    user_provider: Option<String>,
    #[clap(long, default_value = "GREPTIMEDB_STANDALONE")]
    env_prefix: String,
+    /// The working home directory of this standalone instance.
+    #[clap(long)]
+    data_home: Option<String>,
 }

 impl StartCommand {
@@ -257,6 +263,10 @@ impl StartCommand {
            opts.http.addr = addr.clone()
        }

+        if let Some(data_home) = &self.data_home {
+            opts.storage.data_home = data_home.clone();
+        }
+
        if let Some(addr) = &self.rpc_addr {
            // frontend grpc addr conflict with datanode default grpc addr
            let datanode_grpc_addr = DatanodeOptions::default().rpc_addr;
@@ -340,36 +350,25 @@ impl StartCommand {
        .await
        .context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;

-        let datanode = DatanodeBuilder::new(dn_opts, fe_plugins.clone())
-            .with_kv_backend(kv_backend.clone())
-            .build()
-            .await
-            .context(StartDatanodeSnafu)?;
+        let builder =
+            DatanodeBuilder::new(dn_opts, fe_plugins.clone()).with_kv_backend(kv_backend.clone());
+        let datanode = builder.build().await.context(StartDatanodeSnafu)?;

-        let region_server = datanode.region_server();
+        let datanode_manager = Arc::new(StandaloneDatanodeManager(datanode.region_server()));

-        let catalog_manager = KvBackendCatalogManager::new(
+        let ddl_task_executor = Self::create_ddl_task_executor(
            kv_backend.clone(),
-            Arc::new(DummyKvCacheInvalidator),
-            Arc::new(StandaloneDatanodeManager(region_server.clone())),
-        );
-
-        catalog_manager
-            .table_metadata_manager_ref()
-            .init()
-            .await
-            .context(InitMetadataSnafu)?;
-
-        // TODO: build frontend instance like in distributed mode
-        let mut frontend = build_frontend(
-            fe_plugins,
-            kv_backend,
            procedure_manager.clone(),
-            catalog_manager,
-            region_server,
+            datanode_manager.clone(),
        )
        .await?;

+        let mut frontend = FrontendBuilder::new(kv_backend, datanode_manager, ddl_task_executor)
+            .with_plugin(fe_plugins)
+            .try_build()
+            .await
+            .context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;
+
        frontend
            .build_servers(opts)
            .await
@@ -381,26 +380,41 @@ impl StartCommand {
            procedure_manager,
        })
    }
-}

-/// Build frontend instance in standalone mode
-async fn build_frontend(
-    plugins: Plugins,
-    kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
-    procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
-    catalog_manager: CatalogManagerRef,
-    region_server: RegionServer,
-) -> Result<FeInstance> {
-    let frontend_instance = FeInstance::try_new_standalone(
-        kv_backend,
-        procedure_manager,
-        catalog_manager,
-        plugins,
-        region_server,
-    )
-    .await
-    .context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;
-    Ok(frontend_instance)
+    async fn create_ddl_task_executor(
+        kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
+        procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
+        datanode_manager: DatanodeManagerRef,
+    ) -> Result<DdlTaskExecutorRef> {
+        let table_metadata_manager =
+            Self::create_table_metadata_manager(kv_backend.clone()).await?;
+
+        let ddl_task_executor: DdlTaskExecutorRef = Arc::new(
+            DdlManager::try_new(
+                procedure_manager,
+                datanode_manager,
+                Arc::new(DummyCacheInvalidator),
+                table_metadata_manager,
+                Arc::new(StandaloneTableMetadataCreator::new(kv_backend)),
+            )
+            .context(InitDdlManagerSnafu)?,
+        );
+
+        Ok(ddl_task_executor)
+    }
+
+    async fn create_table_metadata_manager(
+        kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
+    ) -> Result<TableMetadataManagerRef> {
+        let table_metadata_manager = Arc::new(TableMetadataManager::new(kv_backend));
+
+        table_metadata_manager
+            .init()
+            .await
+            .context(InitMetadataSnafu)?;
+
+        Ok(table_metadata_manager)
+    }
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
--- a/src/common/meta/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/common/meta/Cargo.toml
@@ -42,5 +42,6 @@ tonic.workspace = true

 [dev-dependencies]
 chrono.workspace = true
+common-procedure = { workspace = true, features = ["testing"] }
 datatypes.workspace = true
 hyper = { version = "0.14", features = ["full"] }
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/drop_table.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/drop_table.rs
@@ -86,6 +86,10 @@ impl DropTableProcedure {
            ))
            .await?;

+        if !exist && self.data.task.drop_if_exists {
+            return Ok(Status::Done);
+        }
+
        ensure!(
            exist,
            error::TableNotFoundSnafu {
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl_manager.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl_manager.rs
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ use crate::rpc::ddl::{
    TruncateTableTask,
 };
 use crate::rpc::router::RegionRoute;
-
 pub type DdlManagerRef = Arc<DdlManager>;

+/// The [DdlManager] provides the ability to execute Ddl.
 pub struct DdlManager {
    procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
    datanode_manager: DatanodeManagerRef,
@@ -55,26 +55,31 @@ pub struct DdlManager {
 }

 impl DdlManager {
-    pub fn new(
+    /// Returns a new [DdlManager] with all Ddl [BoxedProcedureLoader](common_procedure::procedure::BoxedProcedureLoader)s registered.
+    pub fn try_new(
        procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
        datanode_clients: DatanodeManagerRef,
        cache_invalidator: CacheInvalidatorRef,
        table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManagerRef,
        table_meta_allocator: TableMetadataAllocatorRef,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let manager = Self {
            procedure_manager,
            datanode_manager: datanode_clients,
            cache_invalidator,
            table_metadata_manager,
            table_meta_allocator,
-        }
+        };
+        manager.register_loaders()?;
+        Ok(manager)
    }

+    /// Returns the [TableMetadataManagerRef].
    pub fn table_metadata_manager(&self) -> &TableMetadataManagerRef {
        &self.table_metadata_manager
    }

+    /// Returns the [DdlContext]
    pub fn create_context(&self) -> DdlContext {
        DdlContext {
            datanode_manager: self.datanode_manager.clone(),
@@ -83,7 +88,7 @@ impl DdlManager {
        }
    }

-    pub fn try_start(&self) -> Result<()> {
+    fn register_loaders(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let context = self.create_context();

        self.procedure_manager
@@ -142,6 +147,7 @@ impl DdlManager {
    }

    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
+    /// Submits and executes an alter table task.
    pub async fn submit_alter_table_task(
        &self,
        cluster_id: u64,
@@ -159,6 +165,7 @@ impl DdlManager {
    }

    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
+    /// Submits and executes a create table task.
    pub async fn submit_create_table_task(
        &self,
        cluster_id: u64,
@@ -176,6 +183,7 @@ impl DdlManager {
    }

    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
+    /// Submits and executes a drop table task.
    pub async fn submit_drop_table_task(
        &self,
        cluster_id: u64,
@@ -199,6 +207,7 @@ impl DdlManager {
    }

    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
+    /// Submits and executes a truncate table task.
    pub async fn submit_truncate_table_task(
        &self,
        cluster_id: u64,
@@ -416,3 +425,80 @@ impl DdlTaskExecutor for DdlManager {
        .await
    }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    use api::v1::meta::Partition;
+    use common_procedure::local::LocalManager;
+    use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, TableId};
+
+    use super::DdlManager;
+    use crate::cache_invalidator::DummyCacheInvalidator;
+    use crate::datanode_manager::{DatanodeManager, DatanodeRef};
+    use crate::ddl::alter_table::AlterTableProcedure;
+    use crate::ddl::create_table::CreateTableProcedure;
+    use crate::ddl::drop_table::DropTableProcedure;
+    use crate::ddl::truncate_table::TruncateTableProcedure;
+    use crate::ddl::{TableMetadataAllocator, TableMetadataAllocatorContext};
+    use crate::error::Result;
+    use crate::key::TableMetadataManager;
+    use crate::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
+    use crate::peer::Peer;
+    use crate::rpc::router::RegionRoute;
+    use crate::state_store::KvStateStore;
+
+    /// A dummy implemented [DatanodeManager].
+    pub struct DummyDatanodeManager;
+
+    #[async_trait::async_trait]
+    impl DatanodeManager for DummyDatanodeManager {
+        async fn datanode(&self, _datanode: &Peer) -> DatanodeRef {
+            unimplemented!()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A dummy implemented [TableMetadataAllocator].
+    pub struct DummyTableMetadataAllocator;
+
+    #[async_trait::async_trait]
+    impl TableMetadataAllocator for DummyTableMetadataAllocator {
+        async fn create(
+            &self,
+            _ctx: &TableMetadataAllocatorContext,
+            _table_info: &mut RawTableInfo,
+            _partitions: &[Partition],
+        ) -> Result<(TableId, Vec<RegionRoute>)> {
+            unimplemented!()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_try_new() {
+        let kv_backend = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::new());
+        let table_metadata_manager = Arc::new(TableMetadataManager::new(kv_backend.clone()));
+
+        let state_store = Arc::new(KvStateStore::new(kv_backend));
+        let procedure_manager = Arc::new(LocalManager::new(Default::default(), state_store));
+
+        let _ = DdlManager::try_new(
+            procedure_manager.clone(),
+            Arc::new(DummyDatanodeManager),
+            Arc::new(DummyCacheInvalidator),
+            table_metadata_manager,
+            Arc::new(DummyTableMetadataAllocator),
+        );
+
+        let expected_loaders = vec![
+            CreateTableProcedure::TYPE_NAME,
+            AlterTableProcedure::TYPE_NAME,
+            DropTableProcedure::TYPE_NAME,
+            TruncateTableProcedure::TYPE_NAME,
+        ];
+
+        for loader in expected_loaders {
+            assert!(procedure_manager.contains_loader(loader));
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/src/common/meta/src/distributed_time_constants.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/distributed_time_constants.rs
@@ -33,5 +33,8 @@ pub const DATANODE_LEASE_SECS: u64 = REGION_LEASE_SECS;
 /// The lease seconds of metasrv leader.
 pub const META_LEASE_SECS: u64 = 3;

-// In a lease, there are two opportunities for renewal.
+/// In a lease, there are two opportunities for renewal.
 pub const META_KEEP_ALIVE_INTERVAL_SECS: u64 = META_LEASE_SECS / 2;
+
+/// The default mailbox round-trip timeout.
+pub const MAILBOX_RTT_SECS: u64 = 1;
--- a/src/common/meta/src/heartbeat/handler.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/heartbeat/handler.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub struct HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext {
 /// HandleControl
 ///
 /// Controls process of handling heartbeat response.
-#[derive(PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum HandleControl {
    Continue,
    Done,
--- a/src/common/meta/src/heartbeat/mailbox.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/heartbeat/mailbox.rs
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ pub struct MessageMeta {
    pub from: String,
 }

-#[cfg(test)]
 impl MessageMeta {
+    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
    pub fn new_test(id: u64, subject: &str, to: &str, from: &str) -> Self {
        MessageMeta {
            id,
--- a/src/common/meta/src/instruction.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/instruction.rs
@@ -48,6 +48,27 @@ impl Display for RegionIdent {
    }
 }

+/// The result of downgrade leader region.
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+pub struct DowngradeRegionReply {
+    /// Returns the `last_entry_id` if available.
+    pub last_entry_id: Option<u64>,
+    /// Indicates whether the region exists.
+    pub exists: bool,
+    /// Return error if any during the operation.
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl Display for DowngradeRegionReply {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "(last_entry_id={:?}, exists={}, error={:?})",
+            self.last_entry_id, self.exists, self.error
+        )
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
 pub struct SimpleReply {
    pub result: bool,
@@ -87,20 +108,82 @@ impl OpenRegion {
    }
 }

+/// The instruction of downgrading leader region.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct DowngradeRegion {
+    /// The [RegionId].
+    pub region_id: RegionId,
+}
+
+impl Display for DowngradeRegion {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "DowngradeRegion(region_id={})", self.region_id)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Upgrades a follower region to leader region.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct UpgradeRegion {
+    /// The [RegionId].
+    pub region_id: RegionId,
+    /// The `last_entry_id` of old leader region.
+    pub last_entry_id: Option<u64>,
+    /// The second of waiting for a wal replay.
+    ///
+    /// `None` stands for no wait,
+    /// it's helpful to verify whether the leader region is ready.
+    pub wait_for_replay_secs: Option<u64>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Display)]
 pub enum Instruction {
+    /// Opens a region.
+    ///
+    /// - Returns true if a specified region exists.
    OpenRegion(OpenRegion),
+    /// Closes a region.
+    ///
+    /// - Returns true if a specified region does not exist.
    CloseRegion(RegionIdent),
+    /// Upgrades a region.
+    UpgradeRegion(UpgradeRegion),
+    /// Downgrades a region.
+    DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegion),
+    /// Invalidates a specified table cache.
    InvalidateTableIdCache(TableId),
+    /// Invalidates a specified table name index cache.
    InvalidateTableNameCache(TableName),
 }

+/// The reply of [UpgradeRegion].
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+pub struct UpgradeRegionReply {
+    /// Returns true if `last_entry_id` has been replayed to the latest.
+    pub ready: bool,
+    /// Indicates whether the region exists.
+    pub exists: bool,
+    /// Returns error if any.
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl Display for UpgradeRegionReply {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "(ready={}, exists={}, error={:?})",
+            self.ready, self.exists, self.error
+        )
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
 #[serde(tag = "type", rename_all = "snake_case")]
 pub enum InstructionReply {
    OpenRegion(SimpleReply),
    CloseRegion(SimpleReply),
+    UpgradeRegion(UpgradeRegionReply),
    InvalidateTableCache(SimpleReply),
+    DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegionReply),
 }

 impl Display for InstructionReply {
@@ -108,9 +191,13 @@ impl Display for InstructionReply {
        match self {
            Self::OpenRegion(reply) => write!(f, "InstructionReply::OpenRegion({})", reply),
            Self::CloseRegion(reply) => write!(f, "InstructionReply::CloseRegion({})", reply),
+            Self::UpgradeRegion(reply) => write!(f, "InstructionReply::UpgradeRegion({})", reply),
            Self::InvalidateTableCache(reply) => {
                write!(f, "InstructionReply::Invalidate({})", reply)
            }
+            Self::DowngradeRegion(reply) => {
+                write!(f, "InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion({})", reply)
+            }
        }
    }
 }
--- a/src/common/meta/src/key.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key.rs
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ use crate::DatanodeId;

 pub const REMOVED_PREFIX: &str = "__removed";

-const NAME_PATTERN: &str = r"[a-zA-Z_:-][a-zA-Z0-9_:\-\.]*";
+pub const NAME_PATTERN: &str = r"[a-zA-Z_:-][a-zA-Z0-9_:\-\.]*";

 const DATANODE_TABLE_KEY_PREFIX: &str = "__dn_table";
 const TABLE_REGION_KEY_PREFIX: &str = "__table_region";
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {
        &self,
        table_id: TableId,
        region_info: RegionInfo,
-        current_table_route_value: DeserializedValueWithBytes<TableRouteValue>,
+        current_table_route_value: &DeserializedValueWithBytes<TableRouteValue>,
        new_region_routes: Vec<RegionRoute>,
        new_region_options: &HashMap<String, String>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {

        let (update_table_route_txn, on_update_table_route_failure) = self
            .table_route_manager()
-            .build_update_txn(table_id, &current_table_route_value, &new_table_route_value)?;
+            .build_update_txn(table_id, current_table_route_value, &new_table_route_value)?;

        let txn = Txn::merge_all(vec![update_datanode_table_txn, update_table_route_txn]);

@@ -1173,7 +1173,7 @@ mod tests {
                    region_storage_path: region_storage_path.to_string(),
                    region_options: HashMap::new(),
                },
-                current_table_route_value.clone(),
+                &current_table_route_value,
                new_region_routes.clone(),
                &HashMap::new(),
            )
@@ -1190,7 +1190,7 @@ mod tests {
                    region_storage_path: region_storage_path.to_string(),
                    region_options: HashMap::new(),
                },
-                current_table_route_value.clone(),
+                &current_table_route_value,
                new_region_routes.clone(),
                &HashMap::new(),
            )
@@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ mod tests {
                    region_storage_path: region_storage_path.to_string(),
                    region_options: HashMap::new(),
                },
-                current_table_route_value.clone(),
+                &current_table_route_value,
                new_region_routes.clone(),
                &HashMap::new(),
            )
@@ -1237,7 +1237,7 @@ mod tests {
                    region_storage_path: region_storage_path.to_string(),
                    region_options: HashMap::new(),
                },
-                wrong_table_route_value,
+                &wrong_table_route_value,
                new_region_routes,
                &HashMap::new(),
            )
--- a/src/common/meta/src/kv_backend/etcd.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/kv_backend/etcd.rs
@@ -68,6 +68,9 @@ impl EtcdStore {
    async fn do_multi_txn(&self, txn_ops: Vec<TxnOp>) -> Result<Vec<TxnResponse>> {
        if txn_ops.len() < MAX_TXN_SIZE {
            // fast path
+            let _timer = METRIC_META_TXN_REQUEST
+                .with_label_values(&["etcd", "txn"])
+                .start_timer();
            let txn = Txn::new().and_then(txn_ops);
            let txn_res = self
                .client
@@ -81,6 +84,9 @@ impl EtcdStore {
        let txns = txn_ops
            .chunks(MAX_TXN_SIZE)
            .map(|part| async move {
+                let _timer = METRIC_META_TXN_REQUEST
+                    .with_label_values(&["etcd", "txn"])
+                    .start_timer();
                let txn = Txn::new().and_then(part);
                self.client.kv_client().txn(txn).await
            })
--- a/src/common/meta/src/rpc/ddl.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/rpc/ddl.rs
@@ -54,12 +54,14 @@ impl DdlTask {
        schema: String,
        table: String,
        table_id: TableId,
+        drop_if_exists: bool,
    ) -> Self {
        DdlTask::DropTable(DropTableTask {
            catalog,
            schema,
            table,
            table_id,
+            drop_if_exists,
        })
    }

@@ -118,6 +120,7 @@ impl TryFrom<SubmitDdlTaskRequest> for PbSubmitDdlTaskRequest {
                    schema_name: task.schema,
                    table_name: task.table,
                    table_id: Some(api::v1::TableId { id: task.table_id }),
+                    drop_if_exists: task.drop_if_exists,
                }),
            }),
            DdlTask::AlterTable(task) => Task::AlterTableTask(PbAlterTableTask {
@@ -176,6 +179,8 @@ pub struct DropTableTask {
    pub schema: String,
    pub table: String,
    pub table_id: TableId,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub drop_if_exists: bool,
 }

 impl DropTableTask {
@@ -214,6 +219,7 @@ impl TryFrom<PbDropTableTask> for DropTableTask {
                    err_msg: "expected table_id",
                })?
                .id,
+            drop_if_exists: drop_table.drop_if_exists,
        })
    }
 }
--- a/src/common/procedure/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/common/procedure/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ version.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true

+[features]
+testing = []
+
 [dependencies]
 async-stream.workspace = true
 async-trait.workspace = true
--- a/src/common/procedure/src/local.rs
+++ b/src/common/procedure/src/local.rs
@@ -527,6 +527,13 @@ impl LocalManager {

        Ok(())
    }
+
+    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
+    /// Returns true if contains a specified loader.
+    pub fn contains_loader(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
+        let loaders = self.manager_ctx.loaders.lock().unwrap();
+        loaders.contains_key(name)
+    }
 }

 #[async_trait]
--- a/src/datanode/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/datanode/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,9 +4,6 @@ version.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true

-[features]
-testing = []
-
 [dependencies]
 api.workspace = true
 arrow-flight.workspace = true
@@ -77,7 +74,9 @@ uuid.workspace = true
 [dev-dependencies]
 axum-test-helper = { git = "https://github.com/sunng87/axum-test-helper.git", branch = "patch-1" }
 client.workspace = true
+common-meta = { workspace = true, features = ["testing"] }
 common-query.workspace = true
 common-test-util.workspace = true
 datafusion-common.workspace = true
+mito2 = { workspace = true, features = ["test"] }
 session.workspace = true
--- a/src/datanode/src/alive_keeper.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/alive_keeper.rs
@@ -129,8 +129,12 @@ impl RegionAliveKeeper {
            let (role, region_id) = (region.role().into(), RegionId::from(region.region_id));
            if let Some(handle) = self.find_handle(region_id).await {
                handle.reset_deadline(role, deadline).await;
+            } else {
+                warn!(
+                    "Trying to renew the lease for region {region_id}, the keeper handler is not found!"
+                );
+                // Else the region alive keeper might be triggered by lagging messages, we can safely ignore it.
            }
-            // Else the region alive keeper might be triggered by lagging messages, we can safely ignore it.
        }
    }

--- a/src/datanode/src/heartbeat.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/heartbeat.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ use crate::alive_keeper::RegionAliveKeeper;
 use crate::config::DatanodeOptions;
 use crate::error::{self, MetaClientInitSnafu, Result};
 use crate::event_listener::RegionServerEventReceiver;
+use crate::metrics;
 use crate::region_server::RegionServer;

 pub(crate) mod handler;
@@ -72,9 +73,9 @@ impl HeartbeatTask {
            opts.heartbeat.interval.as_millis() as u64,
        ));
        let resp_handler_executor = Arc::new(HandlerGroupExecutor::new(vec![
+            region_alive_keeper.clone(),
            Arc::new(ParseMailboxMessageHandler),
            Arc::new(RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone())),
-            region_alive_keeper.clone(),
        ]));

        Ok(Self {
@@ -101,8 +102,10 @@ impl HeartbeatTask {
        quit_signal: Arc<Notify>,
    ) -> Result<HeartbeatSender> {
        let client_id = meta_client.id();
-
        let (tx, mut rx) = meta_client.heartbeat().await.context(MetaClientInitSnafu)?;
+
+        let mut last_received_lease = Instant::now();
+
        let _handle = common_runtime::spawn_bg(async move {
            while let Some(res) = match rx.message().await {
                Ok(m) => m,
@@ -114,6 +117,28 @@ impl HeartbeatTask {
                if let Some(msg) = res.mailbox_message.as_ref() {
                    info!("Received mailbox message: {msg:?}, meta_client id: {client_id:?}");
                }
+                if let Some(lease) = res.region_lease.as_ref() {
+                    metrics::LAST_RECEIVED_HEARTBEAT_ELAPSED
+                        .set(last_received_lease.elapsed().as_millis() as i64);
+                    // Resets the timer.
+                    last_received_lease = Instant::now();
+
+                    let mut leader_region_lease_count = 0;
+                    let mut follower_region_lease_count = 0;
+                    for lease in &lease.regions {
+                        match lease.role() {
+                            RegionRole::Leader => leader_region_lease_count += 1,
+                            RegionRole::Follower => follower_region_lease_count += 1,
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    metrics::HEARTBEAT_REGION_LEASES
+                        .with_label_values(&["leader"])
+                        .set(leader_region_lease_count);
+                    metrics::HEARTBEAT_REGION_LEASES
+                        .with_label_values(&["follower"])
+                        .set(follower_region_lease_count);
+                }
                let ctx = HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext::new(mailbox.clone(), res);
                if let Err(e) = Self::handle_response(ctx, handler_executor.clone()).await {
                    error!(e; "Error while handling heartbeat response");
--- a/src/datanode/src/heartbeat/handler.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/heartbeat/handler.rs
@@ -13,54 +13,119 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use common_error::ext::ErrorExt;
-use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
 use common_meta::error::{InvalidHeartbeatResponseSnafu, Result as MetaResult};
 use common_meta::heartbeat::handler::{
    HandleControl, HeartbeatResponseHandler, HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext,
 };
-use common_meta::instruction::{Instruction, InstructionReply, OpenRegion, SimpleReply};
+use common_meta::instruction::{
+    DowngradeRegion, DowngradeRegionReply, Instruction, InstructionReply, OpenRegion, SimpleReply,
+};
 use common_meta::RegionIdent;
-use common_query::Output;
 use common_telemetry::error;
+use futures::future::BoxFuture;
 use snafu::OptionExt;
 use store_api::path_utils::region_dir;
+use store_api::region_engine::SetReadonlyResponse;
 use store_api::region_request::{RegionCloseRequest, RegionOpenRequest, RegionRequest};
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;

-use crate::error::Result;
+use crate::error;
 use crate::region_server::RegionServer;
-
 /// Handler for [Instruction::OpenRegion] and [Instruction::CloseRegion].
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler {
    region_server: RegionServer,
 }

+/// Handler of the instruction.
+pub type InstructionHandler =
+    Box<dyn FnOnce(RegionServer) -> BoxFuture<'static, InstructionReply> + Send>;
+
 impl RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler {
+    /// Returns the [RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler].
    pub fn new(region_server: RegionServer) -> Self {
        Self { region_server }
    }

-    fn instruction_to_request(instruction: Instruction) -> MetaResult<(RegionId, RegionRequest)> {
+    /// Builds the [InstructionHandler].
+    fn build_handler(instruction: Instruction) -> MetaResult<InstructionHandler> {
        match instruction {
            Instruction::OpenRegion(OpenRegion {
                region_ident,
                region_storage_path,
                options,
-            }) => {
-                let region_id = Self::region_ident_to_region_id(&region_ident);
-                let open_region_req = RegionRequest::Open(RegionOpenRequest {
-                    engine: region_ident.engine,
-                    region_dir: region_dir(&region_storage_path, region_id),
-                    options,
-                });
-                Ok((region_id, open_region_req))
+            }) => Ok(Box::new(|region_server| {
+                Box::pin(async move {
+                    let region_id = Self::region_ident_to_region_id(&region_ident);
+                    let request = RegionRequest::Open(RegionOpenRequest {
+                        engine: region_ident.engine,
+                        region_dir: region_dir(&region_storage_path, region_id),
+                        options,
+                    });
+                    let result = region_server.handle_request(region_id, request).await;
+
+                    let success = result.is_ok();
+                    let error = result.as_ref().map_err(|e| e.to_string()).err();
+
+                    InstructionReply::OpenRegion(SimpleReply {
+                        result: success,
+                        error,
+                    })
+                })
+            })),
+            Instruction::CloseRegion(region_ident) => Ok(Box::new(|region_server| {
+                Box::pin(async move {
+                    let region_id = Self::region_ident_to_region_id(&region_ident);
+                    let request = RegionRequest::Close(RegionCloseRequest {});
+                    let result = region_server.handle_request(region_id, request).await;
+
+                    match result {
+                        Ok(_) => InstructionReply::CloseRegion(SimpleReply {
+                            result: true,
+                            error: None,
+                        }),
+                        Err(error::Error::RegionNotFound { .. }) => {
+                            InstructionReply::CloseRegion(SimpleReply {
+                                result: true,
+                                error: None,
+                            })
+                        }
+                        Err(err) => InstructionReply::CloseRegion(SimpleReply {
+                            result: false,
+                            error: Some(err.to_string()),
+                        }),
+                    }
+                })
+            })),
+            Instruction::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegion { region_id }) => {
+                Ok(Box::new(move |region_server| {
+                    Box::pin(async move {
+                        match region_server.set_readonly_gracefully(region_id).await {
+                            Ok(SetReadonlyResponse::Success { last_entry_id }) => {
+                                InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegionReply {
+                                    last_entry_id,
+                                    exists: true,
+                                    error: None,
+                                })
+                            }
+                            Ok(SetReadonlyResponse::NotFound) => {
+                                InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegionReply {
+                                    last_entry_id: None,
+                                    exists: false,
+                                    error: None,
+                                })
+                            }
+                            Err(err) => InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegionReply {
+                                last_entry_id: None,
+                                exists: false,
+                                error: Some(err.to_string()),
+                            }),
+                        }
+                    })
+                }))
            }
-            Instruction::CloseRegion(region_ident) => {
-                let region_id = Self::region_ident_to_region_id(&region_ident);
-                let close_region_req = RegionRequest::Close(RegionCloseRequest {});
-                Ok((region_id, close_region_req))
+            Instruction::UpgradeRegion(_) => {
+                todo!()
            }
            Instruction::InvalidateTableIdCache(_) | Instruction::InvalidateTableNameCache(_) => {
                InvalidHeartbeatResponseSnafu.fail()
@@ -71,53 +136,6 @@ impl RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler {
    fn region_ident_to_region_id(region_ident: &RegionIdent) -> RegionId {
        RegionId::new(region_ident.table_id, region_ident.region_number)
    }
-
-    fn reply_template_from_instruction(instruction: &Instruction) -> InstructionReply {
-        match instruction {
-            Instruction::OpenRegion(_) => InstructionReply::OpenRegion(SimpleReply {
-                result: false,
-                error: None,
-            }),
-            Instruction::CloseRegion(_) => InstructionReply::CloseRegion(SimpleReply {
-                result: false,
-                error: None,
-            }),
-            Instruction::InvalidateTableIdCache(_) | Instruction::InvalidateTableNameCache(_) => {
-                InstructionReply::InvalidateTableCache(SimpleReply {
-                    result: false,
-                    error: None,
-                })
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn fill_reply(mut template: InstructionReply, result: Result<Output>) -> InstructionReply {
-        let success = result.is_ok();
-        let error = result.as_ref().map_err(|e| e.to_string()).err();
-        match &mut template {
-            InstructionReply::OpenRegion(reply) => {
-                reply.result = success;
-                reply.error = error;
-            }
-            InstructionReply::CloseRegion(reply) => match result {
-                Err(e) => {
-                    if e.status_code() == StatusCode::RegionNotFound {
-                        reply.result = true;
-                    }
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    reply.result = success;
-                    reply.error = error;
-                }
-            },
-            InstructionReply::InvalidateTableCache(reply) => {
-                reply.result = success;
-                reply.error = error;
-            }
-        }
-
-        template
-    }
 }

 #[async_trait]
@@ -125,7 +143,9 @@ impl HeartbeatResponseHandler for RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler {
    fn is_acceptable(&self, ctx: &HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext) -> bool {
        matches!(
            ctx.incoming_message.as_ref(),
-            Some((_, Instruction::OpenRegion { .. })) | Some((_, Instruction::CloseRegion { .. }))
+            Some((_, Instruction::OpenRegion { .. }))
+                | Some((_, Instruction::CloseRegion { .. }))
+                | Some((_, Instruction::DowngradeRegion { .. }))
        )
    }

@@ -137,15 +157,11 @@ impl HeartbeatResponseHandler for RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler {

        let mailbox = ctx.mailbox.clone();
        let region_server = self.region_server.clone();
-        let reply_template = Self::reply_template_from_instruction(&instruction);
-        let (region_id, region_req) = Self::instruction_to_request(instruction)?;
+        let handler = Self::build_handler(instruction)?;
        let _handle = common_runtime::spawn_bg(async move {
-            let result = region_server.handle_request(region_id, region_req).await;
+            let reply = handler(region_server).await;

-            if let Err(e) = mailbox
-                .send((meta, Self::fill_reply(reply_template, result)))
-                .await
-            {
+            if let Err(e) = mailbox.send((meta, reply)).await {
                error!(e; "Failed to send reply to mailbox");
            }
        });
@@ -153,3 +169,266 @@ impl HeartbeatResponseHandler for RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler {
        Ok(HandleControl::Done)
    }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    use common_meta::heartbeat::mailbox::{
+        HeartbeatMailbox, IncomingMessage, MailboxRef, MessageMeta,
+    };
+    use mito2::config::MitoConfig;
+    use mito2::engine::MITO_ENGINE_NAME;
+    use mito2::test_util::{CreateRequestBuilder, TestEnv};
+    use store_api::region_request::RegionRequest;
+    use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+    use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::error;
+    use crate::tests::mock_region_server;
+
+    pub struct HeartbeatResponseTestEnv {
+        mailbox: MailboxRef,
+        receiver: Receiver<(MessageMeta, InstructionReply)>,
+    }
+
+    impl HeartbeatResponseTestEnv {
+        pub fn new() -> Self {
+            let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(8);
+            let mailbox = Arc::new(HeartbeatMailbox::new(tx));
+
+            HeartbeatResponseTestEnv {
+                mailbox,
+                receiver: rx,
+            }
+        }
+
+        pub fn create_handler_ctx(
+            &self,
+            incoming_message: IncomingMessage,
+        ) -> HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext {
+            HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext {
+                mailbox: self.mailbox.clone(),
+                response: Default::default(),
+                incoming_message: Some(incoming_message),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn close_region_instruction(region_id: RegionId) -> Instruction {
+        Instruction::CloseRegion(RegionIdent {
+            table_id: region_id.table_id(),
+            region_number: region_id.region_number(),
+            cluster_id: 1,
+            datanode_id: 2,
+            engine: MITO_ENGINE_NAME.to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn open_region_instruction(region_id: RegionId, path: &str) -> Instruction {
+        Instruction::OpenRegion(OpenRegion::new(
+            RegionIdent {
+                table_id: region_id.table_id(),
+                region_number: region_id.region_number(),
+                cluster_id: 1,
+                datanode_id: 2,
+                engine: MITO_ENGINE_NAME.to_string(),
+            },
+            path,
+            HashMap::new(),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_close_region() {
+        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+
+        let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
+        let heartbeat_handler = RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone());
+
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("close-region");
+        let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
+        region_server.register_engine(Arc::new(engine));
+        let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
+
+        let builder = CreateRequestBuilder::new();
+        let create_req = builder.build();
+        region_server
+            .handle_request(region_id, RegionRequest::Create(create_req))
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let mut heartbeat_env = HeartbeatResponseTestEnv::new();
+
+        // Should be ok, if we try to close it twice.
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            let meta = MessageMeta::new_test(1, "test", "dn-1", "me-0");
+            let instruction = close_region_instruction(region_id);
+
+            let mut ctx = heartbeat_env.create_handler_ctx((meta, instruction));
+            let control = heartbeat_handler.handle(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+            assert_matches!(control, HandleControl::Done);
+
+            let (_, reply) = heartbeat_env.receiver.recv().await.unwrap();
+
+            if let InstructionReply::CloseRegion(reply) = reply {
+                assert!(reply.result);
+                assert!(reply.error.is_none());
+            } else {
+                unreachable!()
+            }
+
+            assert_matches!(
+                region_server.set_writable(region_id, true).unwrap_err(),
+                error::Error::RegionNotFound { .. }
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_open_region_ok() {
+        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+
+        let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
+        let heartbeat_handler = RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone());
+
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("open-region");
+        let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
+        region_server.register_engine(Arc::new(engine));
+        let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
+
+        let builder = CreateRequestBuilder::new();
+        let mut create_req = builder.build();
+        let storage_path = "test";
+        create_req.region_dir = region_dir(storage_path, region_id);
+
+        region_server
+            .handle_request(region_id, RegionRequest::Create(create_req))
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        region_server
+            .handle_request(region_id, RegionRequest::Close(RegionCloseRequest {}))
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let mut heartbeat_env = HeartbeatResponseTestEnv::new();
+
+        // Should be ok, if we try to open it twice.
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            let meta = MessageMeta::new_test(1, "test", "dn-1", "me-0");
+            let instruction = open_region_instruction(region_id, storage_path);
+
+            let mut ctx = heartbeat_env.create_handler_ctx((meta, instruction));
+            let control = heartbeat_handler.handle(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+            assert_matches!(control, HandleControl::Done);
+
+            let (_, reply) = heartbeat_env.receiver.recv().await.unwrap();
+
+            if let InstructionReply::OpenRegion(reply) = reply {
+                assert!(reply.result);
+                assert!(reply.error.is_none());
+            } else {
+                unreachable!()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_open_not_exists_region() {
+        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+
+        let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
+        let heartbeat_handler = RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone());
+
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("open-not-exists-region");
+        let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
+        region_server.register_engine(Arc::new(engine));
+        let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
+        let storage_path = "test";
+
+        let mut heartbeat_env = HeartbeatResponseTestEnv::new();
+
+        let meta = MessageMeta::new_test(1, "test", "dn-1", "me-0");
+        let instruction = open_region_instruction(region_id, storage_path);
+
+        let mut ctx = heartbeat_env.create_handler_ctx((meta, instruction));
+        let control = heartbeat_handler.handle(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+        assert_matches!(control, HandleControl::Done);
+
+        let (_, reply) = heartbeat_env.receiver.recv().await.unwrap();
+
+        if let InstructionReply::OpenRegion(reply) = reply {
+            assert!(!reply.result);
+            assert!(reply.error.is_some());
+        } else {
+            unreachable!()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_downgrade_region() {
+        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+
+        let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
+        let heartbeat_handler = RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone());
+
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("downgrade-region");
+        let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
+        region_server.register_engine(Arc::new(engine));
+        let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
+
+        let builder = CreateRequestBuilder::new();
+        let mut create_req = builder.build();
+        let storage_path = "test";
+        create_req.region_dir = region_dir(storage_path, region_id);
+
+        region_server
+            .handle_request(region_id, RegionRequest::Create(create_req))
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let mut heartbeat_env = HeartbeatResponseTestEnv::new();
+
+        // Should be ok, if we try to downgrade it twice.
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            let meta = MessageMeta::new_test(1, "test", "dn-1", "me-0");
+            let instruction = Instruction::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegion { region_id });
+
+            let mut ctx = heartbeat_env.create_handler_ctx((meta, instruction));
+            let control = heartbeat_handler.handle(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+            assert_matches!(control, HandleControl::Done);
+
+            let (_, reply) = heartbeat_env.receiver.recv().await.unwrap();
+
+            if let InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion(reply) = reply {
+                assert!(reply.exists);
+                assert!(reply.error.is_none());
+                assert_eq!(reply.last_entry_id.unwrap(), 0);
+            } else {
+                unreachable!()
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Downgrades a not exists region.
+        let meta = MessageMeta::new_test(1, "test", "dn-1", "me-0");
+        let instruction = Instruction::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegion {
+            region_id: RegionId::new(2048, 1),
+        });
+        let mut ctx = heartbeat_env.create_handler_ctx((meta, instruction));
+        let control = heartbeat_handler.handle(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+        assert_matches!(control, HandleControl::Done);
+
+        let (_, reply) = heartbeat_env.receiver.recv().await.unwrap();
+
+        if let InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion(reply) = reply {
+            assert!(!reply.exists);
+            assert!(reply.error.is_none());
+            assert!(reply.last_entry_id.is_none());
+        } else {
+            unreachable!()
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/src/datanode/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/lib.rs
@@ -26,5 +26,4 @@ pub mod metrics;
 pub mod region_server;
 mod store;
 #[cfg(test)]
-#[allow(dead_code)]
 mod tests;
--- a/src/datanode/src/metrics.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/metrics.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ use prometheus::*;
 /// Region request type label.
 pub const REGION_REQUEST_TYPE: &str = "datanode_region_request_type";

+pub const REGION_ROLE: &str = "region_role";
+
 lazy_static! {
    /// The elapsed time of handling a request in the region_server.
    pub static ref HANDLE_REGION_REQUEST_ELAPSED: HistogramVec = register_histogram_vec!(
@@ -26,4 +28,17 @@ lazy_static! {
        &[REGION_REQUEST_TYPE]
    )
    .unwrap();
+    /// The elapsed time since the last received heartbeat.
+    pub static ref LAST_RECEIVED_HEARTBEAT_ELAPSED: IntGauge = register_int_gauge!(
+        "last_received_heartbeat_lease_elapsed",
+        "last received heartbeat lease elapsed",
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    /// The received region leases via heartbeat.
+    pub static ref HEARTBEAT_REGION_LEASES: IntGaugeVec = register_int_gauge_vec!(
+        "heartbeat_region_leases",
+        "received region leases via heartbeat",
+        &[REGION_ROLE]
+    )
+    .unwrap();
 }
--- a/src/datanode/src/region_server.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/region_server.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ use servers::grpc::region_server::RegionServerHandler;
 use session::context::{QueryContextBuilder, QueryContextRef};
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::metadata::RegionMetadataRef;
-use store_api::region_engine::{RegionEngineRef, RegionRole};
+use store_api::region_engine::{RegionEngineRef, RegionRole, SetReadonlyResponse};
 use store_api::region_request::{RegionCloseRequest, RegionRequest};
 use store_api::storage::{RegionId, ScanRequest};
 use substrait::{DFLogicalSubstraitConvertor, SubstraitPlan};
@@ -148,6 +148,19 @@ impl RegionServer {
            .with_context(|_| HandleRegionRequestSnafu { region_id })
    }

+    pub async fn set_readonly_gracefully(
+        &self,
+        region_id: RegionId,
+    ) -> Result<SetReadonlyResponse> {
+        match self.inner.region_map.get(&region_id) {
+            Some(engine) => Ok(engine
+                .set_readonly_gracefully(region_id)
+                .await
+                .with_context(|_| HandleRegionRequestSnafu { region_id })?),
+            None => Ok(SetReadonlyResponse::NotFound),
+        }
+    }
+
    pub fn runtime(&self) -> Arc<Runtime> {
        self.inner.runtime.clone()
    }
--- a/src/datanode/src/store.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/store.rs
@@ -66,23 +66,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn new_object_store(opts: &DatanodeOptions) -> Result<ObjectSto
                .with_error_level(Some("debug"))
                .expect("input error level must be valid"),
        )
-        .layer(TracingLayer);
-
-    // In the test environment, multiple datanodes will be started in the same process.
-    // If each datanode registers Prometheus metric when it starts, it will cause the program to crash. (Because the same metric is registered repeatedly.)
-    // So the Prometheus metric layer is disabled in the test environment.
-    #[cfg(feature = "testing")]
-    return Ok(store);
-
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "testing"))]
-    {
-        let registry = prometheus::default_registry();
-        Ok(
-            store.layer(object_store::layers::PrometheusLayer::with_registry(
-                registry.clone(),
-            )),
-        )
-    }
+        .layer(TracingLayer)
+        .layer(object_store::layers::PrometheusMetricsLayer);
+    Ok(store)
 }

 async fn create_object_store_with_cache(
--- a/src/datanode/src/tests.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/tests.rs
@@ -13,19 +13,12 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 use std::any::Any;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use api::v1::meta::HeartbeatResponse;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_function::scalars::aggregate::AggregateFunctionMetaRef;
 use common_function::scalars::FunctionRef;
-use common_meta::heartbeat::handler::{
-    HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext, HeartbeatResponseHandlerExecutor,
-};
-use common_meta::heartbeat::mailbox::{HeartbeatMailbox, MessageMeta};
-use common_meta::instruction::{Instruction, OpenRegion, RegionIdent};
 use common_query::prelude::ScalarUdf;
 use common_query::Output;
 use common_recordbatch::SendableRecordBatchStream;
@@ -46,51 +39,6 @@ use tokio::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, Sender};
 use crate::event_listener::NoopRegionServerEventListener;
 use crate::region_server::RegionServer;

-pub fn test_message_meta(id: u64, subject: &str, to: &str, from: &str) -> MessageMeta {
-    MessageMeta {
-        id,
-        subject: subject.to_string(),
-        to: to.to_string(),
-        from: from.to_string(),
-    }
-}
-
-async fn handle_instruction(
-    executor: Arc<dyn HeartbeatResponseHandlerExecutor>,
-    mailbox: Arc<HeartbeatMailbox>,
-    instruction: Instruction,
-) {
-    let response = HeartbeatResponse::default();
-    let mut ctx: HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext =
-        HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext::new(mailbox, response);
-    ctx.incoming_message = Some((test_message_meta(1, "hi", "foo", "bar"), instruction));
-    executor.handle(ctx).await.unwrap();
-}
-
-fn close_region_instruction() -> Instruction {
-    Instruction::CloseRegion(RegionIdent {
-        table_id: 1024,
-        region_number: 0,
-        cluster_id: 1,
-        datanode_id: 2,
-        engine: "mito2".to_string(),
-    })
-}
-
-fn open_region_instruction() -> Instruction {
-    Instruction::OpenRegion(OpenRegion::new(
-        RegionIdent {
-            table_id: 1024,
-            region_number: 0,
-            cluster_id: 1,
-            datanode_id: 2,
-            engine: "mito2".to_string(),
-        },
-        "path/dir",
-        HashMap::new(),
-    ))
-}
-
 pub struct MockQueryEngine;

 #[async_trait]
--- a/src/datatypes/src/data_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/data_type.rs
@@ -85,31 +85,48 @@ pub enum ConcreteDataType {
 impl fmt::Display for ConcreteDataType {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
-            ConcreteDataType::Null(_) => write!(f, "Null"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Boolean(_) => write!(f, "Boolean"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Int8(_) => write!(f, "Int8"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Int16(_) => write!(f, "Int16"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Int32(_) => write!(f, "Int32"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Int64(_) => write!(f, "Int64"),
-            ConcreteDataType::UInt8(_) => write!(f, "UInt8"),
-            ConcreteDataType::UInt16(_) => write!(f, "UInt16"),
-            ConcreteDataType::UInt32(_) => write!(f, "UInt32"),
-            ConcreteDataType::UInt64(_) => write!(f, "UInt64"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Float32(_) => write!(f, "Float32"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Float64(_) => write!(f, "Float64"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Binary(_) => write!(f, "Binary"),
-            ConcreteDataType::String(_) => write!(f, "String"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Date(_) => write!(f, "Date"),
-            ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_) => write!(f, "DateTime"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(_) => write!(f, "Timestamp"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Time(_) => write!(f, "Time"),
-            ConcreteDataType::List(_) => write!(f, "List"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Dictionary(_) => write!(f, "Dictionary"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Interval(_) => write!(f, "Interval"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Duration(_) => write!(f, "Duration"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Decimal128(d) => {
-                write!(f, "Decimal128({},{})", d.precision(), d.scale())
-            }
+            ConcreteDataType::Null(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Boolean(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Int8(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Int16(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Int32(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Int64(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::UInt8(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::UInt16(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::UInt32(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::UInt64(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Float32(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Float64(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Binary(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::String(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Date(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::DateTime(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(t) => match t {
+                TimestampType::Second(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                TimestampType::Millisecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                TimestampType::Microsecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                TimestampType::Nanosecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            },
+            ConcreteDataType::Time(t) => match t {
+                TimeType::Second(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                TimeType::Millisecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                TimeType::Microsecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                TimeType::Nanosecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            },
+            ConcreteDataType::Interval(i) => match i {
+                IntervalType::YearMonth(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                IntervalType::DayTime(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                IntervalType::MonthDayNano(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            },
+            ConcreteDataType::Duration(d) => match d {
+                DurationType::Second(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                DurationType::Millisecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                DurationType::Microsecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                DurationType::Nanosecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            },
+            ConcreteDataType::Decimal128(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::List(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Dictionary(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -492,7 +509,7 @@ impl ConcreteDataType {
 #[enum_dispatch::enum_dispatch]
 pub trait DataType: std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync {
    /// Name of this data type.
-    fn name(&self) -> &str;
+    fn name(&self) -> String;

    /// Returns id of the Logical data type.
    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId;
@@ -523,7 +540,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_concrete_type_as_datatype_trait() {
        let concrete_type = ConcreteDataType::boolean_datatype();

-        assert_eq!("Boolean", concrete_type.name());
+        assert_eq!("Boolean", concrete_type.to_string());
        assert_eq!(Value::Boolean(false), concrete_type.default_value());
        assert_eq!(LogicalTypeId::Boolean, concrete_type.logical_type_id());
        assert_eq!(ArrowDataType::Boolean, concrete_type.as_arrow_type());
@@ -767,94 +784,68 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_display_concrete_data_type() {
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::null_datatype().to_string(), "Null");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::boolean_datatype().to_string(), "Boolean");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::binary_datatype().to_string(), "Binary");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::int8_datatype().to_string(), "Int8");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::int16_datatype().to_string(), "Int16");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype().to_string(), "Int32");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype().to_string(), "Int64");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::uint8_datatype().to_string(), "UInt8");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::uint16_datatype().to_string(), "UInt16");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::uint32_datatype().to_string(), "UInt32");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::uint64_datatype().to_string(), "UInt64");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::float32_datatype().to_string(), "Float32");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::float64_datatype().to_string(), "Float64");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::string_datatype().to_string(), "String");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::date_datatype().to_string(), "Date");
        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Null).to_string(),
-            "Null"
+            ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype().to_string(),
+            "TimestampMillisecond"
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Boolean).to_string(),
-            "Boolean"
+            ConcreteDataType::time_millisecond_datatype().to_string(),
+            "TimeMillisecond"
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Binary).to_string(),
-            "Binary"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::LargeBinary).to_string(),
-            "Binary"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Int8).to_string(),
-            "Int8"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Int16).to_string(),
-            "Int16"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Int32).to_string(),
-            "Int32"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Int64).to_string(),
-            "Int64"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::UInt8).to_string(),
-            "UInt8"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::UInt16).to_string(),
-            "UInt16"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::UInt32).to_string(),
-            "UInt32"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::UInt64).to_string(),
-            "UInt64"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Float32).to_string(),
-            "Float32"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Float64).to_string(),
-            "Float64"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Utf8).to_string(),
-            "String"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::List(Arc::new(Field::new(
-                "item",
-                ArrowDataType::Int32,
-                true,
-            ))))
-            .to_string(),
-            "List"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Date32).to_string(),
-            "Date"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::time_second_datatype().to_string(), "Time");
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Interval(
-                arrow_schema::IntervalUnit::MonthDayNano,
-            ))
-            .to_string(),
-            "Interval"
+            ConcreteDataType::interval_month_day_nano_datatype().to_string(),
+            "IntervalMonthDayNano"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::duration_second_datatype().to_string(),
-            "Duration"
+            "DurationSecond"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::decimal128_datatype(10, 2).to_string(),
-            "Decimal128(10,2)"
+            "Decimal(10, 2)"
+        );
+        // Nested types
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::list_datatype(ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype()).to_string(),
+            "List<Int32>"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::list_datatype(ConcreteDataType::Dictionary(DictionaryType::new(
+                ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::string_datatype()
+            )))
+            .to_string(),
+            "List<Dictionary<Int32, String>>"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::list_datatype(ConcreteDataType::list_datatype(
+                ConcreteDataType::list_datatype(ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype())
+            ))
+            .to_string(),
+            "List<List<List<Int32>>>"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::dictionary_datatype(
+                ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::string_datatype()
+            )
+            .to_string(),
+            "Dictionary<Int32, String>"
        );
    }
 }
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/binary_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/binary_type.rs
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ impl BinaryType {
 }

 impl DataType for BinaryType {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "Binary"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        "Binary".to_string()
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/boolean_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/boolean_type.rs
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ impl BooleanType {
 }

 impl DataType for BooleanType {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "Boolean"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        "Boolean".to_string()
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/cast.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/cast.rs
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(res.is_err());
        assert_eq!(
            res.unwrap_err().to_string(),
-            "Type Timestamp with value 1970-01-01 08:00:10+0800 can't be cast to the destination type Int8"
+            "Type TimestampSecond with value 1970-01-01 08:00:10+0800 can't be cast to the destination type Int8"
        );
    }

--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/date_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/date_type.rs
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ use crate::vectors::{DateVector, DateVectorBuilder, MutableVector, Vector};
 pub struct DateType;

 impl DataType for DateType {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "Date"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        "Date".to_string()
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/datetime_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/datetime_type.rs
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ use crate::vectors::{DateTimeVector, DateTimeVectorBuilder, PrimitiveVector};
 pub struct DateTimeType;

 impl DataType for DateTimeType {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "DateTime"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        "DateTime".to_string()
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/decimal_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/decimal_type.rs
@@ -56,9 +56,8 @@ impl Decimal128Type {
 }

 impl DataType for Decimal128Type {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        // TODO(QuenKar): support precision and scale information in name
-        "decimal"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        format!("Decimal({}, {})", self.precision, self.scale)
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/dictionary_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/dictionary_type.rs
@@ -62,8 +62,12 @@ impl DictionaryType {
 }

 impl DataType for DictionaryType {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "Dictionary"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        format!(
+            "Dictionary<{}, {}>",
+            self.key_type.name(),
+            self.value_type.name()
+        )
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/duration_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/duration_type.rs
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ macro_rules! impl_data_type_for_duration {
            pub struct [<Duration $unit Type>];

            impl DataType for [<Duration $unit Type>] {
-                fn name(&self) -> &str {
-                    stringify!([<Duration $unit>])
+                fn name(&self) -> String {
+                    stringify!([<Duration $unit>]).to_string()
                }

                fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/interval_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/interval_type.rs
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ macro_rules! impl_data_type_for_interval {
            pub struct [<Interval $unit Type>];

            impl DataType for [<Interval $unit Type>] {
-                fn name(&self) -> &str {
-                    stringify!([<Interval $unit>])
+                fn name(&self) -> String {
+                    stringify!([<Interval $unit>]).to_string()
                }

                fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/list_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/list_type.rs
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ impl ListType {
 }

 impl DataType for ListType {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "List"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        format!("List<{}>", self.item_type.name())
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn test_list_type() {
        let t = ListType::new(ConcreteDataType::boolean_datatype());
-        assert_eq!("List", t.name());
+        assert_eq!("List<Boolean>", t.name());
        assert_eq!(LogicalTypeId::List, t.logical_type_id());
        assert_eq!(
            Value::List(ListValue::new(None, ConcreteDataType::boolean_datatype())),
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/null_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/null_type.rs
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ impl NullType {
 }

 impl DataType for NullType {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "Null"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        "Null".to_string()
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/primitive_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/primitive_type.rs
@@ -251,8 +251,8 @@ macro_rules! define_non_timestamp_primitive {
        define_logical_primitive_type!($Native, $TypeId, $DataType, $Largest);

        impl DataType for $DataType {
-            fn name(&self) -> &str {
-                stringify!($TypeId)
+            fn name(&self) -> String {
+                stringify!($TypeId).to_string()
            }

            fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
@@ -350,8 +350,8 @@ define_logical_primitive_type!(i64, Int64, Int64Type, Int64Type);
 define_logical_primitive_type!(i32, Int32, Int32Type, Int64Type);

 impl DataType for Int64Type {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "Int64"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        "Int64".to_string()
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
@@ -397,8 +397,8 @@ impl DataType for Int64Type {
 }

 impl DataType for Int32Type {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "Int32"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        "Int32".to_string()
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/string_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/string_type.rs
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ impl StringType {
 }

 impl DataType for StringType {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "String"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        "String".to_string()
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/time_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/time_type.rs
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ macro_rules! impl_data_type_for_time {
            pub struct [<Time $unit Type>];

            impl DataType for [<Time $unit Type>] {
-                fn name(&self) -> &str {
-                    stringify!([<Time $unit>])
+                fn name(&self) -> String {
+                    stringify!([<Time $unit>]).to_string()
                }

                fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/timestamp_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/timestamp_type.rs
@@ -109,8 +109,8 @@ macro_rules! impl_data_type_for_timestamp {
            pub struct [<Timestamp $unit Type>];

            impl DataType for [<Timestamp $unit Type>] {
-                fn name(&self) -> &str {
-                    stringify!([<Timestamp $unit>])
+                fn name(&self) -> String {
+                    stringify!([<Timestamp $unit>]).to_string()
                }

                fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/vectors.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/vectors.rs
@@ -229,17 +229,16 @@ macro_rules! impl_try_from_arrow_array_for_vector {
            ) -> crate::error::Result<$Vector> {
                use snafu::OptionExt;

-                let data = array
+                let arrow_array = array
                    .as_ref()
                    .as_any()
                    .downcast_ref::<$Array>()
                    .with_context(|| crate::error::ConversionSnafu {
                        from: std::format!("{:?}", array.as_ref().data_type()),
                    })?
-                    .to_data();
+                    .clone();

-                let concrete_array = $Array::from(data);
-                Ok($Vector::from(concrete_array))
+                Ok($Vector::from(arrow_array))
            }
        }
    };
--- a/src/datatypes/src/vectors/binary.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/vectors/binary.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 use std::any::Any;
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use arrow::array::{Array, ArrayBuilder, ArrayData, ArrayIter, ArrayRef};
+use arrow::array::{Array, ArrayBuilder, ArrayIter, ArrayRef};
 use snafu::ResultExt;

 use crate::arrow_array::{BinaryArray, MutableBinaryArray};
@@ -36,10 +36,6 @@ impl BinaryVector {
    pub(crate) fn as_arrow(&self) -> &dyn Array {
        &self.array
    }
-
-    fn to_array_data(&self) -> ArrayData {
-        self.array.to_data()
-    }
 }

 impl From<BinaryArray> for BinaryVector {
@@ -74,13 +70,11 @@ impl Vector for BinaryVector {
    }

    fn to_arrow_array(&self) -> ArrayRef {
-        let data = self.to_array_data();
-        Arc::new(BinaryArray::from(data))
+        Arc::new(self.array.clone())
    }

    fn to_boxed_arrow_array(&self) -> Box<dyn Array> {
-        let data = self.to_array_data();
-        Box::new(BinaryArray::from(data))
+        Box::new(self.array.clone())
    }

    fn validity(&self) -> Validity {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/vectors/boolean.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/vectors/boolean.rs
@@ -16,9 +16,7 @@ use std::any::Any;
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use arrow::array::{
-    Array, ArrayBuilder, ArrayData, ArrayIter, ArrayRef, BooleanArray, BooleanBuilder,
-};
+use arrow::array::{Array, ArrayBuilder, ArrayIter, ArrayRef, BooleanArray, BooleanBuilder};
 use snafu::ResultExt;

 use crate::data_type::ConcreteDataType;
@@ -44,16 +42,6 @@ impl BooleanVector {
        &self.array
    }

-    fn to_array_data(&self) -> ArrayData {
-        self.array.to_data()
-    }
-
-    fn from_array_data(data: ArrayData) -> BooleanVector {
-        BooleanVector {
-            array: BooleanArray::from(data),
-        }
-    }
-
    pub(crate) fn false_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.array.false_count()
    }
@@ -107,13 +95,11 @@ impl Vector for BooleanVector {
    }

    fn to_arrow_array(&self) -> ArrayRef {
-        let data = self.to_array_data();
-        Arc::new(BooleanArray::from(data))
+        Arc::new(self.array.clone())
    }

    fn to_boxed_arrow_array(&self) -> Box<dyn Array> {
-        let data = self.to_array_data();
-        Box::new(BooleanArray::from(data))
+        Box::new(self.array.clone())
    }

    fn validity(&self) -> Validity {
@@ -133,8 +119,7 @@ impl Vector for BooleanVector {
    }

    fn slice(&self, offset: usize, length: usize) -> VectorRef {
-        let data = self.array.to_data().slice(offset, length);
-        Arc::new(Self::from_array_data(data))
+        Arc::new(Self::from(self.array.slice(offset, length)))
    }

    fn get(&self, index: usize) -> Value {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/vectors/decimal.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/vectors/decimal.rs
@@ -196,8 +196,7 @@ impl Vector for Decimal128Vector {
    }

    fn slice(&self, offset: usize, length: usize) -> VectorRef {
-        let array = self.array.slice(offset, length);
-        Arc::new(Self { array })
+        Arc::new(self.get_slice(offset, length))
    }

    fn get(&self, index: usize) -> Value {
@@ -535,23 +534,23 @@ pub mod tests {
        // because 100 is out of Decimal(3, 1) range, so it will be null
        assert!(array.is_null(4));
    }
-}

-#[test]
-fn test_decimal28_vector_iter_data() {
-    let vector = Decimal128Vector::from_values(vec![1, 2, 3, 4])
-        .with_precision_and_scale(3, 1)
-        .unwrap();
-    let mut iter = vector.iter_data();
-    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(Some(Decimal128::new(1, 3, 1))));
-    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(Some(Decimal128::new(2, 3, 1))));
-    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(Some(Decimal128::new(3, 3, 1))));
-    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(Some(Decimal128::new(4, 3, 1))));
-    assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decimal28_vector_iter_data() {
+        let vector = Decimal128Vector::from_values(vec![1, 2, 3, 4])
+            .with_precision_and_scale(3, 1)
+            .unwrap();
+        let mut iter = vector.iter_data();
+        assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(Some(Decimal128::new(1, 3, 1))));
+        assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(Some(Decimal128::new(2, 3, 1))));
+        assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(Some(Decimal128::new(3, 3, 1))));
+        assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(Some(Decimal128::new(4, 3, 1))));
+        assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);

-    let values = vector
-        .iter_data()
-        .filter_map(|v| v.map(|x| x.val() * 2))
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    assert_eq!(values, vec![2, 4, 6, 8]);
+        let values = vector
+            .iter_data()
+            .filter_map(|v| v.map(|x| x.val() * 2))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        assert_eq!(values, vec![2, 4, 6, 8]);
+    }
 }
--- a/src/datatypes/src/vectors/helper.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/vectors/helper.rs
@@ -284,23 +284,21 @@ impl Helper {
            ArrowDataType::Date64 => Arc::new(DateTimeVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?),
            ArrowDataType::List(_) => Arc::new(ListVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?),
            ArrowDataType::Timestamp(unit, _) => match unit {
-                TimeUnit::Second => Arc::new(
-                    TimestampSecondVector::try_from_arrow_timestamp_array(array)?,
-                ),
-                TimeUnit::Millisecond => Arc::new(
-                    TimestampMillisecondVector::try_from_arrow_timestamp_array(array)?,
-                ),
-                TimeUnit::Microsecond => Arc::new(
-                    TimestampMicrosecondVector::try_from_arrow_timestamp_array(array)?,
-                ),
-                TimeUnit::Nanosecond => Arc::new(
-                    TimestampNanosecondVector::try_from_arrow_timestamp_array(array)?,
-                ),
+                TimeUnit::Second => Arc::new(TimestampSecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?),
+                TimeUnit::Millisecond => {
+                    Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?)
+                }
+                TimeUnit::Microsecond => {
+                    Arc::new(TimestampMicrosecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?)
+                }
+                TimeUnit::Nanosecond => {
+                    Arc::new(TimestampNanosecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?)
+                }
            },
            ArrowDataType::Time32(unit) => match unit {
-                TimeUnit::Second => Arc::new(TimeSecondVector::try_from_arrow_time_array(array)?),
+                TimeUnit::Second => Arc::new(TimeSecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?),
                TimeUnit::Millisecond => {
-                    Arc::new(TimeMillisecondVector::try_from_arrow_time_array(array)?)
+                    Arc::new(TimeMillisecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?)
                }
                // Arrow use time32 for second/millisecond.
                _ => unreachable!(
@@ -310,10 +308,10 @@ impl Helper {
            },
            ArrowDataType::Time64(unit) => match unit {
                TimeUnit::Microsecond => {
-                    Arc::new(TimeMicrosecondVector::try_from_arrow_time_array(array)?)
+                    Arc::new(TimeMicrosecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?)
                }
                TimeUnit::Nanosecond => {
-                    Arc::new(TimeNanosecondVector::try_from_arrow_time_array(array)?)
+                    Arc::new(TimeNanosecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?)
                }
                // Arrow use time64 for microsecond/nanosecond.
                _ => unreachable!(
@@ -322,29 +320,27 @@ impl Helper {
                ),
            },
            ArrowDataType::Interval(unit) => match unit {
-                IntervalUnit::YearMonth => Arc::new(
-                    IntervalYearMonthVector::try_from_arrow_interval_array(array)?,
-                ),
-                IntervalUnit::DayTime => {
-                    Arc::new(IntervalDayTimeVector::try_from_arrow_interval_array(array)?)
+                IntervalUnit::YearMonth => {
+                    Arc::new(IntervalYearMonthVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?)
+                }
+                IntervalUnit::DayTime => {
+                    Arc::new(IntervalDayTimeVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?)
+                }
+                IntervalUnit::MonthDayNano => {
+                    Arc::new(IntervalMonthDayNanoVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?)
                }
-                IntervalUnit::MonthDayNano => Arc::new(
-                    IntervalMonthDayNanoVector::try_from_arrow_interval_array(array)?,
-                ),
            },
            ArrowDataType::Duration(unit) => match unit {
-                TimeUnit::Second => {
-                    Arc::new(DurationSecondVector::try_from_arrow_duration_array(array)?)
+                TimeUnit::Second => Arc::new(DurationSecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?),
+                TimeUnit::Millisecond => {
+                    Arc::new(DurationMillisecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?)
+                }
+                TimeUnit::Microsecond => {
+                    Arc::new(DurationMicrosecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?)
+                }
+                TimeUnit::Nanosecond => {
+                    Arc::new(DurationNanosecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?)
                }
-                TimeUnit::Millisecond => Arc::new(
-                    DurationMillisecondVector::try_from_arrow_duration_array(array)?,
-                ),
-                TimeUnit::Microsecond => Arc::new(
-                    DurationMicrosecondVector::try_from_arrow_duration_array(array)?,
-                ),
-                TimeUnit::Nanosecond => Arc::new(
-                    DurationNanosecondVector::try_from_arrow_duration_array(array)?,
-                ),
            },
            ArrowDataType::Decimal128(_, _) => {
                Arc::new(Decimal128Vector::try_from_arrow_array(array)?)
--- a/src/datatypes/src/vectors/list.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/vectors/list.rs
@@ -46,17 +46,6 @@ impl ListVector {
            .map(|value_opt| value_opt.map(Helper::try_into_vector).transpose())
    }

-    fn to_array_data(&self) -> ArrayData {
-        self.array.to_data()
-    }
-
-    fn from_array_data_and_type(data: ArrayData, item_type: ConcreteDataType) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            array: ListArray::from(data),
-            item_type,
-        }
-    }
-
    pub(crate) fn as_arrow(&self) -> &dyn Array {
        &self.array
    }
@@ -80,13 +69,11 @@ impl Vector for ListVector {
    }

    fn to_arrow_array(&self) -> ArrayRef {
-        let data = self.to_array_data();
-        Arc::new(ListArray::from(data))
+        Arc::new(self.array.clone())
    }

    fn to_boxed_arrow_array(&self) -> Box<dyn Array> {
-        let data = self.to_array_data();
-        Box::new(ListArray::from(data))
+        Box::new(self.array.clone())
    }

    fn validity(&self) -> Validity {
@@ -106,8 +93,10 @@ impl Vector for ListVector {
    }

    fn slice(&self, offset: usize, length: usize) -> VectorRef {
-        let data = self.array.to_data().slice(offset, length);
-        Arc::new(Self::from_array_data_and_type(data, self.item_type.clone()))
+        Arc::new(Self {
+            array: self.array.slice(offset, length),
+            item_type: self.item_type.clone(),
+        })
    }

    fn get(&self, index: usize) -> Value {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/vectors/primitive.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/vectors/primitive.rs
@@ -16,23 +16,12 @@ use std::any::Any;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use arrow::array::{
-    Array, ArrayBuilder, ArrayData, ArrayIter, ArrayRef, PrimitiveArray, PrimitiveBuilder,
-    Time32MillisecondArray as TimeMillisecondArray, Time32SecondArray as TimeSecondArray,
-    Time64MicrosecondArray as TimeMicrosecondArray, Time64NanosecondArray as TimeNanosecondArray,
-    TimestampMicrosecondArray, TimestampMillisecondArray, TimestampNanosecondArray,
-    TimestampSecondArray,
-};
-use arrow_array::{
-    DurationMicrosecondArray, DurationMillisecondArray, DurationNanosecondArray,
-    DurationSecondArray, IntervalDayTimeArray, IntervalMonthDayNanoArray, IntervalYearMonthArray,
-};
-use arrow_schema::DataType;
+use arrow::array::{Array, ArrayBuilder, ArrayIter, ArrayRef, PrimitiveArray, PrimitiveBuilder};
 use serde_json::Value as JsonValue;
 use snafu::OptionExt;

 use crate::data_type::ConcreteDataType;
-use crate::error::{self, CastTypeSnafu, Result};
+use crate::error::{self, Result};
 use crate::scalars::{Scalar, ScalarRef, ScalarVector, ScalarVectorBuilder};
 use crate::serialize::Serializable;
 use crate::types::{
@@ -66,178 +55,15 @@ impl<T: LogicalPrimitiveType> PrimitiveVector<T> {
    }

    pub fn try_from_arrow_array(array: impl AsRef<dyn Array>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let data = array
+        let arrow_array = array
            .as_ref()
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<PrimitiveArray<T::ArrowPrimitive>>()
            .with_context(|| error::ConversionSnafu {
                from: format!("{:?}", array.as_ref().data_type()),
-            })?
-            .to_data();
-        let concrete_array = PrimitiveArray::<T::ArrowPrimitive>::from(data);
-        Ok(Self::new(concrete_array))
-    }
+            })?;

-    /// Converts arrow timestamp array to vectors, ignoring time zone info.
-    pub fn try_from_arrow_timestamp_array(array: impl AsRef<dyn Array>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let array = array.as_ref();
-        let array_data = match array.data_type() {
-            DataType::Timestamp(unit, _) => match unit {
-                arrow_schema::TimeUnit::Second => array
-                    .as_any()
-                    .downcast_ref::<TimestampSecondArray>()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .clone()
-                    .with_timezone_opt(None::<String>)
-                    .to_data(),
-                arrow_schema::TimeUnit::Millisecond => array
-                    .as_any()
-                    .downcast_ref::<TimestampMillisecondArray>()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .clone()
-                    .with_timezone_opt(None::<String>)
-                    .to_data(),
-                arrow_schema::TimeUnit::Microsecond => array
-                    .as_any()
-                    .downcast_ref::<TimestampMicrosecondArray>()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .clone()
-                    .with_timezone_opt(None::<String>)
-                    .to_data(),
-                arrow_schema::TimeUnit::Nanosecond => array
-                    .as_any()
-                    .downcast_ref::<TimestampNanosecondArray>()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .clone()
-                    .with_timezone_opt(None::<String>)
-                    .to_data(),
-            },
-            arrow_type => {
-                return CastTypeSnafu {
-                    msg: format!(
-                        "Failed to cast arrow array {:?} to timestamp vector",
-                        arrow_type,
-                    ),
-                }
-                .fail()?;
-            }
-        };
-        let concrete_array = PrimitiveArray::<T::ArrowPrimitive>::from(array_data);
-        Ok(Self::new(concrete_array))
-    }
-
-    /// Converts arrow time array to vectors
-    pub fn try_from_arrow_time_array(array: impl AsRef<dyn Array>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let array = array.as_ref();
-        let array_data = match array.data_type() {
-            DataType::Time32(unit) => match unit {
-                arrow_schema::TimeUnit::Second => array
-                    .as_any()
-                    .downcast_ref::<TimeSecondArray>()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_data(),
-                arrow_schema::TimeUnit::Millisecond => array
-                    .as_any()
-                    .downcast_ref::<TimeMillisecondArray>()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_data(),
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            },
-            DataType::Time64(unit) => match unit {
-                arrow_schema::TimeUnit::Microsecond => array
-                    .as_any()
-                    .downcast_ref::<TimeMicrosecondArray>()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_data(),
-                arrow_schema::TimeUnit::Nanosecond => array
-                    .as_any()
-                    .downcast_ref::<TimeNanosecondArray>()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_data(),
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            },
-            arrow_type => {
-                return CastTypeSnafu {
-                    msg: format!("Failed to cast arrow array {:?} to time vector", arrow_type,),
-                }
-                .fail()?;
-            }
-        };
-        let concrete_array = PrimitiveArray::<T::ArrowPrimitive>::from(array_data);
-        Ok(Self::new(concrete_array))
-    }
-
-    pub fn try_from_arrow_interval_array(array: impl AsRef<dyn Array>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let array = array.as_ref();
-        let array_data = match array.data_type() {
-            DataType::Interval(unit) => match unit {
-                arrow_schema::IntervalUnit::YearMonth => array
-                    .as_any()
-                    .downcast_ref::<IntervalYearMonthArray>()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_data(),
-                arrow_schema::IntervalUnit::DayTime => array
-                    .as_any()
-                    .downcast_ref::<IntervalDayTimeArray>()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_data(),
-                arrow_schema::IntervalUnit::MonthDayNano => array
-                    .as_any()
-                    .downcast_ref::<IntervalMonthDayNanoArray>()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_data(),
-            },
-            arrow_type => {
-                return CastTypeSnafu {
-                    msg: format!(
-                        "Failed to cast arrow array {:?} to interval vector",
-                        arrow_type,
-                    ),
-                }
-                .fail()?;
-            }
-        };
-        let concrete_array = PrimitiveArray::<T::ArrowPrimitive>::from(array_data);
-        Ok(Self::new(concrete_array))
-    }
-
-    pub fn try_from_arrow_duration_array(array: impl AsRef<dyn Array>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let array = array.as_ref();
-        let array_data = match array.data_type() {
-            DataType::Duration(unit) => match unit {
-                arrow_schema::TimeUnit::Second => array
-                    .as_any()
-                    .downcast_ref::<DurationSecondArray>()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_data(),
-                arrow_schema::TimeUnit::Millisecond => array
-                    .as_any()
-                    .downcast_ref::<DurationMillisecondArray>()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_data(),
-                arrow_schema::TimeUnit::Microsecond => array
-                    .as_any()
-                    .downcast_ref::<DurationMicrosecondArray>()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_data(),
-                arrow_schema::TimeUnit::Nanosecond => array
-                    .as_any()
-                    .downcast_ref::<DurationNanosecondArray>()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_data(),
-            },
-            arrow_type => {
-                return CastTypeSnafu {
-                    msg: format!(
-                        "Failed to cast arrow array {:?} to interval vector",
-                        arrow_type,
-                    ),
-                }
-                .fail()?;
-            }
-        };
-        let concrete_array = PrimitiveArray::<T::ArrowPrimitive>::from(array_data);
-        Ok(Self::new(concrete_array))
+        Ok(Self::new(arrow_array.clone()))
    }

    pub fn from_slice<P: AsRef<[T::Native]>>(slice: P) -> Self {
@@ -277,24 +103,15 @@ impl<T: LogicalPrimitiveType> PrimitiveVector<T> {
        &self.array
    }

-    fn to_array_data(&self) -> ArrayData {
-        self.array.to_data()
-    }
-
-    fn from_array_data(data: ArrayData) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            array: PrimitiveArray::from(data),
-        }
-    }
-
    // To distinguish with `Vector::slice()`.
    /// Slice the vector, returning a new vector.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    /// This function panics if `offset + length > self.len()`.
    pub fn get_slice(&self, offset: usize, length: usize) -> Self {
-        let data = self.array.to_data().slice(offset, length);
-        Self::from_array_data(data)
+        Self {
+            array: self.array.slice(offset, length),
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -316,13 +133,11 @@ impl<T: LogicalPrimitiveType> Vector for PrimitiveVector<T> {
    }

    fn to_arrow_array(&self) -> ArrayRef {
-        let data = self.to_array_data();
-        Arc::new(PrimitiveArray::<T::ArrowPrimitive>::from(data))
+        Arc::new(self.array.clone())
    }

    fn to_boxed_arrow_array(&self) -> Box<dyn Array> {
-        let data = self.to_array_data();
-        Box::new(PrimitiveArray::<T::ArrowPrimitive>::from(data))
+        Box::new(self.array.clone())
    }

    fn validity(&self) -> Validity {
@@ -580,7 +395,12 @@ mod tests {
        Time64NanosecondArray,
    };
    use arrow::datatypes::DataType as ArrowDataType;
-    use arrow_array::{DurationSecondArray, IntervalDayTimeArray, IntervalYearMonthArray};
+    use arrow_array::{
+        DurationMicrosecondArray, DurationMillisecondArray, DurationNanosecondArray,
+        DurationSecondArray, IntervalDayTimeArray, IntervalYearMonthArray,
+        TimestampMicrosecondArray, TimestampMillisecondArray, TimestampNanosecondArray,
+        TimestampSecondArray,
+    };
    use serde_json;

    use super::*;
@@ -703,6 +523,14 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(128, v.memory_size());
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_slice() {
+        let v = Int32Vector::from_slice(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+        let slice = v.get_slice(1, 3);
+        assert_eq!(v, Int32Vector::from_slice(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]));
+        assert_eq!(slice, Int32Vector::from_slice(vec![2, 3, 4]));
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn test_primitive_vector_builder() {
        let mut builder = Int64Type::default().create_mutable_vector(3);
@@ -748,48 +576,48 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn test_try_from_arrow_time_array() {
        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(Time32SecondArray::from(vec![1i32, 2, 3]));
-        let vector = TimeSecondVector::try_from_arrow_time_array(array).unwrap();
+        let vector = TimeSecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(TimeSecondVector::from_values(vec![1, 2, 3]), vector);

        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(Time32MillisecondArray::from(vec![1i32, 2, 3]));
-        let vector = TimeMillisecondVector::try_from_arrow_time_array(array).unwrap();
+        let vector = TimeMillisecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(TimeMillisecondVector::from_values(vec![1, 2, 3]), vector);

        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(Time64MicrosecondArray::from(vec![1i64, 2, 3]));
-        let vector = TimeMicrosecondVector::try_from_arrow_time_array(array).unwrap();
+        let vector = TimeMicrosecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(TimeMicrosecondVector::from_values(vec![1, 2, 3]), vector);

        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(Time64NanosecondArray::from(vec![1i64, 2, 3]));
-        let vector = TimeNanosecondVector::try_from_arrow_time_array(array).unwrap();
+        let vector = TimeNanosecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(TimeNanosecondVector::from_values(vec![1, 2, 3]), vector);

        // Test convert error
        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![1i32, 2, 3]));
-        assert!(TimeSecondVector::try_from_arrow_time_array(array).is_err());
+        assert!(TimeSecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_try_from_arrow_timestamp_array() {
        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(TimestampSecondArray::from(vec![1i64, 2, 3]));
-        let vector = TimestampSecondVector::try_from_arrow_timestamp_array(array).unwrap();
+        let vector = TimestampSecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(TimestampSecondVector::from_values(vec![1, 2, 3]), vector);

        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![1i64, 2, 3]));
-        let vector = TimestampMillisecondVector::try_from_arrow_timestamp_array(array).unwrap();
+        let vector = TimestampMillisecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            TimestampMillisecondVector::from_values(vec![1, 2, 3]),
            vector
        );

        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(TimestampMicrosecondArray::from(vec![1i64, 2, 3]));
-        let vector = TimestampMicrosecondVector::try_from_arrow_timestamp_array(array).unwrap();
+        let vector = TimestampMicrosecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            TimestampMicrosecondVector::from_values(vec![1, 2, 3]),
            vector
        );

        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(TimestampNanosecondArray::from(vec![1i64, 2, 3]));
-        let vector = TimestampNanosecondVector::try_from_arrow_timestamp_array(array).unwrap();
+        let vector = TimestampNanosecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            TimestampNanosecondVector::from_values(vec![1, 2, 3]),
            vector
@@ -797,27 +625,27 @@ mod tests {

        // Test convert error
        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![1i32, 2, 3]));
-        assert!(TimestampSecondVector::try_from_arrow_timestamp_array(array).is_err());
+        assert!(TimestampSecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_try_from_arrow_interval_array() {
        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(IntervalYearMonthArray::from(vec![1000, 2000, 3000]));
-        let vector = IntervalYearMonthVector::try_from_arrow_interval_array(array).unwrap();
+        let vector = IntervalYearMonthVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            IntervalYearMonthVector::from_values(vec![1000, 2000, 3000]),
            vector
        );

        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(IntervalDayTimeArray::from(vec![1000, 2000, 3000]));
-        let vector = IntervalDayTimeVector::try_from_arrow_interval_array(array).unwrap();
+        let vector = IntervalDayTimeVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            IntervalDayTimeVector::from_values(vec![1000, 2000, 3000]),
            vector
        );

        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(IntervalYearMonthArray::from(vec![1000, 2000, 3000]));
-        let vector = IntervalYearMonthVector::try_from_arrow_interval_array(array).unwrap();
+        let vector = IntervalYearMonthVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            IntervalYearMonthVector::from_values(vec![1000, 2000, 3000]),
            vector
@@ -827,28 +655,28 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn test_try_from_arrow_duration_array() {
        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(DurationSecondArray::from(vec![1000, 2000, 3000]));
-        let vector = DurationSecondVector::try_from_arrow_duration_array(array).unwrap();
+        let vector = DurationSecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            DurationSecondVector::from_values(vec![1000, 2000, 3000]),
            vector
        );

        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(DurationMillisecondArray::from(vec![1000, 2000, 3000]));
-        let vector = DurationMillisecondVector::try_from_arrow_duration_array(array).unwrap();
+        let vector = DurationMillisecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            DurationMillisecondVector::from_values(vec![1000, 2000, 3000]),
            vector
        );

        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(DurationMicrosecondArray::from(vec![1000, 2000, 3000]));
-        let vector = DurationMicrosecondVector::try_from_arrow_duration_array(array).unwrap();
+        let vector = DurationMicrosecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            DurationMicrosecondVector::from_values(vec![1000, 2000, 3000]),
            vector
        );

        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(DurationNanosecondArray::from(vec![1000, 2000, 3000]));
-        let vector = DurationNanosecondVector::try_from_arrow_duration_array(array).unwrap();
+        let vector = DurationNanosecondVector::try_from_arrow_array(array).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            DurationNanosecondVector::from_values(vec![1000, 2000, 3000]),
            vector
--- a/src/datatypes/src/vectors/string.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/vectors/string.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 use std::any::Any;
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use arrow::array::{Array, ArrayBuilder, ArrayData, ArrayIter, ArrayRef};
+use arrow::array::{Array, ArrayBuilder, ArrayIter, ArrayRef};
 use snafu::ResultExt;

 use crate::arrow_array::{MutableStringArray, StringArray};
@@ -36,16 +36,6 @@ impl StringVector {
    pub(crate) fn as_arrow(&self) -> &dyn Array {
        &self.array
    }
-
-    fn to_array_data(&self) -> ArrayData {
-        self.array.to_data()
-    }
-
-    fn from_array_data(data: ArrayData) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            array: StringArray::from(data),
-        }
-    }
 }

 impl From<StringArray> for StringVector {
@@ -120,13 +110,11 @@ impl Vector for StringVector {
    }

    fn to_arrow_array(&self) -> ArrayRef {
-        let data = self.to_array_data();
-        Arc::new(StringArray::from(data))
+        Arc::new(self.array.clone())
    }

    fn to_boxed_arrow_array(&self) -> Box<dyn Array> {
-        let data = self.to_array_data();
-        Box::new(StringArray::from(data))
+        Box::new(self.array.clone())
    }

    fn validity(&self) -> Validity {
@@ -146,8 +134,7 @@ impl Vector for StringVector {
    }

    fn slice(&self, offset: usize, length: usize) -> VectorRef {
-        let data = self.array.to_data().slice(offset, length);
-        Arc::new(Self::from_array_data(data))
+        Arc::new(Self::from(self.array.slice(offset, length)))
    }

    fn get(&self, index: usize) -> Value {
@@ -256,6 +243,7 @@ vectors::impl_try_from_arrow_array_for_vector!(StringArray, StringVector);

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+
    use arrow::datatypes::DataType;

    use super::*;
--- a/src/frontend/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/error.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,12 @@ use store_api::storage::RegionNumber;
 #[snafu(visibility(pub))]
 #[stack_trace_debug]
 pub enum Error {
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to init ddl manager"))]
+    InitDdlManager {
+        location: Location,
+        source: common_meta::error::Error,
+    },
+
    #[snafu(display("Failed to invalidate table cache"))]
    InvalidateTableCache {
        location: Location,
@@ -176,9 +182,6 @@ pub enum Error {
        source: servers::error::Error,
    },

-    #[snafu(display("Missing meta_client_options section in config"))]
-    MissingMetasrvOpts { location: Location },
-
    #[snafu(display("Failed to find leaders when altering table, table: {}", table))]
    LeaderNotFound { table: String, location: Location },

@@ -293,7 +296,6 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            | Error::IllegalPrimaryKeysDef { .. }
            | Error::SchemaExists { .. }
            | Error::ColumnNotFound { .. }
-            | Error::MissingMetasrvOpts { .. }
            | Error::UnsupportedFormat { .. }
            | Error::IllegalAuthConfig { .. }
            | Error::EmptyData { .. }
@@ -319,7 +321,9 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {

            Error::ParseSql { source, .. } => source.status_code(),

-            Error::InvalidateTableCache { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            Error::InvalidateTableCache { source, .. } | Error::InitDdlManager { source, .. } => {
+                source.status_code()
+            }

            Error::Table { source, .. }
            | Error::CopyTable { source, .. }
--- a/src/frontend/src/instance.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/instance.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+pub mod builder;
 mod grpc;
 mod influxdb;
 mod opentsdb;
@@ -21,24 +22,16 @@ mod region_query;
 mod script;
 pub mod standalone;

-use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;

 use api::v1::meta::Role;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use auth::{PermissionChecker, PermissionCheckerRef, PermissionReq};
-use catalog::kvbackend::{CachedMetaKvBackend, KvBackendCatalogManager};
 use catalog::CatalogManagerRef;
-use client::client_manager::DatanodeClients;
 use common_base::Plugins;
 use common_config::KvBackendConfig;
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_grpc::channel_manager::{ChannelConfig, ChannelManager};
-use common_meta::cache_invalidator::DummyCacheInvalidator;
-use common_meta::ddl_manager::DdlManager;
-use common_meta::heartbeat::handler::parse_mailbox_message::ParseMailboxMessageHandler;
-use common_meta::heartbeat::handler::HandlerGroupExecutor;
-use common_meta::key::TableMetadataManager;
 use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
 use common_meta::state_store::KvStateStore;
 use common_procedure::local::{LocalManager, ManagerConfig};
@@ -47,19 +40,18 @@ use common_procedure::ProcedureManagerRef;
 use common_query::Output;
 use common_telemetry::error;
 use common_telemetry::logging::info;
-use datanode::region_server::RegionServer;
 use log_store::raft_engine::RaftEngineBackend;
 use meta_client::client::{MetaClient, MetaClientBuilder};
-use operator::delete::{Deleter, DeleterRef};
-use operator::insert::{Inserter, InserterRef};
+use meta_client::MetaClientOptions;
+use operator::delete::DeleterRef;
+use operator::insert::InserterRef;
 use operator::statement::StatementExecutor;
-use operator::table::{table_idents_to_full_name, TableMutationOperator};
-use partition::manager::PartitionRuleManager;
+use operator::table::table_idents_to_full_name;
 use query::parser::{PromQuery, QueryLanguageParser, QueryStatement};
 use query::plan::LogicalPlan;
 use query::query_engine::options::{validate_catalog_and_schema, QueryOptions};
 use query::query_engine::DescribeResult;
-use query::{QueryEngineFactory, QueryEngineRef};
+use query::QueryEngineRef;
 use raft_engine::{Config, ReadableSize, RecoveryMode};
 use servers::error as server_error;
 use servers::error::{AuthSnafu, ExecuteQuerySnafu, ParsePromQLSnafu};
@@ -83,15 +75,11 @@ use sql::statements::statement::Statement;
 use sqlparser::ast::ObjectName;
 pub use standalone::StandaloneDatanodeManager;

-use self::region_query::FrontendRegionQueryHandler;
-use self::standalone::StandaloneTableMetadataCreator;
 use crate::error::{
-    self, Error, ExecLogicalPlanSnafu, ExecutePromqlSnafu, ExternalSnafu, MissingMetasrvOptsSnafu,
-    ParseSqlSnafu, PermissionSnafu, PlanStatementSnafu, Result, SqlExecInterceptedSnafu,
-    TableOperationSnafu,
+    self, Error, ExecLogicalPlanSnafu, ExecutePromqlSnafu, ExternalSnafu, ParseSqlSnafu,
+    PermissionSnafu, PlanStatementSnafu, Result, SqlExecInterceptedSnafu, TableOperationSnafu,
 };
 use crate::frontend::{FrontendOptions, TomlSerializable};
-use crate::heartbeat::handler::invalidate_table_cache::InvalidateTableCacheHandler;
 use crate::heartbeat::HeartbeatTask;
 use crate::metrics;
 use crate::script::ScriptExecutor;
@@ -131,99 +119,9 @@ pub struct Instance {
 }

 impl Instance {
-    pub async fn try_new_distributed(opts: &FrontendOptions, plugins: Plugins) -> Result<Self> {
-        let meta_client = Self::create_meta_client(opts).await?;
-
-        let datanode_clients = Arc::new(DatanodeClients::default());
-
-        Self::try_new_distributed_with(meta_client, datanode_clients, plugins, opts).await
-    }
-
-    pub async fn try_new_distributed_with(
-        meta_client: Arc<MetaClient>,
-        datanode_clients: Arc<DatanodeClients>,
-        plugins: Plugins,
-        opts: &FrontendOptions,
-    ) -> Result<Self> {
-        let meta_backend = Arc::new(CachedMetaKvBackend::new(meta_client.clone()));
-
-        let catalog_manager = KvBackendCatalogManager::new(
-            meta_backend.clone(),
-            meta_backend.clone(),
-            datanode_clients.clone(),
-        );
-        let partition_manager = Arc::new(PartitionRuleManager::new(meta_backend.clone()));
-
-        let region_query_handler = FrontendRegionQueryHandler::arc(
-            partition_manager.clone(),
-            catalog_manager.datanode_manager().clone(),
-        );
-
-        let inserter = Arc::new(Inserter::new(
-            catalog_manager.clone(),
-            partition_manager.clone(),
-            datanode_clients.clone(),
-        ));
-        let deleter = Arc::new(Deleter::new(
-            catalog_manager.clone(),
-            partition_manager,
-            datanode_clients,
-        ));
-
-        let table_mutation_handler = Arc::new(TableMutationOperator::new(
-            inserter.clone(),
-            deleter.clone(),
-        ));
-
-        let query_engine = QueryEngineFactory::new_with_plugins(
-            catalog_manager.clone(),
-            Some(region_query_handler.clone()),
-            Some(table_mutation_handler),
-            true,
-            plugins.clone(),
-        )
-        .query_engine();
-
-        let statement_executor = Arc::new(StatementExecutor::new(
-            catalog_manager.clone(),
-            query_engine.clone(),
-            meta_client.clone(),
-            meta_backend.clone(),
-            catalog_manager.clone(),
-            inserter.clone(),
-        ));
-
-        plugins.insert::<StatementExecutorRef>(statement_executor.clone());
-
-        let script_executor =
-            Arc::new(ScriptExecutor::new(catalog_manager.clone(), query_engine.clone()).await?);
-
-        let handlers_executor = HandlerGroupExecutor::new(vec![
-            Arc::new(ParseMailboxMessageHandler),
-            Arc::new(InvalidateTableCacheHandler::new(meta_backend)),
-        ]);
-
-        let heartbeat_task = Some(HeartbeatTask::new(
-            meta_client.clone(),
-            opts.heartbeat.clone(),
-            Arc::new(handlers_executor),
-        ));
-
-        Ok(Instance {
-            catalog_manager,
-            script_executor,
-            statement_executor,
-            query_engine,
-            plugins: plugins.clone(),
-            servers: Arc::new(HashMap::new()),
-            heartbeat_task,
-            inserter,
-            deleter,
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn create_meta_client(opts: &FrontendOptions) -> Result<Arc<MetaClient>> {
-        let meta_client_options = opts.meta_client.as_ref().context(MissingMetasrvOptsSnafu)?;
+    pub async fn create_meta_client(
+        meta_client_options: &MetaClientOptions,
+    ) -> Result<Arc<MetaClient>> {
        info!(
            "Creating Frontend instance in distributed mode with Meta server addr {:?}",
            meta_client_options.metasrv_addrs
@@ -285,79 +183,6 @@ impl Instance {
        Ok((kv_backend, procedure_manager))
    }

-    pub async fn try_new_standalone(
-        kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
-        procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
-        catalog_manager: CatalogManagerRef,
-        plugins: Plugins,
-        region_server: RegionServer,
-    ) -> Result<Self> {
-        let partition_manager = Arc::new(PartitionRuleManager::new(kv_backend.clone()));
-        let datanode_manager = Arc::new(StandaloneDatanodeManager(region_server));
-
-        let region_query_handler =
-            FrontendRegionQueryHandler::arc(partition_manager.clone(), datanode_manager.clone());
-
-        let inserter = Arc::new(Inserter::new(
-            catalog_manager.clone(),
-            partition_manager.clone(),
-            datanode_manager.clone(),
-        ));
-        let deleter = Arc::new(Deleter::new(
-            catalog_manager.clone(),
-            partition_manager,
-            datanode_manager.clone(),
-        ));
-        let table_mutation_handler = Arc::new(TableMutationOperator::new(
-            inserter.clone(),
-            deleter.clone(),
-        ));
-
-        let query_engine = QueryEngineFactory::new_with_plugins(
-            catalog_manager.clone(),
-            Some(region_query_handler),
-            Some(table_mutation_handler),
-            true,
-            plugins.clone(),
-        )
-        .query_engine();
-
-        let script_executor =
-            Arc::new(ScriptExecutor::new(catalog_manager.clone(), query_engine.clone()).await?);
-
-        let table_metadata_manager = Arc::new(TableMetadataManager::new(kv_backend.clone()));
-
-        let cache_invalidator = Arc::new(DummyCacheInvalidator);
-        let ddl_executor = Arc::new(DdlManager::new(
-            procedure_manager,
-            datanode_manager,
-            cache_invalidator.clone(),
-            table_metadata_manager.clone(),
-            Arc::new(StandaloneTableMetadataCreator::new(kv_backend.clone())),
-        ));
-
-        let statement_executor = Arc::new(StatementExecutor::new(
-            catalog_manager.clone(),
-            query_engine.clone(),
-            ddl_executor,
-            kv_backend.clone(),
-            cache_invalidator,
-            inserter.clone(),
-        ));
-
-        Ok(Instance {
-            catalog_manager: catalog_manager.clone(),
-            script_executor,
-            statement_executor,
-            query_engine,
-            plugins,
-            servers: Arc::new(HashMap::new()),
-            heartbeat_task: None,
-            inserter,
-            deleter,
-        })
-    }
-
    pub async fn build_servers(
        &mut self,
        opts: impl Into<FrontendOptions> + TomlSerializable,
@@ -397,10 +222,13 @@ impl FrontendInstance for Instance {

        self.script_executor.start(self)?;

-        futures::future::try_join_all(self.servers.values().map(start_server))
-            .await
-            .context(error::StartServerSnafu)
-            .map(|_| ())
+        futures::future::try_join_all(self.servers.iter().map(|(name, handler)| async move {
+            info!("Starting service: {name}");
+            start_server(handler).await
+        }))
+        .await
+        .context(error::StartServerSnafu)
+        .map(|_| ())
    }
 }

--- a/src/frontend/src/instance/builder.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/instance/builder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use catalog::kvbackend::KvBackendCatalogManager;
+use common_base::Plugins;
+use common_meta::cache_invalidator::{CacheInvalidatorRef, DummyCacheInvalidator};
+use common_meta::datanode_manager::DatanodeManagerRef;
+use common_meta::ddl::DdlTaskExecutorRef;
+use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
+use operator::delete::Deleter;
+use operator::insert::Inserter;
+use operator::statement::StatementExecutor;
+use operator::table::TableMutationOperator;
+use partition::manager::PartitionRuleManager;
+use query::QueryEngineFactory;
+
+use crate::error::Result;
+use crate::heartbeat::HeartbeatTask;
+use crate::instance::region_query::FrontendRegionQueryHandler;
+use crate::instance::{Instance, StatementExecutorRef};
+use crate::script::ScriptExecutor;
+
+pub struct FrontendBuilder {
+    kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
+    cache_invalidator: Option<CacheInvalidatorRef>,
+    datanode_manager: DatanodeManagerRef,
+    plugins: Option<Plugins>,
+    ddl_task_executor: DdlTaskExecutorRef,
+    heartbeat_task: Option<HeartbeatTask>,
+}
+
+impl FrontendBuilder {
+    pub fn new(
+        kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
+        datanode_manager: DatanodeManagerRef,
+        ddl_task_executor: DdlTaskExecutorRef,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            kv_backend,
+            cache_invalidator: None,
+            datanode_manager,
+            plugins: None,
+            ddl_task_executor,
+            heartbeat_task: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_cache_invalidator(self, cache_invalidator: CacheInvalidatorRef) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            cache_invalidator: Some(cache_invalidator),
+            ..self
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_plugin(self, plugins: Plugins) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            plugins: Some(plugins),
+            ..self
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_heartbeat_task(self, heartbeat_task: HeartbeatTask) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            heartbeat_task: Some(heartbeat_task),
+            ..self
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn try_build(self) -> Result<Instance> {
+        let kv_backend = self.kv_backend;
+        let datanode_manager = self.datanode_manager;
+        let plugins = self.plugins.unwrap_or_default();
+
+        let catalog_manager = KvBackendCatalogManager::new(
+            kv_backend.clone(),
+            self.cache_invalidator
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| Arc::new(DummyCacheInvalidator)),
+        );
+
+        let partition_manager = Arc::new(PartitionRuleManager::new(kv_backend.clone()));
+
+        let region_query_handler =
+            FrontendRegionQueryHandler::arc(partition_manager.clone(), datanode_manager.clone());
+
+        let inserter = Arc::new(Inserter::new(
+            catalog_manager.clone(),
+            partition_manager.clone(),
+            datanode_manager.clone(),
+        ));
+        let deleter = Arc::new(Deleter::new(
+            catalog_manager.clone(),
+            partition_manager,
+            datanode_manager.clone(),
+        ));
+        let table_mutation_handler = Arc::new(TableMutationOperator::new(
+            inserter.clone(),
+            deleter.clone(),
+        ));
+
+        let query_engine = QueryEngineFactory::new_with_plugins(
+            catalog_manager.clone(),
+            Some(region_query_handler.clone()),
+            Some(table_mutation_handler),
+            true,
+            plugins.clone(),
+        )
+        .query_engine();
+
+        let script_executor =
+            Arc::new(ScriptExecutor::new(catalog_manager.clone(), query_engine.clone()).await?);
+
+        let statement_executor = Arc::new(StatementExecutor::new(
+            catalog_manager.clone(),
+            query_engine.clone(),
+            self.ddl_task_executor,
+            kv_backend,
+            catalog_manager.clone(),
+            inserter.clone(),
+        ));
+
+        plugins.insert::<StatementExecutorRef>(statement_executor.clone());
+
+        Ok(Instance {
+            catalog_manager,
+            script_executor,
+            statement_executor,
+            query_engine,
+            plugins,
+            servers: Arc::new(HashMap::new()),
+            heartbeat_task: self.heartbeat_task,
+            inserter,
+            deleter,
+        })
+    }
+}
--- a/src/frontend/src/instance/grpc.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/instance/grpc.rs
@@ -122,7 +122,9 @@ impl GrpcQueryHandler for Instance {
                    DdlExpr::DropTable(expr) => {
                        let table_name =
                            TableName::new(&expr.catalog_name, &expr.schema_name, &expr.table_name);
-                        self.statement_executor.drop_table(table_name).await?
+                        self.statement_executor
+                            .drop_table(table_name, expr.drop_if_exists)
+                            .await?
                    }
                    DdlExpr::TruncateTable(expr) => {
                        let table_name =
--- a/src/frontend/src/instance/standalone.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/instance/standalone.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ impl Datanode for RegionInvoker {
    }
 }

-pub(crate) struct StandaloneTableMetadataCreator {
+pub struct StandaloneTableMetadataCreator {
    table_id_sequence: SequenceRef,
 }

--- a/src/index/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/index/Cargo.toml
@@ -6,13 +6,17 @@ license.workspace = true

 [dependencies]
 async-trait.workspace = true
+bytemuck.workspace = true
 common-base.workspace = true
 common-error.workspace = true
 common-macro.workspace = true
 fst.workspace = true
 futures.workspace = true
 greptime-proto.workspace = true
+mockall.workspace = true
 prost.workspace = true
+regex-automata.workspace = true
+regex.workspace = true
 snafu.workspace = true

 [dev-dependencies]
--- a/src/index/src/inverted_index.rs
+++ b/src/index/src/inverted_index.rs
@@ -14,3 +14,7 @@

 pub mod error;
 pub mod format;
+pub mod search;
+
+pub type FstMap = fst::Map<Vec<u8>>;
+pub type Bytes = Vec<u8>;
--- a/src/index/src/inverted_index/error.rs
+++ b/src/index/src/inverted_index/error.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
 use common_macro::stack_trace_debug;
 use snafu::{Location, Snafu};

+use crate::inverted_index::search::predicate::Predicate;
+
 #[derive(Snafu)]
 #[snafu(visibility(pub))]
 #[stack_trace_debug]
@@ -62,6 +64,9 @@ pub enum Error {
        payload_size: u64,
    },

+    #[snafu(display("Unexpected zero segment row count"))]
+    UnexpectedZeroSegmentRowCount { location: Location },
+
    #[snafu(display("Failed to decode fst"))]
    DecodeFst {
        #[snafu(source)]
@@ -75,6 +80,41 @@ pub enum Error {
        error: prost::DecodeError,
        location: Location,
    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to parse regex pattern: {pattern}"))]
+    ParseRegex {
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: regex::Error,
+        pattern: String,
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to parse regex DFA"))]
+    ParseDFA {
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: regex_automata::Error,
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Unexpected empty predicates to construct fst applier"))]
+    EmptyPredicates { location: Location },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to construct intersection fst applier with InList predicate"))]
+    IntersectionApplierWithInList { location: Location },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to construct keys fst applier without InList predicate"))]
+    KeysApplierWithoutInList { location: Location },
+
+    #[snafu(display(
+        "Failed to construct keys fst applier with unexpected predicates: {predicates:?}"
+    ))]
+    KeysApplierUnexpectedPredicates {
+        location: Location,
+        predicates: Vec<Predicate>,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("index not found, name: {name}"))]
+    IndexNotFound { name: String, location: Location },
 }

 impl ErrorExt for Error {
@@ -84,10 +124,19 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            Seek { .. }
            | Read { .. }
            | UnexpectedFooterPayloadSize { .. }
+            | UnexpectedZeroSegmentRowCount { .. }
            | UnexpectedOffsetSize { .. }
            | UnexpectedBlobSize { .. }
            | DecodeProto { .. }
-            | DecodeFst { .. } => StatusCode::Unexpected,
+            | DecodeFst { .. }
+            | KeysApplierUnexpectedPredicates { .. } => StatusCode::Unexpected,
+
+            ParseRegex { .. }
+            | ParseDFA { .. }
+            | KeysApplierWithoutInList { .. }
+            | IntersectionApplierWithInList { .. }
+            | EmptyPredicates { .. }
+            | IndexNotFound { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,
        }
    }

--- a/src/index/src/inverted_index/format/reader.rs
+++ b/src/index/src/inverted_index/format/reader.rs
@@ -17,16 +17,15 @@ mod footer;

 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use common_base::BitVec;
-use fst::Map;
 use greptime_proto::v1::index::{InvertedIndexMeta, InvertedIndexMetas};

 use crate::inverted_index::error::Result;
-
-pub type FstMap = Map<Vec<u8>>;
+use crate::inverted_index::FstMap;

 /// InvertedIndexReader defines an asynchronous reader of inverted index data
+#[mockall::automock]
 #[async_trait]
-pub trait InvertedIndexReader {
+pub trait InvertedIndexReader: Send {
    /// Retrieve metadata of all inverted indices stored within the blob.
    async fn metadata(&mut self) -> Result<InvertedIndexMetas>;

--- a/src/index/src/inverted_index/format/reader/blob.rs
+++ b/src/index/src/inverted_index/format/reader/blob.rs
@@ -143,7 +143,11 @@ mod tests {
        };

        // metas
-        let mut metas = InvertedIndexMetas::default();
+        let mut metas = InvertedIndexMetas {
+            total_row_count: 10,
+            segment_row_count: 1,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
        metas.metas.insert(meta.name.clone(), meta);
        metas.metas.insert(meta1.name.clone(), meta1);
        let mut meta_buf = Vec::new();
--- a/src/index/src/inverted_index/format/reader/footer.rs
+++ b/src/index/src/inverted_index/format/reader/footer.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};

 use crate::inverted_index::error::{
    DecodeProtoSnafu, ReadSnafu, Result, SeekSnafu, UnexpectedFooterPayloadSizeSnafu,
-    UnexpectedOffsetSizeSnafu,
+    UnexpectedOffsetSizeSnafu, UnexpectedZeroSegmentRowCountSnafu,
 };
 use crate::inverted_index::format::FOOTER_PAYLOAD_SIZE_SIZE;

@@ -85,6 +85,11 @@ impl<R: AsyncRead + AsyncSeek + Unpin> InvertedIndeFooterReader<R> {

    /// Check if the read metadata is consistent with expected sizes and offsets.
    fn validate_metas(&self, metas: &InvertedIndexMetas, payload_size: u64) -> Result<()> {
+        ensure!(
+            metas.segment_row_count > 0,
+            UnexpectedZeroSegmentRowCountSnafu
+        );
+
        for meta in metas.metas.values() {
            let InvertedIndexMeta {
                base_offset,
@@ -116,7 +121,10 @@ mod tests {
    use super::*;

    fn create_test_payload(meta: InvertedIndexMeta) -> Vec<u8> {
-        let mut metas = InvertedIndexMetas::default();
+        let mut metas = InvertedIndexMetas {
+            segment_row_count: 1,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
        metas.metas.insert("test".to_string(), meta);

        let mut payload_buf = vec![];
@@ -131,7 +139,6 @@ mod tests {
    async fn test_read_payload() {
        let meta = InvertedIndexMeta {
            name: "test".to_string(),
-            segment_row_count: 4096,
            ..Default::default()
        };

@@ -145,14 +152,12 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(metas.metas.len(), 1);
        let index_meta = &metas.metas.get("test").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(index_meta.name, "test");
-        assert_eq!(index_meta.segment_row_count, 4096);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_invalid_footer_payload_size() {
        let meta = InvertedIndexMeta {
            name: "test".to_string(),
-            segment_row_count: 4096,
            ..Default::default()
        };

@@ -171,7 +176,6 @@ mod tests {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            base_offset: 0,
            inverted_index_size: 1, // Set size to 1 to make ecceed the blob size
-            segment_row_count: 4096,
            ..Default::default()
        };

--- a/src/index/src/inverted_index/search.rs
+++ b/src/index/src/inverted_index/search.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+pub mod fst_apply;
+pub mod fst_values_mapper;
+pub mod index_apply;
+pub mod predicate;
--- a/src/index/src/inverted_index/search/fst_apply.rs
+++ b/src/index/src/inverted_index/search/fst_apply.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+mod intersection_apply;
+mod keys_apply;
+
+pub use intersection_apply::IntersectionFstApplier;
+pub use keys_apply::KeysFstApplier;
+
+use crate::inverted_index::FstMap;
+
+/// A trait for objects that can process a finite state transducer (FstMap) and return
+/// associated values.
+#[mockall::automock]
+pub trait FstApplier: Send + Sync {
+    /// Retrieves values from an FstMap.
+    ///
+    /// * `fst`: A reference to the FstMap from which the values will be fetched.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a `Vec<u64>`, with each u64 being a value from the FstMap.
+    fn apply(&self, fst: &FstMap) -> Vec<u64>;
+}
--- a/src/index/src/inverted_index/search/fst_apply/intersection_apply.rs
+++ b/src/index/src/inverted_index/search/fst_apply/intersection_apply.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use fst::map::OpBuilder;
+use fst::{IntoStreamer, Streamer};
+use regex_automata::DenseDFA;
+use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
+
+use crate::inverted_index::error::{
+    EmptyPredicatesSnafu, IntersectionApplierWithInListSnafu, ParseDFASnafu, Result,
+};
+use crate::inverted_index::search::fst_apply::FstApplier;
+use crate::inverted_index::search::predicate::{Predicate, Range};
+use crate::inverted_index::FstMap;
+
+type Dfa = DenseDFA<Vec<usize>, usize>;
+
+/// `IntersectionFstApplier` applies intersection operations on an FstMap using specified ranges and regex patterns.
+pub struct IntersectionFstApplier {
+    /// A list of `Range` which define inclusive or exclusive ranges for keys to be queried in the FstMap.
+    ranges: Vec<Range>,
+
+    /// A list of `Dfa` compiled from regular expression patterns.
+    dfas: Vec<Dfa>,
+}
+
+impl FstApplier for IntersectionFstApplier {
+    fn apply(&self, fst: &FstMap) -> Vec<u64> {
+        let mut op = OpBuilder::new();
+
+        for range in &self.ranges {
+            match (range.lower.as_ref(), range.upper.as_ref()) {
+                (Some(lower), Some(upper)) => match (lower.inclusive, upper.inclusive) {
+                    (true, true) => op.push(fst.range().ge(&lower.value).le(&upper.value)),
+                    (true, false) => op.push(fst.range().ge(&lower.value).lt(&upper.value)),
+                    (false, true) => op.push(fst.range().gt(&lower.value).le(&upper.value)),
+                    (false, false) => op.push(fst.range().gt(&lower.value).lt(&upper.value)),
+                },
+                (Some(lower), None) => match lower.inclusive {
+                    true => op.push(fst.range().ge(&lower.value)),
+                    false => op.push(fst.range().gt(&lower.value)),
+                },
+                (None, Some(upper)) => match upper.inclusive {
+                    true => op.push(fst.range().le(&upper.value)),
+                    false => op.push(fst.range().lt(&upper.value)),
+                },
+                (None, None) => op.push(fst),
+            }
+        }
+
+        for dfa in &self.dfas {
+            op.push(fst.search(dfa));
+        }
+
+        let mut stream = op.intersection().into_stream();
+        let mut values = Vec::new();
+        while let Some((_, v)) = stream.next() {
+            values.push(v[0].value)
+        }
+        values
+    }
+}
+
+impl IntersectionFstApplier {
+    /// Attempts to create an `IntersectionFstApplier` from a list of `Predicate`.
+    ///
+    /// This function only accepts predicates of the variants `Range` and `RegexMatch`.
+    /// It does not accept `InList` predicates and will return an error if any are found.
+    /// `InList` predicates are handled by `KeysFstApplier`.
+    pub fn try_from(predicates: Vec<Predicate>) -> Result<Self> {
+        ensure!(!predicates.is_empty(), EmptyPredicatesSnafu);
+
+        let mut dfas = Vec::with_capacity(predicates.len());
+        let mut ranges = Vec::with_capacity(predicates.len());
+
+        for predicate in predicates {
+            match predicate {
+                Predicate::Range(range) => ranges.push(range.range),
+                Predicate::RegexMatch(regex) => {
+                    let dfa = DenseDFA::new(&regex.pattern);
+                    let dfa = dfa.context(ParseDFASnafu)?;
+                    dfas.push(dfa);
+                }
+                // Rejection of `InList` predicates is enforced here.
+                Predicate::InList(_) => {
+                    return IntersectionApplierWithInListSnafu.fail();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self { dfas, ranges })
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<Vec<Predicate>> for IntersectionFstApplier {
+    type Error = crate::inverted_index::error::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(predicates: Vec<Predicate>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::try_from(predicates)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::inverted_index::error::Error;
+    use crate::inverted_index::search::predicate::{
+        Bound, InListPredicate, RangePredicate, RegexMatchPredicate,
+    };
+
+    fn create_applier_from_range(range: Range) -> Result<IntersectionFstApplier> {
+        IntersectionFstApplier::try_from(vec![Predicate::Range(RangePredicate { range })])
+    }
+
+    fn create_applier_from_pattern(pattern: &str) -> Result<IntersectionFstApplier> {
+        IntersectionFstApplier::try_from(vec![Predicate::RegexMatch(RegexMatchPredicate {
+            pattern: pattern.to_string(),
+        })])
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_intersection_fst_applier_with_ranges() {
+        let test_fst = FstMap::from_iter([("aa", 1), ("bb", 2), ("cc", 3)]).unwrap();
+
+        let applier_inclusive_lower = create_applier_from_range(Range {
+            lower: Some(Bound {
+                value: b"bb".to_vec(),
+                inclusive: true,
+            }),
+            upper: None,
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let results = applier_inclusive_lower.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![2, 3]);
+
+        let applier_exclusive_lower = create_applier_from_range(Range {
+            lower: Some(Bound {
+                value: b"bb".to_vec(),
+                inclusive: false,
+            }),
+            upper: None,
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let results = applier_exclusive_lower.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![3]);
+
+        let applier_inclusive_upper = create_applier_from_range(Range {
+            lower: None,
+            upper: Some(Bound {
+                value: b"bb".to_vec(),
+                inclusive: true,
+            }),
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let results = applier_inclusive_upper.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![1, 2]);
+
+        let applier_exclusive_upper = create_applier_from_range(Range {
+            lower: None,
+            upper: Some(Bound {
+                value: b"bb".to_vec(),
+                inclusive: false,
+            }),
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let results = applier_exclusive_upper.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![1]);
+
+        let applier_inclusive_bounds = create_applier_from_range(Range {
+            lower: Some(Bound {
+                value: b"aa".to_vec(),
+                inclusive: true,
+            }),
+            upper: Some(Bound {
+                value: b"cc".to_vec(),
+                inclusive: true,
+            }),
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let results = applier_inclusive_bounds.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![1, 2, 3]);
+
+        let applier_exclusive_bounds = create_applier_from_range(Range {
+            lower: Some(Bound {
+                value: b"aa".to_vec(),
+                inclusive: false,
+            }),
+            upper: Some(Bound {
+                value: b"cc".to_vec(),
+                inclusive: false,
+            }),
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let results = applier_exclusive_bounds.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![2]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_intersection_fst_applier_with_valid_pattern() {
+        let test_fst = FstMap::from_iter([("aa", 1), ("bb", 2), ("cc", 3)]).unwrap();
+
+        let applier = create_applier_from_pattern("a.?").unwrap();
+        let results = applier.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![1]);
+
+        let applier = create_applier_from_pattern("b.?").unwrap();
+        let results = applier.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![2]);
+
+        let applier = create_applier_from_pattern("c.?").unwrap();
+        let results = applier.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![3]);
+
+        let applier = create_applier_from_pattern("a.*").unwrap();
+        let results = applier.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![1]);
+
+        let applier = create_applier_from_pattern("b.*").unwrap();
+        let results = applier.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![2]);
+
+        let applier = create_applier_from_pattern("c.*").unwrap();
+        let results = applier.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![3]);
+
+        let applier = create_applier_from_pattern("d.?").unwrap();
+        let results = applier.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert!(results.is_empty());
+
+        let applier = create_applier_from_pattern("a.?|b.?").unwrap();
+        let results = applier.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![1, 2]);
+
+        let applier = create_applier_from_pattern("d.?|a.?").unwrap();
+        let results = applier.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![1]);
+
+        let applier = create_applier_from_pattern(".*").unwrap();
+        let results = applier.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![1, 2, 3]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_intersection_fst_applier_with_composite_predicates() {
+        let test_fst = FstMap::from_iter([("aa", 1), ("bb", 2), ("cc", 3)]).unwrap();
+
+        let applier = IntersectionFstApplier::try_from(vec![
+            Predicate::Range(RangePredicate {
+                range: Range {
+                    lower: Some(Bound {
+                        value: b"aa".to_vec(),
+                        inclusive: true,
+                    }),
+                    upper: Some(Bound {
+                        value: b"cc".to_vec(),
+                        inclusive: true,
+                    }),
+                },
+            }),
+            Predicate::RegexMatch(RegexMatchPredicate {
+                pattern: "a.?".to_string(),
+            }),
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+        let results = applier.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![1]);
+
+        let applier = IntersectionFstApplier::try_from(vec![
+            Predicate::Range(RangePredicate {
+                range: Range {
+                    lower: Some(Bound {
+                        value: b"aa".to_vec(),
+                        inclusive: false,
+                    }),
+                    upper: Some(Bound {
+                        value: b"cc".to_vec(),
+                        inclusive: true,
+                    }),
+                },
+            }),
+            Predicate::RegexMatch(RegexMatchPredicate {
+                pattern: "a.?".to_string(),
+            }),
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+        let results = applier.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert!(results.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_intersection_fst_applier_with_invalid_pattern() {
+        let result = create_applier_from_pattern("a(");
+        assert!(matches!(result, Err(Error::ParseDFA { .. })));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_intersection_fst_applier_with_empty_predicates() {
+        let result = IntersectionFstApplier::try_from(vec![]);
+        assert!(matches!(result, Err(Error::EmptyPredicates { .. })));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_intersection_fst_applier_with_in_list_predicate() {
+        let result = IntersectionFstApplier::try_from(vec![Predicate::InList(InListPredicate {
+            list: HashSet::from_iter([b"one".to_vec(), b"two".to_vec()]),
+        })]);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            result,
+            Err(Error::IntersectionApplierWithInList { .. })
+        ));
+    }
+}
--- a/src/index/src/inverted_index/search/fst_apply/keys_apply.rs
+++ b/src/index/src/inverted_index/search/fst_apply/keys_apply.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
+
+use crate::inverted_index::error::{
+    EmptyPredicatesSnafu, KeysApplierUnexpectedPredicatesSnafu, KeysApplierWithoutInListSnafu,
+    ParseRegexSnafu, Result,
+};
+use crate::inverted_index::search::fst_apply::FstApplier;
+use crate::inverted_index::search::predicate::Predicate;
+use crate::inverted_index::{Bytes, FstMap};
+
+/// `KeysFstApplier` is responsible for applying a search using a set of predefined keys
+/// against an FstMap to fetch associated values.
+pub struct KeysFstApplier {
+    /// A list of keys to be fetched directly from the FstMap.
+    keys: Vec<Bytes>,
+}
+
+impl FstApplier for KeysFstApplier {
+    fn apply(&self, fst: &FstMap) -> Vec<u64> {
+        self.keys.iter().filter_map(|k| fst.get(k)).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+impl KeysFstApplier {
+    /// Tries to create a `KeysFstApplier` from a list of predicates.
+    ///
+    /// This function constructs the applier by intersecting keys from one or more `InList` predicates,
+    /// which are required. It then optionally refines this set using any additional `Range` and `RegexMatch`
+    /// predicates provided.
+    pub fn try_from(mut predicates: Vec<Predicate>) -> Result<Self> {
+        ensure!(!predicates.is_empty(), EmptyPredicatesSnafu);
+
+        let (in_lists, others) = Self::split_at_in_lists(&mut predicates);
+        let (ranges, regexes) = Self::split_at_ranges(others);
+        Self::ensure_all_regexes(regexes)?;
+
+        ensure!(!in_lists.is_empty(), KeysApplierWithoutInListSnafu);
+        let intersected_keys = Self::intersect_with_lists(in_lists);
+        let range_matched_keys = Self::filter_by_ranges(intersected_keys, ranges);
+        let regex_matched_keys = Self::filter_by_regexes(range_matched_keys, regexes)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            keys: regex_matched_keys,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn split_at_in_lists(predicates: &mut [Predicate]) -> (&mut [Predicate], &mut [Predicate]) {
+        let in_list_index = predicates
+            .iter_mut()
+            .partition_in_place(|p| matches!(p, Predicate::InList(_)));
+        predicates.split_at_mut(in_list_index)
+    }
+
+    fn split_at_ranges(predicates: &mut [Predicate]) -> (&mut [Predicate], &mut [Predicate]) {
+        let range_index = predicates
+            .iter_mut()
+            .partition_in_place(|p| matches!(p, Predicate::Range(_)));
+        predicates.split_at_mut(range_index)
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_all_regexes(ps: &[Predicate]) -> Result<()> {
+        ensure!(
+            ps.iter().all(|p| matches!(p, Predicate::RegexMatch(_))),
+            KeysApplierUnexpectedPredicatesSnafu {
+                predicates: ps.to_vec()
+            }
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn intersect_with_lists(in_lists: &mut [Predicate]) -> Vec<Bytes> {
+        #[inline]
+        fn get_list(p: &Predicate) -> &HashSet<Bytes> {
+            match p {
+                Predicate::InList(i) => &i.list,
+                _ => unreachable!(), // `in_lists` is filtered by `split_at_in_lists`
+            }
+        }
+
+        in_lists.sort_unstable_by_key(|p| get_list(p).len());
+        get_list(&in_lists[0])
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|c| in_lists[1..].iter().all(|s| get_list(s).contains(*c)))
+            .cloned()
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn filter_by_ranges(mut keys: Vec<Bytes>, ranges: &[Predicate]) -> Vec<Bytes> {
+        #[inline]
+        fn range_contains(p: &Predicate, key: &Bytes) -> bool {
+            let (lower, upper) = match p {
+                Predicate::Range(r) => (&r.range.lower, &r.range.upper),
+                _ => unreachable!(), // `ranges` is filtered by `split_at_ranges`
+            };
+
+            match (lower, upper) {
+                (Some(lower), Some(upper)) => match (lower.inclusive, upper.inclusive) {
+                    (true, true) => &lower.value <= key && key <= &upper.value,
+                    (true, false) => &lower.value <= key && key < &upper.value,
+                    (false, true) => &lower.value < key && key <= &upper.value,
+                    (false, false) => &lower.value < key && key < &upper.value,
+                },
+                (Some(lower), None) => match lower.inclusive {
+                    true => &lower.value <= key,
+                    false => &lower.value < key,
+                },
+                (None, Some(upper)) => match upper.inclusive {
+                    true => key <= &upper.value,
+                    false => key < &upper.value,
+                },
+                (None, None) => true,
+            }
+        }
+
+        keys.retain(|k| ranges.iter().all(|r| range_contains(r, k)));
+        keys
+    }
+
+    fn filter_by_regexes(mut keys: Vec<Bytes>, regexes: &[Predicate]) -> Result<Vec<Bytes>> {
+        for p in regexes {
+            let pattern = match p {
+                Predicate::RegexMatch(r) => &r.pattern,
+                _ => unreachable!(), // checked by `ensure_all_regexes`
+            };
+
+            let regex = regex::Regex::new(pattern).with_context(|_| ParseRegexSnafu {
+                pattern: pattern.to_owned(),
+            })?;
+
+            keys.retain(|k| {
+                std::str::from_utf8(k)
+                    .map(|k| regex.is_match(k))
+                    .unwrap_or_default()
+            });
+            if keys.is_empty() {
+                return Ok(keys);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(keys)
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<Vec<Predicate>> for KeysFstApplier {
+    type Error = crate::inverted_index::error::Error;
+    fn try_from(predicates: Vec<Predicate>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::try_from(predicates)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use fst::Map as FstMap;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::inverted_index::error::Error;
+    use crate::inverted_index::search::predicate::{
+        Bound, InListPredicate, Predicate, Range, RangePredicate, RegexMatchPredicate,
+    };
+
+    fn create_fst_map(items: &[(&[u8], u64)]) -> FstMap<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut items = items
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(k, v)| (k.to_vec(), *v))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        items.sort();
+        FstMap::from_iter(items).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn b(s: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+        s.as_bytes().to_vec()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_keys_fst_applier_apply() {
+        let test_fst = create_fst_map(&[(b"foo", 1), (b"bar", 2), (b"baz", 3)]);
+        let applier = KeysFstApplier {
+            keys: vec![b("foo"), b("baz")],
+        };
+
+        let results = applier.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert_eq!(results, vec![1, 3]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_keys_fst_applier_with_empty_keys() {
+        let test_fst = create_fst_map(&[(b"foo", 1), (b"bar", 2), (b"baz", 3)]);
+        let applier = KeysFstApplier { keys: vec![] };
+
+        let results = applier.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert!(results.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_keys_fst_applier_with_unmatched_keys() {
+        let test_fst = create_fst_map(&[(b"foo", 1), (b"bar", 2), (b"baz", 3)]);
+        let applier = KeysFstApplier {
+            keys: vec![b("qux"), b("quux")],
+        };
+
+        let results = applier.apply(&test_fst);
+        assert!(results.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_keys_fst_applier_try_from() {
+        let predicates = vec![
+            Predicate::InList(InListPredicate {
+                list: HashSet::from_iter(vec![b("foo"), b("bar")]),
+            }),
+            Predicate::Range(RangePredicate {
+                range: Range {
+                    lower: Some(Bound {
+                        value: b("bar"),
+                        inclusive: true,
+                    }),
+                    upper: None,
+                },
+            }),
+            Predicate::RegexMatch(RegexMatchPredicate {
+                pattern: ".*r".to_string(),
+            }),
+        ];
+        let applier = KeysFstApplier::try_from(predicates).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(applier.keys, vec![b("bar")]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_keys_fst_applier_try_from_filter_out_unmatched_keys() {
+        let predicates = vec![
+            Predicate::InList(InListPredicate {
+                list: HashSet::from_iter(vec![b("foo"), b("bar")]),
+            }),
+            Predicate::Range(RangePredicate {
+                range: Range {
+                    lower: Some(Bound {
+                        value: b("f"),
+                        inclusive: true,
+                    }),
+                    upper: None,
+                },
+            }),
+            Predicate::RegexMatch(RegexMatchPredicate {
+                pattern: ".*o".to_string(),
+            }),
+        ];
+        let applier = KeysFstApplier::try_from(predicates).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(applier.keys, vec![b("foo")]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_keys_fst_applier_try_from_empty_predicates() {
+        let predicates = vec![];
+        let result = KeysFstApplier::try_from(predicates);
+        assert!(matches!(result, Err(Error::EmptyPredicates { .. })));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_keys_fst_applier_try_from_without_in_list() {
+        let predicates = vec![Predicate::Range(RangePredicate {
+            range: Range {
+                lower: Some(Bound {
+                    value: b("bar"),
+                    inclusive: true,
+                }),
+                upper: None,
+            },
+        })];
+        let result = KeysFstApplier::try_from(predicates);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            result,
+            Err(Error::KeysApplierWithoutInList { .. })
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_keys_fst_applier_try_from_with_invalid_regex() {
+        let predicates = vec![
+            Predicate::InList(InListPredicate {
+                list: HashSet::from_iter(vec![b("foo"), b("bar")]),
+            }),
+            Predicate::RegexMatch(RegexMatchPredicate {
+                pattern: "*invalid regex".to_string(),
+            }),
+        ];
+        let result = KeysFstApplier::try_from(predicates);
+        assert!(matches!(result, Err(Error::ParseRegex { .. })));
+    }
+}
--- a/src/index/src/inverted_index/search/fst_values_mapper.rs
+++ b/src/index/src/inverted_index/search/fst_values_mapper.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use common_base::BitVec;
+use greptime_proto::v1::index::InvertedIndexMeta;
+
+use crate::inverted_index::error::Result;
+use crate::inverted_index::format::reader::InvertedIndexReader;
+
+/// `FstValuesMapper` maps FST-encoded u64 values to their corresponding bitmaps
+/// within an inverted index. The higher 32 bits of each u64 value represent the
+/// bitmap offset and the lower 32 bits represent its size. This mapper uses these
+/// combined offset-size pairs to fetch and union multiple bitmaps into a single `BitVec`.
+pub struct FstValuesMapper<'a> {
+    /// `reader` retrieves bitmap data using offsets and sizes from FST values.
+    reader: &'a mut dyn InvertedIndexReader,
+
+    /// `metadata` provides context for interpreting the index structures.
+    metadata: &'a InvertedIndexMeta,
+}
+
+impl<'a> FstValuesMapper<'a> {
+    pub fn new(
+        reader: &'a mut dyn InvertedIndexReader,
+        metadata: &'a InvertedIndexMeta,
+    ) -> FstValuesMapper<'a> {
+        FstValuesMapper { reader, metadata }
+    }
+
+    /// Maps an array of FST values to a `BitVec` by retrieving and combining bitmaps.
+    pub async fn map_values(&mut self, values: &[u64]) -> Result<BitVec> {
+        let mut bitmap = BitVec::new();
+
+        for value in values {
+            // relative_offset (higher 32 bits), size (lower 32 bits)
+            let [relative_offset, size] = bytemuck::cast::<u64, [u32; 2]>(*value);
+
+            let bm = self
+                .reader
+                .bitmap(self.metadata, relative_offset, size)
+                .await?;
+
+            // Ensure the longest BitVec is the left operand to prevent truncation during OR.
+            if bm.len() > bitmap.len() {
+                bitmap = bm | bitmap
+            } else {
+                bitmap |= bm
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(bitmap)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use common_base::bit_vec::prelude::*;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::inverted_index::format::reader::MockInvertedIndexReader;
+
+    fn value(offset: u32, size: u32) -> u64 {
+        bytemuck::cast::<[u32; 2], u64>([offset, size])
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_map_values() {
+        let mut mock_reader = MockInvertedIndexReader::new();
+        mock_reader
+            .expect_bitmap()
+            .returning(|_, offset, size| match (offset, size) {
+                (1, 1) => Ok(bitvec![u8, Lsb0; 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]),
+                (2, 1) => Ok(bitvec![u8, Lsb0; 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            });
+
+        let meta = InvertedIndexMeta::default();
+        let mut values_mapper = FstValuesMapper::new(&mut mock_reader, &meta);
+
+        let result = values_mapper.map_values(&[]).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result.count_ones(), 0);
+
+        let result = values_mapper.map_values(&[value(1, 1)]).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, bitvec![u8, Lsb0; 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]);
+
+        let result = values_mapper.map_values(&[value(2, 1)]).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, bitvec![u8, Lsb0; 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]);
+
+        let result = values_mapper
+            .map_values(&[value(1, 1), value(2, 1)])
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, bitvec![u8, Lsb0; 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]);
+
+        let result = values_mapper
+            .map_values(&[value(2, 1), value(1, 1)])
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, bitvec![u8, Lsb0; 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]);
+    }
+}
--- a/src/index/src/inverted_index/search/index_apply.rs
+++ b/src/index/src/inverted_index/search/index_apply.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+mod predicates_apply;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+pub use predicates_apply::PredicatesIndexApplier;
+
+use crate::inverted_index::error::Result;
+use crate::inverted_index::format::reader::InvertedIndexReader;
+
+/// A trait for processing and transforming indices obtained from an inverted index.
+///
+/// Applier instances are reusable and work with various `InvertedIndexReader` instances,
+/// avoiding repeated compilation of fixed predicates such as regex patterns.
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait IndexApplier {
+    /// Applies the predefined predicates to the data read by the given index reader, returning
+    /// a list of relevant indices (e.g., post IDs, group IDs, row IDs).
+    async fn apply(
+        &self,
+        context: SearchContext,
+        reader: &mut dyn InvertedIndexReader,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<usize>>;
+}
+
+/// A context for searching the inverted index.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Default)]
+pub struct SearchContext {
+    /// `index_not_found_strategy` controls the behavior of the applier when the index is not found.
+    pub index_not_found_strategy: IndexNotFoundStrategy,
+}
+
+/// Defines the behavior of an applier when the index is not found.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Default)]
+pub enum IndexNotFoundStrategy {
+    /// Return an empty list of indices.
+    #[default]
+    ReturnEmpty,
+
+    /// Ignore the index and continue.
+    Ignore,
+
+    /// Throw an error.
+    ThrowError,
+}
--- a/src/index/src/inverted_index/search/index_apply/predicates_apply.rs
+++ b/src/index/src/inverted_index/search/index_apply/predicates_apply.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use common_base::BitVec;
+use greptime_proto::v1::index::InvertedIndexMetas;
+
+use crate::inverted_index::error::{IndexNotFoundSnafu, Result};
+use crate::inverted_index::format::reader::InvertedIndexReader;
+use crate::inverted_index::search::fst_apply::{
+    FstApplier, IntersectionFstApplier, KeysFstApplier,
+};
+use crate::inverted_index::search::fst_values_mapper::FstValuesMapper;
+use crate::inverted_index::search::index_apply::{
+    IndexApplier, IndexNotFoundStrategy, SearchContext,
+};
+use crate::inverted_index::search::predicate::Predicate;
+
+type IndexName = String;
+
+/// `PredicatesIndexApplier` contains a collection of `FstApplier`s, each associated with an index name,
+/// to process and filter index data based on compiled predicates.
+pub struct PredicatesIndexApplier {
+    /// A list of `FstApplier`s, each associated with a specific index name
+    /// (e.g. a tag field uses its column name as index name)
+    fst_appliers: Vec<(IndexName, Box<dyn FstApplier>)>,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl IndexApplier for PredicatesIndexApplier {
+    /// Applies all `FstApplier`s to the data in the inverted index reader, intersecting the individual
+    /// bitmaps obtained for each index to result in a final set of indices.
+    async fn apply(
+        &self,
+        context: SearchContext,
+        reader: &mut dyn InvertedIndexReader,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<usize>> {
+        let metadata = reader.metadata().await?;
+
+        let mut bitmap = Self::bitmap_full_range(&metadata);
+        // TODO(zhongzc): optimize the order of applying to make it quicker to return empty.
+        for (name, fst_applier) in &self.fst_appliers {
+            if bitmap.count_ones() == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            let Some(meta) = metadata.metas.get(name) else {
+                match context.index_not_found_strategy {
+                    IndexNotFoundStrategy::ReturnEmpty => {
+                        return Ok(vec![]);
+                    }
+                    IndexNotFoundStrategy::Ignore => {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    IndexNotFoundStrategy::ThrowError => {
+                        return IndexNotFoundSnafu { name }.fail();
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+
+            let fst = reader.fst(meta).await?;
+            let values = fst_applier.apply(&fst);
+
+            let mut mapper = FstValuesMapper::new(&mut *reader, meta);
+            let bm = mapper.map_values(&values).await?;
+
+            bitmap &= bm;
+        }
+
+        Ok(bitmap.iter_ones().collect())
+    }
+}
+
+impl PredicatesIndexApplier {
+    /// Constructs an instance of `PredicatesIndexApplier` based on a list of tag predicates.
+    /// Chooses an appropriate `FstApplier` for each index name based on the nature of its predicates.
+    pub fn try_from(mut predicates: Vec<(IndexName, Vec<Predicate>)>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut fst_appliers = Vec::with_capacity(predicates.len());
+
+        // InList predicates are applied first to benefit from higher selectivity.
+        let in_list_index = predicates
+            .iter_mut()
+            .partition_in_place(|(_, ps)| ps.iter().any(|p| matches!(p, Predicate::InList(_))));
+        let mut iter = predicates.into_iter();
+        for _ in 0..in_list_index {
+            let (tag_name, predicates) = iter.next().unwrap();
+            let fst_applier = Box::new(KeysFstApplier::try_from(predicates)?) as _;
+            fst_appliers.push((tag_name, fst_applier));
+        }
+
+        for (tag_name, predicates) in iter {
+            if predicates.is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let fst_applier = Box::new(IntersectionFstApplier::try_from(predicates)?) as _;
+            fst_appliers.push((tag_name, fst_applier));
+        }
+
+        Ok(PredicatesIndexApplier { fst_appliers })
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a `BitVec` representing the full range of data in the index for initial scanning.
+    fn bitmap_full_range(metadata: &InvertedIndexMetas) -> BitVec {
+        let total_count = metadata.total_row_count;
+        let segment_count = metadata.segment_row_count;
+        let len = (total_count + segment_count - 1) / segment_count;
+        BitVec::repeat(true, len as _)
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<Vec<(String, Vec<Predicate>)>> for PredicatesIndexApplier {
+    type Error = crate::inverted_index::error::Error;
+    fn try_from(predicates: Vec<(String, Vec<Predicate>)>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::try_from(predicates)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use common_base::bit_vec::prelude::*;
+    use greptime_proto::v1::index::InvertedIndexMeta;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::inverted_index::error::Error;
+    use crate::inverted_index::format::reader::MockInvertedIndexReader;
+    use crate::inverted_index::search::fst_apply::MockFstApplier;
+    use crate::inverted_index::FstMap;
+
+    fn s(s: &'static str) -> String {
+        s.to_owned()
+    }
+
+    fn mock_metas(tags: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'static str>) -> InvertedIndexMetas {
+        let mut metas = InvertedIndexMetas {
+            total_row_count: 8,
+            segment_row_count: 1,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        for tag in tags.into_iter() {
+            let meta = InvertedIndexMeta {
+                name: s(tag),
+                ..Default::default()
+            };
+            metas.metas.insert(s(tag), meta);
+        }
+        metas
+    }
+
+    fn key_fst_applier(value: &'static str) -> Box<dyn FstApplier> {
+        let mut mock_fst_applier = MockFstApplier::new();
+        mock_fst_applier
+            .expect_apply()
+            .returning(move |fst| fst.get(value).into_iter().collect());
+        Box::new(mock_fst_applier)
+    }
+
+    fn fst_value(offset: u32, size: u32) -> u64 {
+        bytemuck::cast::<_, u64>([offset, size])
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_index_applier_apply_get_key() {
+        // An index applier that point-gets "tag-0_value-0" on tag "tag-0"
+        let applier = PredicatesIndexApplier {
+            fst_appliers: vec![(s("tag-0"), key_fst_applier("tag-0_value-0"))],
+        };
+
+        // An index reader with a single tag "tag-0" and a corresponding value "tag-0_value-0"
+        let mut mock_reader = MockInvertedIndexReader::new();
+        mock_reader
+            .expect_metadata()
+            .returning(|| Ok(mock_metas(["tag-0"])));
+        mock_reader
+            .expect_fst()
+            .returning(|meta| match meta.name.as_str() {
+                "tag-0" => Ok(FstMap::from_iter([(b"tag-0_value-0", fst_value(2, 1))]).unwrap()),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            });
+        mock_reader.expect_bitmap().returning(|meta, offset, size| {
+            match (meta.name.as_str(), offset, size) {
+                ("tag-0", 2, 1) => Ok(bitvec![u8, Lsb0; 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0]),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        });
+        let indices = applier
+            .apply(SearchContext::default(), &mut mock_reader)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(indices, vec![0, 2, 4, 6]);
+
+        // An index reader with a single tag "tag-0" but without value "tag-0_value-0"
+        let mut mock_reader = MockInvertedIndexReader::new();
+        mock_reader
+            .expect_metadata()
+            .returning(|| Ok(mock_metas(["tag-0"])));
+        mock_reader
+            .expect_fst()
+            .returning(|meta| match meta.name.as_str() {
+                "tag-0" => Ok(FstMap::from_iter([(b"tag-0_value-1", fst_value(2, 1))]).unwrap()),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            });
+        let indices = applier
+            .apply(SearchContext::default(), &mut mock_reader)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(indices.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_index_applier_apply_intersection_with_two_tags() {
+        // An index applier that intersects "tag-0_value-0" on tag "tag-0" and "tag-1_value-a" on tag "tag-1"
+        let applier = PredicatesIndexApplier {
+            fst_appliers: vec![
+                (s("tag-0"), key_fst_applier("tag-0_value-0")),
+                (s("tag-1"), key_fst_applier("tag-1_value-a")),
+            ],
+        };
+
+        // An index reader with two tags "tag-0" and "tag-1" and respective values "tag-0_value-0" and "tag-1_value-a"
+        let mut mock_reader = MockInvertedIndexReader::new();
+        mock_reader
+            .expect_metadata()
+            .returning(|| Ok(mock_metas(["tag-0", "tag-1"])));
+        mock_reader
+            .expect_fst()
+            .returning(|meta| match meta.name.as_str() {
+                "tag-0" => Ok(FstMap::from_iter([(b"tag-0_value-0", fst_value(1, 1))]).unwrap()),
+                "tag-1" => Ok(FstMap::from_iter([(b"tag-1_value-a", fst_value(2, 1))]).unwrap()),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            });
+        mock_reader.expect_bitmap().returning(|meta, offset, size| {
+            match (meta.name.as_str(), offset, size) {
+                ("tag-0", 1, 1) => Ok(bitvec![u8, Lsb0; 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0]),
+                ("tag-1", 2, 1) => Ok(bitvec![u8, Lsb0; 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1]),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        });
+
+        let indices = applier
+            .apply(SearchContext::default(), &mut mock_reader)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(indices, vec![0, 4, 6]);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_index_applier_without_predicates() {
+        let applier = PredicatesIndexApplier {
+            fst_appliers: vec![],
+        };
+
+        let mut mock_reader: MockInvertedIndexReader = MockInvertedIndexReader::new();
+        mock_reader
+            .expect_metadata()
+            .returning(|| Ok(mock_metas(["tag-0"])));
+
+        let indices = applier
+            .apply(SearchContext::default(), &mut mock_reader)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(indices, vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]); // full range to scan
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_index_applier_with_empty_index() {
+        let mut mock_reader = MockInvertedIndexReader::new();
+        mock_reader.expect_metadata().returning(move || {
+            Ok(InvertedIndexMetas {
+                total_row_count: 0, // No rows
+                segment_row_count: 1,
+                ..Default::default()
+            })
+        });
+
+        let mut mock_fst_applier = MockFstApplier::new();
+        mock_fst_applier.expect_apply().never();
+
+        let applier = PredicatesIndexApplier {
+            fst_appliers: vec![(s("tag-0"), Box::new(mock_fst_applier))],
+        };
+
+        let indices = applier
+            .apply(SearchContext::default(), &mut mock_reader)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(indices.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_index_applier_with_nonexistent_index() {
+        let mut mock_reader = MockInvertedIndexReader::new();
+        mock_reader
+            .expect_metadata()
+            .returning(|| Ok(mock_metas(vec![])));
+
+        let mut mock_fst_applier = MockFstApplier::new();
+        mock_fst_applier.expect_apply().never();
+
+        let applier = PredicatesIndexApplier {
+            fst_appliers: vec![(s("tag-0"), Box::new(mock_fst_applier))],
+        };
+
+        let result = applier
+            .apply(
+                SearchContext {
+                    index_not_found_strategy: IndexNotFoundStrategy::ThrowError,
+                },
+                &mut mock_reader,
+            )
+            .await;
+        assert!(matches!(result, Err(Error::IndexNotFound { .. })));
+
+        let indices = applier
+            .apply(
+                SearchContext {
+                    index_not_found_strategy: IndexNotFoundStrategy::ReturnEmpty,
+                },
+                &mut mock_reader,
+            )
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(indices.is_empty());
+
+        let indices = applier
+            .apply(
+                SearchContext {
+                    index_not_found_strategy: IndexNotFoundStrategy::Ignore,
+                },
+                &mut mock_reader,
+            )
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(indices, vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]);
+    }
+}
--- a/src/index/src/inverted_index/search/predicate.rs
+++ b/src/index/src/inverted_index/search/predicate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use crate::inverted_index::Bytes;
+
+/// Enumerates types of predicates for value filtering.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Predicate {
+    /// Predicate for matching values in a list.
+    InList(InListPredicate),
+
+    /// Predicate for matching values within a range.
+    Range(RangePredicate),
+
+    /// Predicate for matching values against a regex pattern.
+    RegexMatch(RegexMatchPredicate),
+}
+
+/// `InListPredicate` contains a list of acceptable values. A value needs to match at least
+/// one of the elements (logical OR semantic) for the predicate to be satisfied.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct InListPredicate {
+    /// List of acceptable values.
+    pub list: HashSet<Bytes>,
+}
+
+/// `Bound` is a sub-component of a range, representing a single-sided limit that could be inclusive or exclusive.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Bound {
+    /// Whether the bound is inclusive or exclusive.
+    pub inclusive: bool,
+    /// The value of the bound.
+    pub value: Bytes,
+}
+
+/// `Range` defines a single continuous range which can optionally have a lower and/or upper limit.
+/// Both the lower and upper bounds must be satisfied for the range condition to be true.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Range {
+    /// The lower bound of the range.
+    pub lower: Option<Bound>,
+    /// The upper bound of the range.
+    pub upper: Option<Bound>,
+}
+
+/// `RangePredicate` encapsulates a range condition that must be satisfied
+/// for the predicate to hold true (logical AND semantic between the bounds).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct RangePredicate {
+    /// The range condition.
+    pub range: Range,
+}
+
+/// `RegexMatchPredicate` encapsulates a single regex pattern. A value must match
+/// the pattern for the predicate to be satisfied.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct RegexMatchPredicate {
+    /// The regex pattern.
+    pub pattern: String,
+}
--- a/src/index/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/index/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,4 +12,6 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+#![feature(iter_partition_in_place)]
+
 pub mod inverted_index;
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/bootstrap.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/bootstrap.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use api::v1::meta::store_server::StoreServer;
 use common_base::Plugins;
 use common_meta::kv_backend::etcd::EtcdStore;
 use common_meta::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
-use common_meta::kv_backend::ResettableKvBackendRef;
+use common_meta::kv_backend::{KvBackendRef, ResettableKvBackendRef};
 use common_telemetry::info;
 use etcd_client::Client;
 use servers::configurator::ConfiguratorRef;
@@ -60,8 +60,11 @@ pub struct MetaSrvInstance {
 }

 impl MetaSrvInstance {
-    pub async fn new(opts: MetaSrvOptions, plugins: Plugins) -> Result<MetaSrvInstance> {
-        let meta_srv = build_meta_srv(&opts, plugins.clone()).await?;
+    pub async fn new(
+        opts: MetaSrvOptions,
+        plugins: Plugins,
+        meta_srv: MetaSrv,
+    ) -> Result<MetaSrvInstance> {
        let http_srv = Arc::new(
            HttpServerBuilder::new(opts.http.clone())
                .with_metrics_handler(MetricsHandler)
@@ -161,28 +164,26 @@ pub fn router(meta_srv: MetaSrv) -> Router {
        .add_service(admin::make_admin_service(meta_srv))
 }

-pub async fn build_meta_srv(opts: &MetaSrvOptions, plugins: Plugins) -> Result<MetaSrv> {
-    let (kv_backend, election, lock) = if opts.use_memory_store {
-        (
+pub async fn metasrv_builder(
+    opts: &MetaSrvOptions,
+    plugins: Plugins,
+    kv_backend: Option<KvBackendRef>,
+) -> Result<MetaSrvBuilder> {
+    let (kv_backend, election, lock) = match (kv_backend, opts.use_memory_store) {
+        (Some(kv_backend), _) => (kv_backend, None, Some(Arc::new(MemLock::default()) as _)),
+        (None, true) => (
            Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::new()) as _,
            None,
            Some(Arc::new(MemLock::default()) as _),
-        )
-    } else {
-        let etcd_endpoints = opts
-            .store_addr
-            .split(',')
-            .map(|x| x.trim())
-            .filter(|x| !x.is_empty())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let etcd_client = Client::connect(&etcd_endpoints, None)
-            .await
-            .context(error::ConnectEtcdSnafu)?;
-        (
-            EtcdStore::with_etcd_client(etcd_client.clone()),
-            Some(EtcdElection::with_etcd_client(&opts.server_addr, etcd_client.clone()).await?),
-            Some(EtcdLock::with_etcd_client(etcd_client)?),
-        )
+        ),
+        (None, false) => {
+            let etcd_client = create_etcd_client(opts).await?;
+            (
+                EtcdStore::with_etcd_client(etcd_client.clone()),
+                Some(EtcdElection::with_etcd_client(&opts.server_addr, etcd_client.clone()).await?),
+                Some(EtcdLock::with_etcd_client(etcd_client)?),
+            )
+        }
    };

    let in_memory = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::new()) as ResettableKvBackendRef;
@@ -192,14 +193,24 @@ pub async fn build_meta_srv(opts: &MetaSrvOptions, plugins: Plugins) -> Result<M
        SelectorType::LeaseBased => Arc::new(LeaseBasedSelector) as SelectorRef,
    };

-    MetaSrvBuilder::new()
+    Ok(MetaSrvBuilder::new()
        .options(opts.clone())
        .kv_backend(kv_backend)
        .in_memory(in_memory)
        .selector(selector)
        .election(election)
        .lock(lock)
-        .plugins(plugins)
-        .build()
-        .await
+        .plugins(plugins))
+}
+
+async fn create_etcd_client(opts: &MetaSrvOptions) -> Result<Client> {
+    let etcd_endpoints = opts
+        .store_addr
+        .split(',')
+        .map(|x| x.trim())
+        .filter(|x| !x.is_empty())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    Client::connect(&etcd_endpoints, None)
+        .await
+        .context(error::ConnectEtcdSnafu)
 }
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/error.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ use crate::pubsub::Message;
 #[snafu(visibility(pub))]
 #[stack_trace_debug]
 pub enum Error {
+    #[snafu(display("The region migration procedure aborted, reason: {}", reason))]
+    MigrationAbort { location: Location, reason: String },
+
    #[snafu(display(
        "Another procedure is opening the region: {} on peer: {}",
        region_id,
@@ -43,6 +46,12 @@ pub enum Error {
        region_id: RegionId,
    },

+    #[snafu(display("Failed to init ddl manager"))]
+    InitDdlManager {
+        location: Location,
+        source: common_meta::error::Error,
+    },
+
    #[snafu(display("Failed to create default catalog and schema"))]
    InitMetadata {
        location: Location,
@@ -292,6 +301,12 @@ pub enum Error {
        location: Location,
    },

+    #[snafu(display("Failed to find table route for {region_id}"))]
+    RegionRouteNotFound {
+        region_id: RegionId,
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
    #[snafu(display("Table info not found: {}", table_id))]
    TableInfoNotFound {
        table_id: TableId,
@@ -652,7 +667,9 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            | Error::Unexpected { .. }
            | Error::Txn { .. }
            | Error::TableIdChanged { .. }
-            | Error::RegionOpeningRace { .. } => StatusCode::Unexpected,
+            | Error::RegionOpeningRace { .. }
+            | Error::RegionRouteNotFound { .. }
+            | Error::MigrationAbort { .. } => StatusCode::Unexpected,
            Error::TableNotFound { .. } => StatusCode::TableNotFound,
            Error::InvalidateTableCache { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
            Error::RequestDatanode { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
@@ -685,7 +702,9 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            | Error::UpdateTableRoute { source, .. }
            | Error::GetFullTableInfo { source, .. } => source.status_code(),

-            Error::InitMetadata { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            Error::InitMetadata { source, .. } | Error::InitDdlManager { source, .. } => {
+                source.status_code()
+            }

            Error::Other { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
        }
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/handler.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/handler.rs
@@ -298,6 +298,19 @@ impl HeartbeatMailbox {
        serde_json::from_str(payload).context(DeserializeFromJsonSnafu { input: payload })
    }

+    /// Parses the [Instruction] from [MailboxMessage].
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn json_instruction(msg: &MailboxMessage) -> Result<Instruction> {
+        let Payload::Json(payload) =
+            msg.payload
+                .as_ref()
+                .with_context(|| UnexpectedInstructionReplySnafu {
+                    mailbox_message: msg.to_string(),
+                    reason: format!("empty payload, msg: {msg:?}"),
+                })?;
+        serde_json::from_str(payload).context(DeserializeFromJsonSnafu { input: payload })
+    }
+
    pub fn create(pushers: Pushers, sequence: Sequence) -> MailboxRef {
        let mailbox = Arc::new(Self::new(pushers, sequence));

--- a/src/meta-srv/src/handler/region_lease_handler.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/handler/region_lease_handler.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use api::v1::meta::{HeartbeatRequest, RegionLease, Role};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use common_meta::key::TableMetadataManagerRef;
+use common_telemetry::info;
 use store_api::region_engine::{GrantedRegion, RegionRole};
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;

@@ -60,19 +61,19 @@ fn flip_role(role: RegionRole) -> RegionRole {
 ///
 /// - If a region is in an `operable` set, it will be granted an `flip_role(current)`([RegionRole]);
 /// otherwise, it will be granted a `current`([RegionRole]).
-/// - If a region is in a `closable` set, it won't be granted.
+/// - If a region is in a `closeable` set, it won't be granted.
 fn grant(
    granted_regions: &mut Vec<GrantedRegion>,
    operable: &HashSet<RegionId>,
-    closable: &HashSet<RegionId>,
+    closeable: &HashSet<RegionId>,
    regions: &[RegionId],
    current: RegionRole,
 ) {
    for region in regions {
        if operable.contains(region) {
            granted_regions.push(GrantedRegion::new(*region, flip_role(current)));
-        } else if closable.contains(region) {
-            // Filters out the closable regions.
+        } else if closeable.contains(region) {
+            // Filters out the closeable regions.
        } else {
            granted_regions.push(GrantedRegion::new(*region, current))
        }
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ impl HeartbeatHandler for RegionLeaseHandler {

        let leaders = leaders.into_iter().flatten().collect::<Vec<_>>();

-        let (downgradable, closable) = self
+        let (downgradable, closeable) = self
            .region_lease_keeper
            .find_staled_leader_regions(cluster_id, datanode_id, &leaders)
            .await?;
@@ -119,32 +120,44 @@ impl HeartbeatHandler for RegionLeaseHandler {
        grant(
            &mut granted_regions,
            &downgradable,
-            &closable,
+            &closeable,
            &leaders,
            RegionRole::Leader,
        );
-        inactive_regions.extend(closable);
+        if !closeable.is_empty() {
+            info!(
+                "Granting region lease, found closeable leader regions: {:?} on datanode {}",
+                closeable, datanode_id
+            );
+        }
+        inactive_regions.extend(closeable);

        let followers = followers.into_iter().flatten().collect::<Vec<_>>();

-        let (upgradeable, closable) = self
+        let (upgradeable, closeable) = self
            .region_lease_keeper
            .find_staled_follower_regions(cluster_id, datanode_id, &followers)
            .await?;

-        // If a region is opening, it will be filtered out from the closable regions set.
-        let closable = self
+        // If a region is opening, it will be filtered out from the closeable regions set.
+        let closeable = self
            .opening_region_keeper
-            .filter_opening_regions(datanode_id, closable);
+            .filter_opening_regions(datanode_id, closeable);

        grant(
            &mut granted_regions,
            &upgradeable,
-            &closable,
+            &closeable,
            &followers,
            RegionRole::Follower,
        );
-        inactive_regions.extend(closable);
+        if !closeable.is_empty() {
+            info!(
+                "Granting region lease, found closeable follower regions {:?} on datanode {}",
+                closeable, datanode_id
+            );
+        }
+        inactive_regions.extend(closeable);

        acc.inactive_region_ids = inactive_regions;
        acc.region_lease = Some(RegionLease {
@@ -154,6 +167,7 @@ impl HeartbeatHandler for RegionLeaseHandler {
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            duration_since_epoch: req.duration_since_epoch,
            lease_seconds: self.region_lease_seconds,
+            closeable_region_ids: vec![],
        });

        Ok(HandleControl::Continue)
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/lib.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 #![feature(async_closure)]
 #![feature(result_flattening)]
 #![feature(assert_matches)]
+#![feature(option_take_if)]
+#![feature(extract_if)]

 pub mod bootstrap;
 mod cache_invalidator;
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/metasrv/builder.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/metasrv/builder.rs
@@ -19,19 +19,22 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 use client::client_manager::DatanodeClients;
 use common_base::Plugins;
 use common_grpc::channel_manager::ChannelConfig;
+use common_meta::datanode_manager::DatanodeManagerRef;
+use common_meta::ddl::TableMetadataAllocatorRef;
 use common_meta::ddl_manager::{DdlManager, DdlManagerRef};
 use common_meta::distributed_time_constants;
 use common_meta::key::{TableMetadataManager, TableMetadataManagerRef};
 use common_meta::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
 use common_meta::kv_backend::{KvBackendRef, ResettableKvBackendRef};
-use common_meta::sequence::{Sequence, SequenceRef};
+use common_meta::sequence::Sequence;
 use common_meta::state_store::KvStateStore;
 use common_procedure::local::{LocalManager, ManagerConfig};
 use common_procedure::ProcedureManagerRef;
+use snafu::ResultExt;

 use crate::cache_invalidator::MetasrvCacheInvalidator;
 use crate::cluster::{MetaPeerClientBuilder, MetaPeerClientRef};
-use crate::error::Result;
+use crate::error::{self, Result};
 use crate::greptimedb_telemetry::get_greptimedb_telemetry_task;
 use crate::handler::check_leader_handler::CheckLeaderHandler;
 use crate::handler::collect_stats_handler::CollectStatsHandler;
@@ -69,8 +72,9 @@ pub struct MetaSrvBuilder {
    election: Option<ElectionRef>,
    meta_peer_client: Option<MetaPeerClientRef>,
    lock: Option<DistLockRef>,
-    datanode_clients: Option<Arc<DatanodeClients>>,
+    datanode_manager: Option<DatanodeManagerRef>,
    plugins: Option<Plugins>,
+    table_metadata_allocator: Option<TableMetadataAllocatorRef>,
 }

 impl MetaSrvBuilder {
@@ -84,8 +88,9 @@ impl MetaSrvBuilder {
            election: None,
            options: None,
            lock: None,
-            datanode_clients: None,
+            datanode_manager: None,
            plugins: None,
+            table_metadata_allocator: None,
        }
    }

@@ -129,8 +134,8 @@ impl MetaSrvBuilder {
        self
    }

-    pub fn datanode_clients(mut self, clients: Arc<DatanodeClients>) -> Self {
-        self.datanode_clients = Some(clients);
+    pub fn datanode_manager(mut self, datanode_manager: DatanodeManagerRef) -> Self {
+        self.datanode_manager = Some(datanode_manager);
        self
    }

@@ -139,6 +144,14 @@ impl MetaSrvBuilder {
        self
    }

+    pub fn table_metadata_allocator(
+        mut self,
+        table_metadata_allocator: TableMetadataAllocatorRef,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.table_metadata_allocator = Some(table_metadata_allocator);
+        self
+    }
+
    pub async fn build(self) -> Result<MetaSrv> {
        let started = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));

@@ -151,8 +164,9 @@ impl MetaSrvBuilder {
            selector,
            handler_group,
            lock,
-            datanode_clients,
+            datanode_manager,
            plugins,
+            table_metadata_allocator,
        } = self;

        let options = options.unwrap_or_default();
@@ -188,16 +202,23 @@ impl MetaSrvBuilder {
            meta_peer_client: meta_peer_client.clone(),
            table_id: None,
        };
+
+        let table_metadata_allocator = table_metadata_allocator.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            Arc::new(MetaSrvTableMetadataAllocator::new(
+                selector_ctx.clone(),
+                selector.clone(),
+                table_id_sequence.clone(),
+            ))
+        });
+
        let ddl_manager = build_ddl_manager(
            &options,
-            datanode_clients,
+            datanode_manager,
            &procedure_manager,
            &mailbox,
            &table_metadata_manager,
-            (&selector, &selector_ctx),
-            &table_id_sequence,
-        );
-        let _ = ddl_manager.try_start();
+            table_metadata_allocator,
+        )?;
        let opening_region_keeper = Arc::new(OpeningRegionKeeper::default());

        let handler_group = match handler_group {
@@ -324,13 +345,12 @@ fn build_procedure_manager(

 fn build_ddl_manager(
    options: &MetaSrvOptions,
-    datanode_clients: Option<Arc<DatanodeClients>>,
+    datanode_clients: Option<DatanodeManagerRef>,
    procedure_manager: &ProcedureManagerRef,
    mailbox: &MailboxRef,
    table_metadata_manager: &TableMetadataManagerRef,
-    (selector, selector_ctx): (&SelectorRef, &SelectorContext),
-    table_id_sequence: &SequenceRef,
-) -> DdlManagerRef {
+    table_metadata_allocator: TableMetadataAllocatorRef,
+) -> Result<DdlManagerRef> {
    let datanode_clients = datanode_clients.unwrap_or_else(|| {
        let datanode_client_channel_config = ChannelConfig::new()
            .timeout(Duration::from_millis(
@@ -349,18 +369,15 @@ fn build_ddl_manager(
        },
    ));

-    let table_meta_allocator = Arc::new(MetaSrvTableMetadataAllocator::new(
-        selector_ctx.clone(),
-        selector.clone(),
-        table_id_sequence.clone(),
-    ));
-
-    Arc::new(DdlManager::new(
-        procedure_manager.clone(),
-        datanode_clients,
-        cache_invalidator,
-        table_metadata_manager.clone(),
-        table_meta_allocator,
+    Ok(Arc::new(
+        DdlManager::try_new(
+            procedure_manager.clone(),
+            datanode_clients,
+            cache_invalidator,
+            table_metadata_manager.clone(),
+            table_metadata_allocator,
+        )
+        .context(error::InitDdlManagerSnafu)?,
    ))
 }

--- a/src/meta-srv/src/metrics.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/metrics.rs
@@ -34,4 +34,19 @@ lazy_static! {
    pub static ref METRIC_META_LEADER_CACHED_KV_LOAD: HistogramVec =
        register_histogram_vec!("meta_leader_cache_kv_load", "meta load cache", &["prefix"])
            .unwrap();
+    pub static ref METRIC_META_LOAD_FOLLOWER_METADATA: Histogram = register_histogram!(
+        "meta_load_follower_metadata",
+        "meta load follower regions metadata elapsed"
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    pub static ref METRIC_META_LOAD_LEADER_METADATA: Histogram = register_histogram!(
+        "meta_load_leader_metadata",
+        "meta load leader regions metadata elapsed"
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    pub static ref METRIC_META_KV_CACHE_BATCH_GET_HIT_RATE: Gauge = register_gauge!(
+        "meta_kv_cache_batch_get_hit_rate",
+        "meta kv cache batch get hit rate"
+    )
+    .unwrap();
 }
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/mocks.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/mocks.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ pub async fn mock(
    };

    let builder = match datanode_clients {
-        Some(clients) => builder.datanode_clients(clients),
+        Some(clients) => builder.datanode_manager(clients),
        None => builder,
    };

--- a/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_failover/update_metadata.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_failover/update_metadata.rs
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl UpdateRegionMetadata {
                    region_storage_path: self.region_storage_path.to_string(),
                    region_options: self.region_options.clone(),
                },
-                table_route_value,
+                &table_route_value,
                new_region_routes,
                &self.region_options,
            )
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration.rs
@@ -13,16 +13,22 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 pub(crate) mod downgrade_leader_region;
+pub(crate) mod migration_abort;
 pub(crate) mod migration_end;
 pub(crate) mod migration_start;
 pub(crate) mod open_candidate_region;
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) mod test_util;
 pub(crate) mod update_metadata;
+pub(crate) mod upgrade_candidate_region;

 use std::any::Any;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::time::Duration;

+use api::v1::meta::MailboxMessage;
+use common_meta::instruction::Instruction;
+use common_meta::key::table_info::TableInfoValue;
 use common_meta::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
 use common_meta::key::{DeserializedValueWithBytes, TableMetadataManagerRef};
 use common_meta::peer::Peer;
@@ -34,12 +40,13 @@ use common_procedure::{Context as ProcedureContext, LockKey, Procedure, Status};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::{location, Location, OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+use tokio::time::Instant;

 use self::migration_start::RegionMigrationStart;
 use crate::error::{self, Error, Result};
 use crate::procedure::utils::region_lock_key;
 use crate::region::lease_keeper::{OpeningRegionGuard, OpeningRegionKeeperRef};
-use crate::service::mailbox::MailboxRef;
+use crate::service::mailbox::{BroadcastChannel, MailboxRef};

 /// It's shared in each step and available even after recovering.
 ///
@@ -78,8 +85,36 @@ pub struct VolatileContext {
    /// the corresponding [RegionRoute](common_meta::rpc::router::RegionRoute) of the opening region
    /// was written into [TableRouteValue](common_meta::key::table_route::TableRouteValue).
    opening_region_guard: Option<OpeningRegionGuard>,
-    /// `table_route_info` is stored via previous steps for future use.
-    table_route_info: Option<DeserializedValueWithBytes<TableRouteValue>>,
+    /// `table_route` is stored via previous steps for future use.
+    table_route: Option<DeserializedValueWithBytes<TableRouteValue>>,
+    /// `table_info` is stored via previous steps for future use.
+    ///
+    /// `table_info` should remain unchanged during the procedure;
+    /// no other DDL procedure executed concurrently for the current table.
+    table_info: Option<DeserializedValueWithBytes<TableInfoValue>>,
+    /// The deadline of leader region lease.
+    leader_region_lease_deadline: Option<Instant>,
+    /// The last_entry_id of leader region.
+    leader_region_last_entry_id: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+impl VolatileContext {
+    /// Sets the `leader_region_lease_deadline` if it does not exist.
+    pub fn set_leader_region_lease_deadline(&mut self, lease_timeout: Duration) {
+        if self.leader_region_lease_deadline.is_none() {
+            self.leader_region_lease_deadline = Some(Instant::now() + lease_timeout);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Resets the `leader_region_lease_deadline`.
+    pub fn reset_leader_region_lease_deadline(&mut self) {
+        self.leader_region_lease_deadline = None;
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the `leader_region_last_entry_id`.
+    pub fn set_last_entry_id(&mut self, last_entry_id: u64) {
+        self.leader_region_last_entry_id = Some(last_entry_id)
+    }
 }

 /// Used to generate new [Context].
@@ -127,7 +162,7 @@ impl Context {
        &self.server_addr
    }

-    /// Returns the `table_route_value` of [VolatileContext] if any.
+    /// Returns the `table_route` of [VolatileContext] if any.
    /// Otherwise, returns the value retrieved from remote.
    ///
    /// Retry:
@@ -135,7 +170,7 @@ impl Context {
    pub async fn get_table_route_value(
        &mut self,
    ) -> Result<&DeserializedValueWithBytes<TableRouteValue>> {
-        let table_route_value = &mut self.volatile_ctx.table_route_info;
+        let table_route_value = &mut self.volatile_ctx.table_route;

        if table_route_value.is_none() {
            let table_id = self.persistent_ctx.region_id.table_id();
@@ -157,9 +192,45 @@ impl Context {
        Ok(table_route_value.as_ref().unwrap())
    }

-    /// Removes the `table_route_value` of [VolatileContext], returns true if any.
+    /// Removes the `table_route` of [VolatileContext], returns true if any.
    pub fn remove_table_route_value(&mut self) -> bool {
-        let value = self.volatile_ctx.table_route_info.take();
+        let value = self.volatile_ctx.table_route.take();
+        value.is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the `table_info` of [VolatileContext] if any.
+    /// Otherwise, returns the value retrieved from remote.
+    ///
+    /// Retry:
+    /// - Failed to retrieve the metadata of table.
+    pub async fn get_table_info_value(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> Result<&DeserializedValueWithBytes<TableInfoValue>> {
+        let table_info_value = &mut self.volatile_ctx.table_info;
+
+        if table_info_value.is_none() {
+            let table_id = self.persistent_ctx.region_id.table_id();
+            let table_info = self
+                .table_metadata_manager
+                .table_info_manager()
+                .get(table_id)
+                .await
+                .context(error::TableMetadataManagerSnafu)
+                .map_err(|e| error::Error::RetryLater {
+                    reason: e.to_string(),
+                    location: location!(),
+                })?
+                .context(error::TableInfoNotFoundSnafu { table_id })?;
+
+            *table_info_value = Some(table_info);
+        }
+
+        Ok(table_info_value.as_ref().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the `table_info` of [VolatileContext], returns true if any.
+    pub fn remove_table_info_value(&mut self) -> bool {
+        let value = self.volatile_ctx.table_info.take();
        value.is_some()
    }

@@ -167,6 +238,27 @@ impl Context {
    pub fn region_id(&self) -> RegionId {
        self.persistent_ctx.region_id
    }
+
+    /// Broadcasts the invalidate table cache message.
+    pub async fn invalidate_table_cache(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let table_id = self.region_id().table_id();
+        let instruction = Instruction::InvalidateTableIdCache(table_id);
+
+        let msg = &MailboxMessage::json_message(
+            "Invalidate Table Cache",
+            &format!("Metasrv@{}", self.server_addr()),
+            "Frontend broadcast",
+            common_time::util::current_time_millis(),
+            &instruction,
+        )
+        .with_context(|_| error::SerializeToJsonSnafu {
+            input: instruction.to_string(),
+        })?;
+
+        self.mailbox
+            .broadcast(&BroadcastChannel::Frontend, msg)
+            .await
+    }
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
@@ -278,7 +370,9 @@ mod tests {

    use super::migration_end::RegionMigrationEnd;
    use super::*;
+    use crate::handler::HeartbeatMailbox;
    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::TestingEnv;
+    use crate::service::mailbox::Channel;

    fn new_persistent_context() -> PersistentContext {
        PersistentContext {
@@ -378,4 +472,29 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(procedure.context.persistent_ctx.cluster_id, 2);
        assert_matches!(status.unwrap(), Status::Done);
    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_broadcast_invalidate_table_cache() {
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let persistent_context = test_util::new_persistent_context(1, 2, RegionId::new(1024, 1));
+        let ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
+
+        // No receivers.
+        ctx.invalidate_table_cache().await.unwrap();
+
+        let (tx, mut rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Frontend(1), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        ctx.invalidate_table_cache().await.unwrap();
+
+        let resp = rx.recv().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        let msg = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap();
+
+        let instruction = HeartbeatMailbox::json_instruction(&msg).unwrap();
+        assert_matches!(instruction, Instruction::InvalidateTableIdCache(1024));
+    }
 }
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/downgrade_leader_region.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/downgrade_leader_region.rs
@@ -13,23 +13,506 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 use std::any::Any;
+use std::time::Duration;

+use api::v1::meta::MailboxMessage;
+use common_meta::distributed_time_constants::{MAILBOX_RTT_SECS, REGION_LEASE_SECS};
+use common_meta::instruction::{
+    DowngradeRegion, DowngradeRegionReply, Instruction, InstructionReply,
+};
+use common_telemetry::warn;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use snafu::ResultExt;
+use tokio::time::sleep;

-use crate::error::Result;
+use super::upgrade_candidate_region::UpgradeCandidateRegion;
+use crate::error::{self, Result};
+use crate::handler::HeartbeatMailbox;
 use crate::procedure::region_migration::{Context, State};
+use crate::service::mailbox::Channel;
+
+const DOWNGRADE_LEADER_REGION_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(MAILBOX_RTT_SECS);

 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct DowngradeLeaderRegion;
+pub struct DowngradeLeaderRegion {
+    // The optimistic retry times.
+    optimistic_retry: usize,
+    // The retry initial interval.
+    retry_initial_interval: Duration,
+}
+
+impl Default for DowngradeLeaderRegion {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            optimistic_retry: 3,
+            retry_initial_interval: Duration::from_millis(500),
+        }
+    }
+}

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 #[typetag::serde]
 impl State for DowngradeLeaderRegion {
-    async fn next(&mut self, _ctx: &mut Context) -> Result<Box<dyn State>> {
-        todo!()
+    async fn next(&mut self, ctx: &mut Context) -> Result<Box<dyn State>> {
+        // Ensures the `leader_region_lease_deadline` must exist after recovering.
+        ctx.volatile_ctx
+            .set_leader_region_lease_deadline(Duration::from_secs(REGION_LEASE_SECS));
+        self.downgrade_region_with_retry(ctx).await;
+
+        // Safety: must exist.
+        if let Some(deadline) = ctx.volatile_ctx.leader_region_lease_deadline.as_ref() {
+            tokio::time::sleep_until(*deadline).await;
+        }
+
+        Ok(Box::<UpgradeCandidateRegion>::default())
    }

    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
        self
    }
 }
+
+impl DowngradeLeaderRegion {
+    /// Builds downgrade region instruction.
+    fn build_downgrade_region_instruction(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Instruction {
+        let pc = &ctx.persistent_ctx;
+        let region_id = pc.region_id;
+        Instruction::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegion { region_id })
+    }
+
+    /// Tries to downgrade a leader region.
+    ///
+    /// Retry:
+    /// - [MailboxTimeout](error::Error::MailboxTimeout), Timeout.
+    /// - Failed to downgrade region on the Datanode.
+    ///
+    /// Abort:
+    /// - [PusherNotFound](error::Error::PusherNotFound), The datanode is unreachable.
+    /// - [PushMessage](error::Error::PushMessage), The receiver is dropped.
+    /// - [MailboxReceiver](error::Error::MailboxReceiver), The sender is dropped without sending (impossible).
+    /// - [UnexpectedInstructionReply](error::Error::UnexpectedInstructionReply).
+    /// - Invalid JSON.
+    async fn downgrade_region(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut Context,
+        downgrade_instruction: &Instruction,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let pc = &ctx.persistent_ctx;
+        let region_id = pc.region_id;
+        let leader = &pc.from_peer;
+
+        let msg = MailboxMessage::json_message(
+            &format!("Downgrade leader region: {}", region_id),
+            &format!("Meta@{}", ctx.server_addr()),
+            &format!("Datanode-{}@{}", leader.id, leader.addr),
+            common_time::util::current_time_millis(),
+            downgrade_instruction,
+        )
+        .with_context(|_| error::SerializeToJsonSnafu {
+            input: downgrade_instruction.to_string(),
+        })?;
+
+        let ch = Channel::Datanode(leader.id);
+        let receiver = ctx
+            .mailbox
+            .send(&ch, msg, DOWNGRADE_LEADER_REGION_TIMEOUT)
+            .await?;
+
+        match receiver.await? {
+            Ok(msg) => {
+                let reply = HeartbeatMailbox::json_reply(&msg)?;
+                let InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegionReply {
+                    last_entry_id,
+                    exists,
+                    error,
+                }) = reply
+                else {
+                    return error::UnexpectedInstructionReplySnafu {
+                        mailbox_message: msg.to_string(),
+                        reason: "expect downgrade region reply",
+                    }
+                    .fail();
+                };
+
+                if error.is_some() {
+                    return error::RetryLaterSnafu {
+                        reason: format!(
+                            "Failed to downgrade the region {} on Datanode {:?}, error: {:?}",
+                            region_id, leader, error
+                        ),
+                    }
+                    .fail();
+                }
+
+                if !exists {
+                    warn!(
+                        "Trying to downgrade the region {} on Datanode {}, but region doesn't exist!",
+                        region_id, leader
+                    );
+                }
+
+                if let Some(last_entry_id) = last_entry_id {
+                    ctx.volatile_ctx.set_last_entry_id(last_entry_id);
+                }
+
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Err(error::Error::MailboxTimeout { .. }) => {
+                let reason = format!(
+                    "Mailbox received timeout for downgrade leader region {region_id} on datanode {:?}", 
+                    leader,
+                );
+                error::RetryLaterSnafu { reason }.fail()
+            }
+            Err(err) => Err(err),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Downgrades a leader region.
+    ///
+    /// Fast path:
+    /// - Waits for the reply of downgrade instruction.
+    ///
+    /// Slow path:
+    /// - Waits for the lease of the leader region expired.
+    async fn downgrade_region_with_retry(&self, ctx: &mut Context) {
+        let instruction = self.build_downgrade_region_instruction(ctx);
+
+        let mut retry = 0;
+
+        loop {
+            if let Err(err) = self.downgrade_region(ctx, &instruction).await {
+                retry += 1;
+                if err.is_retryable() && retry < self.optimistic_retry {
+                    warn!("Failed to downgrade region, error: {err:?}, retry later");
+                    sleep(self.retry_initial_interval).await;
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Resets the deadline.
+                ctx.volatile_ctx.reset_leader_region_lease_deadline();
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
+
+    use api::v1::meta::mailbox_message::Payload;
+    use common_meta::peer::Peer;
+    use common_time::util::current_time_millis;
+    use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+    use tokio::time::Instant;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::error::Error;
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::{
+        new_close_region_reply, send_mock_reply, TestingEnv,
+    };
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::{ContextFactory, PersistentContext};
+
+    fn new_persistent_context() -> PersistentContext {
+        PersistentContext {
+            from_peer: Peer::empty(1),
+            to_peer: Peer::empty(2),
+            region_id: RegionId::new(1024, 1),
+            cluster_id: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn new_downgrade_region_reply(
+        id: u64,
+        last_entry_id: Option<u64>,
+        exist: bool,
+        error: Option<String>,
+    ) -> MailboxMessage {
+        MailboxMessage {
+            id,
+            subject: "mock".to_string(),
+            from: "datanode".to_string(),
+            to: "meta".to_string(),
+            timestamp_millis: current_time_millis(),
+            payload: Some(Payload::Json(
+                serde_json::to_string(&InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegionReply {
+                    last_entry_id,
+                    exists: exist,
+                    error,
+                }))
+                .unwrap(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_datanode_is_unreachable() {
+        let state = DowngradeLeaderRegion::default();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+
+        let instruction = &state.build_downgrade_region_instruction(&ctx);
+        let err = state
+            .downgrade_region(&mut ctx, instruction)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::PusherNotFound { .. });
+        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_pusher_dropped() {
+        let state = DowngradeLeaderRegion::default();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let from_peer_id = persistent_context.from_peer.id;
+
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
+
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(from_peer_id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        drop(rx);
+
+        let instruction = &state.build_downgrade_region_instruction(&ctx);
+        let err = state
+            .downgrade_region(&mut ctx, instruction)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::PushMessage { .. });
+        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_unexpected_instruction_reply() {
+        let state = DowngradeLeaderRegion::default();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let from_peer_id = persistent_context.from_peer.id;
+
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(from_peer_id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        // Sends an incorrect reply.
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| Ok(new_close_region_reply(id)));
+
+        let instruction = &state.build_downgrade_region_instruction(&ctx);
+        let err = state
+            .downgrade_region(&mut ctx, instruction)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::UnexpectedInstructionReply { .. });
+        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_instruction_exceeded_deadline() {
+        let state = DowngradeLeaderRegion::default();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let from_peer_id = persistent_context.from_peer.id;
+
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(from_peer_id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| {
+            Err(error::MailboxTimeoutSnafu { id }.build())
+        });
+
+        let instruction = &state.build_downgrade_region_instruction(&ctx);
+        let err = state
+            .downgrade_region(&mut ctx, instruction)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::RetryLater { .. });
+        assert!(err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_downgrade_region_failed() {
+        let state = DowngradeLeaderRegion::default();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let from_peer_id = persistent_context.from_peer.id;
+
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(from_peer_id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| {
+            Ok(new_downgrade_region_reply(
+                id,
+                None,
+                false,
+                Some("test mocked".to_string()),
+            ))
+        });
+
+        let instruction = &state.build_downgrade_region_instruction(&ctx);
+        let err = state
+            .downgrade_region(&mut ctx, instruction)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::RetryLater { .. });
+        assert!(err.is_retryable());
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("test mocked"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_downgrade_region_with_retry_fast_path() {
+        let state = DowngradeLeaderRegion::default();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let from_peer_id = persistent_context.from_peer.id;
+
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+
+        let (tx, mut rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(from_peer_id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        common_runtime::spawn_bg(async move {
+            // retry: 0.
+            let resp = rx.recv().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+            let reply_id = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap().id;
+            mailbox
+                .on_recv(
+                    reply_id,
+                    Err(error::MailboxTimeoutSnafu { id: reply_id }.build()),
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+
+            // retry: 1.
+            let resp = rx.recv().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+            let reply_id = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap().id;
+            mailbox
+                .on_recv(
+                    reply_id,
+                    Ok(new_downgrade_region_reply(reply_id, Some(1), true, None)),
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+        });
+
+        state.downgrade_region_with_retry(&mut ctx).await;
+        assert_eq!(ctx.volatile_ctx.leader_region_last_entry_id, Some(1));
+        assert!(ctx.volatile_ctx.leader_region_lease_deadline.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_downgrade_region_with_retry_slow_path() {
+        let state = DowngradeLeaderRegion {
+            optimistic_retry: 3,
+            retry_initial_interval: Duration::from_millis(100),
+        };
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let from_peer_id = persistent_context.from_peer.id;
+
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+
+        let (tx, mut rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(from_peer_id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        common_runtime::spawn_bg(async move {
+            for _ in 0..3 {
+                let resp = rx.recv().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+                let reply_id = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap().id;
+                mailbox
+                    .on_recv(
+                        reply_id,
+                        Err(error::MailboxTimeoutSnafu { id: reply_id }.build()),
+                    )
+                    .await
+                    .unwrap();
+            }
+        });
+
+        ctx.volatile_ctx
+            .set_leader_region_lease_deadline(Duration::from_secs(5));
+        let expected_deadline = ctx.volatile_ctx.leader_region_lease_deadline.unwrap();
+        state.downgrade_region_with_retry(&mut ctx).await;
+        assert_eq!(ctx.volatile_ctx.leader_region_last_entry_id, None);
+        // Should remain no change.
+        assert_eq!(
+            ctx.volatile_ctx.leader_region_lease_deadline.unwrap(),
+            expected_deadline
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_next_upgrade_candidate_state() {
+        let mut state = Box::<DowngradeLeaderRegion>::default();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let from_peer_id = persistent_context.from_peer.id;
+
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(from_peer_id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| {
+            Ok(new_downgrade_region_reply(id, Some(1), true, None))
+        });
+
+        let timer = Instant::now();
+        let next = state.next(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+        let elapsed = timer.elapsed().as_secs();
+        assert!(elapsed < REGION_LEASE_SECS / 2);
+        assert_eq!(ctx.volatile_ctx.leader_region_last_entry_id, Some(1));
+        assert!(ctx.volatile_ctx.leader_region_lease_deadline.is_none());
+
+        let _ = next
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<UpgradeCandidateRegion>()
+            .unwrap();
+    }
+}
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/migration_abort.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/migration_abort.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::any::Any;
+
+use common_procedure::Status;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::error::{self, Result};
+use crate::procedure::region_migration::{Context, State};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct RegionMigrationAbort {
+    reason: String,
+}
+
+impl RegionMigrationAbort {
+    /// Returns the [RegionMigrationAbort] with `reason`.
+    pub fn new(reason: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            reason: reason.to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+#[typetag::serde]
+impl State for RegionMigrationAbort {
+    async fn next(&mut self, _: &mut Context) -> Result<Box<dyn State>> {
+        error::MigrationAbortSnafu {
+            reason: &self.reason,
+        }
+        .fail()
+    }
+
+    fn status(&self) -> Status {
+        Status::Done
+    }
+
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
+        self
+    }
+}
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/migration_start.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/migration_start.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl State for RegionMigrationStart {
        if self.check_leader_region_on_peer(&region_route, to_peer)? {
            Ok(Box::new(RegionMigrationEnd))
        } else if self.check_candidate_region_on_peer(&region_route, to_peer) {
-            Ok(Box::new(DowngradeLeaderRegion))
+            Ok(Box::<DowngradeLeaderRegion>::default())
        } else {
            Ok(Box::new(OpenCandidateRegion))
        }
@@ -137,16 +137,11 @@ mod tests {

    use super::*;
    use crate::error::Error;
-    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::TestingEnv;
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::{self, TestingEnv};
    use crate::procedure::region_migration::{ContextFactory, PersistentContext};

    fn new_persistent_context() -> PersistentContext {
-        PersistentContext {
-            from_peer: Peer::empty(1),
-            to_peer: Peer::empty(2),
-            region_id: RegionId::new(1024, 1),
-            cluster_id: 0,
-        }
+        test_util::new_persistent_context(1, 2, RegionId::new(1024, 1))
    }

    #[tokio::test]
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/open_candidate_region.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/open_candidate_region.rs
@@ -18,10 +18,11 @@ use std::time::Duration;

 use api::v1::meta::MailboxMessage;
 use common_meta::ddl::utils::region_storage_path;
+use common_meta::distributed_time_constants::MAILBOX_RTT_SECS;
 use common_meta::instruction::{Instruction, InstructionReply, OpenRegion, SimpleReply};
 use common_meta::RegionIdent;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use snafu::{location, Location, OptionExt, ResultExt};
+use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};

 use crate::error::{self, Result};
 use crate::handler::HeartbeatMailbox;
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ use crate::procedure::region_migration::downgrade_leader_region::DowngradeLeader
 use crate::procedure::region_migration::{Context, State};
 use crate::service::mailbox::Channel;

-const OPEN_CANDIDATE_REGION_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(1);
+const OPEN_CANDIDATE_REGION_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(MAILBOX_RTT_SECS);

 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct OpenCandidateRegion;
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ impl State for OpenCandidateRegion {
        let instruction = self.build_open_region_instruction(ctx).await?;
        self.open_candidate_region(ctx, instruction).await?;

-        Ok(Box::new(DowngradeLeaderRegion))
+        Ok(Box::<DowngradeLeaderRegion>::default())
    }

    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
@@ -54,38 +55,28 @@ impl OpenCandidateRegion {
    ///
    /// Abort(non-retry):
    /// - Table Info is not found.
-    async fn build_open_region_instruction(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Result<Instruction> {
+    async fn build_open_region_instruction(&self, ctx: &mut Context) -> Result<Instruction> {
        let pc = &ctx.persistent_ctx;
        let cluster_id = pc.cluster_id;
        let table_id = pc.region_id.table_id();
        let region_number = pc.region_id.region_number();
-        let candidate = &pc.to_peer;
-        let table_info = ctx
-            .table_metadata_manager
-            .table_info_manager()
-            .get(table_id)
-            .await
-            .context(error::TableMetadataManagerSnafu)
-            .map_err(|e| error::Error::RetryLater {
-                reason: e.to_string(),
-                location: location!(),
-            })?
-            .context(error::TableInfoNotFoundSnafu { table_id })?
-            .into_inner()
-            .table_info;
+        let candidate_id = pc.to_peer.id;
+
+        let table_info_value = ctx.get_table_info_value().await?;
+        let table_info = &table_info_value.table_info;

        // The region storage path is immutable after the region is created.
        // Therefore, it's safe to store it in `VolatileContext` for future use.
        let region_storage_path =
            region_storage_path(&table_info.catalog_name, &table_info.schema_name);

-        let engine = table_info.meta.engine;
+        let engine = table_info.meta.engine.clone();
        let region_options: HashMap<String, String> = (&table_info.meta.options).into();

        let open_instruction = Instruction::OpenRegion(OpenRegion::new(
            RegionIdent {
                cluster_id,
-                datanode_id: candidate.id,
+                datanode_id: candidate_id,
                table_id,
                region_number,
                engine,
@@ -162,7 +153,7 @@ impl OpenCandidateRegion {
                } else {
                    error::RetryLaterSnafu {
                        reason: format!(
-                            "Region {region_id} is not opened by Datanode {:?}, error: {error:?}",
+                            "Region {region_id} is not opened by datanode {:?}, error: {error:?}",
                            candidate,
                        ),
                    }
@@ -171,7 +162,7 @@ impl OpenCandidateRegion {
            }
            Err(error::Error::MailboxTimeout { .. }) => {
                let reason = format!(
-                    "Mailbox received timeout for open candidate region {region_id} on Datanode {:?}", 
+                    "Mailbox received timeout for open candidate region {region_id} on datanode {:?}", 
                    candidate,
                );
                error::RetryLaterSnafu { reason }.fail()
@@ -197,16 +188,13 @@ mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::error::Error;
    use crate::procedure::region_migration::downgrade_leader_region::DowngradeLeaderRegion;
-    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::TestingEnv;
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::{
+        self, new_close_region_reply, send_mock_reply, TestingEnv,
+    };
    use crate::procedure::region_migration::{ContextFactory, PersistentContext};

    fn new_persistent_context() -> PersistentContext {
-        PersistentContext {
-            from_peer: Peer::empty(1),
-            to_peer: Peer::empty(2),
-            region_id: RegionId::new(1024, 1),
-            cluster_id: 0,
-        }
+        test_util::new_persistent_context(1, 2, RegionId::new(1024, 1))
    }

    fn new_mock_open_instruction(datanode_id: DatanodeId, region_id: RegionId) -> Instruction {
@@ -223,23 +211,6 @@ mod tests {
        })
    }

-    fn new_close_region_reply(id: u64) -> MailboxMessage {
-        MailboxMessage {
-            id,
-            subject: "mock".to_string(),
-            from: "datanode".to_string(),
-            to: "meta".to_string(),
-            timestamp_millis: current_time_millis(),
-            payload: Some(Payload::Json(
-                serde_json::to_string(&InstructionReply::CloseRegion(SimpleReply {
-                    result: false,
-                    error: None,
-                }))
-                .unwrap(),
-            )),
-        }
-    }
-
    fn new_open_region_reply(id: u64, result: bool, error: Option<String>) -> MailboxMessage {
        MailboxMessage {
            id,
@@ -259,9 +230,12 @@ mod tests {
        let state = OpenCandidateRegion;
        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
        let env = TestingEnv::new();
-        let ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);

-        let err = state.build_open_region_instruction(&ctx).await.unwrap_err();
+        let err = state
+            .build_open_region_instruction(&mut ctx)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();

        assert_matches!(err, Error::TableInfoNotFound { .. });
        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
@@ -328,21 +302,14 @@ mod tests {
        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();

-        let (tx, mut rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);

        mailbox_ctx
-            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(to_peer_id, tx)
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(to_peer_id), tx)
            .await;

        // Sends an incorrect reply.
-        common_runtime::spawn_bg(async move {
-            let resp = rx.recv().await.unwrap().unwrap();
-            let reply_id = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap().id;
-            mailbox
-                .on_recv(reply_id, Ok(new_close_region_reply(reply_id)))
-                .await
-                .unwrap();
-        });
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| Ok(new_close_region_reply(id)));

        let open_instruction = new_mock_open_instruction(to_peer_id, region_id);
        let err = state
@@ -368,23 +335,15 @@ mod tests {
        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();

-        let (tx, mut rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);

        mailbox_ctx
-            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(to_peer_id, tx)
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(to_peer_id), tx)
            .await;

        // Sends an timeout error.
-        common_runtime::spawn_bg(async move {
-            let resp = rx.recv().await.unwrap().unwrap();
-            let reply_id = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap().id;
-            mailbox
-                .on_recv(
-                    reply_id,
-                    Err(error::MailboxTimeoutSnafu { id: reply_id }.build()),
-                )
-                .await
-                .unwrap();
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| {
+            Err(error::MailboxTimeoutSnafu { id }.build())
        });

        let open_instruction = new_mock_open_instruction(to_peer_id, region_id);
@@ -411,26 +370,18 @@ mod tests {
        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();

-        let (tx, mut rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);

        mailbox_ctx
-            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(to_peer_id, tx)
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(to_peer_id), tx)
            .await;

-        common_runtime::spawn_bg(async move {
-            let resp = rx.recv().await.unwrap().unwrap();
-            let reply_id = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap().id;
-            mailbox
-                .on_recv(
-                    reply_id,
-                    Ok(new_open_region_reply(
-                        reply_id,
-                        false,
-                        Some("test mocked".to_string()),
-                    )),
-                )
-                .await
-                .unwrap();
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| {
+            Ok(new_open_region_reply(
+                id,
+                false,
+                Some("test mocked".to_string()),
+            ))
        });

        let open_instruction = new_mock_open_instruction(to_peer_id, region_id);
@@ -471,20 +422,13 @@ mod tests {
        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();

-        let (tx, mut rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);

        mailbox_ctx
-            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(to_peer_id, tx)
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(to_peer_id), tx)
            .await;

-        common_runtime::spawn_bg(async move {
-            let resp = rx.recv().await.unwrap().unwrap();
-            let reply_id = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap().id;
-            mailbox
-                .on_recv(reply_id, Ok(new_open_region_reply(reply_id, true, None)))
-                .await
-                .unwrap();
-        });
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| Ok(new_open_region_reply(id, true, None)));

        let next = state.next(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
        let vc = ctx.volatile_ctx;
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/test_util.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/test_util.rs
@@ -14,20 +14,28 @@

 use std::sync::Arc;

-use api::v1::meta::{HeartbeatResponse, RequestHeader};
+use api::v1::meta::mailbox_message::Payload;
+use api::v1::meta::{HeartbeatResponse, MailboxMessage, RequestHeader};
+use common_meta::instruction::{InstructionReply, SimpleReply};
 use common_meta::key::{TableMetadataManager, TableMetadataManagerRef};
 use common_meta::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
+use common_meta::peer::Peer;
 use common_meta::sequence::Sequence;
-use common_meta::DatanodeId;
 use common_procedure::{Context as ProcedureContext, ProcedureId};
 use common_procedure_test::MockContextProvider;
-use tokio::sync::mpsc::Sender;
+use common_time::util::current_time_millis;
+use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+use tokio::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, Sender};

 use super::ContextFactoryImpl;
+use crate::error::Result;
 use crate::handler::{HeartbeatMailbox, Pusher, Pushers};
+use crate::procedure::region_migration::PersistentContext;
 use crate::region::lease_keeper::{OpeningRegionKeeper, OpeningRegionKeeperRef};
 use crate::service::mailbox::{Channel, MailboxRef};

+pub type MockHeartbeatReceiver = Receiver<std::result::Result<HeartbeatResponse, tonic::Status>>;
+
 /// The context of mailbox.
 pub struct MailboxContext {
    mailbox: MailboxRef,
@@ -46,10 +54,10 @@ impl MailboxContext {
    /// Inserts a pusher for `datanode_id`
    pub async fn insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(
        &mut self,
-        datanode_id: DatanodeId,
+        channel: Channel,
        tx: Sender<std::result::Result<HeartbeatResponse, tonic::Status>>,
    ) {
-        let pusher_id = Channel::Datanode(datanode_id).pusher_id();
+        let pusher_id = channel.pusher_id();
        let pusher = Pusher::new(tx, &RequestHeader::default());
        let _ = self.pushers.insert(pusher_id, pusher).await;
    }
@@ -120,3 +128,44 @@ impl TestingEnv {
        }
    }
 }
+
+/// Generates a [InstructionReply::CloseRegion] reply.
+pub fn new_close_region_reply(id: u64) -> MailboxMessage {
+    MailboxMessage {
+        id,
+        subject: "mock".to_string(),
+        from: "datanode".to_string(),
+        to: "meta".to_string(),
+        timestamp_millis: current_time_millis(),
+        payload: Some(Payload::Json(
+            serde_json::to_string(&InstructionReply::CloseRegion(SimpleReply {
+                result: false,
+                error: None,
+            }))
+            .unwrap(),
+        )),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Sends a mock reply.
+pub fn send_mock_reply(
+    mailbox: MailboxRef,
+    mut rx: MockHeartbeatReceiver,
+    msg: impl FnOnce(u64) -> Result<MailboxMessage> + Send + 'static,
+) {
+    common_runtime::spawn_bg(async move {
+        let resp = rx.recv().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        let reply_id = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap().id;
+        mailbox.on_recv(reply_id, msg(reply_id)).await.unwrap();
+    });
+}
+
+/// Generates a [PersistentContext].
+pub fn new_persistent_context(from: u64, to: u64, region_id: RegionId) -> PersistentContext {
+    PersistentContext {
+        from_peer: Peer::empty(from),
+        to_peer: Peer::empty(to),
+        region_id,
+        cluster_id: 0,
+    }
+}
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/update_metadata.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/update_metadata.rs
@@ -12,20 +12,30 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+pub(crate) mod downgrade_leader_region;
+pub(crate) mod rollback_downgraded_region;
+pub(crate) mod upgrade_candidate_region;
+
 use std::any::Any;

-use common_meta::rpc::router::RegionStatus;
+use common_telemetry::warn;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use snafu::ResultExt;

-use crate::error::{self, Result};
+use super::migration_abort::RegionMigrationAbort;
+use super::migration_end::RegionMigrationEnd;
+use crate::error::Result;
 use crate::procedure::region_migration::downgrade_leader_region::DowngradeLeaderRegion;
 use crate::procedure::region_migration::{Context, State};

 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(tag = "UpdateMetadata")]
 pub enum UpdateMetadata {
+    /// Downgrades the leader region.
    Downgrade,
+    /// Upgrades the candidate region.
+    Upgrade,
+    /// Rolls back the downgraded region.
+    Rollback,
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
@@ -36,7 +46,25 @@ impl State for UpdateMetadata {
            UpdateMetadata::Downgrade => {
                self.downgrade_leader_region(ctx).await?;

-                Ok(Box::new(DowngradeLeaderRegion))
+                Ok(Box::<DowngradeLeaderRegion>::default())
+            }
+            UpdateMetadata::Upgrade => {
+                self.upgrade_candidate_region(ctx).await?;
+
+                if let Err(err) = ctx.invalidate_table_cache().await {
+                    warn!("Failed to broadcast the invalidate table cache message during the upgrade candidate, error: {err:?}");
+                };
+                Ok(Box::new(RegionMigrationEnd))
+            }
+            UpdateMetadata::Rollback => {
+                self.rollback_downgraded_region(ctx).await?;
+
+                if let Err(err) = ctx.invalidate_table_cache().await {
+                    warn!("Failed to broadcast the invalidate table cache message during the rollback, error: {err:?}");
+                };
+                Ok(Box::new(RegionMigrationAbort::new(
+                    "Failed to upgrade the candidate region.",
+                )))
            }
        }
    }
@@ -45,195 +73,3 @@ impl State for UpdateMetadata {
        self
    }
 }
-
-impl UpdateMetadata {
-    /// Downgrades the leader region.
-    ///
-    /// Abort(non-retry):
-    /// - TableRoute is not found.
-    ///
-    /// Retry:
-    /// - Failed to update [TableRouteValue](common_meta::key::table_region::TableRegionValue).
-    /// - Failed to retrieve the metadata of table.
-    ///
-    /// About the failure of updating the [TableRouteValue](common_meta::key::table_region::TableRegionValue):
-    ///
-    /// - There may be another [RegionMigrationProcedure](crate::procedure::region_migration::RegionMigrationProcedure)
-    /// that is executed concurrently for **other region**.
-    /// It will only update **other region** info. Therefore, It's safe to retry after failure.
-    ///
-    /// - There is no other DDL procedure executed concurrently for the current table.
-    async fn downgrade_leader_region(&self, ctx: &mut Context) -> Result<()> {
-        let table_metadata_manager = ctx.table_metadata_manager.clone();
-        let region_id = ctx.region_id();
-        let table_id = region_id.table_id();
-        let current_table_route_value = ctx.get_table_route_value().await?;
-
-        if let Err(err) = table_metadata_manager
-            .update_leader_region_status(table_id, current_table_route_value, |route| {
-                if route.region.id == region_id {
-                    Some(Some(RegionStatus::Downgraded))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            })
-            .await
-            .context(error::TableMetadataManagerSnafu)
-        {
-            debug_assert!(ctx.remove_table_route_value());
-            return error::RetryLaterSnafu {
-                reason: format!("Failed to update the table route during the downgrading leader region, error: {err}")
-            }.fail();
-        }
-
-        debug_assert!(ctx.remove_table_route_value());
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
-
-    use common_meta::key::test_utils::new_test_table_info;
-    use common_meta::peer::Peer;
-    use common_meta::rpc::router::{Region, RegionRoute};
-    use store_api::storage::RegionId;
-
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::error::Error;
-    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::TestingEnv;
-    use crate::procedure::region_migration::{ContextFactory, PersistentContext};
-
-    fn new_persistent_context() -> PersistentContext {
-        PersistentContext {
-            from_peer: Peer::empty(1),
-            to_peer: Peer::empty(2),
-            region_id: RegionId::new(1024, 1),
-            cluster_id: 0,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_state_serialization() {
-        let state = UpdateMetadata::Downgrade;
-        let expected = r#"{"UpdateMetadata":"Downgrade"}"#;
-        assert_eq!(expected, serde_json::to_string(&state).unwrap());
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_table_route_is_not_found_error() {
-        let state = UpdateMetadata::Downgrade;
-        let env = TestingEnv::new();
-        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
-        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
-
-        let err = state.downgrade_leader_region(&mut ctx).await.unwrap_err();
-
-        assert_matches!(err, Error::TableRouteNotFound { .. });
-
-        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_failed_to_update_table_route_error() {
-        let state = UpdateMetadata::Downgrade;
-        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
-        let from_peer = persistent_context.from_peer.clone();
-
-        let env = TestingEnv::new();
-        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
-        let table_id = ctx.region_id().table_id();
-
-        let table_info = new_test_table_info(1024, vec![1, 2]).into();
-        let region_routes = vec![
-            RegionRoute {
-                region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(1024, 1)),
-                leader_peer: Some(from_peer.clone()),
-                ..Default::default()
-            },
-            RegionRoute {
-                region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(1024, 2)),
-                leader_peer: Some(Peer::empty(4)),
-                ..Default::default()
-            },
-        ];
-
-        let table_metadata_manager = env.table_metadata_manager();
-        table_metadata_manager
-            .create_table_metadata(table_info, region_routes)
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-
-        let original_table_route = table_metadata_manager
-            .table_route_manager()
-            .get(table_id)
-            .await
-            .unwrap()
-            .unwrap();
-
-        // modifies the table route.
-        table_metadata_manager
-            .update_leader_region_status(table_id, &original_table_route, |route| {
-                if route.region.id == RegionId::new(1024, 2) {
-                    Some(Some(RegionStatus::Downgraded))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            })
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-
-        // sets the old table route.
-        ctx.volatile_ctx.table_route_info = Some(original_table_route);
-
-        let err = state.downgrade_leader_region(&mut ctx).await.unwrap_err();
-
-        assert_matches!(err, Error::RetryLater { .. });
-
-        assert!(err.is_retryable());
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains("Failed to update the table route"));
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_next_downgrade_leader_region_state() {
-        let mut state = Box::new(UpdateMetadata::Downgrade);
-        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
-        let from_peer = persistent_context.from_peer.clone();
-
-        let env = TestingEnv::new();
-        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
-        let table_id = ctx.region_id().table_id();
-
-        let table_info = new_test_table_info(1024, vec![1, 2]).into();
-        let region_routes = vec![RegionRoute {
-            region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(1024, 1)),
-            leader_peer: Some(from_peer.clone()),
-            ..Default::default()
-        }];
-
-        let table_metadata_manager = env.table_metadata_manager();
-        table_metadata_manager
-            .create_table_metadata(table_info, region_routes)
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-
-        let next = state.next(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
-
-        let _ = next
-            .as_any()
-            .downcast_ref::<DowngradeLeaderRegion>()
-            .unwrap();
-
-        let latest_table_route = table_metadata_manager
-            .table_route_manager()
-            .get(table_id)
-            .await
-            .unwrap()
-            .unwrap();
-
-        assert!(latest_table_route.region_routes[0].is_leader_downgraded());
-        assert!(ctx.volatile_ctx.table_route_info.is_none());
-    }
-}
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/update_metadata/downgrade_leader_region.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/update_metadata/downgrade_leader_region.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use common_meta::rpc::router::RegionStatus;
+use snafu::ResultExt;
+
+use crate::error::{self, Result};
+use crate::procedure::region_migration::update_metadata::UpdateMetadata;
+use crate::procedure::region_migration::Context;
+
+impl UpdateMetadata {
+    /// Downgrades the leader region.
+    ///
+    /// Abort(non-retry):
+    /// - TableRoute is not found.
+    ///
+    /// Retry:
+    /// - Failed to update [TableRouteValue](common_meta::key::table_region::TableRegionValue).
+    /// - Failed to retrieve the metadata of table.
+    ///
+    /// About the failure of updating the [TableRouteValue](common_meta::key::table_region::TableRegionValue):
+    ///
+    /// - There may be another [RegionMigrationProcedure](crate::procedure::region_migration::RegionMigrationProcedure)
+    /// that is executed concurrently for **other region**.
+    /// It will only update **other region** info. Therefore, It's safe to retry after failure.
+    ///
+    /// - There is no other DDL procedure executed concurrently for the current table.
+    pub async fn downgrade_leader_region(&self, ctx: &mut Context) -> Result<()> {
+        let table_metadata_manager = ctx.table_metadata_manager.clone();
+        let region_id = ctx.region_id();
+        let table_id = region_id.table_id();
+        let current_table_route_value = ctx.get_table_route_value().await?;
+
+        if let Err(err) = table_metadata_manager
+            .update_leader_region_status(table_id, current_table_route_value, |route| {
+                if route.region.id == region_id {
+                    Some(Some(RegionStatus::Downgraded))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .await
+            .context(error::TableMetadataManagerSnafu)
+        {
+            debug_assert!(ctx.remove_table_route_value());
+            return error::RetryLaterSnafu {
+                reason: format!("Failed to update the table route during the downgrading leader region, error: {err}")
+            }.fail();
+        }
+
+        debug_assert!(ctx.remove_table_route_value());
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
+
+    use common_meta::key::test_utils::new_test_table_info;
+    use common_meta::peer::Peer;
+    use common_meta::rpc::router::{Region, RegionRoute, RegionStatus};
+    use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+
+    use crate::error::Error;
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::downgrade_leader_region::DowngradeLeaderRegion;
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::{self, TestingEnv};
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::update_metadata::UpdateMetadata;
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::{ContextFactory, PersistentContext, State};
+
+    fn new_persistent_context() -> PersistentContext {
+        test_util::new_persistent_context(1, 2, RegionId::new(1024, 1))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_state_serialization() {
+        let state = UpdateMetadata::Downgrade;
+        let expected = r#"{"UpdateMetadata":"Downgrade"}"#;
+        assert_eq!(expected, serde_json::to_string(&state).unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_table_route_is_not_found_error() {
+        let state = UpdateMetadata::Downgrade;
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+
+        let err = state.downgrade_leader_region(&mut ctx).await.unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::TableRouteNotFound { .. });
+
+        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_failed_to_update_table_route_error() {
+        let state = UpdateMetadata::Downgrade;
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let from_peer = persistent_context.from_peer.clone();
+
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let table_id = ctx.region_id().table_id();
+
+        let table_info = new_test_table_info(1024, vec![1, 2]).into();
+        let region_routes = vec![
+            RegionRoute {
+                region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(1024, 1)),
+                leader_peer: Some(from_peer.clone()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            RegionRoute {
+                region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(1024, 2)),
+                leader_peer: Some(Peer::empty(4)),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        ];
+
+        let table_metadata_manager = env.table_metadata_manager();
+        table_metadata_manager
+            .create_table_metadata(table_info, region_routes)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let original_table_route = table_metadata_manager
+            .table_route_manager()
+            .get(table_id)
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // modifies the table route.
+        table_metadata_manager
+            .update_leader_region_status(table_id, &original_table_route, |route| {
+                if route.region.id == RegionId::new(1024, 2) {
+                    Some(Some(RegionStatus::Downgraded))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // sets the old table route.
+        ctx.volatile_ctx.table_route = Some(original_table_route);
+
+        let err = state.downgrade_leader_region(&mut ctx).await.unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(ctx.volatile_ctx.table_route.is_none());
+
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::RetryLater { .. });
+
+        assert!(err.is_retryable());
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("Failed to update the table route"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_next_downgrade_leader_region_state() {
+        let mut state = Box::new(UpdateMetadata::Downgrade);
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let from_peer = persistent_context.from_peer.clone();
+
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let table_id = ctx.region_id().table_id();
+
+        let table_info = new_test_table_info(1024, vec![1, 2]).into();
+        let region_routes = vec![RegionRoute {
+            region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(1024, 1)),
+            leader_peer: Some(from_peer.clone()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }];
+
+        let table_metadata_manager = env.table_metadata_manager();
+        table_metadata_manager
+            .create_table_metadata(table_info, region_routes)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let next = state.next(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+
+        let _ = next
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<DowngradeLeaderRegion>()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let latest_table_route = table_metadata_manager
+            .table_route_manager()
+            .get(table_id)
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(latest_table_route.region_routes[0].is_leader_downgraded());
+        assert!(ctx.volatile_ctx.table_route.is_none());
+    }
+}
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/update_metadata/rollback_downgraded_region.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/update_metadata/rollback_downgraded_region.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use snafu::ResultExt;
+
+use crate::error::{self, Result};
+use crate::procedure::region_migration::update_metadata::UpdateMetadata;
+use crate::procedure::region_migration::Context;
+
+impl UpdateMetadata {
+    /// Rollbacks the downgraded leader region if the candidate region is unreachable.
+    ///
+    /// Abort(non-retry):
+    /// - TableRoute is not found.
+    ///
+    /// Retry:
+    /// - Failed to update [TableRouteValue](common_meta::key::table_region::TableRegionValue).
+    /// - Failed to retrieve the metadata of table.
+    pub async fn rollback_downgraded_region(&self, ctx: &mut Context) -> Result<()> {
+        let table_metadata_manager = ctx.table_metadata_manager.clone();
+        let region_id = ctx.region_id();
+        let table_id = region_id.table_id();
+        let current_table_route_value = ctx.get_table_route_value().await?;
+
+        if let Err(err) = table_metadata_manager
+            .update_leader_region_status(table_id, current_table_route_value, |route| {
+                if route.region.id == region_id {
+                    Some(None)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .await
+            .context(error::TableMetadataManagerSnafu)
+        {
+            debug_assert!(ctx.remove_table_route_value());
+            return error::RetryLaterSnafu {
+                reason: format!("Failed to update the table route during the rollback downgraded leader region, error: {err}")
+            }.fail();
+        }
+
+        debug_assert!(ctx.remove_table_route_value());
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
+
+    use common_meta::key::test_utils::new_test_table_info;
+    use common_meta::peer::Peer;
+    use common_meta::rpc::router::{Region, RegionRoute, RegionStatus};
+    use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+
+    use crate::error::Error;
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::migration_abort::RegionMigrationAbort;
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::{self, TestingEnv};
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::update_metadata::UpdateMetadata;
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::{ContextFactory, PersistentContext, State};
+
+    fn new_persistent_context() -> PersistentContext {
+        test_util::new_persistent_context(1, 2, RegionId::new(1024, 1))
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_table_route_is_not_found_error() {
+        let state = UpdateMetadata::Rollback;
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+
+        let err = state.downgrade_leader_region(&mut ctx).await.unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::TableRouteNotFound { .. });
+
+        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_update_table_route_with_retry() {
+        let state = UpdateMetadata::Rollback;
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let from_peer = persistent_context.from_peer.clone();
+
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let table_id = ctx.region_id().table_id();
+
+        let table_info = new_test_table_info(1024, vec![1, 2, 3]).into();
+        let region_routes = vec![
+            RegionRoute {
+                region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(1024, 1)),
+                leader_peer: Some(from_peer.clone()),
+                leader_status: Some(RegionStatus::Downgraded),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            RegionRoute {
+                region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(1024, 2)),
+                leader_peer: Some(Peer::empty(4)),
+                leader_status: Some(RegionStatus::Downgraded),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            RegionRoute {
+                region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(1024, 3)),
+                leader_peer: Some(Peer::empty(5)),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        ];
+
+        let expected_region_routes = {
+            let mut region_routes = region_routes.clone();
+            region_routes[0].leader_status = None;
+            region_routes[1].leader_status = None;
+            region_routes
+        };
+
+        let table_metadata_manager = env.table_metadata_manager();
+        table_metadata_manager
+            .create_table_metadata(table_info, region_routes)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let old_table_route = table_metadata_manager
+            .table_route_manager()
+            .get(table_id)
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // modifies the table route.
+        table_metadata_manager
+            .update_leader_region_status(table_id, &old_table_route, |route| {
+                if route.region.id == RegionId::new(1024, 2) {
+                    Some(None)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        ctx.volatile_ctx.table_route = Some(old_table_route);
+
+        let err = state
+            .rollback_downgraded_region(&mut ctx)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(ctx.volatile_ctx.table_route.is_none());
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::RetryLater { .. });
+        assert!(err.is_retryable());
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("Failed to update the table route"));
+
+        state.rollback_downgraded_region(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+
+        let region_routes = table_metadata_manager
+            .table_route_manager()
+            .get(table_id)
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+            .unwrap()
+            .into_inner()
+            .region_routes;
+        assert_eq!(expected_region_routes, region_routes);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_next_migration_end_state() {
+        let mut state = Box::new(UpdateMetadata::Rollback);
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let from_peer = persistent_context.from_peer.clone();
+
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let table_id = ctx.region_id().table_id();
+
+        let table_info = new_test_table_info(1024, vec![1, 2, 3]).into();
+        let region_routes = vec![
+            RegionRoute {
+                region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(1024, 1)),
+                leader_peer: Some(from_peer.clone()),
+                leader_status: Some(RegionStatus::Downgraded),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            RegionRoute {
+                region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(1024, 2)),
+                leader_peer: Some(Peer::empty(4)),
+                leader_status: Some(RegionStatus::Downgraded),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            RegionRoute {
+                region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(1024, 3)),
+                leader_peer: Some(Peer::empty(5)),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        ];
+
+        let expected_region_routes = {
+            let mut region_routes = region_routes.clone();
+            region_routes[0].leader_status = None;
+            region_routes
+        };
+
+        let table_metadata_manager = env.table_metadata_manager();
+        table_metadata_manager
+            .create_table_metadata(table_info, region_routes)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let next = state.next(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+
+        let _ = next
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<RegionMigrationAbort>()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(ctx.volatile_ctx.table_route.is_none());
+
+        let region_routes = table_metadata_manager
+            .table_route_manager()
+            .get(table_id)
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+            .unwrap()
+            .into_inner()
+            .region_routes;
+        assert_eq!(expected_region_routes, region_routes);
+    }
+}
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/update_metadata/upgrade_candidate_region.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/update_metadata/upgrade_candidate_region.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use common_meta::ddl::utils::region_storage_path;
+use common_meta::key::datanode_table::RegionInfo;
+use common_meta::rpc::router::RegionRoute;
+use common_telemetry::{info, warn};
+use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
+
+use crate::error::{self, Result};
+use crate::procedure::region_migration::update_metadata::UpdateMetadata;
+use crate::procedure::region_migration::Context;
+
+impl UpdateMetadata {
+    /// Returns new [Vec<RegionRoute>].
+    async fn build_upgrade_candidate_region_metadata(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut Context,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<RegionRoute>> {
+        let region_id = ctx.region_id();
+        let table_route_value = ctx.get_table_route_value().await?.clone();
+
+        let mut region_routes = table_route_value.region_routes.clone();
+        let region_route = region_routes
+            .iter_mut()
+            .find(|route| route.region.id == region_id)
+            .context(error::RegionRouteNotFoundSnafu { region_id })?;
+
+        // Removes downgraded status.
+        region_route.set_leader_status(None);
+
+        let candidate = &ctx.persistent_ctx.to_peer;
+        let expected_old_leader = &ctx.persistent_ctx.from_peer;
+
+        // Upgrades candidate to leader.
+        ensure!(region_route
+                .leader_peer
+                .take_if(|old_leader| old_leader.id == expected_old_leader.id)
+                .is_some(),
+                error::UnexpectedSnafu{
+                    violated: format!("Unexpected region leader: {:?} during the upgrading candidate metadata, expected: {:?}", region_route.leader_peer, expected_old_leader),
+                }
+            );
+
+        region_route.leader_peer = Some(candidate.clone());
+        info!(
+            "Upgrading candidate region to leader region: {:?} for region: {}",
+            candidate, region_id
+        );
+
+        // Removes the candidate region in followers.
+        let removed = region_route
+            .follower_peers
+            .extract_if(|peer| peer.id == candidate.id)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        if removed.len() > 1 {
+            warn!(
+                    "Removes duplicated regions: {removed:?} during the upgrading candidate metadata for region: {region_id}"
+                );
+        }
+
+        Ok(region_routes)
+    }
+
+    /// Upgrades the candidate region.
+    ///
+    /// Abort(non-retry):
+    /// - TableRoute or RegionRoute is not found.
+    /// Typically, it's impossible, there is no other DDL procedure executed concurrently for the current table.
+    ///
+    /// Retry:
+    /// - Failed to update [TableRouteValue](common_meta::key::table_region::TableRegionValue).
+    /// - Failed to retrieve the metadata of table.
+    pub async fn upgrade_candidate_region(&self, ctx: &mut Context) -> Result<()> {
+        let region_id = ctx.region_id();
+        let table_metadata_manager = ctx.table_metadata_manager.clone();
+
+        let region_routes = self.build_upgrade_candidate_region_metadata(ctx).await?;
+        let table_info_value = ctx.get_table_info_value().await?;
+
+        let table_info = &table_info_value.table_info;
+        let region_storage_path =
+            region_storage_path(&table_info.catalog_name, &table_info.schema_name);
+        let engine = table_info.meta.engine.clone();
+        let region_options: HashMap<String, String> = (&table_info.meta.options).into();
+
+        // No remote fetch.
+        let table_route_value = ctx.get_table_route_value().await?;
+
+        if let Err(err) = table_metadata_manager
+            .update_table_route(
+                region_id.table_id(),
+                RegionInfo {
+                    engine: engine.to_string(),
+                    region_storage_path: region_storage_path.to_string(),
+                    region_options: region_options.clone(),
+                },
+                table_route_value,
+                region_routes,
+                &region_options,
+            )
+            .await
+            .context(error::TableMetadataManagerSnafu)
+        {
+            debug_assert!(ctx.remove_table_route_value());
+            return error::RetryLaterSnafu {
+                    reason: format!("Failed to update the table route during the upgrading candidate region, error: {err}")
+                }.fail();
+        };
+
+        debug_assert!(ctx.remove_table_route_value());
+        // Consumes the guard.
+        ctx.volatile_ctx.opening_region_guard.take();
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
+
+    use common_meta::key::test_utils::new_test_table_info;
+    use common_meta::peer::Peer;
+    use common_meta::rpc::router::{Region, RegionRoute, RegionStatus};
+    use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+
+    use crate::error::Error;
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::migration_end::RegionMigrationEnd;
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::{self, TestingEnv};
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::update_metadata::UpdateMetadata;
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::{ContextFactory, PersistentContext, State};
+    use crate::region::lease_keeper::OpeningRegionKeeper;
+
+    fn new_persistent_context() -> PersistentContext {
+        test_util::new_persistent_context(1, 2, RegionId::new(1024, 1))
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_table_route_is_not_found_error() {
+        let state = UpdateMetadata::Upgrade;
+
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+
+        let err = state
+            .build_upgrade_candidate_region_metadata(&mut ctx)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::TableRouteNotFound { .. });
+        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_region_route_is_not_found() {
+        let state = UpdateMetadata::Upgrade;
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+
+        let table_info = new_test_table_info(1024, vec![2]).into();
+        let region_routes = vec![RegionRoute {
+            region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(1024, 2)),
+            leader_peer: Some(Peer::empty(4)),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }];
+
+        let table_metadata_manager = env.table_metadata_manager();
+        table_metadata_manager
+            .create_table_metadata(table_info, region_routes)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let err = state
+            .build_upgrade_candidate_region_metadata(&mut ctx)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::RegionRouteNotFound { .. });
+        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_region_route_expected_leader() {
+        let state = UpdateMetadata::Upgrade;
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+
+        let table_info = new_test_table_info(1024, vec![1]).into();
+        let region_routes = vec![RegionRoute {
+            region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(1024, 1)),
+            leader_peer: Some(Peer::empty(3)),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }];
+
+        let table_metadata_manager = env.table_metadata_manager();
+        table_metadata_manager
+            .create_table_metadata(table_info, region_routes)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let err = state
+            .build_upgrade_candidate_region_metadata(&mut ctx)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::Unexpected { .. });
+        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("Unexpected region leader"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_build_upgrade_candidate_region_metadata() {
+        let state = UpdateMetadata::Upgrade;
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+
+        let table_info = new_test_table_info(1024, vec![1]).into();
+        let region_routes = vec![RegionRoute {
+            region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(1024, 1)),
+            leader_peer: Some(Peer::empty(1)),
+            follower_peers: vec![Peer::empty(2), Peer::empty(3)],
+            leader_status: Some(RegionStatus::Downgraded),
+        }];
+
+        let table_metadata_manager = env.table_metadata_manager();
+        table_metadata_manager
+            .create_table_metadata(table_info, region_routes)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let new_region_routes = state
+            .build_upgrade_candidate_region_metadata(&mut ctx)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(!new_region_routes[0].is_leader_downgraded());
+        assert_eq!(new_region_routes[0].follower_peers, vec![Peer::empty(3)]);
+        assert_eq!(new_region_routes[0].leader_peer.as_ref().unwrap().id, 2);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_failed_to_update_table_route_error() {
+        let state = UpdateMetadata::Upgrade;
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let opening_keeper = OpeningRegionKeeper::default();
+
+        let table_id = 1024;
+        let table_info = new_test_table_info(table_id, vec![1]).into();
+        let region_routes = vec![
+            RegionRoute {
+                region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(table_id, 1)),
+                leader_peer: Some(Peer::empty(1)),
+                follower_peers: vec![Peer::empty(5), Peer::empty(3)],
+                leader_status: Some(RegionStatus::Downgraded),
+            },
+            RegionRoute {
+                region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(table_id, 2)),
+                leader_peer: Some(Peer::empty(4)),
+                leader_status: Some(RegionStatus::Downgraded),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        ];
+
+        let table_metadata_manager = env.table_metadata_manager();
+        table_metadata_manager
+            .create_table_metadata(table_info, region_routes)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let original_table_route = table_metadata_manager
+            .table_route_manager()
+            .get(table_id)
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // modifies the table route.
+        table_metadata_manager
+            .update_leader_region_status(table_id, &original_table_route, |route| {
+                if route.region.id == RegionId::new(1024, 2) {
+                    // Removes the status.
+                    Some(None)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // sets the old table route.
+        ctx.volatile_ctx.table_route = Some(original_table_route);
+        let guard = opening_keeper
+            .register(2, RegionId::new(table_id, 1))
+            .unwrap();
+        ctx.volatile_ctx.opening_region_guard = Some(guard);
+
+        let err = state.upgrade_candidate_region(&mut ctx).await.unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(ctx.volatile_ctx.table_route.is_none());
+        assert!(ctx.volatile_ctx.opening_region_guard.is_some());
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::RetryLater { .. });
+
+        assert!(err.is_retryable());
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("Failed to update the table route"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_next_migration_end_state() {
+        let mut state = Box::new(UpdateMetadata::Upgrade);
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let opening_keeper = OpeningRegionKeeper::default();
+
+        let table_id = 1024;
+        let table_info = new_test_table_info(table_id, vec![1]).into();
+        let region_routes = vec![RegionRoute {
+            region: Region::new_test(RegionId::new(table_id, 1)),
+            leader_peer: Some(Peer::empty(1)),
+            leader_status: Some(RegionStatus::Downgraded),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }];
+
+        let guard = opening_keeper
+            .register(2, RegionId::new(table_id, 1))
+            .unwrap();
+        ctx.volatile_ctx.opening_region_guard = Some(guard);
+
+        let table_metadata_manager = env.table_metadata_manager();
+        table_metadata_manager
+            .create_table_metadata(table_info, region_routes)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let next = state.next(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+
+        let _ = next.as_any().downcast_ref::<RegionMigrationEnd>().unwrap();
+
+        let region_routes = table_metadata_manager
+            .table_route_manager()
+            .get(table_id)
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+            .unwrap()
+            .into_inner()
+            .region_routes;
+
+        assert!(ctx.volatile_ctx.table_route.is_none());
+        assert!(ctx.volatile_ctx.opening_region_guard.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(region_routes.len(), 1);
+        assert!(!region_routes[0].is_leader_downgraded());
+        assert!(region_routes[0].follower_peers.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(region_routes[0].leader_peer.as_ref().unwrap().id, 2);
+    }
+}
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/upgrade_candidate_region.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/region_migration/upgrade_candidate_region.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,562 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::any::Any;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use api::v1::meta::MailboxMessage;
+use common_meta::distributed_time_constants::MAILBOX_RTT_SECS;
+use common_meta::instruction::{Instruction, InstructionReply, UpgradeRegion, UpgradeRegionReply};
+use common_telemetry::warn;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
+use tokio::time::sleep;
+
+use super::update_metadata::UpdateMetadata;
+use crate::error::{self, Result};
+use crate::handler::HeartbeatMailbox;
+use crate::procedure::region_migration::{Context, State};
+use crate::service::mailbox::Channel;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct UpgradeCandidateRegion {
+    // The optimistic retry times.
+    optimistic_retry: usize,
+    // The retry initial interval.
+    retry_initial_interval: Duration,
+    // The replay timeout of a instruction.
+    replay_timeout: Duration,
+    // If it's true it requires the candidate region MUST replay the WAL to the latest entry id.
+    // Otherwise, it will rollback to the old leader region.
+    require_ready: bool,
+}
+
+impl Default for UpgradeCandidateRegion {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            optimistic_retry: 3,
+            retry_initial_interval: Duration::from_millis(500),
+            replay_timeout: Duration::from_millis(1000),
+            require_ready: true,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+#[typetag::serde]
+impl State for UpgradeCandidateRegion {
+    async fn next(&mut self, ctx: &mut Context) -> Result<Box<dyn State>> {
+        if self.upgrade_region_with_retry(ctx).await {
+            Ok(Box::new(UpdateMetadata::Upgrade))
+        } else {
+            Ok(Box::new(UpdateMetadata::Rollback))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl UpgradeCandidateRegion {
+    const UPGRADE_CANDIDATE_REGION_RTT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(MAILBOX_RTT_SECS);
+
+    /// Returns the timeout of the upgrade candidate region.
+    ///
+    /// Equals `replay_timeout` + RTT
+    fn send_upgrade_candidate_region_timeout(&self) -> Duration {
+        self.replay_timeout + UpgradeCandidateRegion::UPGRADE_CANDIDATE_REGION_RTT
+    }
+
+    /// Builds upgrade region instruction.
+    fn build_upgrade_region_instruction(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Instruction {
+        let pc = &ctx.persistent_ctx;
+        let region_id = pc.region_id;
+        let last_entry_id = ctx.volatile_ctx.leader_region_last_entry_id;
+
+        Instruction::UpgradeRegion(UpgradeRegion {
+            region_id,
+            last_entry_id,
+            wait_for_replay_secs: Some(self.replay_timeout.as_secs()),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Tries to upgrade a candidate region.
+    ///
+    /// Retry:
+    /// - If `require_ready` is true, but the candidate region returns `ready` is false.
+    /// - [MailboxTimeout](error::Error::MailboxTimeout), Timeout.
+    ///
+    /// Abort:
+    /// - The candidate region doesn't exist.
+    /// - [PusherNotFound](error::Error::PusherNotFound), The datanode is unreachable.
+    /// - [PushMessage](error::Error::PushMessage), The receiver is dropped.
+    /// - [MailboxReceiver](error::Error::MailboxReceiver), The sender is dropped without sending (impossible).
+    /// - [UnexpectedInstructionReply](error::Error::UnexpectedInstructionReply) (impossible).
+    /// - Invalid JSON (impossible).
+    async fn upgrade_region(&self, ctx: &Context, upgrade_instruction: &Instruction) -> Result<()> {
+        let pc = &ctx.persistent_ctx;
+        let region_id = pc.region_id;
+        let candidate = &pc.to_peer;
+
+        let msg = MailboxMessage::json_message(
+            &format!("Upgrade candidate region: {}", region_id),
+            &format!("Meta@{}", ctx.server_addr()),
+            &format!("Datanode-{}@{}", candidate.id, candidate.addr),
+            common_time::util::current_time_millis(),
+            upgrade_instruction,
+        )
+        .with_context(|_| error::SerializeToJsonSnafu {
+            input: upgrade_instruction.to_string(),
+        })?;
+
+        let ch = Channel::Datanode(candidate.id);
+        let receiver = ctx
+            .mailbox
+            .send(&ch, msg, self.send_upgrade_candidate_region_timeout())
+            .await?;
+
+        match receiver.await? {
+            Ok(msg) => {
+                let reply = HeartbeatMailbox::json_reply(&msg)?;
+                let InstructionReply::UpgradeRegion(UpgradeRegionReply {
+                    ready,
+                    exists,
+                    error,
+                }) = reply
+                else {
+                    return error::UnexpectedInstructionReplySnafu {
+                        mailbox_message: msg.to_string(),
+                        reason: "Unexpected reply of the upgrade region instruction",
+                    }
+                    .fail();
+                };
+
+                // Notes: The order of handling is important.
+                if error.is_some() {
+                    return error::RetryLaterSnafu {
+                        reason: format!(
+                            "Failed to upgrade the region {} on datanode {:?}, error: {:?}",
+                            region_id, candidate, error
+                        ),
+                    }
+                    .fail();
+                }
+
+                ensure!(
+                    exists,
+                    error::UnexpectedSnafu {
+                        violated: format!(
+                            "Expected region {} doesn't exist on datanode {:?}",
+                            region_id, candidate
+                        )
+                    }
+                );
+
+                if self.require_ready && !ready {
+                    return error::RetryLaterSnafu {
+                        reason: format!(
+                            "Candidate region {} still replaying the wal on datanode {:?}",
+                            region_id, candidate
+                        ),
+                    }
+                    .fail();
+                }
+
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Err(error::Error::MailboxTimeout { .. }) => {
+                let reason = format!(
+                        "Mailbox received timeout for upgrade candidate region {region_id} on datanode {:?}", 
+                        candidate,
+                    );
+                error::RetryLaterSnafu { reason }.fail()
+            }
+            Err(err) => Err(err),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Upgrades a candidate region.
+    ///
+    /// Returns true if the candidate region is upgraded successfully.
+    async fn upgrade_region_with_retry(&self, ctx: &Context) -> bool {
+        let upgrade_instruction = self.build_upgrade_region_instruction(ctx);
+
+        let mut retry = 0;
+        let mut upgraded = false;
+
+        loop {
+            if let Err(err) = self.upgrade_region(ctx, &upgrade_instruction).await {
+                retry += 1;
+                if err.is_retryable() && retry < self.optimistic_retry {
+                    warn!("Failed to upgrade region, error: {err:?}, retry later");
+                    sleep(self.retry_initial_interval).await;
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            } else {
+                upgraded = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        upgraded
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
+
+    use api::v1::meta::mailbox_message::Payload;
+    use common_meta::peer::Peer;
+    use common_time::util::current_time_millis;
+    use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::error::Error;
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::test_util::{
+        new_close_region_reply, send_mock_reply, TestingEnv,
+    };
+    use crate::procedure::region_migration::{ContextFactory, PersistentContext};
+
+    fn new_persistent_context() -> PersistentContext {
+        PersistentContext {
+            from_peer: Peer::empty(1),
+            to_peer: Peer::empty(2),
+            region_id: RegionId::new(1024, 1),
+            cluster_id: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn new_upgrade_region_reply(
+        id: u64,
+        ready: bool,
+
+        exists: bool,
+
+        error: Option<String>,
+    ) -> MailboxMessage {
+        MailboxMessage {
+            id,
+            subject: "mock".to_string(),
+            from: "datanode".to_string(),
+            to: "meta".to_string(),
+            timestamp_millis: current_time_millis(),
+            payload: Some(Payload::Json(
+                serde_json::to_string(&InstructionReply::UpgradeRegion(UpgradeRegionReply {
+                    ready,
+                    exists,
+                    error,
+                }))
+                .unwrap(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_datanode_is_unreachable() {
+        let state = UpgradeCandidateRegion::default();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+
+        let instruction = &state.build_upgrade_region_instruction(&ctx);
+        let err = state.upgrade_region(&ctx, instruction).await.unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::PusherNotFound { .. });
+        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_pusher_dropped() {
+        let state = UpgradeCandidateRegion::default();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let to_peer_id = persistent_context.to_peer.id;
+
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
+
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(to_peer_id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        drop(rx);
+
+        let instruction = &state.build_upgrade_region_instruction(&ctx);
+        let err = state.upgrade_region(&ctx, instruction).await.unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::PushMessage { .. });
+        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_unexpected_instruction_reply() {
+        let state = UpgradeCandidateRegion::default();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let to_peer_id = persistent_context.to_peer.id;
+
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(to_peer_id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| Ok(new_close_region_reply(id)));
+
+        let instruction = &state.build_upgrade_region_instruction(&ctx);
+        let err = state.upgrade_region(&ctx, instruction).await.unwrap_err();
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::UnexpectedInstructionReply { .. });
+        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_upgrade_region_failed() {
+        let state = UpgradeCandidateRegion::default();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let to_peer_id = persistent_context.to_peer.id;
+
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(to_peer_id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        // A reply contains an error.
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| {
+            Ok(new_upgrade_region_reply(
+                id,
+                true,
+                true,
+                Some("test mocked".to_string()),
+            ))
+        });
+
+        let instruction = &state.build_upgrade_region_instruction(&ctx);
+        let err = state.upgrade_region(&ctx, instruction).await.unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::RetryLater { .. });
+        assert!(err.is_retryable());
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("test mocked"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_upgrade_region_not_found() {
+        let state = UpgradeCandidateRegion::default();
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let to_peer_id = persistent_context.to_peer.id;
+
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(to_peer_id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| {
+            Ok(new_upgrade_region_reply(id, true, false, None))
+        });
+
+        let instruction = &state.build_upgrade_region_instruction(&ctx);
+        let err = state.upgrade_region(&ctx, instruction).await.unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::Unexpected { .. });
+        assert!(!err.is_retryable());
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("doesn't exist"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_upgrade_region_require_ready() {
+        let mut state = UpgradeCandidateRegion {
+            require_ready: true,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let to_peer_id = persistent_context.to_peer.id;
+
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(to_peer_id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| {
+            Ok(new_upgrade_region_reply(id, false, true, None))
+        });
+
+        let instruction = &state.build_upgrade_region_instruction(&ctx);
+        let err = state.upgrade_region(&ctx, instruction).await.unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_matches!(err, Error::RetryLater { .. });
+        assert!(err.is_retryable());
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("still replaying the wal"));
+
+        // Sets the `require_ready` to false.
+        state.require_ready = false;
+
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(to_peer_id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        send_mock_reply(mailbox, rx, |id| {
+            Ok(new_upgrade_region_reply(id, false, true, None))
+        });
+
+        let instruction = &state.build_upgrade_region_instruction(&ctx);
+        state.upgrade_region(&ctx, instruction).await.unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_upgrade_region_with_retry_ok() {
+        let mut state = Box::<UpgradeCandidateRegion>::default();
+        state.retry_initial_interval = Duration::from_millis(100);
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let to_peer_id = persistent_context.to_peer.id;
+
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+
+        let (tx, mut rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(to_peer_id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        common_runtime::spawn_bg(async move {
+            let resp = rx.recv().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+            let reply_id = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap().id;
+            mailbox
+                .on_recv(
+                    reply_id,
+                    Err(error::MailboxTimeoutSnafu { id: reply_id }.build()),
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+
+            // retry: 1
+            let resp = rx.recv().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+            let reply_id = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap().id;
+            mailbox
+                .on_recv(
+                    reply_id,
+                    Ok(new_upgrade_region_reply(reply_id, false, true, None)),
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+
+            // retry: 2
+            let resp = rx.recv().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+            let reply_id = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap().id;
+            mailbox
+                .on_recv(
+                    reply_id,
+                    Ok(new_upgrade_region_reply(reply_id, true, true, None)),
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+        });
+
+        let next = state.next(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+
+        let update_metadata = next.as_any().downcast_ref::<UpdateMetadata>().unwrap();
+
+        assert_matches!(update_metadata, UpdateMetadata::Upgrade);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_upgrade_region_with_retry_failed() {
+        let mut state = Box::<UpgradeCandidateRegion>::default();
+        state.retry_initial_interval = Duration::from_millis(100);
+        let persistent_context = new_persistent_context();
+        let to_peer_id = persistent_context.to_peer.id;
+
+        let mut env = TestingEnv::new();
+        let mut ctx = env.context_factory().new_context(persistent_context);
+        let mailbox_ctx = env.mailbox_context();
+        let mailbox = mailbox_ctx.mailbox().clone();
+
+        let (tx, mut rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1);
+
+        mailbox_ctx
+            .insert_heartbeat_response_receiver(Channel::Datanode(to_peer_id), tx)
+            .await;
+
+        common_runtime::spawn_bg(async move {
+            let resp = rx.recv().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+            let reply_id = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap().id;
+            mailbox
+                .on_recv(
+                    reply_id,
+                    Err(error::MailboxTimeoutSnafu { id: reply_id }.build()),
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+
+            // retry: 1
+            let resp = rx.recv().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+            let reply_id = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap().id;
+            mailbox
+                .on_recv(
+                    reply_id,
+                    Ok(new_upgrade_region_reply(reply_id, false, true, None)),
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+
+            // retry: 2
+            let resp = rx.recv().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+            let reply_id = resp.mailbox_message.unwrap().id;
+            mailbox
+                .on_recv(
+                    reply_id,
+                    Ok(new_upgrade_region_reply(reply_id, false, false, None)),
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+        });
+
+        let next = state.next(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+
+        let update_metadata = next.as_any().downcast_ref::<UpdateMetadata>().unwrap();
+        assert_matches!(update_metadata, UpdateMetadata::Rollback);
+    }
+}
--- a/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/tests.rs
+++ b/src/meta-srv/src/procedure/tests.rs
@@ -235,6 +235,7 @@ async fn test_on_datanode_drop_regions() {
        schema: "my_schema".to_string(),
        table: "my_table".to_string(),
        table_id: 42,
+        drop_if_exists: false,
    };

    let (region_server, mut rx) = EchoRegionServer::new();
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Discord9	24f5e56196	PY_ENV_MAN for env manager choice	2023-12-07 10:42:26 +08:00
Discord9	c85d569797	feat: refactor parse_args&rm USE_ENV	2023-12-07 10:35:40 +08:00
Discord9	e95a8e070c	feat: more opts for cli	2023-12-06 17:58:49 +08:00
Discord9	b71bf11772	feat: add choices for venv/conda	2023-12-06 17:39:12 +08:00
Discord9	ee0a3972fc	feat: remove check script	2023-12-06 16:40:58 +08:00
Discord9	8fb40c66a4	feat: opt path	2023-12-06 16:29:00 +08:00
Discord9	e855f6370e	chore: add newline in end	2023-12-06 16:29:00 +08:00
Discord9	fb5dcbc40c	chore: remove python script for that	2023-12-06 16:29:00 +08:00
Discord9	0d109436b8	feat:use python script instead	2023-12-06 16:29:00 +08:00
Discord9	cbae03af07	feat: check aft build in Makefile	2023-12-06 16:29:00 +08:00
Discord9	902e6ead60	feat: shell check&install needed python shared lib	2023-12-06 16:29:00 +08:00
dennis zhuang	f9e7762c5b	fix: add new column as primary key can't work (#2876 )	2023-12-05 11:07:53 +00:00
Zhenchi	0b421b5177	feat(inverted_index.search): add index applier (#2868 ) * feat(inverted_index.search): add fst applier Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * fix: typos Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * feat(inverted_index.search): add fst values mapper Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * chore: remove meta check Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * fix: fmt & clippy Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * refactor: one expect for test Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * feat(inverted_index.search): add index applier Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * refactor: bitmap_full -> bitmap_full_range Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * feat: add check for segment_row_count Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * fix: remove redundant code Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * fix: reader test Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * chore: match error in test Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * fix: fmt Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * refactor: add helper function to construct fst value Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * refactor: polish unit tests Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * refactor: bytemuck to extract offset and size Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * fix: toml format Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * refactor: use bytemuck Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * refactor: reorg value in unit tests Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * chore: update proto Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * chore: add a TODO reminder to consider optimizing the order of apply Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * refactor: InList predicates are applied first to benefit from higher selectivity Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * chore: update proto Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * feat: add read options to control the behavior of index not found Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * refactor: polish Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * refactor: move read options to implementation instead of trait Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * feat: add SearchContext, refine doc comments Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * feat: move index_not_found_strategy as a field of SearchContext Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * chore: rename varient Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> --------- Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com>	2023-12-05 08:24:24 +00:00
WU Jingdi	aa89d9deef	fix: replace opendal `PrometheusLayer` (#2861 ) * fix: replace opendal `PrometheusLayer` * chore: add docs on `PrometheusMetricsLayer` * chore: fix code advice * chore: fix bug on `PrometheusMetricsLayer`	2023-12-05 07:15:45 +00:00
Weny Xu	b3ffe5cd1e	feat: handle the downgrade region instruction (#2855 ) * feat: handle the downgrade region instruction * test: add tests for RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler * refactor: remove unused code	2023-12-05 03:30:55 +00:00
Ruihang Xia	d6ef7a75de	fix: type conversion rule reverses operands (#2871 ) Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com>	2023-12-05 03:25:29 +00:00
LFC	6344b1e0db	fix: fragile integration tests (#2870 )	2023-12-05 02:35:23 +00:00
tison	7d506b3c5f	feat: drop if exists (#2859 ) * feat: drop if exists Signed-off-by: tison <wander4096@gmail.com> * sqlness cases Signed-off-by: tison <wander4096@gmail.com> --------- Signed-off-by: tison <wander4096@gmail.com>	2023-12-05 02:18:33 +00:00
Zhenchi	96e12e9ee5	fix: correct the previously unsuccessful decimal_ops sort result fix (#2869 ) Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com>	2023-12-04 15:29:02 +00:00
Zhenchi	a9db80ab1a	feat(inverted_index.search): add fst values mapper (#2862 ) * feat(inverted_index.search): add fst applier Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * fix: typos Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * feat(inverted_index.search): add fst values mapper Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * chore: remove meta check Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * fix: fmt & clippy Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * refactor: one expect for test Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * chore: match error in test Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * fix: fmt Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * refactor: add helper function to construct fst value Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * refactor: bytemuck to extract offset and size Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * fix: toml format Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> --------- Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com>	2023-12-04 13:29:02 +00:00
Ruihang Xia	5f5dbe0172	fix: sort result of sqlness case decimal_ops (#2867 ) Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com>	2023-12-04 12:34:27 +00:00
Wei	dac7a41cbd	feat: sqlness for decimal128 (#2822 )	2023-12-04 11:22:38 +00:00
Ruihang Xia	de416465a6	feat: support `time()` and related functions in PromQL (#2854 ) * enhance empty_metric Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> * implementation Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> * fix lhs & rhs Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> * fix clippy Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> * fix typo, update sqlness Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> * remove deadcode Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> * add cast to bool modifier Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> * update sqlness result Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> --------- Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com>	2023-12-04 11:21:54 +00:00
Zhenchi	58c13739f0	feat(inverted_index.search): add fst applier (#2851 ) * feat(inverted_index.search): add fst applier Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> * fix: typos Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com> --------- Signed-off-by: Zhenchi <zhongzc_arch@outlook.com>	2023-12-04 09:21:09 +00:00
WU Jingdi	806400caff	feat: add align to / interval support in range query (#2842 ) * feat: add align to / interval support in range query * chore: fix ci * chore: simplify `parse_duration_expr` * chore: change s to ms	2023-12-04 08:00:41 +00:00
Weny Xu	f78dab078c	chore: correct closeable typos (#2860 )	2023-12-04 06:25:48 +00:00
Weny Xu	7a14db68a6	feat: add upgrade candidate region step (#2829 ) * feat: add upgrade candidate region step * chore: apply suggestions from CR * chore: apply suggestions from CR	2023-12-04 05:09:27 +00:00
Weny Xu	c26f2f94c0	chore: add logs and metrics (#2858 ) * chore: add logs and metrics * feat: add the timer to track heartbeat intervel * feat: add the gauge to track region leases * refactor: use gauge instead of the timer * chore: apply suggestions from CR * feat: add hit rate and etcd txn metrics	2023-12-04 02:51:30 +00:00
Weny Xu	781f2422b3	feat: add update metadata step for rollbacking downgraded region (#2812 ) * feat: add update metadata step for rollbacking downgraded region * feat: invalidate table cache after updating metadata * feat: add migration abort step	2023-12-01 11:36:05 +00:00
Yingwen	7e68ecc498	feat: do not concat batches in MergeReader (#2833 )	2023-12-01 06:52:43 +00:00
LFC	9ce9421850	refactor: add builder for Frontend (#2849 )	2023-12-01 04:39:47 +00:00
zyy17	c0df2b9086	ci: set 'omitBody' true when releasing (#2845 ) ci: set 'omitBody'	2023-11-30 10:53:07 +00:00
Yiran	29d344ccd2	docs: update getting-started document link (#2843 )	2023-11-30 10:03:09 +00:00
Wei	fe2fc723bc	refactor: DataType name function (#2836 ) * refactor: DataType name function * chore: test case	2023-11-30 03:49:09 +00:00
Wei	2332305b90	refactor: replace usage of ArrayData by clone (#2827 ) * refactor: use array clone() * refactor: slice * chore: clippy	2023-11-30 03:27:29 +00:00
Ruihang Xia	9ccd182109	feat: implement PromQL set op AND/UNLESS (#2839 ) * initial impl Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> * disable OR for now Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> --------- Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com>	2023-11-30 03:17:57 +00:00
Weny Xu	ae8153515b	feat: add update metadata step for upgrading candidate region (#2811 )	2023-11-29 11:10:38 +00:00
Weny Xu	cce5edc88e	feat: add downgrade leader region step (#2792 ) * feat: add downgrade leader region step * chore: apply suggestions from CR * chore: rename exist to exists * chore: apply suggestions from CR	2023-11-29 09:17:28 +00:00
Weny Xu	616eb04914	chore: bump version to 0.4.4 (#2840 ) chore: bump to v0.4.4	2023-11-29 08:59:42 +00:00
ZonaHe	7c53f92e4b	feat: update dashboard to v0.4.1 (#2841 ) Co-authored-by: ZonaHex <ZonaHex@users.noreply.github.com>	2023-11-29 08:50:25 +00:00
Ruihang Xia	445bd92c7a	feat: add arg to standalone start command (#2837 ) * feat: add arg to standalone start command Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> * add this arg to metasrv Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> * remove short arg name Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> --------- Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com>	2023-11-29 07:44:43 +00:00
Ruihang Xia	92a9802343	feat: canonicalize all unquoted identifier to lowercase (#2828 ) * feat: canonicalize all unquoted identifier to lowercase Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> * add more tests Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> * test altering table Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> * primary key declare Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> * fix primary key declare Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> * partition by and time index Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> * remove redundent call to canonicalize Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com> --------- Signed-off-by: Ruihang Xia <waynestxia@gmail.com>	2023-11-29 06:40:10 +00:00
Yingwen	abbac46c05	fix: do not expose manifest compression algorithm (#2835 ) * fix: don't allow to set manifest compression algorithm * docs: update config examples	2023-11-29 05:49:40 +00:00
ZonaHe	d0d0f091f0	feat: update dashboard to v0.4.0 (#2832 ) Co-authored-by: ZonaHex <ZonaHex@users.noreply.github.com>	2023-11-28 10:38:37 +00:00
fys	707a0d5626	fix: urldecode when influxdb auth (#2831 ) * fix: add url decode when influxdb auth * chore: fmt toml	2023-11-28 09:35:03 +00:00
Weny Xu	e42767d500	fix: fix name verifying (#2825 )	2023-11-28 02:47:03 +00:00
Weny Xu	ca18ccf7d4	fix: fix broken CI (#2826 )	2023-11-27 14:49:39 +00:00
hygkui	b1d8812806	docs: Update README.md Add JS Client link (#2821 ) * Update README.md Add JS Client link Add JS Client link * chore: apply suggestion --------- Co-authored-by: dennis zhuang <killme2008@gmail.com>	2023-11-27 14:23:54 +00:00
Weny Xu	7547e7ebdf	fix: fix procedure loaders not found issue (#2824 )	2023-11-27 10:50:28 +00:00
Yingwen	6100cb335a	fix(mito): do not check nullability of fields in delete requests (#2815 ) * test: test for delete rows from table with non null columns * test: test delete and reopen * fix: allow deleting rows with non null column	2023-11-27 09:54:50 +00:00