PY_ENV_MAN for env manager choice

feat: refactor parse_args&rm USE_ENV
feat: more opts for cli
2025-12-23 06:30:05 +00:00 · 2023-12-07 10:42:26 +08:00 · 2023-12-07 10:35:40 +08:00 · 2023-12-06 17:58:49 +08:00 · 2023-12-06 17:39:12 +08:00 · 2023-12-06 16:40:58 +08:00
497 changed files with 20917 additions and 32080 deletions
--- a/.cargo/config.toml
+++ b/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -12,9 +12,4 @@ rustflags = [
    "-Wclippy::print_stdout",
    "-Wclippy::print_stderr",
    "-Wclippy::implicit_clone",
-
-    # It seems clippy has made a false positive decision here when upgrading rust toolchain to
-    # nightly-2023-08-07, we do need it to be borrowed mutably.
-    # Allow it for now; try disallow it when the toolchain is upgraded in the future.
-    "-Aclippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut",
 ]
--- a/.github/actions/publish-github-release/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/publish-github-release/action.yml
@@ -31,10 +31,12 @@ runs:
          echo "prerelease=false" >> $GITHUB_ENV
          echo "makeLatest=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
          echo "generateReleaseNotes=false" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "omitBody=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
        else
          echo "prerelease=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
          echo "makeLatest=false" >> $GITHUB_ENV
          echo "generateReleaseNotes=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "omitBody=false" >> $GITHUB_ENV
        fi

    - name: Publish release
@@ -45,6 +47,7 @@ runs:
        makeLatest: ${{ env.makeLatest }}
        tag: ${{ inputs.version }}
        generateReleaseNotes: ${{ env.generateReleaseNotes }}
+        omitBody: ${{ env.omitBody }} # omitBody is true when the release is a official release.
        allowUpdates: true
        artifacts: |
          **/greptime-*/*
--- a/.github/workflows/apidoc.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/apidoc.yml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ on:
 name: Build API docs

 env:
-  RUST_TOOLCHAIN: nightly-2023-08-07
+  RUST_TOOLCHAIN: nightly-2023-10-21

 jobs:
  apidoc:
--- a/.github/workflows/develop.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/develop.yml
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ concurrency:
  cancel-in-progress: true

 env:
-  RUST_TOOLCHAIN: nightly-2023-08-07
+  RUST_TOOLCHAIN: nightly-2023-10-21

 jobs:
  typos:
@@ -42,7 +42,10 @@ jobs:
  check:
    name: Check
    if: github.event.pull_request.draft == false
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ windows-latest-8-cores, ubuntu-20.04 ]
    timeout-minutes: 60
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
@@ -161,15 +164,18 @@ jobs:
        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
      - name: Install latest nextest release
        uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
+      - name: Install cargo-llvm-cov
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-llvm-cov
      - name: Install Python
        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
        with:
          python-version: '3.10'
      - name: Install PyArrow Package
        run: pip install pyarrow
-      - name: Install cargo-llvm-cov
-        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-llvm-cov
-      - name: Collect coverage data
+      - name: Setup etcd server
+        working-directory: tests-integration/fixtures/etcd
+        run: docker compose -f docker-compose-standalone.yml up -d --wait
+      - name: Run nextest cases
        run: cargo llvm-cov nextest --workspace --lcov --output-path lcov.info -F pyo3_backend -F dashboard
        env:
          CARGO_BUILD_RUSTFLAGS: "-C link-arg=-fuse-ld=lld"
@@ -179,6 +185,7 @@ jobs:
          GT_S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
          GT_S3_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.S3_ACCESS_KEY }}
          GT_S3_REGION: ${{ secrets.S3_REGION }}
+          GT_ETCD_ENDPOINTS: http://127.0.0.1:2379
          UNITTEST_LOG_DIR: "__unittest_logs"
      - name: Codecov upload
        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v2
--- a/.github/workflows/nightly-ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/nightly-ci.yml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ concurrency:
  cancel-in-progress: true

 env:
-  RUST_TOOLCHAIN: nightly-2023-08-07
+  RUST_TOOLCHAIN: nightly-2023-10-21

 jobs:
  sqlness:
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ on:
 # Use env variables to control all the release process.
 env:
  # The arguments of building greptime.
-  RUST_TOOLCHAIN: nightly-2023-08-07
+  RUST_TOOLCHAIN: nightly-2023-10-21
  CARGO_PROFILE: nightly

  # Controls whether to run tests, include unit-test, integration-test and sqlness.
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -49,20 +49,21 @@ members = [
    "src/servers",
    "src/session",
    "src/sql",
-    "src/storage",
    "src/store-api",
    "src/table",
+    "src/index",
    "tests-integration",
    "tests/runner",
 ]
 resolver = "2"

 [workspace.package]
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "Apache-2.0"

 [workspace.dependencies]
+ahash = { version = "0.8", features = ["compile-time-rng"] }
 aquamarine = "0.3"
 arrow = { version = "47.0" }
 arrow-array = "47.0"
@@ -72,6 +73,8 @@ async-stream = "0.3"
 async-trait = "0.1"
 base64 = "0.21"
 bigdecimal = "0.4.2"
+bitflags = "2.4.1"
+bytemuck = "1.12"
 chrono = { version = "0.4", features = ["serde"] }
 datafusion = { git = "https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion.git", rev = "26e43acac3a96cec8dd4c8365f22dfb1a84306e9" }
 datafusion-common = { git = "https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion.git", rev = "26e43acac3a96cec8dd4c8365f22dfb1a84306e9" }
@@ -82,13 +85,15 @@ datafusion-sql = { git = "https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion.git", rev =
 datafusion-substrait = { git = "https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion.git", rev = "26e43acac3a96cec8dd4c8365f22dfb1a84306e9" }
 derive_builder = "0.12"
 etcd-client = "0.12"
+fst = "0.4.7"
 futures = "0.3"
 futures-util = "0.3"
-greptime-proto = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git", rev = "7eb2e78be7a104d2582fbea0bcb1e019407da702" }
+greptime-proto = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git", rev = "b1d403088f02136bcebde53d604f491c260ca8e2" }
 humantime-serde = "1.1"
 itertools = "0.10"
 lazy_static = "1.4"
 meter-core = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-meter.git", rev = "abbd357c1e193cd270ea65ee7652334a150b628f" }
+mockall = "0.11.4"
 moka = "0.12"
 once_cell = "1.18"
 opentelemetry-proto = { git = "https://github.com/waynexia/opentelemetry-rust.git", rev = "33841b38dda79b15f2024952be5f32533325ca02", features = [
@@ -104,6 +109,7 @@ prost = "0.12"
 raft-engine = { git = "https://github.com/tikv/raft-engine.git", rev = "22dfb426cd994602b57725ef080287d3e53db479" }
 rand = "0.8"
 regex = "1.8"
+regex-automata = { version = "0.1", features = ["transducer"] }
 reqwest = { version = "0.11", default-features = false, features = [
    "json",
    "rustls-tls-native-roots",
@@ -115,7 +121,7 @@ serde_json = "1.0"
 smallvec = "1"
 snafu = "0.7"
 # on branch v0.38.x
-sqlparser = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git", rev = "0fbae07d0c46dc18e3381c406d8b9b8abef6b1fd", features = [
+sqlparser = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git", rev = "6a93567ae38d42be5c8d08b13c8ff4dde26502ef", features = [
    "visitor",
 ] }
 strum = { version = "0.25", features = ["derive"] }
@@ -174,7 +180,6 @@ script = { path = "src/script" }
 servers = { path = "src/servers" }
 session = { path = "src/session" }
 sql = { path = "src/sql" }
-storage = { path = "src/storage" }
 store-api = { path = "src/store-api" }
 substrait = { path = "src/common/substrait" }
 table = { path = "src/table" }
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ Please see the online document site for more installation options and [operation

 ### Get started

-Read the [complete getting started guide](https://docs.greptime.com/getting-started/try-out-greptimedb) on our [official document site](https://docs.greptime.com/).
+Read the [complete getting started guide](https://docs.greptime.com/getting-started/overview) on our [official document site](https://docs.greptime.com/).

 To write and query data, GreptimeDB is compatible with multiple [protocols and clients](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/clients/overview).

@@ -135,6 +135,7 @@ To write and query data, GreptimeDB is compatible with multiple [protocols and c
 - [GreptimeDB Java Client](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-client-java)
 - [GreptimeDB Python Client](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-client-py) (WIP)
 - [GreptimeDB Rust Client](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-client-rust)
+- [GreptimeDB JavaScript Client](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-js-sdk)

 ## Project Status

--- a/benchmarks/src/bin/nyc-taxi.rs
+++ b/benchmarks/src/bin/nyc-taxi.rs
@@ -152,6 +152,7 @@ fn convert_record_batch(record_batch: RecordBatch) -> (Vec<Column>, u32) {
                .unwrap_or_default(),
            datatype: datatype.into(),
            semantic_type: semantic_type as i32,
+            ..Default::default()
        };
        columns.push(column);
    }
@@ -266,6 +267,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Tag as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "tpep_pickup_datetime".to_string(),
@@ -274,6 +276,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Timestamp as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "tpep_dropoff_datetime".to_string(),
@@ -282,6 +285,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "passenger_count".to_string(),
@@ -290,6 +294,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "trip_distance".to_string(),
@@ -298,6 +303,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "RatecodeID".to_string(),
@@ -306,6 +312,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "store_and_fwd_flag".to_string(),
@@ -314,6 +321,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "PULocationID".to_string(),
@@ -322,6 +330,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "DOLocationID".to_string(),
@@ -330,6 +339,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "payment_type".to_string(),
@@ -338,6 +348,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "fare_amount".to_string(),
@@ -346,6 +357,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "extra".to_string(),
@@ -354,6 +366,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "mta_tax".to_string(),
@@ -362,6 +375,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "tip_amount".to_string(),
@@ -370,6 +384,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "tolls_amount".to_string(),
@@ -378,6 +393,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "improvement_surcharge".to_string(),
@@ -386,6 +402,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "total_amount".to_string(),
@@ -394,6 +411,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "congestion_surcharge".to_string(),
@@ -402,6 +420,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "airport_fee".to_string(),
@@ -410,6 +429,7 @@ fn create_table_expr(table_name: &str) -> CreateTableExpr {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
        ],
        time_index: "tpep_pickup_datetime".to_string(),
--- a/config/datanode.example.toml
+++ b/config/datanode.example.toml
@@ -53,33 +53,6 @@ type = "File"
 # The local file cache capacity in bytes.
 # cache_capacity = "256MB"

-# Compaction options, see `standalone.example.toml`.
-[storage.compaction]
-max_inflight_tasks = 4
-max_files_in_level0 = 8
-max_purge_tasks = 32
-
-# Storage manifest options
-[storage.manifest]
-# Region checkpoint actions margin.
-# Create a checkpoint every <checkpoint_margin> actions.
-checkpoint_margin = 10
-# Region manifest logs and checkpoints gc execution duration
-gc_duration = '10m'
-
-# Storage flush options
-[storage.flush]
-# Max inflight flush tasks.
-max_flush_tasks = 8
-# Default write buffer size for a region.
-region_write_buffer_size = "32MB"
-# Interval to check whether a region needs flush.
-picker_schedule_interval = "5m"
-# Interval to auto flush a region if it has not flushed yet.
-auto_flush_interval = "1h"
-# Global write buffer size for all regions.
-global_write_buffer_size = "1GB"
-
 # Mito engine options
 [[region_engine]]
 [region_engine.mito]
@@ -91,8 +64,8 @@ worker_channel_size = 128
 worker_request_batch_size = 64
 # Number of meta action updated to trigger a new checkpoint for the manifest
 manifest_checkpoint_distance = 10
-# Manifest compression type
-manifest_compress_type = "Uncompressed"
+# Whether to compress manifest and checkpoint file by gzip (default false).
+compress_manifest = false
 # Max number of running background jobs
 max_background_jobs = 4
 # Interval to auto flush a region if it has not flushed yet.
@@ -105,13 +78,12 @@ global_write_buffer_reject_size = "2GB"
 sst_meta_cache_size = "128MB"
 # Cache size for vectors and arrow arrays (default 512MB). Setting it to 0 to disable the cache.
 vector_cache_size = "512MB"
+# Cache size for pages of SST row groups (default 512MB). Setting it to 0 to disable the cache.
+page_cache_size = "512MB"
 # Buffer size for SST writing.
 sst_write_buffer_size = "8MB"

-
-# Log options
+# Log options, see `standalone.example.toml`
 # [logging]
-# Specify logs directory.
 # dir = "/tmp/greptimedb/logs"
-# Specify the log level [info | debug | error | warn]
 # level = "info"
--- a/config/standalone.example.toml
+++ b/config/standalone.example.toml
@@ -122,35 +122,35 @@ type = "File"
 # The local file cache capacity in bytes.
 # cache_capacity = "256MB"

-# Compaction options.
-[storage.compaction]
-# Max task number that can concurrently run.
-max_inflight_tasks = 4
-# Max files in level 0 to trigger compaction.
-max_files_in_level0 = 8
-# Max task number for SST purge task after compaction.
-max_purge_tasks = 32
-
-# Storage manifest options
-[storage.manifest]
-# Region checkpoint actions margin.
-# Create a checkpoint every <checkpoint_margin> actions.
-checkpoint_margin = 10
-# Region manifest logs and checkpoints gc execution duration
-gc_duration = '10m'
-
-# Storage flush options
-[storage.flush]
-# Max inflight flush tasks.
-max_flush_tasks = 8
-# Default write buffer size for a region.
-region_write_buffer_size = "32MB"
-# Interval to check whether a region needs flush.
-picker_schedule_interval = "5m"
+# Mito engine options
+[[region_engine]]
+[region_engine.mito]
+# Number of region workers
+num_workers = 8
+# Request channel size of each worker
+worker_channel_size = 128
+# Max batch size for a worker to handle requests
+worker_request_batch_size = 64
+# Number of meta action updated to trigger a new checkpoint for the manifest
+manifest_checkpoint_distance = 10
+# Whether to compress manifest and checkpoint file by gzip (default false).
+compress_manifest = false
+# Max number of running background jobs
+max_background_jobs = 4
 # Interval to auto flush a region if it has not flushed yet.
 auto_flush_interval = "1h"
 # Global write buffer size for all regions.
 global_write_buffer_size = "1GB"
+# Global write buffer size threshold to reject write requests (default 2G).
+global_write_buffer_reject_size = "2GB"
+# Cache size for SST metadata (default 128MB). Setting it to 0 to disable the cache.
+sst_meta_cache_size = "128MB"
+# Cache size for vectors and arrow arrays (default 512MB). Setting it to 0 to disable the cache.
+vector_cache_size = "512MB"
+# Cache size for pages of SST row groups (default 512MB). Setting it to 0 to disable the cache.
+page_cache_size = "512MB"
+# Buffer size for SST writing.
+sst_write_buffer_size = "8MB"

 # Log options
 # [logging]
@@ -158,3 +158,9 @@ global_write_buffer_size = "1GB"
 # dir = "/tmp/greptimedb/logs"
 # Specify the log level [info | debug | error | warn]
 # level = "info"
+# whether enable tracing, default is false
+# enable_otlp_tracing = false
+# tracing exporter endpoint with format `ip:port`, we use grpc oltp as exporter, default endpoint is `localhost:4317`
+# otlp_endpoint = "localhost:4317"
+# The percentage of tracing will be sampled and exported. Valid range `[0, 1]`, 1 means all traces are sampled, 0 means all traces are not sampled, the default value is 1. ratio > 1 are treated as 1. Fractions < 0 are treated as 0
+# tracing_sample_ratio = 1.0
--- a/docker/dev-builder/ubuntu/Dockerfile-18.10
+++ b/docker/dev-builder/ubuntu/Dockerfile-18.10
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Use the legacy glibc 2.28.
+FROM ubuntu:18.10
+
+ENV LANG en_US.utf8
+WORKDIR /greptimedb
+
+# Use old-releases.ubuntu.com to avoid 404s: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EOLUpgrades.
+RUN echo "deb http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ cosmic main restricted universe multiverse\n\
+deb http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ cosmic-updates main restricted universe multiverse\n\
+deb http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ cosmic-security main restricted universe multiverse" > /etc/apt/sources.list
+
+# Install dependencies.
+RUN apt-get update && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y \
+    libssl-dev \
+    tzdata \
+    curl \
+    ca-certificates \
+    git \
+    build-essential \
+    unzip \
+    pkg-config
+
+# Install protoc.
+ENV PROTOC_VERSION=25.1
+RUN if [ "$(uname -m)" = "x86_64" ]; then \
+        PROTOC_ZIP=protoc-${PROTOC_VERSION}-linux-x86_64.zip; \
+    elif [ "$(uname -m)" = "aarch64" ]; then \
+        PROTOC_ZIP=protoc-${PROTOC_VERSION}-linux-aarch_64.zip; \
+    else \
+        echo "Unsupported architecture"; exit 1; \
+    fi && \
+    curl -OL https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases/download/v${PROTOC_VERSION}/${PROTOC_ZIP} && \
+    unzip -o ${PROTOC_ZIP} -d /usr/local bin/protoc && \
+    unzip -o ${PROTOC_ZIP} -d /usr/local 'include/*' && \
+    rm -f ${PROTOC_ZIP}
+
+# Install Rust.
+SHELL ["/bin/bash", "-c"]
+RUN curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- --no-modify-path --default-toolchain none -y
+ENV PATH /root/.cargo/bin/:$PATH
+
+# Install Rust toolchains.
+ARG RUST_TOOLCHAIN
+RUN rustup toolchain install ${RUST_TOOLCHAIN}
+
+# Install nextest.
+RUN cargo install cargo-nextest --locked
--- a/rust-toolchain.toml
+++ b/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 [toolchain]
-channel = "nightly-2023-08-07"
+channel = "nightly-2023-10-21"
--- a/scripts/run-pyo3-greptime.sh
+++ b/scripts/run-pyo3-greptime.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# This script configures the environment to run 'greptime' with the required Python version
+
+# This script should be compatible both in Linux and macOS
+OS_TYPE="$(uname)"
+readonly OS_TYPE
+
+check_command_existence() {
+    command -v "$1" &> /dev/null
+}
+
+get_python_version() {
+    case "$OS_TYPE" in
+        Darwin)
+            otool -L $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH | grep -o 'Python.framework/Versions/3.[0-9]\+/Python' | grep -o '3.[0-9]\+'
+            ;;
+        Linux)
+            ldd $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH | grep -o 'libpython3\.[0-9]\+' | grep -o '3\.[0-9]\+'
+            ;;
+        *)
+            echo "Unsupported OS type: $OS_TYPE"
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+setup_virtualenv() {
+    local req_py_version="$1"
+    local env_name="GreptimeTmpVenv$req_py_version"
+    virtualenv --python=python"$req_py_version" "$env_name"
+    source "$env_name/bin/activate"
+}
+
+setup_conda_env() {
+    local req_py_version="$1"
+    local conda_base
+    conda_base=$(conda info --base) || { echo "Error obtaining conda base directory"; exit 1; }
+    . "$conda_base/etc/profile.d/conda.sh"
+
+    if ! conda list --name "GreptimeTmpPyO3Env$req_py_version" &> /dev/null; then
+        conda create --yes --name "GreptimeTmpPyO3Env$req_py_version" python="$req_py_version"
+    fi
+
+    conda activate "GreptimeTmpPyO3Env$req_py_version"
+}
+
+GREPTIME_BIN_PATH="./greptime"
+YES="false"
+
+usage() {
+  echo "Usage:"
+  echo "  $0 -f <greptime-bin-path> [-y] <args-pass-to-greptime>"
+  echo "Set $PY_ENV_MAN to 1 to use virtualenv, 2 to use conda"
+  exit 1
+}
+
+function parse_args() {
+  while getopts ":f:y" opt; do
+    case $opt in
+      f)
+        GREPTIME_BIN_PATH=$OPTARG
+        ;;
+      y)
+        YES="yes"
+        ;;
+      \?)
+        echo "Invalid option: -$OPTARG" >&2
+        exit 1
+        ;;
+      :)
+        echo "Option -$OPTARG requires an argument." >&2
+        exit 1
+        ;;
+    esac
+  done
+
+  shift $((OPTIND -1))
+
+  REST_ARGS=$*
+
+  if [ -z "$GREPTIME_BIN_PATH" ]; then
+    usage
+  fi
+
+  echo "Run greptime binary at '$GREPTIME_BIN_PATH' (yes=$YES)..."
+  echo "The args pass to greptime: '$REST_ARGS'"
+}
+
+# Set library path and pass all arguments to greptime to run it
+execute_greptime() {
+    if [[ "$OS_TYPE" == "Darwin" ]]; then
+        DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH="${CONDA_PREFIX:-$PREFIX}/lib:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:-}" $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH $@
+    elif [[ "$OS_TYPE" == "Linux" ]]; then
+        LD_LIBRARY_PATH="${CONDA_PREFIX:-$PREFIX}/lib:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:-}" $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH $@
+    fi
+}
+
+main() {
+    parse_args $@
+
+    local req_py_version
+    req_py_version=$(get_python_version)
+    readonly req_py_version
+
+    if [[ -z "$req_py_version" ]]; then
+        if $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH --version &> /dev/null; then
+            $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH $REST_ARGS
+        else
+            echo "The 'greptime' binary is not valid or encountered an error."
+            $GREPTIME_BIN_PATH --version
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        return
+    fi
+
+    echo "The required version of Python shared library is $req_py_version"
+
+    # if YES exist, assign it to yn, else read from stdin
+    if [[ -z "$YES" ]]; then
+        echo "Now this script will try to install or find correct Python Version"
+        echo "Do you want to continue? (yes/no): "
+        read -r yn
+    else
+        yn="$YES"
+    fi
+    case $yn in
+        [Yy]* ) ;;
+        [Nn]* ) exit;;
+        * ) echo "Please answer yes or no.";;
+    esac
+
+    # if USE_ENV exist, assign it to option
+    # else read from stdin
+    if [[ -z "$PY_ENV_MAN" ]]; then
+        echo "Do you want to use virtualenv or conda? (virtualenv(1)/conda(2)): "
+        read -r option
+    else
+        option="$PY_ENV_MAN"
+    fi
+    
+    case $option in 
+        1) 
+        setup_virtualenv "$req_py_version"
+        ;;
+        2) 
+        setup_conda_env "$req_py_version"
+        ;;
+        *) 
+        echo "Please input 1 or 2"; exit 1
+        ;;
+    esac
+
+    execute_greptime $REST_ARGS
+}
+
+main "$@"
--- a/src/api/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/api/Cargo.toml
@@ -6,11 +6,13 @@ license.workspace = true

 [dependencies]
 common-base.workspace = true
+common-decimal.workspace = true
 common-error.workspace = true
 common-macro.workspace = true
 common-time.workspace = true
 datatypes.workspace = true
 greptime-proto.workspace = true
+paste = "1.0"
 prost.workspace = true
 snafu.workspace = true
 tonic.workspace = true
--- a/src/api/src/helper.rs
+++ b/src/api/src/helper.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;

 use common_base::BitVec;
+use common_decimal::decimal128::{DECIMAL128_DEFAULT_SCALE, DECIMAL128_MAX_PRECISION};
+use common_decimal::Decimal128;
 use common_time::interval::IntervalUnit;
 use common_time::time::Time;
 use common_time::timestamp::TimeUnit;
@@ -26,47 +28,71 @@ use datatypes::types::{
 };
 use datatypes::value::{OrderedF32, OrderedF64, Value};
 use datatypes::vectors::{
-    BinaryVector, BooleanVector, DateTimeVector, DateVector, DurationMicrosecondVector,
-    DurationMillisecondVector, DurationNanosecondVector, DurationSecondVector, Float32Vector,
-    Float64Vector, Int32Vector, Int64Vector, IntervalDayTimeVector, IntervalMonthDayNanoVector,
-    IntervalYearMonthVector, PrimitiveVector, StringVector, TimeMicrosecondVector,
-    TimeMillisecondVector, TimeNanosecondVector, TimeSecondVector, TimestampMicrosecondVector,
-    TimestampMillisecondVector, TimestampNanosecondVector, TimestampSecondVector, UInt32Vector,
-    UInt64Vector, VectorRef,
+    BinaryVector, BooleanVector, DateTimeVector, DateVector, Decimal128Vector,
+    DurationMicrosecondVector, DurationMillisecondVector, DurationNanosecondVector,
+    DurationSecondVector, Float32Vector, Float64Vector, Int32Vector, Int64Vector,
+    IntervalDayTimeVector, IntervalMonthDayNanoVector, IntervalYearMonthVector, PrimitiveVector,
+    StringVector, TimeMicrosecondVector, TimeMillisecondVector, TimeNanosecondVector,
+    TimeSecondVector, TimestampMicrosecondVector, TimestampMillisecondVector,
+    TimestampNanosecondVector, TimestampSecondVector, UInt32Vector, UInt64Vector, VectorRef,
 };
+use greptime_proto::v1;
+use greptime_proto::v1::column_data_type_extension::TypeExt;
 use greptime_proto::v1::ddl_request::Expr;
 use greptime_proto::v1::greptime_request::Request;
 use greptime_proto::v1::query_request::Query;
 use greptime_proto::v1::value::ValueData;
-use greptime_proto::v1::{self, DdlRequest, IntervalMonthDayNano, QueryRequest, Row, SemanticType};
+use greptime_proto::v1::{
+    ColumnDataTypeExtension, DdlRequest, DecimalTypeExtension, QueryRequest, Row, SemanticType,
+};
+use paste::paste;
 use snafu::prelude::*;

 use crate::error::{self, Result};
 use crate::v1::column::Values;
 use crate::v1::{Column, ColumnDataType, Value as GrpcValue};

-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType);
+/// ColumnDataTypeWrapper is a wrapper of ColumnDataType and ColumnDataTypeExtension.
+/// It could be used to convert with ConcreteDataType.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct ColumnDataTypeWrapper {
+    datatype: ColumnDataType,
+    datatype_ext: Option<ColumnDataTypeExtension>,
+}

 impl ColumnDataTypeWrapper {
-    pub fn try_new(datatype: i32) -> Result<Self> {
+    /// Try to create a ColumnDataTypeWrapper from i32(ColumnDataType) and ColumnDataTypeExtension.
+    pub fn try_new(datatype: i32, datatype_ext: Option<ColumnDataTypeExtension>) -> Result<Self> {
        let datatype = ColumnDataType::try_from(datatype)
            .context(error::UnknownColumnDataTypeSnafu { datatype })?;
-        Ok(Self(datatype))
+        Ok(Self {
+            datatype,
+            datatype_ext,
+        })
    }

-    pub fn new(datatype: ColumnDataType) -> Self {
-        Self(datatype)
+    /// Create a ColumnDataTypeWrapper from ColumnDataType and ColumnDataTypeExtension.
+    pub fn new(datatype: ColumnDataType, datatype_ext: Option<ColumnDataTypeExtension>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            datatype,
+            datatype_ext,
+        }
    }

+    /// Get the ColumnDataType.
    pub fn datatype(&self) -> ColumnDataType {
-        self.0
+        self.datatype
+    }
+
+    /// Get a tuple of ColumnDataType and ColumnDataTypeExtension.
+    pub fn to_parts(&self) -> (ColumnDataType, Option<ColumnDataTypeExtension>) {
+        (self.datatype, self.datatype_ext.clone())
    }
 }

 impl From<ColumnDataTypeWrapper> for ConcreteDataType {
-    fn from(datatype: ColumnDataTypeWrapper) -> Self {
-        match datatype.0 {
+    fn from(datatype_wrapper: ColumnDataTypeWrapper) -> Self {
+        match datatype_wrapper.datatype {
            ColumnDataType::Boolean => ConcreteDataType::boolean_datatype(),
            ColumnDataType::Int8 => ConcreteDataType::int8_datatype(),
            ColumnDataType::Int16 => ConcreteDataType::int16_datatype(),
@@ -109,6 +135,100 @@ impl From<ColumnDataTypeWrapper> for ConcreteDataType {
                ConcreteDataType::duration_microsecond_datatype()
            }
            ColumnDataType::DurationNanosecond => ConcreteDataType::duration_nanosecond_datatype(),
+            ColumnDataType::Decimal128 => {
+                if let Some(TypeExt::DecimalType(d)) = datatype_wrapper
+                    .datatype_ext
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .and_then(|datatype_ext| datatype_ext.type_ext.as_ref())
+                {
+                    ConcreteDataType::decimal128_datatype(d.precision as u8, d.scale as i8)
+                } else {
+                    ConcreteDataType::decimal128_default_datatype()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// This macro is used to generate datatype functions
+/// with lower style for ColumnDataTypeWrapper.
+///
+///
+/// For example: we can use `ColumnDataTypeWrapper::int8_datatype()`,
+/// to get a ColumnDataTypeWrapper with datatype `ColumnDataType::Int8`.
+macro_rules! impl_column_type_functions {
+    ($($Type: ident), +) => {
+        paste! {
+            impl ColumnDataTypeWrapper {
+                $(
+                    pub fn [<$Type:lower _datatype>]() -> ColumnDataTypeWrapper {
+                        ColumnDataTypeWrapper {
+                            datatype: ColumnDataType::$Type,
+                            datatype_ext: None,
+                        }
+                    }
+                )+
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// This macro is used to generate datatype functions
+/// with snake style for ColumnDataTypeWrapper.
+///
+///
+/// For example: we can use `ColumnDataTypeWrapper::duration_second_datatype()`,
+/// to get a ColumnDataTypeWrapper with datatype `ColumnDataType::DurationSecond`.
+macro_rules! impl_column_type_functions_with_snake {
+    ($($TypeName: ident), +) => {
+        paste!{
+            impl ColumnDataTypeWrapper {
+                $(
+                    pub fn [<$TypeName:snake _datatype>]() -> ColumnDataTypeWrapper {
+                        ColumnDataTypeWrapper {
+                            datatype: ColumnDataType::$TypeName,
+                            datatype_ext: None,
+                        }
+                    }
+                )+
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl_column_type_functions!(
+    Boolean, Uint8, Uint16, Uint32, Uint64, Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64, Float32, Float64, Binary,
+    Date, Datetime, String
+);
+
+impl_column_type_functions_with_snake!(
+    TimestampSecond,
+    TimestampMillisecond,
+    TimestampMicrosecond,
+    TimestampNanosecond,
+    TimeSecond,
+    TimeMillisecond,
+    TimeMicrosecond,
+    TimeNanosecond,
+    IntervalYearMonth,
+    IntervalDayTime,
+    IntervalMonthDayNano,
+    DurationSecond,
+    DurationMillisecond,
+    DurationMicrosecond,
+    DurationNanosecond
+);
+
+impl ColumnDataTypeWrapper {
+    pub fn decimal128_datatype(precision: i32, scale: i32) -> Self {
+        ColumnDataTypeWrapper {
+            datatype: ColumnDataType::Decimal128,
+            datatype_ext: Some(ColumnDataTypeExtension {
+                type_ext: Some(TypeExt::DecimalType(DecimalTypeExtension {
+                    precision,
+                    scale,
+                })),
+            }),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -117,7 +237,7 @@ impl TryFrom<ConcreteDataType> for ColumnDataTypeWrapper {
    type Error = error::Error;

    fn try_from(datatype: ConcreteDataType) -> Result<Self> {
-        let datatype = ColumnDataTypeWrapper(match datatype {
+        let column_datatype = match datatype {
            ConcreteDataType::Boolean(_) => ColumnDataType::Boolean,
            ConcreteDataType::Int8(_) => ColumnDataType::Int8,
            ConcreteDataType::Int16(_) => ColumnDataType::Int16,
@@ -156,14 +276,30 @@ impl TryFrom<ConcreteDataType> for ColumnDataTypeWrapper {
                DurationType::Microsecond(_) => ColumnDataType::DurationMicrosecond,
                DurationType::Nanosecond(_) => ColumnDataType::DurationNanosecond,
            },
+            ConcreteDataType::Decimal128(_) => ColumnDataType::Decimal128,
            ConcreteDataType::Null(_)
            | ConcreteDataType::List(_)
-            | ConcreteDataType::Dictionary(_)
-            | ConcreteDataType::Decimal128(_) => {
+            | ConcreteDataType::Dictionary(_) => {
                return error::IntoColumnDataTypeSnafu { from: datatype }.fail()
            }
-        });
-        Ok(datatype)
+        };
+        let datatype_extension = match column_datatype {
+            ColumnDataType::Decimal128 => {
+                datatype
+                    .as_decimal128()
+                    .map(|decimal_type| ColumnDataTypeExtension {
+                        type_ext: Some(TypeExt::DecimalType(DecimalTypeExtension {
+                            precision: decimal_type.precision() as i32,
+                            scale: decimal_type.scale() as i32,
+                        })),
+                    })
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        Ok(Self {
+            datatype: column_datatype,
+            datatype_ext: datatype_extension,
+        })
    }
 }

@@ -289,6 +425,10 @@ pub fn values_with_capacity(datatype: ColumnDataType, capacity: usize) -> Values
            duration_nanosecond_values: Vec::with_capacity(capacity),
            ..Default::default()
        },
+        ColumnDataType::Decimal128 => Values {
+            decimal128_values: Vec::with_capacity(capacity),
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
    }
 }

@@ -342,7 +482,8 @@ pub fn push_vals(column: &mut Column, origin_count: usize, vector: VectorRef) {
            TimeUnit::Microsecond => values.duration_microsecond_values.push(val.value()),
            TimeUnit::Nanosecond => values.duration_nanosecond_values.push(val.value()),
        },
-        Value::List(_) | Value::Decimal128(_) => unreachable!(),
+        Value::Decimal128(val) => values.decimal128_values.push(convert_to_pb_decimal128(val)),
+        Value::List(_) => unreachable!(),
    });
    column.null_mask = null_mask.into_vec();
 }
@@ -382,17 +523,29 @@ fn ddl_request_type(request: &DdlRequest) -> &'static str {
 }

 /// Converts an i128 value to google protobuf type [IntervalMonthDayNano].
-pub fn convert_i128_to_interval(v: i128) -> IntervalMonthDayNano {
+pub fn convert_i128_to_interval(v: i128) -> v1::IntervalMonthDayNano {
    let interval = Interval::from_i128(v);
    let (months, days, nanoseconds) = interval.to_month_day_nano();
-    IntervalMonthDayNano {
+    v1::IntervalMonthDayNano {
        months,
        days,
        nanoseconds,
    }
 }

-pub fn pb_value_to_value_ref(value: &v1::Value) -> ValueRef {
+/// Convert common decimal128 to grpc decimal128 without precision and scale.
+pub fn convert_to_pb_decimal128(v: Decimal128) -> v1::Decimal128 {
+    let value = v.val();
+    v1::Decimal128 {
+        hi: (value >> 64) as i64,
+        lo: value as i64,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn pb_value_to_value_ref<'a>(
+    value: &'a v1::Value,
+    datatype_ext: &'a Option<ColumnDataTypeExtension>,
+) -> ValueRef<'a> {
    let Some(value) = &value.value_data else {
        return ValueRef::Null;
    };
@@ -437,6 +590,28 @@ pub fn pb_value_to_value_ref(value: &v1::Value) -> ValueRef {
        ValueData::DurationMillisecondValue(v) => ValueRef::Duration(Duration::new_millisecond(*v)),
        ValueData::DurationMicrosecondValue(v) => ValueRef::Duration(Duration::new_microsecond(*v)),
        ValueData::DurationNanosecondValue(v) => ValueRef::Duration(Duration::new_nanosecond(*v)),
+        ValueData::Decimal128Value(v) => {
+            // get precision and scale from datatype_extension
+            if let Some(TypeExt::DecimalType(d)) = datatype_ext
+                .as_ref()
+                .and_then(|column_ext| column_ext.type_ext.as_ref())
+            {
+                ValueRef::Decimal128(Decimal128::from_value_precision_scale(
+                    v.hi,
+                    v.lo,
+                    d.precision as u8,
+                    d.scale as i8,
+                ))
+            } else {
+                // If the precision and scale are not set, use the default value.
+                ValueRef::Decimal128(Decimal128::from_value_precision_scale(
+                    v.hi,
+                    v.lo,
+                    DECIMAL128_MAX_PRECISION,
+                    DECIMAL128_DEFAULT_SCALE,
+                ))
+            }
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -523,10 +698,12 @@ pub fn pb_values_to_vector_ref(data_type: &ConcreteDataType, values: Values) ->
                values.duration_nanosecond_values,
            )),
        },
-        ConcreteDataType::Null(_)
-        | ConcreteDataType::List(_)
-        | ConcreteDataType::Dictionary(_)
-        | ConcreteDataType::Decimal128(_) => {
+        ConcreteDataType::Decimal128(d) => Arc::new(Decimal128Vector::from_values(
+            values.decimal128_values.iter().map(|x| {
+                Decimal128::from_value_precision_scale(x.hi, x.lo, d.precision(), d.scale()).into()
+            }),
+        )),
+        ConcreteDataType::Null(_) | ConcreteDataType::List(_) | ConcreteDataType::Dictionary(_) => {
            unreachable!()
        }
    }
@@ -696,10 +873,19 @@ pub fn pb_values_to_values(data_type: &ConcreteDataType, values: Values) -> Vec<
            .into_iter()
            .map(|v| Value::Duration(Duration::new_nanosecond(v)))
            .collect(),
-        ConcreteDataType::Null(_)
-        | ConcreteDataType::List(_)
-        | ConcreteDataType::Dictionary(_)
-        | ConcreteDataType::Decimal128(_) => {
+        ConcreteDataType::Decimal128(d) => values
+            .decimal128_values
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|v| {
+                Value::Decimal128(Decimal128::from_value_precision_scale(
+                    v.hi,
+                    v.lo,
+                    d.precision(),
+                    d.scale(),
+                ))
+            })
+            .collect(),
+        ConcreteDataType::Null(_) | ConcreteDataType::List(_) | ConcreteDataType::Dictionary(_) => {
            unreachable!()
        }
    }
@@ -711,12 +897,14 @@ pub fn is_semantic_type_eq(type_value: i32, semantic_type: SemanticType) -> bool
 }

 /// Returns true if the pb type value is valid.
-pub fn is_column_type_value_eq(type_value: i32, expect_type: &ConcreteDataType) -> bool {
-    let Ok(column_type) = ColumnDataType::try_from(type_value) else {
-        return false;
-    };
-
-    is_column_type_eq(column_type, expect_type)
+pub fn is_column_type_value_eq(
+    type_value: i32,
+    type_extension: Option<ColumnDataTypeExtension>,
+    expect_type: &ConcreteDataType,
+) -> bool {
+    ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(type_value, type_extension)
+        .map(|wrapper| ConcreteDataType::from(wrapper) == *expect_type)
+        .unwrap_or(false)
 }

 /// Convert value into proto's value.
@@ -823,13 +1011,19 @@ pub fn to_proto_value(value: Value) -> Option<v1::Value> {
                value_data: Some(ValueData::DurationNanosecondValue(v.value())),
            },
        },
-        Value::List(_) | Value::Decimal128(_) => return None,
+        Value::Decimal128(v) => {
+            let (hi, lo) = v.split_value();
+            v1::Value {
+                value_data: Some(ValueData::Decimal128Value(v1::Decimal128 { hi, lo })),
+            }
+        }
+        Value::List(_) => return None,
    };

    Some(proto_value)
 }

-/// Returns the [ColumnDataType] of the value.
+/// Returns the [ColumnDataTypeWrapper] of the value.
 ///
 /// If value is null, returns `None`.
 pub fn proto_value_type(value: &v1::Value) -> Option<ColumnDataType> {
@@ -864,66 +1058,11 @@ pub fn proto_value_type(value: &v1::Value) -> Option<ColumnDataType> {
        ValueData::DurationMillisecondValue(_) => ColumnDataType::DurationMillisecond,
        ValueData::DurationMicrosecondValue(_) => ColumnDataType::DurationMicrosecond,
        ValueData::DurationNanosecondValue(_) => ColumnDataType::DurationNanosecond,
+        ValueData::Decimal128Value(_) => ColumnDataType::Decimal128,
    };
    Some(value_type)
 }

-/// Convert [ConcreteDataType] to [ColumnDataType].
-pub fn to_column_data_type(data_type: &ConcreteDataType) -> Option<ColumnDataType> {
-    let column_data_type = match data_type {
-        ConcreteDataType::Boolean(_) => ColumnDataType::Boolean,
-        ConcreteDataType::Int8(_) => ColumnDataType::Int8,
-        ConcreteDataType::Int16(_) => ColumnDataType::Int16,
-        ConcreteDataType::Int32(_) => ColumnDataType::Int32,
-        ConcreteDataType::Int64(_) => ColumnDataType::Int64,
-        ConcreteDataType::UInt8(_) => ColumnDataType::Uint8,
-        ConcreteDataType::UInt16(_) => ColumnDataType::Uint16,
-        ConcreteDataType::UInt32(_) => ColumnDataType::Uint32,
-        ConcreteDataType::UInt64(_) => ColumnDataType::Uint64,
-        ConcreteDataType::Float32(_) => ColumnDataType::Float32,
-        ConcreteDataType::Float64(_) => ColumnDataType::Float64,
-        ConcreteDataType::Binary(_) => ColumnDataType::Binary,
-        ConcreteDataType::String(_) => ColumnDataType::String,
-        ConcreteDataType::Date(_) => ColumnDataType::Date,
-        ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_) => ColumnDataType::Datetime,
-        ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(TimestampType::Second(_)) => ColumnDataType::TimestampSecond,
-        ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(TimestampType::Millisecond(_)) => {
-            ColumnDataType::TimestampMillisecond
-        }
-        ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(TimestampType::Microsecond(_)) => {
-            ColumnDataType::TimestampMicrosecond
-        }
-        ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(TimestampType::Nanosecond(_)) => {
-            ColumnDataType::TimestampNanosecond
-        }
-        ConcreteDataType::Time(TimeType::Second(_)) => ColumnDataType::TimeSecond,
-        ConcreteDataType::Time(TimeType::Millisecond(_)) => ColumnDataType::TimeMillisecond,
-        ConcreteDataType::Time(TimeType::Microsecond(_)) => ColumnDataType::TimeMicrosecond,
-        ConcreteDataType::Time(TimeType::Nanosecond(_)) => ColumnDataType::TimeNanosecond,
-        ConcreteDataType::Duration(DurationType::Second(_)) => ColumnDataType::DurationSecond,
-        ConcreteDataType::Duration(DurationType::Millisecond(_)) => {
-            ColumnDataType::DurationMillisecond
-        }
-        ConcreteDataType::Duration(DurationType::Microsecond(_)) => {
-            ColumnDataType::DurationMicrosecond
-        }
-        ConcreteDataType::Duration(DurationType::Nanosecond(_)) => {
-            ColumnDataType::DurationNanosecond
-        }
-        ConcreteDataType::Interval(IntervalType::YearMonth(_)) => ColumnDataType::IntervalYearMonth,
-        ConcreteDataType::Interval(IntervalType::MonthDayNano(_)) => {
-            ColumnDataType::IntervalMonthDayNano
-        }
-        ConcreteDataType::Interval(IntervalType::DayTime(_)) => ColumnDataType::IntervalDayTime,
-        ConcreteDataType::Null(_)
-        | ConcreteDataType::List(_)
-        | ConcreteDataType::Dictionary(_)
-        | ConcreteDataType::Decimal128(_) => return None,
-    };
-
-    Some(column_data_type)
-}
-
 pub fn vectors_to_rows<'a>(
    columns: impl Iterator<Item = &'a VectorRef>,
    row_count: usize,
@@ -982,20 +1121,15 @@ pub fn value_to_grpc_value(value: Value) -> GrpcValue {
                TimeUnit::Microsecond => ValueData::DurationMicrosecondValue(v.value()),
                TimeUnit::Nanosecond => ValueData::DurationNanosecondValue(v.value()),
            }),
-            Value::List(_) | Value::Decimal128(_) => unreachable!(),
+            Value::Decimal128(v) => {
+                let (hi, lo) = v.split_value();
+                Some(ValueData::Decimal128Value(v1::Decimal128 { hi, lo }))
+            }
+            Value::List(_) => unreachable!(),
        },
    }
 }

-/// Returns true if the column type is equal to expected type.
-fn is_column_type_eq(column_type: ColumnDataType, expect_type: &ConcreteDataType) -> bool {
-    if let Some(expect) = to_column_data_type(expect_type) {
-        column_type == expect
-    } else {
-        false
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -1089,189 +1223,204 @@ mod tests {
        let values = values_with_capacity(ColumnDataType::DurationMillisecond, 2);
        let values = values.duration_millisecond_values;
        assert_eq!(2, values.capacity());
+
+        let values = values_with_capacity(ColumnDataType::Decimal128, 2);
+        let values = values.decimal128_values;
+        assert_eq!(2, values.capacity());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_concrete_datatype_from_column_datatype() {
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::boolean_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Boolean).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::boolean_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::int8_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Int8).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::int8_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::int16_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Int16).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::int16_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Int32).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::int32_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Int64).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::int64_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::uint8_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Uint8).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::uint8_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::uint16_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Uint16).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::uint16_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::uint32_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Uint32).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::uint32_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::uint64_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Uint64).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::uint64_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::float32_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Float32).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::float32_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::float64_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Float64).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::float64_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::binary_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Binary).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::binary_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::String).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::string_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::date_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Date).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::date_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Datetime).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::datetime_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::TimestampMillisecond).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::timestamp_millisecond_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::time_datatype(TimeUnit::Millisecond),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::TimeMillisecond).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::time_millisecond_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::interval_datatype(IntervalUnit::DayTime),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::IntervalDayTime).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::interval_day_time_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::interval_datatype(IntervalUnit::YearMonth),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::IntervalYearMonth).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::interval_year_month_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::interval_datatype(IntervalUnit::MonthDayNano),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::IntervalMonthDayNano).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::interval_month_day_nano_datatype().into()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::duration_millisecond_datatype(),
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::DurationMillisecond).into()
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::duration_millisecond_datatype().into()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::decimal128_datatype(10, 2),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::decimal128_datatype(10, 2).into()
        )
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_column_datatype_from_concrete_datatype() {
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Boolean),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::boolean_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::boolean_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Int8),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::int8_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::int8_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Int16),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::int16_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::int16_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Int32),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::int32_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Int64),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::int64_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Uint8),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::uint8_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::uint8_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Uint16),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::uint16_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::uint16_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Uint32),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::uint32_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::uint32_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Uint64),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::uint64_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::uint64_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Float32),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::float32_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::float32_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Float64),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::float64_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::float64_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Binary),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::binary_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::binary_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::String),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::string_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::string_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Date),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::date_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::date_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::Datetime),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::datetime_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::datetime_datatype().try_into().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::TimestampMillisecond),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype()
                .try_into()
                .unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::IntervalYearMonth),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::interval_year_month_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::interval_datatype(IntervalUnit::YearMonth)
                .try_into()
                .unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::IntervalDayTime),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::interval_day_time_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::interval_datatype(IntervalUnit::DayTime)
                .try_into()
                .unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::IntervalMonthDayNano),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::interval_month_day_nano_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::interval_datatype(IntervalUnit::MonthDayNano)
                .try_into()
                .unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper(ColumnDataType::DurationMillisecond),
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::duration_millisecond_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::duration_millisecond_datatype()
                .try_into()
                .unwrap()
        );

+        assert_eq!(
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::decimal128_datatype(10, 2),
+            ConcreteDataType::decimal128_datatype(10, 2)
+                .try_into()
+                .unwrap()
+        );
+
        let result: Result<ColumnDataTypeWrapper> = ConcreteDataType::null_datatype().try_into();
        assert!(result.is_err());
        assert_eq!(
@@ -1298,6 +1447,7 @@ mod tests {
            }),
            null_mask: vec![],
            datatype: 0,
+            ..Default::default()
        };

        let vector = Arc::new(TimestampNanosecondVector::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3]));
@@ -1339,6 +1489,7 @@ mod tests {
            }),
            null_mask: vec![],
            datatype: 0,
+            ..Default::default()
        };

        let vector = Arc::new(TimeNanosecondVector::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3]));
@@ -1380,6 +1531,7 @@ mod tests {
            }),
            null_mask: vec![],
            datatype: 0,
+            ..Default::default()
        };

        let vector = Arc::new(IntervalYearMonthVector::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3]));
@@ -1424,6 +1576,7 @@ mod tests {
            }),
            null_mask: vec![],
            datatype: 0,
+            ..Default::default()
        };

        let vector = Arc::new(DurationNanosecondVector::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3]));
@@ -1468,6 +1621,7 @@ mod tests {
            }),
            null_mask: vec![2],
            datatype: ColumnDataType::Boolean as i32,
+            ..Default::default()
        };
        let row_count = 4;

@@ -1625,17 +1779,17 @@ mod tests {
            &ConcreteDataType::Interval(IntervalType::MonthDayNano(IntervalMonthDayNanoType)),
            Values {
                interval_month_day_nano_values: vec![
-                    IntervalMonthDayNano {
+                    v1::IntervalMonthDayNano {
                        months: 1,
                        days: 2,
                        nanoseconds: 3,
                    },
-                    IntervalMonthDayNano {
+                    v1::IntervalMonthDayNano {
                        months: 5,
                        days: 6,
                        nanoseconds: 7,
                    },
-                    IntervalMonthDayNano {
+                    v1::IntervalMonthDayNano {
                        months: 9,
                        days: 10,
                        nanoseconds: 11,
@@ -1867,4 +2021,33 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(values[6], ValueData::DateValue(30));
        assert_eq!(values[7], ValueData::StringValue("c".to_string()));
    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_column_type_value_eq() {
+        // test column type eq
+        let column1 = Column {
+            column_name: "test".to_string(),
+            semantic_type: 0,
+            values: Some(Values {
+                bool_values: vec![false, true, true],
+                ..Default::default()
+            }),
+            null_mask: vec![2],
+            datatype: ColumnDataType::Boolean as i32,
+            datatype_extension: None,
+        };
+        assert!(is_column_type_value_eq(
+            column1.datatype,
+            column1.datatype_extension,
+            &ConcreteDataType::boolean_datatype(),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_convert_to_pb_decimal128() {
+        let decimal = Decimal128::new(123, 3, 1);
+        let pb_decimal = convert_to_pb_decimal128(decimal);
+        assert_eq!(pb_decimal.lo, 123);
+        assert_eq!(pb_decimal.hi, 0);
+    }
 }
--- a/src/api/src/v1/column_def.rs
+++ b/src/api/src/v1/column_def.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,10 @@ use crate::helper::ColumnDataTypeWrapper;
 use crate::v1::ColumnDef;

 pub fn try_as_column_schema(column_def: &ColumnDef) -> Result<ColumnSchema> {
-    let data_type = ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(column_def.data_type)?;
+    let data_type = ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(
+        column_def.data_type,
+        column_def.datatype_extension.clone(),
+    )?;

    let constraint = if column_def.default_constraint.is_empty() {
        None
--- a/src/catalog/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/catalog/Cargo.toml
@@ -49,5 +49,4 @@ chrono.workspace = true
 common-test-util.workspace = true
 log-store.workspace = true
 object-store.workspace = true
-storage.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
--- a/src/catalog/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/error.rs
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ pub enum Error {
        source: table::error::Error,
    },

-    #[snafu(display(""))]
+    #[snafu(display("Internal error"))]
    Internal {
        location: Location,
        source: BoxedError,
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ pub enum Error {
    #[snafu(display("Illegal access to catalog: {} and schema: {}", catalog, schema))]
    QueryAccessDenied { catalog: String, schema: String },

-    #[snafu(display(""))]
+    #[snafu(display("DataFusion error"))]
    Datafusion {
        #[snafu(source)]
        error: DataFusionError,
--- a/src/catalog/src/information_schema/columns.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/information_schema/columns.rs
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ impl InformationSchemaColumnsBuilder {
                        &schema_name,
                        &table_name,
                        &column.name,
-                        column.data_type.name(),
+                        &column.data_type.name(),
                        semantic_type,
                    );
                }
--- a/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/manager.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/manager.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
 use common_catalog::consts::{DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME, INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME, NUMBERS_TABLE_ID};
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_meta::cache_invalidator::{CacheInvalidator, CacheInvalidatorRef, Context};
-use common_meta::datanode_manager::DatanodeManagerRef;
 use common_meta::error::Result as MetaResult;
 use common_meta::key::catalog_name::CatalogNameKey;
 use common_meta::key::schema_name::SchemaNameKey;
@@ -55,7 +54,6 @@ pub struct KvBackendCatalogManager {
    cache_invalidator: CacheInvalidatorRef,
    partition_manager: PartitionRuleManagerRef,
    table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManagerRef,
-    datanode_manager: DatanodeManagerRef,
    /// A sub-CatalogManager that handles system tables
    system_catalog: SystemCatalog,
 }
@@ -76,16 +74,11 @@ impl CacheInvalidator for KvBackendCatalogManager {
 }

 impl KvBackendCatalogManager {
-    pub fn new(
-        backend: KvBackendRef,
-        cache_invalidator: CacheInvalidatorRef,
-        datanode_manager: DatanodeManagerRef,
-    ) -> Arc<Self> {
+    pub fn new(backend: KvBackendRef, cache_invalidator: CacheInvalidatorRef) -> Arc<Self> {
        Arc::new_cyclic(|me| Self {
            partition_manager: Arc::new(PartitionRuleManager::new(backend.clone())),
            table_metadata_manager: Arc::new(TableMetadataManager::new(backend)),
            cache_invalidator,
-            datanode_manager,
            system_catalog: SystemCatalog {
                catalog_manager: me.clone(),
            },
@@ -99,10 +92,6 @@ impl KvBackendCatalogManager {
    pub fn table_metadata_manager_ref(&self) -> &TableMetadataManagerRef {
        &self.table_metadata_manager
    }
-
-    pub fn datanode_manager(&self) -> DatanodeManagerRef {
-        self.datanode_manager.clone()
-    }
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
--- a/src/client/examples/logical.rs
+++ b/src/client/examples/logical.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ async fn run() {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Timestamp as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "key".to_string(),
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ async fn run() {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Tag as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
            ColumnDef {
                name: "value".to_string(),
@@ -62,6 +64,7 @@ async fn run() {
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            },
        ],
        time_index: "timestamp".to_string(),
@@ -78,7 +81,7 @@ async fn run() {

    let logical = mock_logical_plan();
    event!(Level::INFO, "plan size: {:#?}", logical.len());
-    let result = db.logical_plan(logical, 0).await.unwrap();
+    let result = db.logical_plan(logical).await.unwrap();

    event!(Level::INFO, "result: {:#?}", result);
 }
--- a/src/client/src/database.rs
+++ b/src/client/src/database.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ use common_query::Output;
 use common_recordbatch::error::ExternalSnafu;
 use common_recordbatch::RecordBatchStreamAdaptor;
 use common_telemetry::logging;
+use common_telemetry::tracing_context::W3cTrace;
 use futures_util::StreamExt;
 use prost::Message;
 use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
@@ -147,21 +148,21 @@ impl Database {

    async fn handle(&self, request: Request) -> Result<u32> {
        let mut client = self.client.make_database_client()?.inner;
-        let request = self.to_rpc_request(request, 0);
+        let request = self.to_rpc_request(request);
        let response = client.handle(request).await?.into_inner();
        from_grpc_response(response)
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn to_rpc_request(&self, request: Request, trace_id: u64) -> GreptimeRequest {
+    fn to_rpc_request(&self, request: Request) -> GreptimeRequest {
        GreptimeRequest {
            header: Some(RequestHeader {
                catalog: self.catalog.clone(),
                schema: self.schema.clone(),
                authorization: self.ctx.auth_header.clone(),
                dbname: self.dbname.clone(),
-                trace_id,
-                span_id: 0,
+                // TODO(Taylor-lagrange): add client grpc tracing
+                tracing_context: W3cTrace::new(),
            }),
            request: Some(request),
        }
@@ -172,23 +173,17 @@ impl Database {
        S: AsRef<str>,
    {
        let _timer = metrics::METRIC_GRPC_SQL.start_timer();
-        self.do_get(
-            Request::Query(QueryRequest {
-                query: Some(Query::Sql(sql.as_ref().to_string())),
-            }),
-            0,
-        )
+        self.do_get(Request::Query(QueryRequest {
+            query: Some(Query::Sql(sql.as_ref().to_string())),
+        }))
        .await
    }

-    pub async fn logical_plan(&self, logical_plan: Vec<u8>, trace_id: u64) -> Result<Output> {
+    pub async fn logical_plan(&self, logical_plan: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Output> {
        let _timer = metrics::METRIC_GRPC_LOGICAL_PLAN.start_timer();
-        self.do_get(
-            Request::Query(QueryRequest {
-                query: Some(Query::LogicalPlan(logical_plan)),
-            }),
-            trace_id,
-        )
+        self.do_get(Request::Query(QueryRequest {
+            query: Some(Query::LogicalPlan(logical_plan)),
+        }))
        .await
    }

@@ -200,68 +195,53 @@ impl Database {
        step: &str,
    ) -> Result<Output> {
        let _timer = metrics::METRIC_GRPC_PROMQL_RANGE_QUERY.start_timer();
-        self.do_get(
-            Request::Query(QueryRequest {
-                query: Some(Query::PromRangeQuery(PromRangeQuery {
-                    query: promql.to_string(),
-                    start: start.to_string(),
-                    end: end.to_string(),
-                    step: step.to_string(),
-                })),
-            }),
-            0,
-        )
+        self.do_get(Request::Query(QueryRequest {
+            query: Some(Query::PromRangeQuery(PromRangeQuery {
+                query: promql.to_string(),
+                start: start.to_string(),
+                end: end.to_string(),
+                step: step.to_string(),
+            })),
+        }))
        .await
    }

    pub async fn create(&self, expr: CreateTableExpr) -> Result<Output> {
        let _timer = metrics::METRIC_GRPC_CREATE_TABLE.start_timer();
-        self.do_get(
-            Request::Ddl(DdlRequest {
-                expr: Some(DdlExpr::CreateTable(expr)),
-            }),
-            0,
-        )
+        self.do_get(Request::Ddl(DdlRequest {
+            expr: Some(DdlExpr::CreateTable(expr)),
+        }))
        .await
    }

    pub async fn alter(&self, expr: AlterExpr) -> Result<Output> {
        let _timer = metrics::METRIC_GRPC_ALTER.start_timer();
-        self.do_get(
-            Request::Ddl(DdlRequest {
-                expr: Some(DdlExpr::Alter(expr)),
-            }),
-            0,
-        )
+        self.do_get(Request::Ddl(DdlRequest {
+            expr: Some(DdlExpr::Alter(expr)),
+        }))
        .await
    }

    pub async fn drop_table(&self, expr: DropTableExpr) -> Result<Output> {
        let _timer = metrics::METRIC_GRPC_DROP_TABLE.start_timer();
-        self.do_get(
-            Request::Ddl(DdlRequest {
-                expr: Some(DdlExpr::DropTable(expr)),
-            }),
-            0,
-        )
+        self.do_get(Request::Ddl(DdlRequest {
+            expr: Some(DdlExpr::DropTable(expr)),
+        }))
        .await
    }

    pub async fn truncate_table(&self, expr: TruncateTableExpr) -> Result<Output> {
        let _timer = metrics::METRIC_GRPC_TRUNCATE_TABLE.start_timer();
-        self.do_get(
-            Request::Ddl(DdlRequest {
-                expr: Some(DdlExpr::TruncateTable(expr)),
-            }),
-            0,
-        )
+        self.do_get(Request::Ddl(DdlRequest {
+            expr: Some(DdlExpr::TruncateTable(expr)),
+        }))
        .await
    }

-    async fn do_get(&self, request: Request, trace_id: u64) -> Result<Output> {
+    async fn do_get(&self, request: Request) -> Result<Output> {
        // FIXME(paomian): should be added some labels for metrics
        let _timer = metrics::METRIC_GRPC_DO_GET.start_timer();
-        let request = self.to_rpc_request(request, trace_id);
+        let request = self.to_rpc_request(request);
        let request = Ticket {
            ticket: request.encode_to_vec().into(),
        };
--- a/src/cmd/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/cmd/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ async-trait.workspace = true
 auth.workspace = true
 catalog.workspace = true
 chrono.workspace = true
-clap = { version = "3.1", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "4.4", features = ["derive"] }
 client.workspace = true
 common-base.workspace = true
 common-catalog.workspace = true
--- a/src/cmd/src/bin/greptime.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/bin/greptime.rs
@@ -208,7 +208,8 @@ async fn main() -> Result<()> {
    };

    common_telemetry::set_panic_hook();
-    let _guard = common_telemetry::init_global_logging(app_name, logging_opts, tracing_opts);
+    let _guard =
+        common_telemetry::init_global_logging(app_name, logging_opts, tracing_opts, opts.node_id());

    // Report app version as gauge.
    APP_VERSION
--- a/src/cmd/src/cli/repl.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/cli/repl.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Instant;

 use catalog::kvbackend::{CachedMetaKvBackend, KvBackendCatalogManager};
-use client::client_manager::DatanodeClients;
 use client::{Client, Database, DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME};
 use common_base::Plugins;
 use common_error::ext::ErrorExt;
@@ -176,7 +175,7 @@ impl Repl {
                .encode(&plan)
                .context(SubstraitEncodeLogicalPlanSnafu)?;

-            self.database.logical_plan(plan.to_vec(), 0).await
+            self.database.logical_plan(plan.to_vec()).await
        } else {
            self.database.sql(&sql).await
        }
@@ -250,13 +249,8 @@ async fn create_query_engine(meta_addr: &str) -> Result<DatafusionQueryEngine> {

    let cached_meta_backend = Arc::new(CachedMetaKvBackend::new(meta_client.clone()));

-    let datanode_clients = Arc::new(DatanodeClients::default());
-
-    let catalog_list = KvBackendCatalogManager::new(
-        cached_meta_backend.clone(),
-        cached_meta_backend.clone(),
-        datanode_clients,
-    );
+    let catalog_list =
+        KvBackendCatalogManager::new(cached_meta_backend.clone(), cached_meta_backend);
    let plugins: Plugins = Default::default();
    let state = Arc::new(QueryEngineState::new(
        catalog_list,
--- a/src/cmd/src/datanode.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/datanode.rs
@@ -12,15 +12,17 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;

+use catalog::kvbackend::MetaKvBackend;
 use clap::Parser;
 use common_telemetry::logging;
 use datanode::config::DatanodeOptions;
 use datanode::datanode::{Datanode, DatanodeBuilder};
 use meta_client::MetaClientOptions;
 use servers::Mode;
-use snafu::ResultExt;
+use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};

 use crate::error::{MissingConfigSnafu, Result, ShutdownDatanodeSnafu, StartDatanodeSnafu};
 use crate::options::{Options, TopLevelOptions};
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ struct StartCommand {
    rpc_addr: Option<String>,
    #[clap(long)]
    rpc_hostname: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(long, multiple = true, value_delimiter = ',')]
+    #[clap(long, value_delimiter = ',', num_args = 1..)]
    metasrv_addr: Option<Vec<String>>,
    #[clap(short, long)]
    config_file: Option<String>,
@@ -177,7 +179,27 @@ impl StartCommand {
        logging::info!("Datanode start command: {:#?}", self);
        logging::info!("Datanode options: {:#?}", opts);

-        let datanode = DatanodeBuilder::new(opts, None, plugins)
+        let node_id = opts
+            .node_id
+            .context(MissingConfigSnafu { msg: "'node_id'" })?;
+
+        let meta_config = opts.meta_client.as_ref().context(MissingConfigSnafu {
+            msg: "'meta_client_options'",
+        })?;
+
+        let meta_client = datanode::heartbeat::new_metasrv_client(node_id, meta_config)
+            .await
+            .context(StartDatanodeSnafu)?;
+
+        let meta_backend = Arc::new(MetaKvBackend {
+            client: Arc::new(meta_client.clone()),
+        });
+
+        let datanode = DatanodeBuilder::new(opts, plugins)
+            .with_meta_client(meta_client)
+            .with_kv_backend(meta_backend)
+            .enable_region_server_service()
+            .enable_http_service()
            .build()
            .await
            .context(StartDatanodeSnafu)?;
@@ -192,7 +214,7 @@ mod tests {
    use std::time::Duration;

    use common_test_util::temp_dir::create_named_temp_file;
-    use datanode::config::{CompactionConfig, FileConfig, ObjectStoreConfig, RegionManifestConfig};
+    use datanode::config::{FileConfig, ObjectStoreConfig};
    use servers::heartbeat_options::HeartbeatOptions;
    use servers::Mode;

@@ -232,16 +254,6 @@ mod tests {
            type = "File"
            data_home = "/tmp/greptimedb/"

-            [storage.compaction]
-            max_inflight_tasks = 3
-            max_files_in_level0 = 7
-            max_purge_tasks = 32
-
-            [storage.manifest]
-            checkpoint_margin = 9
-            gc_duration = '7s'
-            compress = true
-
            [logging]
            level = "debug"
            dir = "/tmp/greptimedb/test/logs"
@@ -294,23 +306,6 @@ mod tests {
            ObjectStoreConfig::File(FileConfig { .. })
        ));

-        assert_eq!(
-            CompactionConfig {
-                max_inflight_tasks: 3,
-                max_files_in_level0: 7,
-                max_purge_tasks: 32,
-            },
-            options.storage.compaction,
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            RegionManifestConfig {
-                checkpoint_margin: Some(9),
-                gc_duration: Some(Duration::from_secs(7)),
-                compress: true
-            },
-            options.storage.manifest,
-        );
-
        assert_eq!("debug", options.logging.level.unwrap());
        assert_eq!("/tmp/greptimedb/test/logs".to_string(), options.logging.dir);
    }
@@ -387,18 +382,12 @@ mod tests {
            file_size = "1GB"
            purge_threshold = "50GB"
            purge_interval = "10m"
-            read_batch_size = 128
            sync_write = false

            [storage]
            type = "File"
            data_home = "/tmp/greptimedb/"

-            [storage.compaction]
-            max_inflight_tasks = 3
-            max_files_in_level0 = 7
-            max_purge_tasks = 32
-
            [logging]
            level = "debug"
            dir = "/tmp/greptimedb/test/logs"
@@ -409,26 +398,24 @@ mod tests {
        temp_env::with_vars(
            [
                (
-                    // storage.manifest.gc_duration = 9s
+                    // wal.purge_interval = 1m
                    [
                        env_prefix.to_string(),
-                        "storage".to_uppercase(),
-                        "manifest".to_uppercase(),
-                        "gc_duration".to_uppercase(),
+                        "wal".to_uppercase(),
+                        "purge_interval".to_uppercase(),
                    ]
                    .join(ENV_VAR_SEP),
-                    Some("9s"),
+                    Some("1m"),
                ),
                (
-                    // storage.compaction.max_purge_tasks = 99
+                    // wal.read_batch_size = 100
                    [
                        env_prefix.to_string(),
-                        "storage".to_uppercase(),
-                        "compaction".to_uppercase(),
-                        "max_purge_tasks".to_uppercase(),
+                        "wal".to_uppercase(),
+                        "read_batch_size".to_uppercase(),
                    ]
                    .join(ENV_VAR_SEP),
-                    Some("99"),
+                    Some("100"),
                ),
                (
                    // meta_client.metasrv_addrs = 127.0.0.1:3001,127.0.0.1:3002,127.0.0.1:3003
@@ -456,10 +443,7 @@ mod tests {
                };

                // Should be read from env, env > default values.
-                assert_eq!(
-                    opts.storage.manifest.gc_duration,
-                    Some(Duration::from_secs(9))
-                );
+                assert_eq!(opts.wal.read_batch_size, 100,);
                assert_eq!(
                    opts.meta_client.unwrap().metasrv_addrs,
                    vec![
@@ -470,19 +454,13 @@ mod tests {
                );

                // Should be read from config file, config file > env > default values.
-                assert_eq!(opts.storage.compaction.max_purge_tasks, 32);
+                assert_eq!(opts.wal.purge_interval, Duration::from_secs(60 * 10));

                // Should be read from cli, cli > config file > env > default values.
                assert_eq!(opts.wal.dir.unwrap(), "/other/wal/dir");

                // Should be default value.
-                assert_eq!(
-                    opts.storage.manifest.checkpoint_margin,
-                    DatanodeOptions::default()
-                        .storage
-                        .manifest
-                        .checkpoint_margin
-                );
+                assert_eq!(opts.http.addr, DatanodeOptions::default().http.addr);
            },
        );
    }
--- a/src/cmd/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/error.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,12 @@ pub enum Error {
        source: common_meta::error::Error,
    },

+    #[snafu(display("Failed to init DDL manager"))]
+    InitDdlManager {
+        location: Location,
+        source: common_meta::error::Error,
+    },
+
    #[snafu(display("Failed to start procedure manager"))]
    StartProcedureManager {
        location: Location,
@@ -240,9 +246,11 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            Error::ShutdownMetaServer { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
            Error::BuildMetaServer { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
            Error::UnsupportedSelectorType { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
-            Error::IterStream { source, .. } | Error::InitMetadata { source, .. } => {
-                source.status_code()
-            }
+
+            Error::IterStream { source, .. }
+            | Error::InitMetadata { source, .. }
+            | Error::InitDdlManager { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+
            Error::ConnectServer { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
            Error::MissingConfig { .. }
            | Error::LoadLayeredConfig { .. }
@@ -253,6 +261,7 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            | Error::CreateDir { .. }
            | Error::EmptyResult { .. }
            | Error::InvalidDatabaseName { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,
+
            Error::StartProcedureManager { source, .. }
            | Error::StopProcedureManager { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
            Error::ReplCreation { .. } | Error::Readline { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
--- a/src/cmd/src/frontend.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/frontend.rs
@@ -12,18 +12,26 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;

+use catalog::kvbackend::CachedMetaKvBackend;
 use clap::Parser;
+use client::client_manager::DatanodeClients;
+use common_meta::heartbeat::handler::parse_mailbox_message::ParseMailboxMessageHandler;
+use common_meta::heartbeat::handler::HandlerGroupExecutor;
 use common_telemetry::logging;
 use frontend::frontend::FrontendOptions;
+use frontend::heartbeat::handler::invalidate_table_cache::InvalidateTableCacheHandler;
+use frontend::heartbeat::HeartbeatTask;
+use frontend::instance::builder::FrontendBuilder;
 use frontend::instance::{FrontendInstance, Instance as FeInstance};
 use meta_client::MetaClientOptions;
 use servers::tls::{TlsMode, TlsOption};
 use servers::Mode;
-use snafu::ResultExt;
+use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};

-use crate::error::{self, Result, StartFrontendSnafu};
+use crate::error::{self, MissingConfigSnafu, Result, StartFrontendSnafu};
 use crate::options::{Options, TopLevelOptions};

 pub struct Instance {
@@ -100,7 +108,7 @@ pub struct StartCommand {
    config_file: Option<String>,
    #[clap(short, long)]
    influxdb_enable: Option<bool>,
-    #[clap(long, multiple = true, value_delimiter = ',')]
+    #[clap(long, value_delimiter = ',', num_args = 1..)]
    metasrv_addr: Option<Vec<String>>,
    #[clap(long)]
    tls_mode: Option<TlsMode>,
@@ -196,10 +204,38 @@ impl StartCommand {
        logging::info!("Frontend start command: {:#?}", self);
        logging::info!("Frontend options: {:#?}", opts);

-        let mut instance = FeInstance::try_new_distributed(&opts, plugins.clone())
+        let meta_client_options = opts.meta_client.as_ref().context(MissingConfigSnafu {
+            msg: "'meta_client'",
+        })?;
+        let meta_client = FeInstance::create_meta_client(meta_client_options)
            .await
            .context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;

+        let meta_backend = Arc::new(CachedMetaKvBackend::new(meta_client.clone()));
+
+        let executor = HandlerGroupExecutor::new(vec![
+            Arc::new(ParseMailboxMessageHandler),
+            Arc::new(InvalidateTableCacheHandler::new(meta_backend.clone())),
+        ]);
+
+        let heartbeat_task = HeartbeatTask::new(
+            meta_client.clone(),
+            opts.heartbeat.clone(),
+            Arc::new(executor),
+        );
+
+        let mut instance = FrontendBuilder::new(
+            meta_backend.clone(),
+            Arc::new(DatanodeClients::default()),
+            meta_client,
+        )
+        .with_cache_invalidator(meta_backend)
+        .with_plugin(plugins)
+        .with_heartbeat_task(heartbeat_task)
+        .try_build()
+        .await
+        .context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;
+
        instance
            .build_servers(opts)
            .await
--- a/src/cmd/src/metasrv.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/metasrv.rs
@@ -100,6 +100,9 @@ struct StartCommand {
    http_timeout: Option<u64>,
    #[clap(long, default_value = "GREPTIMEDB_METASRV")]
    env_prefix: String,
+    /// The working home directory of this metasrv instance.
+    #[clap(long)]
+    data_home: Option<String>,
 }

 impl StartCommand {
@@ -152,6 +155,10 @@ impl StartCommand {
            opts.http.timeout = Duration::from_secs(http_timeout);
        }

+        if let Some(data_home) = &self.data_home {
+            opts.data_home = data_home.clone();
+        }
+
        // Disable dashboard in metasrv.
        opts.http.disable_dashboard = true;

@@ -166,7 +173,12 @@ impl StartCommand {
        logging::info!("MetaSrv start command: {:#?}", self);
        logging::info!("MetaSrv options: {:#?}", opts);

-        let instance = MetaSrvInstance::new(opts, plugins)
+        let builder = meta_srv::bootstrap::metasrv_builder(&opts, plugins.clone(), None)
+            .await
+            .context(error::BuildMetaServerSnafu)?;
+        let metasrv = builder.build().await.context(error::BuildMetaServerSnafu)?;
+
+        let instance = MetaSrvInstance::new(opts, plugins, metasrv)
            .await
            .context(error::BuildMetaServerSnafu)?;

--- a/src/cmd/src/options.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/options.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub const ENV_VAR_SEP: &str = "__";
 pub const ENV_LIST_SEP: &str = ",";

 /// Options mixed up from datanode, frontend and metasrv.
-#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Debug)]
 pub struct MixOptions {
    pub data_home: String,
    pub procedure: ProcedureConfig,
@@ -133,12 +133,20 @@ impl Options {

        Ok(opts)
    }
+
+    pub fn node_id(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        match self {
+            Options::Metasrv(_) | Options::Cli(_) => None,
+            Options::Datanode(opt) => opt.node_id.map(|x| x.to_string()),
+            Options::Frontend(opt) => opt.node_id.clone(),
+            Options::Standalone(opt) => opt.frontend.node_id.clone(),
+        }
+    }
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use std::io::Write;
-    use std::time::Duration;

    use common_test_util::temp_dir::create_named_temp_file;
    use datanode::config::{DatanodeOptions, ObjectStoreConfig};
@@ -170,11 +178,6 @@ mod tests {
            read_batch_size = 128
            sync_write = false

-            [storage.compaction]
-            max_inflight_tasks = 3
-            max_files_in_level0 = 7
-            max_purge_tasks = 32
-
            [logging]
            level = "debug"
            dir = "/tmp/greptimedb/test/logs"
@@ -185,17 +188,6 @@ mod tests {
        temp_env::with_vars(
            // The following environment variables will be used to override the values in the config file.
            [
-                (
-                    // storage.manifest.checkpoint_margin = 99
-                    [
-                        env_prefix.to_string(),
-                        "storage".to_uppercase(),
-                        "manifest".to_uppercase(),
-                        "checkpoint_margin".to_uppercase(),
-                    ]
-                    .join(ENV_VAR_SEP),
-                    Some("99"),
-                ),
                (
                    // storage.type = S3
                    [
@@ -216,17 +208,6 @@ mod tests {
                    .join(ENV_VAR_SEP),
                    Some("mybucket"),
                ),
-                (
-                    // storage.manifest.gc_duration = 42s
-                    [
-                        env_prefix.to_string(),
-                        "storage".to_uppercase(),
-                        "manifest".to_uppercase(),
-                        "gc_duration".to_uppercase(),
-                    ]
-                    .join(ENV_VAR_SEP),
-                    Some("42s"),
-                ),
                (
                    // wal.dir = /other/wal/dir
                    [
@@ -257,17 +238,12 @@ mod tests {
                .unwrap();

                // Check the configs from environment variables.
-                assert_eq!(opts.storage.manifest.checkpoint_margin, Some(99));
                match opts.storage.store {
                    ObjectStoreConfig::S3(s3_config) => {
                        assert_eq!(s3_config.bucket, "mybucket".to_string());
                    }
                    _ => panic!("unexpected store type"),
                }
-                assert_eq!(
-                    opts.storage.manifest.gc_duration,
-                    Some(Duration::from_secs(42))
-                );
                assert_eq!(
                    opts.meta_client.unwrap().metasrv_addrs,
                    vec![
--- a/src/cmd/src/standalone.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/standalone.rs
@@ -15,21 +15,23 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::{fs, path};

-use catalog::kvbackend::KvBackendCatalogManager;
-use catalog::CatalogManagerRef;
 use clap::Parser;
-use common_base::Plugins;
 use common_config::{metadata_store_dir, KvBackendConfig, WalConfig};
-use common_meta::cache_invalidator::DummyKvCacheInvalidator;
+use common_meta::cache_invalidator::DummyCacheInvalidator;
+use common_meta::datanode_manager::DatanodeManagerRef;
+use common_meta::ddl::DdlTaskExecutorRef;
+use common_meta::ddl_manager::DdlManager;
+use common_meta::key::{TableMetadataManager, TableMetadataManagerRef};
 use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
 use common_procedure::ProcedureManagerRef;
 use common_telemetry::info;
 use common_telemetry::logging::LoggingOptions;
 use datanode::config::{DatanodeOptions, ProcedureConfig, RegionEngineConfig, StorageConfig};
 use datanode::datanode::{Datanode, DatanodeBuilder};
-use datanode::region_server::RegionServer;
 use file_engine::config::EngineConfig as FileEngineConfig;
 use frontend::frontend::FrontendOptions;
+use frontend::instance::builder::FrontendBuilder;
+use frontend::instance::standalone::StandaloneTableMetadataCreator;
 use frontend::instance::{FrontendInstance, Instance as FeInstance, StandaloneDatanodeManager};
 use frontend::service_config::{
    GrpcOptions, InfluxdbOptions, MysqlOptions, OpentsdbOptions, PostgresOptions, PromStoreOptions,
@@ -42,9 +44,9 @@ use servers::Mode;
 use snafu::ResultExt;

 use crate::error::{
-    CreateDirSnafu, IllegalConfigSnafu, InitMetadataSnafu, Result, ShutdownDatanodeSnafu,
-    ShutdownFrontendSnafu, StartDatanodeSnafu, StartFrontendSnafu, StartProcedureManagerSnafu,
-    StopProcedureManagerSnafu,
+    CreateDirSnafu, IllegalConfigSnafu, InitDdlManagerSnafu, InitMetadataSnafu, Result,
+    ShutdownDatanodeSnafu, ShutdownFrontendSnafu, StartDatanodeSnafu, StartFrontendSnafu,
+    StartProcedureManagerSnafu, StopProcedureManagerSnafu,
 };
 use crate::options::{MixOptions, Options, TopLevelOptions};

@@ -156,6 +158,7 @@ impl StandaloneOptions {
            wal: self.wal,
            storage: self.storage,
            region_engine: self.region_engine,
+            rpc_addr: self.grpc.addr,
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }
@@ -169,9 +172,7 @@ pub struct Instance {

 impl Instance {
    pub async fn start(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        // Start datanode instance before starting services, to avoid requests come in before internal components are started.
-        self.datanode.start().await.context(StartDatanodeSnafu)?;
-        info!("Datanode instance started");
+        self.datanode.start_telemetry();

        self.procedure_manager
            .start()
@@ -229,6 +230,9 @@ struct StartCommand {
    user_provider: Option<String>,
    #[clap(long, default_value = "GREPTIMEDB_STANDALONE")]
    env_prefix: String,
+    /// The working home directory of this standalone instance.
+    #[clap(long)]
+    data_home: Option<String>,
 }

 impl StartCommand {
@@ -259,6 +263,10 @@ impl StartCommand {
            opts.http.addr = addr.clone()
        }

+        if let Some(data_home) = &self.data_home {
+            opts.storage.data_home = data_home.clone();
+        }
+
        if let Some(addr) = &self.rpc_addr {
            // frontend grpc addr conflict with datanode default grpc addr
            let datanode_grpc_addr = DatanodeOptions::default().rpc_addr;
@@ -325,10 +333,8 @@ impl StartCommand {
        let dn_opts = opts.datanode.clone();

        info!("Standalone start command: {:#?}", self);
-        info!(
-            "Standalone frontend options: {:#?}, datanode options: {:#?}",
-            fe_opts, dn_opts
-        );
+
+        info!("Building standalone instance with {opts:#?}");

        // Ensure the data_home directory exists.
        fs::create_dir_all(path::Path::new(&opts.data_home)).context(CreateDirSnafu {
@@ -344,38 +350,25 @@ impl StartCommand {
        .await
        .context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;

-        let datanode = DatanodeBuilder::new(
-            dn_opts.clone(),
-            Some(kv_backend.clone()),
-            Default::default(),
-        )
-        .build()
-        .await
-        .context(StartDatanodeSnafu)?;
-        let region_server = datanode.region_server();
+        let builder =
+            DatanodeBuilder::new(dn_opts, fe_plugins.clone()).with_kv_backend(kv_backend.clone());
+        let datanode = builder.build().await.context(StartDatanodeSnafu)?;

-        let catalog_manager = KvBackendCatalogManager::new(
+        let datanode_manager = Arc::new(StandaloneDatanodeManager(datanode.region_server()));
+
+        let ddl_task_executor = Self::create_ddl_task_executor(
            kv_backend.clone(),
-            Arc::new(DummyKvCacheInvalidator),
-            Arc::new(StandaloneDatanodeManager(region_server.clone())),
-        );
-
-        catalog_manager
-            .table_metadata_manager_ref()
-            .init()
-            .await
-            .context(InitMetadataSnafu)?;
-
-        // TODO: build frontend instance like in distributed mode
-        let mut frontend = build_frontend(
-            fe_plugins,
-            kv_backend,
            procedure_manager.clone(),
-            catalog_manager,
-            region_server,
+            datanode_manager.clone(),
        )
        .await?;

+        let mut frontend = FrontendBuilder::new(kv_backend, datanode_manager, ddl_task_executor)
+            .with_plugin(fe_plugins)
+            .try_build()
+            .await
+            .context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;
+
        frontend
            .build_servers(opts)
            .await
@@ -387,26 +380,41 @@ impl StartCommand {
            procedure_manager,
        })
    }
-}

-/// Build frontend instance in standalone mode
-async fn build_frontend(
-    plugins: Plugins,
-    kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
-    procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
-    catalog_manager: CatalogManagerRef,
-    region_server: RegionServer,
-) -> Result<FeInstance> {
-    let frontend_instance = FeInstance::try_new_standalone(
-        kv_backend,
-        procedure_manager,
-        catalog_manager,
-        plugins,
-        region_server,
-    )
-    .await
-    .context(StartFrontendSnafu)?;
-    Ok(frontend_instance)
+    async fn create_ddl_task_executor(
+        kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
+        procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
+        datanode_manager: DatanodeManagerRef,
+    ) -> Result<DdlTaskExecutorRef> {
+        let table_metadata_manager =
+            Self::create_table_metadata_manager(kv_backend.clone()).await?;
+
+        let ddl_task_executor: DdlTaskExecutorRef = Arc::new(
+            DdlManager::try_new(
+                procedure_manager,
+                datanode_manager,
+                Arc::new(DummyCacheInvalidator),
+                table_metadata_manager,
+                Arc::new(StandaloneTableMetadataCreator::new(kv_backend)),
+            )
+            .context(InitDdlManagerSnafu)?,
+        );
+
+        Ok(ddl_task_executor)
+    }
+
+    async fn create_table_metadata_manager(
+        kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
+    ) -> Result<TableMetadataManagerRef> {
+        let table_metadata_manager = Arc::new(TableMetadataManager::new(kv_backend));
+
+        table_metadata_manager
+            .init()
+            .await
+            .context(InitMetadataSnafu)?;
+
+        Ok(table_metadata_manager)
+    }
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
--- a/src/common/datasource/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/common/datasource/Cargo.toml
@@ -21,11 +21,13 @@ common-error.workspace = true
 common-macro.workspace = true
 common-runtime.workspace = true
 datafusion.workspace = true
+datatypes.workspace = true
 derive_builder.workspace = true
 futures.workspace = true
 lazy_static.workspace = true
 object-store.workspace = true
 orc-rust = "0.2"
+parquet.workspace = true
 paste = "1.0"
 regex = "1.7"
 serde.workspace = true
--- a/src/common/datasource/src/compression.rs
+++ b/src/common/datasource/src/compression.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,9 @@ use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWriteExt, BufReader};
 use tokio_util::io::{ReaderStream, StreamReader};

 use crate::error::{self, Error, Result};
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, EnumIter, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
 pub enum CompressionType {
    /// Gzip-ed file
    Gzip,
--- a/src/common/datasource/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/common/datasource/src/error.rs
@@ -166,6 +166,14 @@ pub enum Error {

    #[snafu(display("Buffered writer closed"))]
    BufferedWriterClosed { location: Location },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to write parquet file, path: {}", path))]
+    WriteParquet {
+        path: String,
+        location: Location,
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: parquet::errors::ParquetError,
+    },
 }

 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
@@ -178,7 +186,8 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            | ListObjects { .. }
            | ReadObject { .. }
            | WriteObject { .. }
-            | AsyncWrite { .. } => StatusCode::StorageUnavailable,
+            | AsyncWrite { .. }
+            | WriteParquet { .. } => StatusCode::StorageUnavailable,

            UnsupportedBackendProtocol { .. }
            | UnsupportedCompressionType { .. }
@@ -231,6 +240,7 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            InvalidConnection { location, .. } => Some(*location),
            UnsupportedCompressionType { location, .. } => Some(*location),
            UnsupportedFormat { location, .. } => Some(*location),
+            WriteParquet { location, .. } => Some(*location),
        }
    }
 }
--- a/src/common/datasource/src/file_format/parquet.rs
+++ b/src/common/datasource/src/file_format/parquet.rs
@@ -12,11 +12,13 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+use std::future::Future;
+use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::result;
 use std::sync::Arc;

 use arrow::record_batch::RecordBatch;
-use arrow_schema::Schema;
+use arrow_schema::{Schema, SchemaRef};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use datafusion::datasource::physical_plan::{FileMeta, ParquetFileReaderFactory};
 use datafusion::error::Result as DatafusionResult;
@@ -26,11 +28,15 @@ use datafusion::parquet::errors::{ParquetError, Result as ParquetResult};
 use datafusion::parquet::file::metadata::ParquetMetaData;
 use datafusion::parquet::format::FileMetaData;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::metrics::ExecutionPlanMetricsSet;
+use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream;
 use futures::future::BoxFuture;
+use futures::StreamExt;
 use object_store::{ObjectStore, Reader};
+use parquet::basic::{Compression, ZstdLevel};
+use parquet::file::properties::WriterProperties;
 use snafu::ResultExt;

-use crate::buffered_writer::{ArrowWriterCloser, DfRecordBatchEncoder};
+use crate::buffered_writer::{ArrowWriterCloser, DfRecordBatchEncoder, LazyBufferedWriter};
 use crate::error::{self, Result};
 use crate::file_format::FileFormat;
 use crate::share_buffer::SharedBuffer;
@@ -156,6 +162,103 @@ impl ArrowWriterCloser for ArrowWriter<SharedBuffer> {
    }
 }

+/// Parquet writer that buffers row groups in memory and writes buffered data to an underlying
+/// storage by chunks to reduce memory consumption.
+pub struct BufferedWriter {
+    inner: InnerBufferedWriter,
+}
+
+type InnerBufferedWriter = LazyBufferedWriter<
+    object_store::Writer,
+    ArrowWriter<SharedBuffer>,
+    Box<
+        dyn FnMut(
+                String,
+            )
+                -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = error::Result<object_store::Writer>> + Send>>
+            + Send,
+    >,
+>;
+
+impl BufferedWriter {
+    pub async fn try_new(
+        path: String,
+        store: ObjectStore,
+        arrow_schema: SchemaRef,
+        props: Option<WriterProperties>,
+        buffer_threshold: usize,
+    ) -> error::Result<Self> {
+        let buffer = SharedBuffer::with_capacity(buffer_threshold);
+
+        let arrow_writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(buffer.clone(), arrow_schema.clone(), props)
+            .context(error::WriteParquetSnafu { path: &path })?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            inner: LazyBufferedWriter::new(
+                buffer_threshold,
+                buffer,
+                arrow_writer,
+                &path,
+                Box::new(move |path| {
+                    let store = store.clone();
+                    Box::pin(async move {
+                        store
+                            .writer(&path)
+                            .await
+                            .context(error::WriteObjectSnafu { path })
+                    })
+                }),
+            ),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Write a record batch to stream writer.
+    pub async fn write(&mut self, arrow_batch: &RecordBatch) -> error::Result<()> {
+        self.inner.write(arrow_batch).await?;
+        self.inner.try_flush(false).await?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Close parquet writer.
+    ///
+    /// Return file metadata and bytes written.
+    pub async fn close(self) -> error::Result<(FileMetaData, u64)> {
+        self.inner.close_with_arrow_writer().await
+    }
+}
+
+/// Output the stream to a parquet file.
+///
+/// Returns number of rows written.
+pub async fn stream_to_parquet(
+    mut stream: SendableRecordBatchStream,
+    store: ObjectStore,
+    path: &str,
+    threshold: usize,
+) -> Result<usize> {
+    let write_props = WriterProperties::builder()
+        .set_compression(Compression::ZSTD(ZstdLevel::default()))
+        .build();
+    let schema = stream.schema();
+    let mut buffered_writer = BufferedWriter::try_new(
+        path.to_string(),
+        store,
+        schema,
+        Some(write_props),
+        threshold,
+    )
+    .await?;
+    let mut rows_written = 0;
+    while let Some(batch) = stream.next().await {
+        let batch = batch.context(error::ReadRecordBatchSnafu)?;
+        buffered_writer.write(&batch).await?;
+        rows_written += batch.num_rows();
+    }
+    buffered_writer.close().await?;
+    Ok(rows_written)
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use common_test_util::find_workspace_path;
--- a/src/common/decimal/src/decimal128.rs
+++ b/src/common/decimal/src/decimal128.rs
@@ -96,10 +96,25 @@ impl Decimal128 {
        self.scale
    }

-    /// Convert to ScalarValue
+    /// Convert to ScalarValue(value,precision,scale)
    pub fn to_scalar_value(&self) -> (Option<i128>, u8, i8) {
        (Some(self.value), self.precision, self.scale)
    }
+
+    /// split the self.value(i128) to (high-64 bit, low-64 bit), and
+    /// the precision, scale information is discarded.
+    ///
+    /// Return: (high-64 bit, low-64 bit)
+    pub fn split_value(&self) -> (i64, i64) {
+        ((self.value >> 64) as i64, self.value as i64)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert from precision, scale, a i128 value which
+    /// represents by two i64 value(high-64 bit, low-64 bit).
+    pub fn from_value_precision_scale(hi: i64, lo: i64, precision: u8, scale: i8) -> Self {
+        let value = (hi as i128) << 64 | lo as i128;
+        Self::new(value, precision, scale)
+    }
 }

 /// The default value of Decimal128 is 0, and its precision is 1 and scale is 0.
--- a/src/common/grpc-expr/src/alter.rs
+++ b/src/common/grpc-expr/src/alter.rs
@@ -158,6 +158,7 @@ mod tests {
                        default_constraint: vec![],
                        semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                        comment: String::new(),
+                        ..Default::default()
                    }),
                    location: None,
                }],
@@ -199,6 +200,7 @@ mod tests {
                            default_constraint: vec![],
                            semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                            comment: String::new(),
+                            ..Default::default()
                        }),
                        location: Some(Location {
                            location_type: LocationType::First.into(),
@@ -213,6 +215,7 @@ mod tests {
                            default_constraint: vec![],
                            semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                            comment: String::new(),
+                            ..Default::default()
                        }),
                        location: Some(Location {
                            location_type: LocationType::After.into(),
--- a/src/common/grpc-expr/src/delete.rs
+++ b/src/common/grpc-expr/src/delete.rs
@@ -36,14 +36,16 @@ pub fn to_table_delete_request(
        values,
        null_mask,
        datatype,
+        datatype_extension,
        ..
    } in request.key_columns
    {
        let Some(values) = values else { continue };

-        let datatype: ConcreteDataType = ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(datatype)
-            .context(ColumnDataTypeSnafu)?
-            .into();
+        let datatype: ConcreteDataType =
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(datatype, datatype_extension)
+                .context(ColumnDataTypeSnafu)?
+                .into();
        let vector = add_values_to_builder(datatype, values, row_count, null_mask)?;

        ensure!(
--- a/src/common/grpc-expr/src/insert.rs
+++ b/src/common/grpc-expr/src/insert.rs
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ mod tests {
        nullable: bool,
    ) -> error::Result<ColumnSchema> {
        let datatype_wrapper =
-            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(datatype).context(ColumnDataTypeSnafu)?;
+            ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(datatype, None).context(ColumnDataTypeSnafu)?;

        Ok(ColumnSchema::new(
            column_name,
@@ -170,7 +170,8 @@ mod tests {
                        .iter()
                        .find(|c| c.name == "host")
                        .unwrap()
-                        .data_type
+                        .data_type,
+                    None
                )
                .unwrap()
            )
@@ -184,7 +185,8 @@ mod tests {
                        .iter()
                        .find(|c| c.name == "cpu")
                        .unwrap()
-                        .data_type
+                        .data_type,
+                    None
                )
                .unwrap()
            )
@@ -198,7 +200,8 @@ mod tests {
                        .iter()
                        .find(|c| c.name == "memory")
                        .unwrap()
-                        .data_type
+                        .data_type,
+                    None
                )
                .unwrap()
            )
@@ -212,7 +215,8 @@ mod tests {
                        .iter()
                        .find(|c| c.name == "time")
                        .unwrap()
-                        .data_type
+                        .data_type,
+                    None
                )
                .unwrap()
            )
@@ -226,7 +230,8 @@ mod tests {
                        .iter()
                        .find(|c| c.name == "interval")
                        .unwrap()
-                        .data_type
+                        .data_type,
+                    None
                )
                .unwrap()
            )
@@ -240,7 +245,8 @@ mod tests {
                        .iter()
                        .find(|c| c.name == "duration")
                        .unwrap()
-                        .data_type
+                        .data_type,
+                    None
                )
                .unwrap()
            )
@@ -254,7 +260,8 @@ mod tests {
                        .iter()
                        .find(|c| c.name == "ts")
                        .unwrap()
-                        .data_type
+                        .data_type,
+                    None
                )
                .unwrap()
            )
@@ -284,8 +291,11 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::from(
-                ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(host_column.column_def.as_ref().unwrap().data_type)
-                    .unwrap()
+                ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(
+                    host_column.column_def.as_ref().unwrap().data_type,
+                    None
+                )
+                .unwrap()
            )
        );

@@ -294,7 +304,8 @@ mod tests {
            ConcreteDataType::float64_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::from(
                ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(
-                    memory_column.column_def.as_ref().unwrap().data_type
+                    memory_column.column_def.as_ref().unwrap().data_type,
+                    None
                )
                .unwrap()
            )
@@ -304,8 +315,11 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::time_datatype(TimeUnit::Millisecond),
            ConcreteDataType::from(
-                ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(time_column.column_def.as_ref().unwrap().data_type)
-                    .unwrap()
+                ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(
+                    time_column.column_def.as_ref().unwrap().data_type,
+                    None
+                )
+                .unwrap()
            )
        );

@@ -314,7 +328,8 @@ mod tests {
            ConcreteDataType::interval_datatype(IntervalUnit::MonthDayNano),
            ConcreteDataType::from(
                ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(
-                    interval_column.column_def.as_ref().unwrap().data_type
+                    interval_column.column_def.as_ref().unwrap().data_type,
+                    None
                )
                .unwrap()
            )
@@ -326,7 +341,8 @@ mod tests {
            ConcreteDataType::duration_millisecond_datatype(),
            ConcreteDataType::from(
                ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(
-                    duration_column.column_def.as_ref().unwrap().data_type
+                    duration_column.column_def.as_ref().unwrap().data_type,
+                    None
                )
                .unwrap()
            )
@@ -360,6 +376,7 @@ mod tests {
            values: Some(host_vals),
            null_mask: vec![0],
            datatype: ColumnDataType::String as i32,
+            ..Default::default()
        };

        let cpu_vals = Values {
@@ -372,6 +389,7 @@ mod tests {
            values: Some(cpu_vals),
            null_mask: vec![2],
            datatype: ColumnDataType::Float64 as i32,
+            ..Default::default()
        };

        let mem_vals = Values {
@@ -384,6 +402,7 @@ mod tests {
            values: Some(mem_vals),
            null_mask: vec![1],
            datatype: ColumnDataType::Float64 as i32,
+            ..Default::default()
        };

        let time_vals = Values {
@@ -396,6 +415,7 @@ mod tests {
            values: Some(time_vals),
            null_mask: vec![0],
            datatype: ColumnDataType::TimeMillisecond as i32,
+            ..Default::default()
        };

        let interval1 = IntervalMonthDayNano {
@@ -418,6 +438,7 @@ mod tests {
            values: Some(interval_vals),
            null_mask: vec![0],
            datatype: ColumnDataType::IntervalMonthDayNano as i32,
+            ..Default::default()
        };

        let duration_vals = Values {
@@ -430,6 +451,7 @@ mod tests {
            values: Some(duration_vals),
            null_mask: vec![0],
            datatype: ColumnDataType::DurationMillisecond as i32,
+            ..Default::default()
        };

        let ts_vals = Values {
@@ -442,6 +464,7 @@ mod tests {
            values: Some(ts_vals),
            null_mask: vec![0],
            datatype: ColumnDataType::TimestampMillisecond as i32,
+            ..Default::default()
        };

        (
--- a/src/common/grpc-expr/src/util.rs
+++ b/src/common/grpc-expr/src/util.rs
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ pub fn build_create_table_expr(
            default_constraint: vec![],
            semantic_type,
            comment: String::new(),
+            ..Default::default()
        };
        column_defs.push(column_def);
    }
@@ -161,6 +162,7 @@ pub fn extract_new_columns(
                default_constraint: vec![],
                semantic_type: expr.semantic_type,
                comment: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
            });
            AddColumn {
                column_def,
--- a/src/common/grpc/src/select.rs
+++ b/src/common/grpc/src/select.rs
@@ -12,18 +12,19 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-use api::helper::convert_i128_to_interval;
+use api::helper::{convert_i128_to_interval, convert_to_pb_decimal128};
 use api::v1::column::Values;
 use common_base::BitVec;
 use datatypes::types::{DurationType, IntervalType, TimeType, TimestampType, WrapperType};
 use datatypes::vectors::{
-    BinaryVector, BooleanVector, DateTimeVector, DateVector, DurationMicrosecondVector,
-    DurationMillisecondVector, DurationNanosecondVector, DurationSecondVector, Float32Vector,
-    Float64Vector, Int16Vector, Int32Vector, Int64Vector, Int8Vector, IntervalDayTimeVector,
-    IntervalMonthDayNanoVector, IntervalYearMonthVector, StringVector, TimeMicrosecondVector,
-    TimeMillisecondVector, TimeNanosecondVector, TimeSecondVector, TimestampMicrosecondVector,
-    TimestampMillisecondVector, TimestampNanosecondVector, TimestampSecondVector, UInt16Vector,
-    UInt32Vector, UInt64Vector, UInt8Vector, VectorRef,
+    BinaryVector, BooleanVector, DateTimeVector, DateVector, Decimal128Vector,
+    DurationMicrosecondVector, DurationMillisecondVector, DurationNanosecondVector,
+    DurationSecondVector, Float32Vector, Float64Vector, Int16Vector, Int32Vector, Int64Vector,
+    Int8Vector, IntervalDayTimeVector, IntervalMonthDayNanoVector, IntervalYearMonthVector,
+    StringVector, TimeMicrosecondVector, TimeMillisecondVector, TimeNanosecondVector,
+    TimeSecondVector, TimestampMicrosecondVector, TimestampMillisecondVector,
+    TimestampNanosecondVector, TimestampSecondVector, UInt16Vector, UInt32Vector, UInt64Vector,
+    UInt8Vector, VectorRef,
 };
 use snafu::OptionExt;

@@ -71,8 +72,7 @@ macro_rules! convert_arrow_array_to_grpc_vals {
                    return Ok(vals);
                },
            )+
-            // TODO(QuenKar): support gRPC for Decimal128
-            ConcreteDataType::Null(_) | ConcreteDataType::List(_) | ConcreteDataType::Dictionary(_) | ConcreteDataType::Decimal128(_) => unreachable!("Should not send {:?} in gRPC", $data_type),
+            ConcreteDataType::Null(_) | ConcreteDataType::List(_) | ConcreteDataType::Dictionary(_) => unreachable!("Should not send {:?} in gRPC", $data_type),
        }
    }};
 }
@@ -238,6 +238,12 @@ pub fn values(arrays: &[VectorRef]) -> Result<Values> {
            DurationNanosecondVector,
            duration_nanosecond_values,
            |x| { x.into_native() }
+        ),
+        (
+            ConcreteDataType::Decimal128(_),
+            Decimal128Vector,
+            decimal128_values,
+            |x| { convert_to_pb_decimal128(x) }
        )
    )
 }
@@ -315,6 +321,17 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(vec![1, 2, 3], values.duration_second_values);
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn test_convert_arrow_array_decimal128() {
+        let array = Decimal128Vector::from(vec![Some(1), Some(2), None, Some(3)]);
+
+        let vals = values(&[Arc::new(array)]).unwrap();
+        (0..3).for_each(|i| {
+            assert_eq!(vals.decimal128_values[i].hi, 0);
+            assert_eq!(vals.decimal128_values[i].lo, i as i64 + 1);
+        });
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn test_convert_arrow_arrays_string() {
        let array = StringVector::from(vec![
--- a/src/common/grpc/src/writer.rs
+++ b/src/common/grpc/src/writer.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fmt::Display;

 use api::helper::values_with_capacity;
-use api::v1::{Column, ColumnDataType, SemanticType};
+use api::v1::{Column, ColumnDataType, ColumnDataTypeExtension, SemanticType};
 use common_base::BitVec;
 use common_time::timestamp::TimeUnit;
 use snafu::ensure;
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ impl LinesWriter {
            column_name,
            ColumnDataType::TimestampMillisecond,
            SemanticType::Timestamp,
+            None,
        );
        ensure!(
            column.datatype == ColumnDataType::TimestampMillisecond as i32,
@@ -69,7 +70,8 @@ impl LinesWriter {
    }

    pub fn write_tag(&mut self, column_name: &str, value: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        let (idx, column) = self.mut_column(column_name, ColumnDataType::String, SemanticType::Tag);
+        let (idx, column) =
+            self.mut_column(column_name, ColumnDataType::String, SemanticType::Tag, None);
        ensure!(
            column.datatype == ColumnDataType::String as i32,
            TypeMismatchSnafu {
@@ -86,8 +88,12 @@ impl LinesWriter {
    }

    pub fn write_u64(&mut self, column_name: &str, value: u64) -> Result<()> {
-        let (idx, column) =
-            self.mut_column(column_name, ColumnDataType::Uint64, SemanticType::Field);
+        let (idx, column) = self.mut_column(
+            column_name,
+            ColumnDataType::Uint64,
+            SemanticType::Field,
+            None,
+        );
        ensure!(
            column.datatype == ColumnDataType::Uint64 as i32,
            TypeMismatchSnafu {
@@ -104,8 +110,12 @@ impl LinesWriter {
    }

    pub fn write_i64(&mut self, column_name: &str, value: i64) -> Result<()> {
-        let (idx, column) =
-            self.mut_column(column_name, ColumnDataType::Int64, SemanticType::Field);
+        let (idx, column) = self.mut_column(
+            column_name,
+            ColumnDataType::Int64,
+            SemanticType::Field,
+            None,
+        );
        ensure!(
            column.datatype == ColumnDataType::Int64 as i32,
            TypeMismatchSnafu {
@@ -122,8 +132,12 @@ impl LinesWriter {
    }

    pub fn write_f64(&mut self, column_name: &str, value: f64) -> Result<()> {
-        let (idx, column) =
-            self.mut_column(column_name, ColumnDataType::Float64, SemanticType::Field);
+        let (idx, column) = self.mut_column(
+            column_name,
+            ColumnDataType::Float64,
+            SemanticType::Field,
+            None,
+        );
        ensure!(
            column.datatype == ColumnDataType::Float64 as i32,
            TypeMismatchSnafu {
@@ -140,8 +154,12 @@ impl LinesWriter {
    }

    pub fn write_string(&mut self, column_name: &str, value: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        let (idx, column) =
-            self.mut_column(column_name, ColumnDataType::String, SemanticType::Field);
+        let (idx, column) = self.mut_column(
+            column_name,
+            ColumnDataType::String,
+            SemanticType::Field,
+            None,
+        );
        ensure!(
            column.datatype == ColumnDataType::String as i32,
            TypeMismatchSnafu {
@@ -158,8 +176,12 @@ impl LinesWriter {
    }

    pub fn write_bool(&mut self, column_name: &str, value: bool) -> Result<()> {
-        let (idx, column) =
-            self.mut_column(column_name, ColumnDataType::Boolean, SemanticType::Field);
+        let (idx, column) = self.mut_column(
+            column_name,
+            ColumnDataType::Boolean,
+            SemanticType::Field,
+            None,
+        );
        ensure!(
            column.datatype == ColumnDataType::Boolean as i32,
            TypeMismatchSnafu {
@@ -201,6 +223,7 @@ impl LinesWriter {
        column_name: &str,
        datatype: ColumnDataType,
        semantic_type: SemanticType,
+        datatype_extension: Option<ColumnDataTypeExtension>,
    ) -> (usize, &mut Column) {
        let column_names = &mut self.column_name_index;
        let column_idx = match column_names.get(column_name) {
@@ -218,6 +241,7 @@ impl LinesWriter {
                    values: Some(values_with_capacity(datatype, to_insert)),
                    datatype: datatype as i32,
                    null_mask: Vec::default(),
+                    datatype_extension,
                });
                let _ = column_names.insert(column_name.to_string(), new_idx);
                new_idx
--- a/src/common/meta/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/common/meta/Cargo.toml
@@ -42,5 +42,6 @@ tonic.workspace = true

 [dev-dependencies]
 chrono.workspace = true
+common-procedure = { workspace = true, features = ["testing"] }
 datatypes.workspace = true
 hyper = { version = "0.14", features = ["full"] }
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;

 use api::v1::meta::Partition;
+use common_telemetry::tracing_context::W3cTrace;
 use store_api::storage::TableId;
 use table::metadata::RawTableInfo;

@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ pub mod utils;
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct ExecutorContext {
    pub cluster_id: Option<u64>,
+    pub tracing_context: Option<W3cTrace>,
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/alter_table.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/alter_table.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ use common_procedure::error::{FromJsonSnafu, Result as ProcedureResult, ToJsonSn
 use common_procedure::{
    Context as ProcedureContext, Error as ProcedureError, LockKey, Procedure, Status,
 };
+use common_telemetry::tracing_context::TracingContext;
 use common_telemetry::{debug, info};
 use futures::future;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ impl AlterTableProcedure {
                let request = self.create_alter_region_request(region_id)?;
                let request = RegionRequest {
                    header: Some(RegionRequestHeader {
-                        trace_id: common_telemetry::trace_id().unwrap_or_default(),
+                        tracing_context: TracingContext::from_current_span().to_w3c(),
                        ..Default::default()
                    }),
                    body: Some(region_request::Body::Alter(request)),
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_table.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_table.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use common_procedure::error::{FromJsonSnafu, Result as ProcedureResult, ToJsonSnafu};
 use common_procedure::{Context as ProcedureContext, LockKey, Procedure, Status};
 use common_telemetry::info;
+use common_telemetry::tracing_context::TracingContext;
 use futures::future::join_all;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
@@ -131,6 +132,7 @@ impl CreateTableProcedure {
                        default_constraint: c.default_constraint.clone(),
                        semantic_type: semantic_type as i32,
                        comment: String::new(),
+                        datatype_extension: c.datatype_extension.clone(),
                    }),
                    column_id: i as u32,
                }
@@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ impl CreateTableProcedure {
            for request in requests {
                let request = RegionRequest {
                    header: Some(RegionRequestHeader {
-                        trace_id: common_telemetry::trace_id().unwrap_or_default(),
+                        tracing_context: TracingContext::from_current_span().to_w3c(),
                        ..Default::default()
                    }),
                    body: Some(request),
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/drop_table.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/drop_table.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ use common_procedure::error::{FromJsonSnafu, ToJsonSnafu};
 use common_procedure::{
    Context as ProcedureContext, LockKey, Procedure, Result as ProcedureResult, Status,
 };
+use common_telemetry::tracing_context::TracingContext;
 use common_telemetry::{debug, info};
 use futures::future::join_all;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -85,6 +86,10 @@ impl DropTableProcedure {
            ))
            .await?;

+        if !exist && self.data.task.drop_if_exists {
+            return Ok(Status::Done);
+        }
+
        ensure!(
            exist,
            error::TableNotFoundSnafu {
@@ -157,7 +162,7 @@ impl DropTableProcedure {

                let request = RegionRequest {
                    header: Some(RegionRequestHeader {
-                        trace_id: common_telemetry::trace_id().unwrap_or_default(),
+                        tracing_context: TracingContext::from_current_span().to_w3c(),
                        ..Default::default()
                    }),
                    body: Some(region_request::Body::Drop(PbDropRegionRequest {
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/truncate_table.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/truncate_table.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use common_procedure::{
    Context as ProcedureContext, LockKey, Procedure, Result as ProcedureResult, Status,
 };
 use common_telemetry::debug;
+use common_telemetry::tracing_context::TracingContext;
 use futures::future::join_all;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
@@ -154,7 +155,7 @@ impl TruncateTableProcedure {

                let request = RegionRequest {
                    header: Some(RegionRequestHeader {
-                        trace_id: common_telemetry::trace_id().unwrap_or_default(),
+                        tracing_context: TracingContext::from_current_span().to_w3c(),
                        ..Default::default()
                    }),
                    body: Some(region_request::Body::Truncate(PbTruncateRegionRequest {
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl_manager.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl_manager.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;

 use common_procedure::{watcher, ProcedureId, ProcedureManagerRef, ProcedureWithId};
-use common_telemetry::info;
+use common_telemetry::tracing_context::{FutureExt, TracingContext};
+use common_telemetry::{info, tracing};
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};

 use crate::cache_invalidator::CacheInvalidatorRef;
@@ -42,9 +43,9 @@ use crate::rpc::ddl::{
    TruncateTableTask,
 };
 use crate::rpc::router::RegionRoute;
-
 pub type DdlManagerRef = Arc<DdlManager>;

+/// The [DdlManager] provides the ability to execute Ddl.
 pub struct DdlManager {
    procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
    datanode_manager: DatanodeManagerRef,
@@ -54,26 +55,31 @@ pub struct DdlManager {
 }

 impl DdlManager {
-    pub fn new(
+    /// Returns a new [DdlManager] with all Ddl [BoxedProcedureLoader](common_procedure::procedure::BoxedProcedureLoader)s registered.
+    pub fn try_new(
        procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
        datanode_clients: DatanodeManagerRef,
        cache_invalidator: CacheInvalidatorRef,
        table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManagerRef,
        table_meta_allocator: TableMetadataAllocatorRef,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let manager = Self {
            procedure_manager,
            datanode_manager: datanode_clients,
            cache_invalidator,
            table_metadata_manager,
            table_meta_allocator,
-        }
+        };
+        manager.register_loaders()?;
+        Ok(manager)
    }

+    /// Returns the [TableMetadataManagerRef].
    pub fn table_metadata_manager(&self) -> &TableMetadataManagerRef {
        &self.table_metadata_manager
    }

+    /// Returns the [DdlContext]
    pub fn create_context(&self) -> DdlContext {
        DdlContext {
            datanode_manager: self.datanode_manager.clone(),
@@ -82,7 +88,7 @@ impl DdlManager {
        }
    }

-    pub fn try_start(&self) -> Result<()> {
+    fn register_loaders(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let context = self.create_context();

        self.procedure_manager
@@ -140,6 +146,8 @@ impl DdlManager {
            })
    }

+    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
+    /// Submits and executes an alter table task.
    pub async fn submit_alter_table_task(
        &self,
        cluster_id: u64,
@@ -156,6 +164,8 @@ impl DdlManager {
        self.submit_procedure(procedure_with_id).await
    }

+    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
+    /// Submits and executes a create table task.
    pub async fn submit_create_table_task(
        &self,
        cluster_id: u64,
@@ -172,6 +182,8 @@ impl DdlManager {
        self.submit_procedure(procedure_with_id).await
    }

+    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
+    /// Submits and executes a drop table task.
    pub async fn submit_drop_table_task(
        &self,
        cluster_id: u64,
@@ -194,6 +206,8 @@ impl DdlManager {
        self.submit_procedure(procedure_with_id).await
    }

+    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
+    /// Submits and executes a truncate table task.
    pub async fn submit_truncate_table_task(
        &self,
        cluster_id: u64,
@@ -383,21 +397,108 @@ impl DdlTaskExecutor for DdlManager {
        ctx: &ExecutorContext,
        request: SubmitDdlTaskRequest,
    ) -> Result<SubmitDdlTaskResponse> {
-        let cluster_id = ctx.cluster_id.unwrap_or_default();
-        info!("Submitting Ddl task: {:?}", request.task);
-        match request.task {
-            CreateTable(create_table_task) => {
-                handle_create_table_task(self, cluster_id, create_table_task).await
-            }
-            DropTable(drop_table_task) => {
-                handle_drop_table_task(self, cluster_id, drop_table_task).await
-            }
-            AlterTable(alter_table_task) => {
-                handle_alter_table_task(self, cluster_id, alter_table_task).await
-            }
-            TruncateTable(truncate_table_task) => {
-                handle_truncate_table_task(self, cluster_id, truncate_table_task).await
+        let span = ctx
+            .tracing_context
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(TracingContext::from_w3c)
+            .unwrap_or(TracingContext::from_current_span())
+            .attach(tracing::info_span!("DdlManager::submit_ddl_task"));
+        async move {
+            let cluster_id = ctx.cluster_id.unwrap_or_default();
+            info!("Submitting Ddl task: {:?}", request.task);
+            match request.task {
+                CreateTable(create_table_task) => {
+                    handle_create_table_task(self, cluster_id, create_table_task).await
+                }
+                DropTable(drop_table_task) => {
+                    handle_drop_table_task(self, cluster_id, drop_table_task).await
+                }
+                AlterTable(alter_table_task) => {
+                    handle_alter_table_task(self, cluster_id, alter_table_task).await
+                }
+                TruncateTable(truncate_table_task) => {
+                    handle_truncate_table_task(self, cluster_id, truncate_table_task).await
+                }
            }
        }
+        .trace(span)
+        .await
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    use api::v1::meta::Partition;
+    use common_procedure::local::LocalManager;
+    use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, TableId};
+
+    use super::DdlManager;
+    use crate::cache_invalidator::DummyCacheInvalidator;
+    use crate::datanode_manager::{DatanodeManager, DatanodeRef};
+    use crate::ddl::alter_table::AlterTableProcedure;
+    use crate::ddl::create_table::CreateTableProcedure;
+    use crate::ddl::drop_table::DropTableProcedure;
+    use crate::ddl::truncate_table::TruncateTableProcedure;
+    use crate::ddl::{TableMetadataAllocator, TableMetadataAllocatorContext};
+    use crate::error::Result;
+    use crate::key::TableMetadataManager;
+    use crate::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
+    use crate::peer::Peer;
+    use crate::rpc::router::RegionRoute;
+    use crate::state_store::KvStateStore;
+
+    /// A dummy implemented [DatanodeManager].
+    pub struct DummyDatanodeManager;
+
+    #[async_trait::async_trait]
+    impl DatanodeManager for DummyDatanodeManager {
+        async fn datanode(&self, _datanode: &Peer) -> DatanodeRef {
+            unimplemented!()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A dummy implemented [TableMetadataAllocator].
+    pub struct DummyTableMetadataAllocator;
+
+    #[async_trait::async_trait]
+    impl TableMetadataAllocator for DummyTableMetadataAllocator {
+        async fn create(
+            &self,
+            _ctx: &TableMetadataAllocatorContext,
+            _table_info: &mut RawTableInfo,
+            _partitions: &[Partition],
+        ) -> Result<(TableId, Vec<RegionRoute>)> {
+            unimplemented!()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_try_new() {
+        let kv_backend = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::new());
+        let table_metadata_manager = Arc::new(TableMetadataManager::new(kv_backend.clone()));
+
+        let state_store = Arc::new(KvStateStore::new(kv_backend));
+        let procedure_manager = Arc::new(LocalManager::new(Default::default(), state_store));
+
+        let _ = DdlManager::try_new(
+            procedure_manager.clone(),
+            Arc::new(DummyDatanodeManager),
+            Arc::new(DummyCacheInvalidator),
+            table_metadata_manager,
+            Arc::new(DummyTableMetadataAllocator),
+        );
+
+        let expected_loaders = vec![
+            CreateTableProcedure::TYPE_NAME,
+            AlterTableProcedure::TYPE_NAME,
+            DropTableProcedure::TYPE_NAME,
+            TruncateTableProcedure::TYPE_NAME,
+        ];
+
+        for loader in expected_loaders {
+            assert!(procedure_manager.contains_loader(loader));
+        }
    }
 }
--- a/src/common/meta/src/distributed_time_constants.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/distributed_time_constants.rs
@@ -33,5 +33,8 @@ pub const DATANODE_LEASE_SECS: u64 = REGION_LEASE_SECS;
 /// The lease seconds of metasrv leader.
 pub const META_LEASE_SECS: u64 = 3;

-// In a lease, there are two opportunities for renewal.
+/// In a lease, there are two opportunities for renewal.
 pub const META_KEEP_ALIVE_INTERVAL_SECS: u64 = META_LEASE_SECS / 2;
+
+/// The default mailbox round-trip timeout.
+pub const MAILBOX_RTT_SECS: u64 = 1;
--- a/src/common/meta/src/heartbeat/handler.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/heartbeat/handler.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub struct HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext {
 /// HandleControl
 ///
 /// Controls process of handling heartbeat response.
-#[derive(PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum HandleControl {
    Continue,
    Done,
--- a/src/common/meta/src/heartbeat/mailbox.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/heartbeat/mailbox.rs
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ pub struct MessageMeta {
    pub from: String,
 }

-#[cfg(test)]
 impl MessageMeta {
+    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
    pub fn new_test(id: u64, subject: &str, to: &str, from: &str) -> Self {
        MessageMeta {
            id,
--- a/src/common/meta/src/instruction.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/instruction.rs
@@ -48,6 +48,27 @@ impl Display for RegionIdent {
    }
 }

+/// The result of downgrade leader region.
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+pub struct DowngradeRegionReply {
+    /// Returns the `last_entry_id` if available.
+    pub last_entry_id: Option<u64>,
+    /// Indicates whether the region exists.
+    pub exists: bool,
+    /// Return error if any during the operation.
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl Display for DowngradeRegionReply {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "(last_entry_id={:?}, exists={}, error={:?})",
+            self.last_entry_id, self.exists, self.error
+        )
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
 pub struct SimpleReply {
    pub result: bool,
@@ -87,20 +108,82 @@ impl OpenRegion {
    }
 }

+/// The instruction of downgrading leader region.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct DowngradeRegion {
+    /// The [RegionId].
+    pub region_id: RegionId,
+}
+
+impl Display for DowngradeRegion {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "DowngradeRegion(region_id={})", self.region_id)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Upgrades a follower region to leader region.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct UpgradeRegion {
+    /// The [RegionId].
+    pub region_id: RegionId,
+    /// The `last_entry_id` of old leader region.
+    pub last_entry_id: Option<u64>,
+    /// The second of waiting for a wal replay.
+    ///
+    /// `None` stands for no wait,
+    /// it's helpful to verify whether the leader region is ready.
+    pub wait_for_replay_secs: Option<u64>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Display)]
 pub enum Instruction {
+    /// Opens a region.
+    ///
+    /// - Returns true if a specified region exists.
    OpenRegion(OpenRegion),
+    /// Closes a region.
+    ///
+    /// - Returns true if a specified region does not exist.
    CloseRegion(RegionIdent),
+    /// Upgrades a region.
+    UpgradeRegion(UpgradeRegion),
+    /// Downgrades a region.
+    DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegion),
+    /// Invalidates a specified table cache.
    InvalidateTableIdCache(TableId),
+    /// Invalidates a specified table name index cache.
    InvalidateTableNameCache(TableName),
 }

+/// The reply of [UpgradeRegion].
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+pub struct UpgradeRegionReply {
+    /// Returns true if `last_entry_id` has been replayed to the latest.
+    pub ready: bool,
+    /// Indicates whether the region exists.
+    pub exists: bool,
+    /// Returns error if any.
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl Display for UpgradeRegionReply {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "(ready={}, exists={}, error={:?})",
+            self.ready, self.exists, self.error
+        )
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
 #[serde(tag = "type", rename_all = "snake_case")]
 pub enum InstructionReply {
    OpenRegion(SimpleReply),
    CloseRegion(SimpleReply),
+    UpgradeRegion(UpgradeRegionReply),
    InvalidateTableCache(SimpleReply),
+    DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegionReply),
 }

 impl Display for InstructionReply {
@@ -108,9 +191,13 @@ impl Display for InstructionReply {
        match self {
            Self::OpenRegion(reply) => write!(f, "InstructionReply::OpenRegion({})", reply),
            Self::CloseRegion(reply) => write!(f, "InstructionReply::CloseRegion({})", reply),
+            Self::UpgradeRegion(reply) => write!(f, "InstructionReply::UpgradeRegion({})", reply),
            Self::InvalidateTableCache(reply) => {
                write!(f, "InstructionReply::Invalidate({})", reply)
            }
+            Self::DowngradeRegion(reply) => {
+                write!(f, "InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion({})", reply)
+            }
        }
    }
 }
--- a/src/common/meta/src/key.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key.rs
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ use crate::DatanodeId;

 pub const REMOVED_PREFIX: &str = "__removed";

-const NAME_PATTERN: &str = r"[a-zA-Z_:-][a-zA-Z0-9_:\-\.]*";
+pub const NAME_PATTERN: &str = r"[a-zA-Z_:-][a-zA-Z0-9_:\-\.]*";

 const DATANODE_TABLE_KEY_PREFIX: &str = "__dn_table";
 const TABLE_REGION_KEY_PREFIX: &str = "__table_region";
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {
        &self,
        table_id: TableId,
        region_info: RegionInfo,
-        current_table_route_value: DeserializedValueWithBytes<TableRouteValue>,
+        current_table_route_value: &DeserializedValueWithBytes<TableRouteValue>,
        new_region_routes: Vec<RegionRoute>,
        new_region_options: &HashMap<String, String>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {

        let (update_table_route_txn, on_update_table_route_failure) = self
            .table_route_manager()
-            .build_update_txn(table_id, &current_table_route_value, &new_table_route_value)?;
+            .build_update_txn(table_id, current_table_route_value, &new_table_route_value)?;

        let txn = Txn::merge_all(vec![update_datanode_table_txn, update_table_route_txn]);

@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {
    pub async fn update_leader_region_status<F>(
        &self,
        table_id: TableId,
-        current_table_route_value: DeserializedValueWithBytes<TableRouteValue>,
+        current_table_route_value: &DeserializedValueWithBytes<TableRouteValue>,
        next_region_route_status: F,
    ) -> Result<()>
    where
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ impl TableMetadataManager {

        let (update_table_route_txn, on_update_table_route_failure) = self
            .table_route_manager()
-            .build_update_txn(table_id, &current_table_route_value, &new_table_route_value)?;
+            .build_update_txn(table_id, current_table_route_value, &new_table_route_value)?;

        let r = self.kv_backend.txn(update_table_route_txn).await?;

@@ -1094,7 +1094,7 @@ mod tests {
            .unwrap();

        table_metadata_manager
-            .update_leader_region_status(table_id, current_table_route_value, |region_route| {
+            .update_leader_region_status(table_id, &current_table_route_value, |region_route| {
                if region_route.leader_status.is_some() {
                    None
                } else {
@@ -1173,7 +1173,7 @@ mod tests {
                    region_storage_path: region_storage_path.to_string(),
                    region_options: HashMap::new(),
                },
-                current_table_route_value.clone(),
+                &current_table_route_value,
                new_region_routes.clone(),
                &HashMap::new(),
            )
@@ -1190,7 +1190,7 @@ mod tests {
                    region_storage_path: region_storage_path.to_string(),
                    region_options: HashMap::new(),
                },
-                current_table_route_value.clone(),
+                &current_table_route_value,
                new_region_routes.clone(),
                &HashMap::new(),
            )
@@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ mod tests {
                    region_storage_path: region_storage_path.to_string(),
                    region_options: HashMap::new(),
                },
-                current_table_route_value.clone(),
+                &current_table_route_value,
                new_region_routes.clone(),
                &HashMap::new(),
            )
@@ -1237,7 +1237,7 @@ mod tests {
                    region_storage_path: region_storage_path.to_string(),
                    region_options: HashMap::new(),
                },
-                wrong_table_route_value,
+                &wrong_table_route_value,
                new_region_routes,
                &HashMap::new(),
            )
--- a/src/common/meta/src/kv_backend.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/kv_backend.rs
@@ -12,11 +12,6 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-pub mod etcd;
-pub mod memory;
-pub mod test;
-pub mod txn;
-
 use std::any::Any;
 use std::sync::Arc;

@@ -32,6 +27,12 @@ use crate::rpc::store::{
 };
 use crate::rpc::KeyValue;

+pub mod chroot;
+pub mod etcd;
+pub mod memory;
+pub mod test;
+pub mod txn;
+
 pub type KvBackendRef = Arc<dyn KvBackend<Error = Error> + Send + Sync>;

 #[async_trait]
--- a/src/common/meta/src/kv_backend/chroot.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/kv_backend/chroot.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::any::Any;
+
+use crate::error::Error;
+use crate::kv_backend::txn::{Txn, TxnOp, TxnOpResponse, TxnResponse};
+use crate::kv_backend::{KvBackend, KvBackendRef, TxnService};
+use crate::rpc::store::{
+    BatchDeleteRequest, BatchDeleteResponse, BatchGetRequest, BatchGetResponse, BatchPutRequest,
+    BatchPutResponse, CompareAndPutRequest, CompareAndPutResponse, DeleteRangeRequest,
+    DeleteRangeResponse, PutRequest, PutResponse, RangeRequest, RangeResponse,
+};
+use crate::rpc::KeyValue;
+
+pub struct ChrootKvBackend {
+    root: Vec<u8>,
+    inner: KvBackendRef,
+}
+
+impl ChrootKvBackend {
+    pub fn new(root: Vec<u8>, inner: KvBackendRef) -> ChrootKvBackend {
+        debug_assert!(!root.is_empty());
+        ChrootKvBackend { root, inner }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl TxnService for ChrootKvBackend {
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    async fn txn(&self, txn: Txn) -> Result<TxnResponse, Self::Error> {
+        let txn = self.txn_prepend_root(txn);
+        let txn_res = self.inner.txn(txn).await?;
+        Ok(self.chroot_txn_response(txn_res))
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl KvBackend for ChrootKvBackend {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        self.inner.name()
+    }
+
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
+        self
+    }
+
+    async fn range(&self, mut req: RangeRequest) -> Result<RangeResponse, Self::Error> {
+        req.key = self.key_prepend_root(req.key);
+        req.range_end = self.range_end_prepend_root(req.range_end);
+        let mut res = self.inner.range(req).await?;
+        res.kvs = res
+            .kvs
+            .drain(..)
+            .map(self.chroot_key_value_with())
+            .collect();
+        Ok(res)
+    }
+
+    async fn put(&self, mut req: PutRequest) -> Result<PutResponse, Self::Error> {
+        req.key = self.key_prepend_root(req.key);
+        let mut res = self.inner.put(req).await?;
+        res.prev_kv = res.prev_kv.take().map(self.chroot_key_value_with());
+        Ok(res)
+    }
+
+    async fn batch_put(&self, mut req: BatchPutRequest) -> Result<BatchPutResponse, Self::Error> {
+        for kv in req.kvs.iter_mut() {
+            kv.key = self.key_prepend_root(kv.key.drain(..).collect());
+        }
+        let mut res = self.inner.batch_put(req).await?;
+        res.prev_kvs = res
+            .prev_kvs
+            .drain(..)
+            .map(self.chroot_key_value_with())
+            .collect();
+        Ok(res)
+    }
+
+    async fn batch_get(&self, mut req: BatchGetRequest) -> Result<BatchGetResponse, Self::Error> {
+        req.keys = req
+            .keys
+            .drain(..)
+            .map(|key| self.key_prepend_root(key))
+            .collect();
+        let mut res = self.inner.batch_get(req).await?;
+        res.kvs = res
+            .kvs
+            .drain(..)
+            .map(self.chroot_key_value_with())
+            .collect();
+        Ok(res)
+    }
+
+    async fn compare_and_put(
+        &self,
+        mut req: CompareAndPutRequest,
+    ) -> Result<CompareAndPutResponse, Self::Error> {
+        req.key = self.key_prepend_root(req.key);
+        let mut res = self.inner.compare_and_put(req).await?;
+        res.prev_kv = res.prev_kv.take().map(self.chroot_key_value_with());
+        Ok(res)
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_range(
+        &self,
+        mut req: DeleteRangeRequest,
+    ) -> Result<DeleteRangeResponse, Self::Error> {
+        req.key = self.key_prepend_root(req.key);
+        req.range_end = self.range_end_prepend_root(req.range_end);
+        let mut res = self.inner.delete_range(req).await?;
+        res.prev_kvs = res
+            .prev_kvs
+            .drain(..)
+            .map(self.chroot_key_value_with())
+            .collect();
+        Ok(res)
+    }
+
+    async fn batch_delete(
+        &self,
+        mut req: BatchDeleteRequest,
+    ) -> Result<BatchDeleteResponse, Self::Error> {
+        req.keys = req
+            .keys
+            .drain(..)
+            .map(|key| self.key_prepend_root(key))
+            .collect();
+        let mut res = self.inner.batch_delete(req).await?;
+        res.prev_kvs = res
+            .prev_kvs
+            .drain(..)
+            .map(self.chroot_key_value_with())
+            .collect();
+        Ok(res)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChrootKvBackend {
+    fn key_strip_root(&self, mut key: Vec<u8>) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let root = &self.root;
+        debug_assert!(
+            key.starts_with(root),
+            "key={}, root={}",
+            String::from_utf8_lossy(&key),
+            String::from_utf8_lossy(root),
+        );
+        key.split_off(root.len())
+    }
+
+    fn chroot_key_value_with(&self) -> impl FnMut(KeyValue) -> KeyValue + '_ {
+        |kv| KeyValue {
+            key: self.key_strip_root(kv.key),
+            value: kv.value,
+        }
+    }
+    fn chroot_txn_response(&self, mut txn_res: TxnResponse) -> TxnResponse {
+        for resp in txn_res.responses.iter_mut() {
+            match resp {
+                TxnOpResponse::ResponsePut(r) => {
+                    r.prev_kv = r.prev_kv.take().map(self.chroot_key_value_with());
+                }
+                TxnOpResponse::ResponseGet(r) => {
+                    r.kvs = r.kvs.drain(..).map(self.chroot_key_value_with()).collect();
+                }
+                TxnOpResponse::ResponseDelete(r) => {
+                    r.prev_kvs = r
+                        .prev_kvs
+                        .drain(..)
+                        .map(self.chroot_key_value_with())
+                        .collect();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        txn_res
+    }
+
+    fn key_prepend_root(&self, mut key: Vec<u8>) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut new_key = self.root.clone();
+        new_key.append(&mut key);
+        new_key
+    }
+
+    // see namespace.prefixInterval - https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/blob/v3.5.10/client/v3/namespace/util.go
+    fn range_end_prepend_root(&self, mut range_end: Vec<u8>) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let root = &self.root;
+        if range_end == [0] {
+            // the edge of the keyspace
+            let mut new_end = root.clone();
+            let mut ok = false;
+            for i in (0..new_end.len()).rev() {
+                new_end[i] = new_end[i].wrapping_add(1);
+                if new_end[i] != 0 {
+                    ok = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if !ok {
+                // 0xff..ff => 0x00
+                new_end = vec![0];
+            }
+            new_end
+        } else if !range_end.is_empty() {
+            let mut new_end = root.clone();
+            new_end.append(&mut range_end);
+            new_end
+        } else {
+            vec![]
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn txn_prepend_root(&self, mut txn: Txn) -> Txn {
+        let op_prepend_root = |op: TxnOp| match op {
+            TxnOp::Put(k, v) => TxnOp::Put(self.key_prepend_root(k), v),
+            TxnOp::Get(k) => TxnOp::Get(self.key_prepend_root(k)),
+            TxnOp::Delete(k) => TxnOp::Delete(self.key_prepend_root(k)),
+        };
+        txn.req.success = txn.req.success.drain(..).map(op_prepend_root).collect();
+        txn.req.failure = txn.req.failure.drain(..).map(op_prepend_root).collect();
+        txn.req.compare = txn
+            .req
+            .compare
+            .drain(..)
+            .map(|cmp| super::txn::Compare {
+                key: self.key_prepend_root(cmp.key),
+                cmp: cmp.cmp,
+                target: cmp.target,
+            })
+            .collect();
+        txn
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    use crate::kv_backend::chroot::ChrootKvBackend;
+    use crate::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_prefix_key_and_range_end() {
+        fn run_test_case(pfx: &[u8], key: &[u8], end: &[u8], w_key: &[u8], w_end: &[u8]) {
+            let chroot = ChrootKvBackend::new(pfx.into(), Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::new()));
+            assert_eq!(chroot.key_prepend_root(key.into()), w_key);
+            assert_eq!(chroot.range_end_prepend_root(end.into()), w_end);
+        }
+
+        // single key
+        run_test_case(b"pfx/", b"a", b"", b"pfx/a", b"");
+
+        // range
+        run_test_case(b"pfx/", b"abc", b"def", b"pfx/abc", b"pfx/def");
+
+        // one-sided range (HACK - b'/' + 1 = b'0')
+        run_test_case(b"pfx/", b"abc", b"\0", b"pfx/abc", b"pfx0");
+
+        // one-sided range, end of keyspace
+        run_test_case(b"\xFF\xFF", b"abc", b"\0", b"\xff\xffabc", b"\0");
+    }
+}
--- a/src/common/meta/src/kv_backend/etcd.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/kv_backend/etcd.rs
@@ -33,36 +33,17 @@ use crate::rpc::store::{
 };
 use crate::rpc::KeyValue;

-pub struct KvPair<'a>(&'a etcd_client::KeyValue);
-
-impl<'a> KvPair<'a> {
-    /// Creates a `KvPair` from etcd KeyValue
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn new(kv: &'a etcd_client::KeyValue) -> Self {
-        Self(kv)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn from_etcd_kv(kv: &etcd_client::KeyValue) -> KeyValue {
-        KeyValue::from(KvPair::new(kv))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> From<KvPair<'a>> for KeyValue {
-    fn from(kv: KvPair<'a>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            key: kv.0.key().to_vec(),
-            value: kv.0.value().to_vec(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 // Maximum number of operations permitted in a transaction.
 // The etcd default configuration's `--max-txn-ops` is 128.
 //
 // For more detail, see: https://etcd.io/docs/v3.5/op-guide/configuration/
 const MAX_TXN_SIZE: usize = 128;

+fn convert_key_value(kv: etcd_client::KeyValue) -> KeyValue {
+    let (key, value) = kv.into_key_value();
+    KeyValue { key, value }
+}
+
 pub struct EtcdStore {
    client: Client,
 }
@@ -87,6 +68,9 @@ impl EtcdStore {
    async fn do_multi_txn(&self, txn_ops: Vec<TxnOp>) -> Result<Vec<TxnResponse>> {
        if txn_ops.len() < MAX_TXN_SIZE {
            // fast path
+            let _timer = METRIC_META_TXN_REQUEST
+                .with_label_values(&["etcd", "txn"])
+                .start_timer();
            let txn = Txn::new().and_then(txn_ops);
            let txn_res = self
                .client
@@ -100,6 +84,9 @@ impl EtcdStore {
        let txns = txn_ops
            .chunks(MAX_TXN_SIZE)
            .map(|part| async move {
+                let _timer = METRIC_META_TXN_REQUEST
+                    .with_label_values(&["etcd", "txn"])
+                    .start_timer();
                let txn = Txn::new().and_then(part);
                self.client.kv_client().txn(txn).await
            })
@@ -124,7 +111,7 @@ impl KvBackend for EtcdStore {
    async fn range(&self, req: RangeRequest) -> Result<RangeResponse> {
        let Get { key, options } = req.try_into()?;

-        let res = self
+        let mut res = self
            .client
            .kv_client()
            .get(key, options)
@@ -132,9 +119,9 @@ impl KvBackend for EtcdStore {
            .context(error::EtcdFailedSnafu)?;

        let kvs = res
-            .kvs()
-            .iter()
-            .map(KvPair::from_etcd_kv)
+            .take_kvs()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(convert_key_value)
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        Ok(RangeResponse {
@@ -150,14 +137,14 @@ impl KvBackend for EtcdStore {
            options,
        } = req.try_into()?;

-        let res = self
+        let mut res = self
            .client
            .kv_client()
            .put(key, value, options)
            .await
            .context(error::EtcdFailedSnafu)?;

-        let prev_kv = res.prev_key().map(KvPair::from_etcd_kv);
+        let prev_kv = res.take_prev_key().map(convert_key_value);
        Ok(PutResponse { prev_kv })
    }

@@ -166,7 +153,7 @@ impl KvBackend for EtcdStore {

        let put_ops = kvs
            .into_iter()
-            .map(|kv| (TxnOp::put(kv.key, kv.value, options.clone())))
+            .map(|kv| TxnOp::put(kv.key, kv.value, options.clone()))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        let txn_responses = self.do_multi_txn(put_ops).await?;
@@ -175,9 +162,9 @@ impl KvBackend for EtcdStore {
        for txn_res in txn_responses {
            for op_res in txn_res.op_responses() {
                match op_res {
-                    TxnOpResponse::Put(put_res) => {
-                        if let Some(prev_kv) = put_res.prev_key() {
-                            prev_kvs.push(KvPair::from_etcd_kv(prev_kv));
+                    TxnOpResponse::Put(mut put_res) => {
+                        if let Some(prev_kv) = put_res.take_prev_key().map(convert_key_value) {
+                            prev_kvs.push(prev_kv);
                        }
                    }
                    _ => unreachable!(),
@@ -193,7 +180,7 @@ impl KvBackend for EtcdStore {

        let get_ops: Vec<_> = keys
            .into_iter()
-            .map(|k| TxnOp::get(k, options.clone()))
+            .map(|key| TxnOp::get(key, options.clone()))
            .collect();

        let txn_responses = self.do_multi_txn(get_ops).await?;
@@ -201,12 +188,11 @@ impl KvBackend for EtcdStore {
        let mut kvs = vec![];
        for txn_res in txn_responses {
            for op_res in txn_res.op_responses() {
-                let get_res = match op_res {
+                let mut get_res = match op_res {
                    TxnOpResponse::Get(get_res) => get_res,
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };
-
-                kvs.extend(get_res.kvs().iter().map(KvPair::from_etcd_kv));
+                kvs.extend(get_res.take_kvs().into_iter().map(convert_key_value));
            }
        }

@@ -252,8 +238,8 @@ impl KvBackend for EtcdStore {
            })?;

        let prev_kv = match op_res {
-            TxnOpResponse::Put(res) => res.prev_key().map(KvPair::from_etcd_kv),
-            TxnOpResponse::Get(res) => res.kvs().first().map(KvPair::from_etcd_kv),
+            TxnOpResponse::Put(mut res) => res.take_prev_key().map(convert_key_value),
+            TxnOpResponse::Get(mut res) => res.take_kvs().into_iter().next().map(convert_key_value),
            _ => unreachable!(),
        };

@@ -263,7 +249,7 @@ impl KvBackend for EtcdStore {
    async fn delete_range(&self, req: DeleteRangeRequest) -> Result<DeleteRangeResponse> {
        let Delete { key, options } = req.try_into()?;

-        let res = self
+        let mut res = self
            .client
            .kv_client()
            .delete(key, options)
@@ -271,9 +257,9 @@ impl KvBackend for EtcdStore {
            .context(error::EtcdFailedSnafu)?;

        let prev_kvs = res
-            .prev_kvs()
-            .iter()
-            .map(KvPair::from_etcd_kv)
+            .take_prev_kvs()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(convert_key_value)
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        Ok(DeleteRangeResponse {
@@ -289,7 +275,7 @@ impl KvBackend for EtcdStore {

        let delete_ops = keys
            .into_iter()
-            .map(|k| TxnOp::delete(k, options.clone()))
+            .map(|key| TxnOp::delete(key, options.clone()))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        let txn_responses = self.do_multi_txn(delete_ops).await?;
@@ -297,10 +283,14 @@ impl KvBackend for EtcdStore {
        for txn_res in txn_responses {
            for op_res in txn_res.op_responses() {
                match op_res {
-                    TxnOpResponse::Delete(delete_res) => {
-                        delete_res.prev_kvs().iter().for_each(|kv| {
-                            prev_kvs.push(KvPair::from_etcd_kv(kv));
-                        });
+                    TxnOpResponse::Delete(mut delete_res) => {
+                        delete_res
+                            .take_prev_kvs()
+                            .into_iter()
+                            .map(convert_key_value)
+                            .for_each(|kv| {
+                                prev_kvs.push(kv);
+                            });
                    }
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                }
--- a/src/common/meta/src/kv_backend/txn.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/kv_backend/txn.rs
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-mod etcd;
-
 use common_error::ext::ErrorExt;

 use crate::rpc::store::{DeleteRangeResponse, PutResponse, RangeResponse};

+mod etcd;
+
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 pub trait TxnService: Sync + Send {
    type Error: ErrorExt;
@@ -122,7 +122,8 @@ pub struct TxnResponse {

 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Txn {
-    req: TxnRequest,
+    // HACK - chroot would modify this field
+    pub(super) req: TxnRequest,
    c_when: bool,
    c_then: bool,
    c_else: bool,
--- a/src/common/meta/src/rpc/ddl.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/rpc/ddl.rs
@@ -54,12 +54,14 @@ impl DdlTask {
        schema: String,
        table: String,
        table_id: TableId,
+        drop_if_exists: bool,
    ) -> Self {
        DdlTask::DropTable(DropTableTask {
            catalog,
            schema,
            table,
            table_id,
+            drop_if_exists,
        })
    }

@@ -118,6 +120,7 @@ impl TryFrom<SubmitDdlTaskRequest> for PbSubmitDdlTaskRequest {
                    schema_name: task.schema,
                    table_name: task.table,
                    table_id: Some(api::v1::TableId { id: task.table_id }),
+                    drop_if_exists: task.drop_if_exists,
                }),
            }),
            DdlTask::AlterTable(task) => Task::AlterTableTask(PbAlterTableTask {
@@ -176,6 +179,8 @@ pub struct DropTableTask {
    pub schema: String,
    pub table: String,
    pub table_id: TableId,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub drop_if_exists: bool,
 }

 impl DropTableTask {
@@ -214,6 +219,7 @@ impl TryFrom<PbDropTableTask> for DropTableTask {
                    err_msg: "expected table_id",
                })?
                .id,
+            drop_if_exists: drop_table.drop_if_exists,
        })
    }
 }
--- a/src/common/procedure/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/common/procedure/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ version.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true

+[features]
+testing = []
+
 [dependencies]
 async-stream.workspace = true
 async-trait.workspace = true
--- a/src/common/procedure/src/local.rs
+++ b/src/common/procedure/src/local.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use backon::ExponentialBuilder;
 use common_runtime::{RepeatedTask, TaskFunction};
-use common_telemetry::{info, logging};
+use common_telemetry::tracing_context::{FutureExt, TracingContext};
+use common_telemetry::{info, logging, tracing};
 use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
 use tokio::sync::watch::{self, Receiver, Sender};
 use tokio::sync::{Mutex as TokioMutex, Notify};
@@ -452,9 +453,19 @@ impl LocalManager {
            DuplicateProcedureSnafu { procedure_id },
        );

+        let tracing_context = TracingContext::from_current_span();
+
        let _handle = common_runtime::spawn_bg(async move {
            // Run the root procedure.
-            runner.run().await;
+            // The task was moved to another runtime for execution.
+            // In order not to interrupt tracing, a span needs to be created to continue tracing the current task.
+            runner
+                .run()
+                .trace(
+                    tracing_context
+                        .attach(tracing::info_span!("LocalManager::submit_root_procedure")),
+                )
+                .await;
        });

        Ok(watcher)
@@ -516,6 +527,13 @@ impl LocalManager {

        Ok(())
    }
+
+    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
+    /// Returns true if contains a specified loader.
+    pub fn contains_loader(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
+        let loaders = self.manager_ctx.loaders.lock().unwrap();
+        loaders.contains_key(name)
+    }
 }

 #[async_trait]
--- a/src/common/telemetry/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/common/telemetry/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,20 +14,19 @@ common-error.workspace = true
 console-subscriber = { version = "0.1", optional = true }
 lazy_static.workspace = true
 once_cell.workspace = true
-opentelemetry = { version = "0.17", default-features = false, features = [
+opentelemetry = { version = "0.21.0", default-features = false, features = [
    "trace",
-    "rt-tokio",
 ] }
-opentelemetry-jaeger = { version = "0.16", features = ["rt-tokio"] }
+opentelemetry-otlp = { version = "0.14.0", features = ["tokio"] }
+opentelemetry-semantic-conventions = "0.13.0"
+opentelemetry_sdk = { version = "0.21.0", features = ["rt-tokio"] }
 parking_lot = { version = "0.12" }
 prometheus.workspace = true
-rand.workspace = true
-rs-snowflake = "0.6"
 serde.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
 tracing = "0.1"
 tracing-appender = "0.2"
 tracing-futures = { version = "0.2", features = ["futures-03"] }
 tracing-log = "0.1"
-tracing-opentelemetry = "0.17"
+tracing-opentelemetry = "0.22.0"
 tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter"] }
--- a/src/common/telemetry/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/common/telemetry/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,45 +16,9 @@ pub mod logging;
 mod macros;
 pub mod metric;
 mod panic_hook;
+pub mod tracing_context;

-use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
-use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
-
-pub use logging::{init_default_ut_logging, init_global_logging, trace_id, TRACE_ID};
+pub use logging::{init_default_ut_logging, init_global_logging};
 pub use metric::dump_metrics;
-use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
 pub use panic_hook::set_panic_hook;
-use parking_lot::Mutex;
-use rand::random;
-use snowflake::SnowflakeIdBucket;
-pub use {common_error, tracing, tracing_appender, tracing_futures, tracing_subscriber};
-
-static NODE_ID: OnceCell<u64> = OnceCell::new();
-static TRACE_BUCKET: OnceCell<Mutex<SnowflakeIdBucket>> = OnceCell::new();
-
-pub fn gen_trace_id() -> u64 {
-    let mut bucket = TRACE_BUCKET
-        .get_or_init(|| {
-            // if node_id is not initialized, how about random one?
-            let node_id = NODE_ID.get_or_init(|| 0);
-            info!("initializing bucket with node_id: {}", node_id);
-            let bucket = SnowflakeIdBucket::new(1, (*node_id) as i32);
-            Mutex::new(bucket)
-        })
-        .lock();
-    (*bucket).get_id() as u64
-}
-
-pub fn init_node_id(node_id: Option<String>) {
-    let node_id = node_id.map(|id| calculate_hash(&id)).unwrap_or(random());
-    match NODE_ID.set(node_id) {
-        Ok(_) => {}
-        Err(_) => warn!("node_id is already initialized"),
-    }
-}
-
-fn calculate_hash<T: Hash>(t: &T) -> u64 {
-    let mut s = DefaultHasher::new();
-    t.hash(&mut s);
-    s.finish()
-}
+pub use {common_error, tracing};
--- a/src/common/telemetry/src/logging.rs
+++ b/src/common/telemetry/src/logging.rs
@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@ use std::env;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, Once};

 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use opentelemetry::global;
-use opentelemetry::sdk::propagation::TraceContextPropagator;
+use opentelemetry::{global, KeyValue};
+use opentelemetry_otlp::WithExportConfig;
+use opentelemetry_sdk::propagation::TraceContextPropagator;
+use opentelemetry_sdk::trace::Sampler;
+use opentelemetry_semantic_conventions::resource;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-pub use tracing::{event, span, Level};
 use tracing_appender::non_blocking::WorkerGuard;
 use tracing_appender::rolling::{RollingFileAppender, Rotation};
 use tracing_log::LogTracer;
@@ -29,46 +31,40 @@ use tracing_subscriber::layer::SubscriberExt;
 use tracing_subscriber::prelude::*;
 use tracing_subscriber::{filter, EnvFilter, Registry};

-pub use crate::{debug, error, info, log, trace, warn};
+pub use crate::{debug, error, info, trace, warn};

-tokio::task_local! {
-    /// Task local trace id. See [trace_id](crate::trace_id) for more details.
-    pub static TRACE_ID: u64;
-}
+const DEFAULT_OTLP_ENDPOINT: &str = "http://localhost:4317";

-/// Get current [TRACE_ID] from tokio [task_local](tokio::task_local) storage.
-///
-/// # Usage
-/// To set current trace id, wrap your async code like this:
-/// ```rust, no_run
-/// common_telemetry::TRACE_ID
-///     .scope(id, async move {
-///         query_handler
-///             .do_query(query, self.session.context())
-///             .await
-///     })
-///     .await
-/// ```
-/// Then all functions called from this stack will be able to retrieve the trace id
-/// via this method.
-pub fn trace_id() -> Option<u64> {
-    TRACE_ID.try_with(|id| Some(*id)).unwrap_or(None)
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(default)]
 pub struct LoggingOptions {
    pub dir: String,
    pub level: Option<String>,
-    pub enable_jaeger_tracing: bool,
+    pub enable_otlp_tracing: bool,
+    pub otlp_endpoint: Option<String>,
+    pub tracing_sample_ratio: Option<f64>,
 }

+impl PartialEq for LoggingOptions {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.dir == other.dir
+            && self.level == other.level
+            && self.enable_otlp_tracing == other.enable_otlp_tracing
+            && self.otlp_endpoint == other.otlp_endpoint
+            && self.tracing_sample_ratio == other.tracing_sample_ratio
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for LoggingOptions {}
+
 impl Default for LoggingOptions {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            dir: "/tmp/greptimedb/logs".to_string(),
            level: None,
-            enable_jaeger_tracing: false,
+            enable_otlp_tracing: false,
+            otlp_endpoint: None,
+            tracing_sample_ratio: None,
        }
    }
 }
@@ -106,9 +102,10 @@ pub fn init_default_ut_logging() {
            "unittest",
            &opts,
            TracingOptions::default(),
+            None
        ));

-        info!("logs dir = {}", dir);
+        crate::info!("logs dir = {}", dir);
    });
 }

@@ -122,11 +119,12 @@ pub fn init_global_logging(
    app_name: &str,
    opts: &LoggingOptions,
    tracing_opts: TracingOptions,
+    node_id: Option<String>,
 ) -> Vec<WorkerGuard> {
    let mut guards = vec![];
    let dir = &opts.dir;
    let level = &opts.level;
-    let enable_jaeger_tracing = opts.enable_jaeger_tracing;
+    let enable_otlp_tracing = opts.enable_otlp_tracing;

    // Enable log compatible layer to convert log record to tracing span.
    LogTracer::init().expect("log tracer must be valid");
@@ -162,7 +160,10 @@ pub fn init_global_logging(
    let filter = targets_string
        .parse::<filter::Targets>()
        .expect("error parsing log level string");
-
+    let sampler = opts
+        .tracing_sample_ratio
+        .map(Sampler::TraceIdRatioBased)
+        .unwrap_or(Sampler::AlwaysOn);
    // Must enable 'tokio_unstable' cfg to use this feature.
    // For example: `RUSTFLAGS="--cfg tokio_unstable" cargo run -F common-telemetry/console -- standalone start`
    #[cfg(feature = "tokio-console")]
@@ -204,15 +205,36 @@ pub fn init_global_logging(
        .with(file_logging_layer)
        .with(err_file_logging_layer.with_filter(filter::LevelFilter::ERROR));

-    if enable_jaeger_tracing {
-        // Jaeger layer.
+    if enable_otlp_tracing {
        global::set_text_map_propagator(TraceContextPropagator::new());
-        let tracer = opentelemetry_jaeger::new_pipeline()
-            .with_service_name(app_name)
-            .install_batch(opentelemetry::runtime::Tokio)
-            .expect("install");
-        let jaeger_layer = Some(tracing_opentelemetry::layer().with_tracer(tracer));
-        let subscriber = subscriber.with(jaeger_layer);
+        // otlp exporter
+        let tracer = opentelemetry_otlp::new_pipeline()
+            .tracing()
+            .with_exporter(
+                opentelemetry_otlp::new_exporter().tonic().with_endpoint(
+                    opts.otlp_endpoint
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .map(|e| format!("http://{}", e))
+                        .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_OTLP_ENDPOINT.to_string()),
+                ),
+            )
+            .with_trace_config(
+                opentelemetry_sdk::trace::config()
+                    .with_sampler(sampler)
+                    .with_resource(opentelemetry_sdk::Resource::new(vec![
+                        KeyValue::new(resource::SERVICE_NAME, app_name.to_string()),
+                        KeyValue::new(
+                            resource::SERVICE_INSTANCE_ID,
+                            node_id.unwrap_or("none".to_string()),
+                        ),
+                        KeyValue::new(resource::SERVICE_VERSION, env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")),
+                        KeyValue::new(resource::PROCESS_PID, std::process::id().to_string()),
+                    ])),
+            )
+            .install_batch(opentelemetry_sdk::runtime::Tokio)
+            .expect("otlp tracer install failed");
+        let tracing_layer = Some(tracing_opentelemetry::layer().with_tracer(tracer));
+        let subscriber = subscriber.with(tracing_layer);
        tracing::subscriber::set_global_default(subscriber)
            .expect("error setting global tracing subscriber");
    } else {
--- a/src/common/telemetry/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/common/telemetry/src/macros.rs
@@ -17,14 +17,12 @@
 macro_rules! log {
    // log!(target: "my_target", Level::INFO, "a {} event", "log");
    (target: $target:expr, $lvl:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => {{
-        let _trace_id = $crate::trace_id();
-        $crate::logging::event!(target: $target, $lvl, trace_id = _trace_id, $($arg)+)
+        $crate::tracing::event!(target: $target, $lvl, $($arg)+)
    }};

    // log!(Level::INFO, "a log event")
    ($lvl:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => {{
-        let _trace_id = $crate::trace_id();
-        $crate::logging::event!($lvl, trace_id = _trace_id, $($arg)+)
+        $crate::tracing::event!($lvl, $($arg)+)
    }};
 }

@@ -33,14 +31,14 @@ macro_rules! log {
 macro_rules! error {
    // error!(target: "my_target", "a {} event", "log")
    (target: $target:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
-        $crate::log!(target: $target, $crate::logging::Level::ERROR, $($arg)+)
+        $crate::log!(target: $target, $crate::tracing::Level::ERROR, $($arg)+)
    });

    // error!(e; target: "my_target", "a {} event", "log")
    ($e:expr; target: $target:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
        $crate::log!(
            target: $target,
-            $crate::logging::Level::ERROR,
+            $crate::tracing::Level::ERROR,
            err = ?$e,
            $($arg)+
        )
@@ -50,7 +48,7 @@ macro_rules! error {
    (%$e:expr; target: $target:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
        $crate::log!(
            target: $target,
-            $crate::logging::Level::ERROR,
+            $crate::tracing::Level::ERROR,
            err = %$e,
            $($arg)+
        )
@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ macro_rules! error {
    // error!(e; "a {} event", "log")
    ($e:expr; $($arg:tt)+) => ({
        $crate::log!(
-            $crate::logging::Level::ERROR,
+            $crate::tracing::Level::ERROR,
            err = ?$e,
            $($arg)+
        )
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ macro_rules! error {
    // error!(%e; "a {} event", "log")
    (%$e:expr; $($arg:tt)+) => ({
        $crate::log!(
-            $crate::logging::Level::ERROR,
+            $crate::tracing::Level::ERROR,
            err = %$e,
            $($arg)+
        )
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ macro_rules! error {

    // error!("a {} event", "log")
    ($($arg:tt)+) => ({
-        $crate::log!($crate::logging::Level::ERROR, $($arg)+)
+        $crate::log!($crate::tracing::Level::ERROR, $($arg)+)
    });
 }

@@ -85,13 +83,13 @@ macro_rules! error {
 macro_rules! warn {
    // warn!(target: "my_target", "a {} event", "log")
    (target: $target:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => {
-        $crate::log!(target: $target, $crate::logging::Level::WARN, $($arg)+)
+        $crate::log!(target: $target, $crate::tracing::Level::WARN, $($arg)+)
    };

    // warn!(e; "a {} event", "log")
    ($e:expr; $($arg:tt)+) => ({
        $crate::log!(
-            $crate::logging::Level::WARN,
+            $crate::tracing::Level::WARN,
            err = ?$e,
            $($arg)+
        )
@@ -100,7 +98,7 @@ macro_rules! warn {
    // warn!(%e; "a {} event", "log")
    (%$e:expr; $($arg:tt)+) => ({
        $crate::log!(
-            $crate::logging::Level::WARN,
+            $crate::tracing::Level::WARN,
            err = %$e,
            $($arg)+
        )
@@ -108,7 +106,7 @@ macro_rules! warn {

    // warn!("a {} event", "log")
    ($($arg:tt)+) => {
-        $crate::log!($crate::logging::Level::WARN, $($arg)+)
+        $crate::log!($crate::tracing::Level::WARN, $($arg)+)
    };
 }

@@ -117,12 +115,12 @@ macro_rules! warn {
 macro_rules! info {
    // info!(target: "my_target", "a {} event", "log")
    (target: $target:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => {
-        $crate::log!(target: $target, $crate::logging::Level::INFO, $($arg)+)
+        $crate::log!(target: $target, $crate::tracing::Level::INFO, $($arg)+)
    };

    // info!("a {} event", "log")
    ($($arg:tt)+) => {
-        $crate::log!($crate::logging::Level::INFO, $($arg)+)
+        $crate::log!($crate::tracing::Level::INFO, $($arg)+)
    };
 }

@@ -131,12 +129,12 @@ macro_rules! info {
 macro_rules! debug {
    // debug!(target: "my_target", "a {} event", "log")
    (target: $target:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => {
-        $crate::log!(target: $target, $crate::logging::Level::DEBUG, $($arg)+)
+        $crate::log!(target: $target, $crate::tracing::Level::DEBUG, $($arg)+)
    };

    // debug!("a {} event", "log")
    ($($arg:tt)+) => {
-        $crate::log!($crate::logging::Level::DEBUG, $($arg)+)
+        $crate::log!($crate::tracing::Level::DEBUG, $($arg)+)
    };
 }

@@ -145,12 +143,12 @@ macro_rules! debug {
 macro_rules! trace {
    // trace!(target: "my_target", "a {} event", "log")
    (target: $target:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => {
-        $crate::log!(target: $target, $crate::logging::Level::TRACE, $($arg)+)
+        $crate::log!(target: $target, $crate::tracing::Level::TRACE, $($arg)+)
    };

    // trace!("a {} event", "log")
    ($($arg:tt)+) => {
-        $crate::log!($crate::logging::Level::TRACE, $($arg)+)
+        $crate::log!($crate::tracing::Level::TRACE, $($arg)+)
    };
 }

@@ -158,8 +156,7 @@ macro_rules! trace {
 mod tests {
    use common_error::mock::MockError;
    use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
-
-    use crate::logging::Level;
+    use tracing::Level;

    macro_rules! all_log_macros {
        ($($arg:tt)*) => {
--- a/src/common/telemetry/src/tracing_context.rs
+++ b/src/common/telemetry/src/tracing_context.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! tracing stuffs, inspired by RisingWave
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use opentelemetry::propagation::TextMapPropagator;
+use opentelemetry_sdk::propagation::TraceContextPropagator;
+use tracing_opentelemetry::OpenTelemetrySpanExt;
+
+// An wapper for `Futures` that provides tracing instrument adapters.
+pub trait FutureExt: std::future::Future + Sized {
+    fn trace(self, span: tracing::span::Span) -> tracing::instrument::Instrumented<Self>;
+}
+
+impl<T: std::future::Future> FutureExt for T {
+    #[inline]
+    fn trace(self, span: tracing::span::Span) -> tracing::instrument::Instrumented<Self> {
+        tracing::instrument::Instrument::instrument(self, span)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Context for tracing used for propagating tracing information in a distributed system.
+///
+/// Generally, the caller of a service should create a tracing context from the current tracing span
+/// and pass it to the callee through the network. The callee will then attach its local tracing
+/// span as a child of the tracing context, so that the external tracing service can associate them
+/// in a single trace.
+///
+/// The tracing context must be serialized into the W3C trace context format and passed in rpc
+/// message headers when communication of frontend, datanode and meta.
+///
+/// See [Trace Context](https://www.w3.org/TR/trace-context/) for more information.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TracingContext(opentelemetry::Context);
+
+pub type W3cTrace = HashMap<String, String>;
+
+impl Default for TracingContext {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+type Propagator = TraceContextPropagator;
+
+impl TracingContext {
+    /// Create a new tracing context from a tracing span.
+    pub fn from_span(span: &tracing::Span) -> Self {
+        Self(span.context())
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new tracing context from the current tracing span considered by the subscriber.
+    pub fn from_current_span() -> Self {
+        Self::from_span(&tracing::Span::current())
+    }
+
+    /// Create a no-op tracing context.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self(opentelemetry::Context::new())
+    }
+
+    /// Attach the given span as a child of the context. Returns the attached span.
+    pub fn attach(&self, span: tracing::Span) -> tracing::Span {
+        span.set_parent(self.0.clone());
+        span
+    }
+
+    /// Convert the tracing context to the W3C trace context format.
+    pub fn to_w3c(&self) -> W3cTrace {
+        let mut fields = HashMap::new();
+        Propagator::new().inject_context(&self.0, &mut fields);
+        fields
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new tracing context from the W3C trace context format.
+    pub fn from_w3c(fields: &W3cTrace) -> Self {
+        let context = Propagator::new().extract(fields);
+        Self(context)
+    }
+}
--- a/src/common/time/src/datetime.rs
+++ b/src/common/time/src/datetime.rs
@@ -15,10 +15,11 @@
 use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter};
 use std::str::FromStr;

-use chrono::{LocalResult, NaiveDateTime};
+use chrono::{LocalResult, NaiveDateTime, TimeZone as ChronoTimeZone, Utc};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

 use crate::error::{Error, InvalidDateStrSnafu, Result};
+use crate::timezone::TimeZone;
 use crate::util::{format_utc_datetime, local_datetime_to_utc};
 use crate::Date;

@@ -108,6 +109,15 @@ impl DateTime {
        NaiveDateTime::from_timestamp_millis(self.0)
    }

+    pub fn to_chrono_datetime_with_timezone(&self, tz: Option<TimeZone>) -> Option<NaiveDateTime> {
+        let datetime = self.to_chrono_datetime();
+        datetime.map(|v| match tz {
+            Some(TimeZone::Offset(offset)) => offset.from_utc_datetime(&v).naive_local(),
+            Some(TimeZone::Named(tz)) => tz.from_utc_datetime(&v).naive_local(),
+            None => Utc.from_utc_datetime(&v).naive_local(),
+        })
+    }
+
    /// Convert to [common_time::date].
    pub fn to_date(&self) -> Option<Date> {
        self.to_chrono_datetime().map(|d| Date::from(d.date()))
--- a/src/common/time/src/timestamp.rs
+++ b/src/common/time/src/timestamp.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use std::time::Duration;

 use arrow::datatypes::TimeUnit as ArrowTimeUnit;
 use chrono::{
-    DateTime, LocalResult, NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime, NaiveTime, TimeZone as ChronoTimeZone,
+    DateTime, LocalResult, NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime, NaiveTime, TimeZone as ChronoTimeZone, Utc,
 };
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
@@ -252,6 +252,15 @@ impl Timestamp {
        NaiveDateTime::from_timestamp_opt(sec, nsec)
    }

+    pub fn to_chrono_datetime_with_timezone(&self, tz: Option<TimeZone>) -> Option<NaiveDateTime> {
+        let datetime = self.to_chrono_datetime();
+        datetime.map(|v| match tz {
+            Some(TimeZone::Offset(offset)) => offset.from_utc_datetime(&v).naive_local(),
+            Some(TimeZone::Named(tz)) => tz.from_utc_datetime(&v).naive_local(),
+            None => Utc.from_utc_datetime(&v).naive_local(),
+        })
+    }
+
    /// Convert timestamp to chrono date.
    pub fn to_chrono_date(&self) -> Option<NaiveDate> {
        self.to_chrono_datetime().map(|ndt| ndt.date())
--- a/src/datanode/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/datanode/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,9 +4,6 @@ version.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true

-[features]
-testing = []
-
 [dependencies]
 api.workspace = true
 arrow-flight.workspace = true
@@ -17,6 +14,7 @@ axum = "0.6"
 axum-macros = "0.3"
 bytes = "1.1"
 catalog.workspace = true
+client.workspace = true
 common-base.workspace = true
 common-catalog.workspace = true
 common-config.workspace = true
@@ -61,7 +59,6 @@ servers.workspace = true
 session.workspace = true
 snafu.workspace = true
 sql.workspace = true
-storage.workspace = true
 store-api.workspace = true
 substrait.workspace = true
 table.workspace = true
@@ -77,7 +74,9 @@ uuid.workspace = true
 [dev-dependencies]
 axum-test-helper = { git = "https://github.com/sunng87/axum-test-helper.git", branch = "patch-1" }
 client.workspace = true
+common-meta = { workspace = true, features = ["testing"] }
 common-query.workspace = true
 common-test-util.workspace = true
 datafusion-common.workspace = true
+mito2 = { workspace = true, features = ["test"] }
 session.workspace = true
--- a/src/datanode/src/alive_keeper.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/alive_keeper.rs
@@ -129,8 +129,12 @@ impl RegionAliveKeeper {
            let (role, region_id) = (region.role().into(), RegionId::from(region.region_id));
            if let Some(handle) = self.find_handle(region_id).await {
                handle.reset_deadline(role, deadline).await;
+            } else {
+                warn!(
+                    "Trying to renew the lease for region {region_id}, the keeper handler is not found!"
+                );
+                // Else the region alive keeper might be triggered by lagging messages, we can safely ignore it.
            }
-            // Else the region alive keeper might be triggered by lagging messages, we can safely ignore it.
        }
    }

--- a/src/datanode/src/config.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/config.rs
@@ -31,11 +31,6 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use servers::heartbeat_options::HeartbeatOptions;
 use servers::http::HttpOptions;
 use servers::Mode;
-use storage::config::{
-    EngineConfig as StorageEngineConfig, DEFAULT_AUTO_FLUSH_INTERVAL, DEFAULT_MAX_FLUSH_TASKS,
-    DEFAULT_PICKER_SCHEDULE_INTERVAL, DEFAULT_REGION_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE,
-};
-use storage::scheduler::SchedulerConfig;

 pub const DEFAULT_OBJECT_STORE_CACHE_SIZE: ReadableSize = ReadableSize::mb(256);

@@ -68,9 +63,6 @@ pub struct StorageConfig {
    pub data_home: String,
    #[serde(flatten)]
    pub store: ObjectStoreConfig,
-    pub compaction: CompactionConfig,
-    pub manifest: RegionManifestConfig,
-    pub flush: FlushConfig,
 }

 impl Default for StorageConfig {
@@ -79,9 +71,6 @@ impl Default for StorageConfig {
            global_ttl: None,
            data_home: DEFAULT_DATA_HOME.to_string(),
            store: ObjectStoreConfig::default(),
-            compaction: CompactionConfig::default(),
-            manifest: RegionManifestConfig::default(),
-            flush: FlushConfig::default(),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -216,109 +205,6 @@ impl Default for ObjectStoreConfig {
    }
 }

-/// Options for region manifest
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq)]
-#[serde(default)]
-pub struct RegionManifestConfig {
-    /// Region manifest checkpoint actions margin.
-    /// Manifest service create a checkpoint every `checkpoint_margin` actions.
-    pub checkpoint_margin: Option<u16>,
-    /// Region manifest logs and checkpoints gc task execution duration.
-    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
-    pub gc_duration: Option<Duration>,
-    /// Whether to compress manifest and checkpoint file by gzip
-    pub compress: bool,
-}
-
-impl Default for RegionManifestConfig {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            checkpoint_margin: Some(10u16),
-            gc_duration: Some(Duration::from_secs(600)),
-            compress: false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Options for table compaction
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq)]
-#[serde(default)]
-pub struct CompactionConfig {
-    /// Max task number that can concurrently run.
-    pub max_inflight_tasks: usize,
-    /// Max files in level 0 to trigger compaction.
-    pub max_files_in_level0: usize,
-    /// Max task number for SST purge task after compaction.
-    pub max_purge_tasks: usize,
-}
-
-impl Default for CompactionConfig {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            max_inflight_tasks: 4,
-            max_files_in_level0: 8,
-            max_purge_tasks: 32,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq)]
-#[serde(default)]
-pub struct FlushConfig {
-    /// Max inflight flush tasks.
-    pub max_flush_tasks: usize,
-    /// Default write buffer size for a region.
-    pub region_write_buffer_size: ReadableSize,
-    /// Interval to schedule auto flush picker to find region to flush.
-    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
-    pub picker_schedule_interval: Duration,
-    /// Interval to auto flush a region if it has not flushed yet.
-    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
-    pub auto_flush_interval: Duration,
-    /// Global write buffer size for all regions.
-    pub global_write_buffer_size: Option<ReadableSize>,
-}
-
-impl Default for FlushConfig {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            max_flush_tasks: DEFAULT_MAX_FLUSH_TASKS,
-            region_write_buffer_size: DEFAULT_REGION_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE,
-            picker_schedule_interval: Duration::from_millis(
-                DEFAULT_PICKER_SCHEDULE_INTERVAL.into(),
-            ),
-            auto_flush_interval: Duration::from_millis(DEFAULT_AUTO_FLUSH_INTERVAL.into()),
-            global_write_buffer_size: None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<&DatanodeOptions> for SchedulerConfig {
-    fn from(value: &DatanodeOptions) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            max_inflight_tasks: value.storage.compaction.max_inflight_tasks,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<&DatanodeOptions> for StorageEngineConfig {
-    fn from(value: &DatanodeOptions) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            compress_manifest: value.storage.manifest.compress,
-            manifest_checkpoint_margin: value.storage.manifest.checkpoint_margin,
-            manifest_gc_duration: value.storage.manifest.gc_duration,
-            max_files_in_l0: value.storage.compaction.max_files_in_level0,
-            max_purge_tasks: value.storage.compaction.max_purge_tasks,
-            max_flush_tasks: value.storage.flush.max_flush_tasks,
-            region_write_buffer_size: value.storage.flush.region_write_buffer_size,
-            picker_schedule_interval: value.storage.flush.picker_schedule_interval,
-            auto_flush_interval: value.storage.flush.auto_flush_interval,
-            global_write_buffer_size: value.storage.flush.global_write_buffer_size,
-            global_ttl: value.storage.global_ttl,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(default)]
 pub struct DatanodeOptions {
--- a/src/datanode/src/datanode.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/datanode.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,11 @@

 //! Datanode implementation.

+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use catalog::kvbackend::MetaKvBackend;
 use catalog::memory::MemoryCatalogManager;
 use common_base::Plugins;
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
@@ -26,8 +27,9 @@ use common_meta::key::datanode_table::DatanodeTableManager;
 use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
 pub use common_procedure::options::ProcedureConfig;
 use common_runtime::Runtime;
-use common_telemetry::{error, info};
+use common_telemetry::{error, info, warn};
 use file_engine::engine::FileRegionEngine;
+use futures::future;
 use futures_util::future::try_join_all;
 use futures_util::StreamExt;
 use log_store::raft_engine::log_store::RaftEngineLogStore;
@@ -36,6 +38,10 @@ use mito2::engine::MitoEngine;
 use object_store::manager::{ObjectStoreManager, ObjectStoreManagerRef};
 use object_store::util::normalize_dir;
 use query::QueryEngineFactory;
+use servers::grpc::{GrpcServer, GrpcServerConfig};
+use servers::http::HttpServerBuilder;
+use servers::metrics_handler::MetricsHandler;
+use servers::server::{start_server, ServerHandler, ServerHandlers};
 use servers::Mode;
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::logstore::LogStore;
@@ -48,26 +54,26 @@ use tokio::sync::Notify;

 use crate::config::{DatanodeOptions, RegionEngineConfig};
 use crate::error::{
-    CreateDirSnafu, GetMetadataSnafu, MissingKvBackendSnafu, MissingMetaClientSnafu,
-    MissingMetasrvOptsSnafu, MissingNodeIdSnafu, OpenLogStoreSnafu, Result, RuntimeResourceSnafu,
-    ShutdownInstanceSnafu,
+    CreateDirSnafu, GetMetadataSnafu, MissingKvBackendSnafu, MissingNodeIdSnafu, OpenLogStoreSnafu,
+    ParseAddrSnafu, Result, RuntimeResourceSnafu, ShutdownInstanceSnafu, ShutdownServerSnafu,
+    StartServerSnafu,
 };
 use crate::event_listener::{
    new_region_server_event_channel, NoopRegionServerEventListener, RegionServerEventListenerRef,
    RegionServerEventReceiver,
 };
 use crate::greptimedb_telemetry::get_greptimedb_telemetry_task;
-use crate::heartbeat::{new_metasrv_client, HeartbeatTask};
-use crate::region_server::RegionServer;
-use crate::server::Services;
+use crate::heartbeat::HeartbeatTask;
+use crate::region_server::{DummyTableProviderFactory, RegionServer};
 use crate::store;

 const OPEN_REGION_PARALLELISM: usize = 16;
+const REGION_SERVER_SERVICE_NAME: &str = "REGION_SERVER_SERVICE";
+const DATANODE_HTTP_SERVICE_NAME: &str = "DATANODE_HTTP_SERVICE";

 /// Datanode service.
 pub struct Datanode {
-    opts: DatanodeOptions,
-    services: Option<Services>,
+    services: ServerHandlers,
    heartbeat_task: Option<HeartbeatTask>,
    region_event_receiver: Option<RegionServerEventReceiver>,
    region_server: RegionServer,
@@ -83,10 +89,17 @@ impl Datanode {
        self.start_heartbeat().await?;
        self.wait_coordinated().await;

-        let _ = self.greptimedb_telemetry_task.start();
+        self.start_telemetry();
+
        self.start_services().await
    }

+    pub fn start_telemetry(&self) {
+        if let Err(e) = self.greptimedb_telemetry_task.start() {
+            warn!(e; "Failed to start telemetry task!");
+        }
+    }
+
    pub async fn start_heartbeat(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        if let Some(task) = &self.heartbeat_task {
            // Safety: The event_receiver must exist.
@@ -106,19 +119,17 @@ impl Datanode {

    /// Start services of datanode. This method call will block until services are shutdown.
    pub async fn start_services(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        if let Some(service) = self.services.as_mut() {
-            service.start(&self.opts).await
-        } else {
-            Ok(())
-        }
+        let _ = future::try_join_all(self.services.values().map(start_server))
+            .await
+            .context(StartServerSnafu)?;
+        Ok(())
    }

    async fn shutdown_services(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        if let Some(service) = self.services.as_ref() {
-            service.shutdown().await
-        } else {
-            Ok(())
-        }
+        let _ = future::try_join_all(self.services.values().map(|server| server.0.shutdown()))
+            .await
+            .context(ShutdownServerSnafu)?;
+        Ok(())
    }

    pub async fn shutdown(&self) -> Result<()> {
@@ -150,17 +161,21 @@ pub struct DatanodeBuilder {
    plugins: Plugins,
    meta_client: Option<MetaClient>,
    kv_backend: Option<KvBackendRef>,
+    enable_region_server_service: bool,
+    enable_http_service: bool,
 }

 impl DatanodeBuilder {
    /// `kv_backend` is optional. If absent, the builder will try to build one
    /// by using the given `opts`
-    pub fn new(opts: DatanodeOptions, kv_backend: Option<KvBackendRef>, plugins: Plugins) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(opts: DatanodeOptions, plugins: Plugins) -> Self {
        Self {
            opts,
            plugins,
            meta_client: None,
-            kv_backend,
+            kv_backend: None,
+            enable_region_server_service: false,
+            enable_http_service: false,
        }
    }

@@ -171,76 +186,63 @@ impl DatanodeBuilder {
        }
    }

+    pub fn with_kv_backend(self, kv_backend: KvBackendRef) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            kv_backend: Some(kv_backend),
+            ..self
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn enable_region_server_service(self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enable_region_server_service: true,
+            ..self
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn enable_http_service(self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enable_http_service: true,
+            ..self
+        }
+    }
+
    pub async fn build(mut self) -> Result<Datanode> {
        let mode = &self.opts.mode;

-        // build meta client
-        let meta_client = match mode {
-            Mode::Distributed => {
-                let meta_client = if let Some(meta_client) = self.meta_client.take() {
-                    meta_client
-                } else {
-                    let node_id = self.opts.node_id.context(MissingNodeIdSnafu)?;
+        let meta_client = self.meta_client.take();

-                    let meta_config = self
-                        .opts
-                        .meta_client
-                        .as_ref()
-                        .context(MissingMetasrvOptsSnafu)?;
+        // If metasrv client is provided, we will use it to control the region server.
+        // Otherwise the region server is self-controlled, meaning no heartbeat and immediately
+        // writable upon open.
+        let controlled_by_metasrv = meta_client.is_some();

-                    new_metasrv_client(node_id, meta_config).await?
-                };
-                Some(meta_client)
-            }
-            Mode::Standalone => None,
-        };
-
-        // build kv-backend
-        let kv_backend = match mode {
-            Mode::Distributed => Arc::new(MetaKvBackend {
-                client: Arc::new(meta_client.clone().context(MissingMetaClientSnafu)?),
-            }),
-            Mode::Standalone => self.kv_backend.clone().context(MissingKvBackendSnafu)?,
-        };
+        let kv_backend = self.kv_backend.take().context(MissingKvBackendSnafu)?;

        // build and initialize region server
        let log_store = Self::build_log_store(&self.opts).await?;
-        let (region_event_listener, region_event_receiver) = match mode {
-            Mode::Distributed => {
-                let (tx, rx) = new_region_server_event_channel();
-                (Box::new(tx) as RegionServerEventListenerRef, Some(rx))
-            }
-            Mode::Standalone => (
-                Box::new(NoopRegionServerEventListener) as RegionServerEventListenerRef,
-                None,
-            ),
+
+        let (region_event_listener, region_event_receiver) = if controlled_by_metasrv {
+            let (tx, rx) = new_region_server_event_channel();
+            (Box::new(tx) as _, Some(rx))
+        } else {
+            (Box::new(NoopRegionServerEventListener) as _, None)
        };

-        let region_server = Self::new_region_server(
-            &self.opts,
-            self.plugins.clone(),
-            log_store,
-            region_event_listener,
-        )
-        .await?;
-        self.initialize_region_server(&region_server, kv_backend, matches!(mode, Mode::Standalone))
+        let region_server = self
+            .new_region_server(log_store, region_event_listener)
            .await?;

-        let heartbeat_task = match mode {
-            Mode::Distributed => {
-                let meta_client = meta_client.context(MissingMetaClientSnafu)?;
+        self.initialize_region_server(&region_server, kv_backend, !controlled_by_metasrv)
+            .await?;

-                let heartbeat_task =
-                    HeartbeatTask::try_new(&self.opts, region_server.clone(), meta_client).await?;
-                Some(heartbeat_task)
-            }
-            Mode::Standalone => None,
+        let heartbeat_task = if let Some(meta_client) = meta_client {
+            Some(HeartbeatTask::try_new(&self.opts, region_server.clone(), meta_client).await?)
+        } else {
+            None
        };

-        let services = match mode {
-            Mode::Distributed => Some(Services::try_new(region_server.clone(), &self.opts).await?),
-            Mode::Standalone => None,
-        };
+        let services = self.create_datanode_services(&region_server)?;

        let greptimedb_telemetry_task = get_greptimedb_telemetry_task(
            Some(self.opts.storage.data_home.clone()),
@@ -257,7 +259,6 @@ impl DatanodeBuilder {
            };

        Ok(Datanode {
-            opts: self.opts,
            services,
            heartbeat_task,
            region_server,
@@ -268,6 +269,68 @@ impl DatanodeBuilder {
        })
    }

+    fn create_datanode_services(&self, region_server: &RegionServer) -> Result<ServerHandlers> {
+        let mut services = HashMap::new();
+
+        if self.enable_region_server_service {
+            services.insert(
+                REGION_SERVER_SERVICE_NAME.to_string(),
+                self.create_region_server_service(region_server)?,
+            );
+        }
+
+        if self.enable_http_service {
+            services.insert(
+                DATANODE_HTTP_SERVICE_NAME.to_string(),
+                self.create_http_service()?,
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(services)
+    }
+
+    fn create_region_server_service(&self, region_server: &RegionServer) -> Result<ServerHandler> {
+        let opts = &self.opts;
+
+        let config = GrpcServerConfig {
+            max_recv_message_size: opts.rpc_max_recv_message_size.as_bytes() as usize,
+            max_send_message_size: opts.rpc_max_send_message_size.as_bytes() as usize,
+        };
+
+        let server = Box::new(GrpcServer::new(
+            Some(config),
+            None,
+            None,
+            Some(Arc::new(region_server.clone()) as _),
+            Some(Arc::new(region_server.clone()) as _),
+            None,
+            region_server.runtime(),
+        ));
+
+        let addr: SocketAddr = opts.rpc_addr.parse().context(ParseAddrSnafu {
+            addr: &opts.rpc_addr,
+        })?;
+
+        Ok((server, addr))
+    }
+
+    fn create_http_service(&self) -> Result<ServerHandler> {
+        let opts = &self.opts;
+
+        let server = Box::new(
+            HttpServerBuilder::new(opts.http.clone())
+                .with_metrics_handler(MetricsHandler)
+                .with_greptime_config_options(opts.to_toml_string())
+                .build(),
+        );
+
+        let addr = opts.http.addr.parse().context(ParseAddrSnafu {
+            addr: &opts.http.addr,
+        })?;
+
+        Ok((server, addr))
+    }
+
    /// Open all regions belong to this datanode.
    async fn initialize_region_server(
        &self,
@@ -329,18 +392,19 @@ impl DatanodeBuilder {
    }

    async fn new_region_server(
-        opts: &DatanodeOptions,
-        plugins: Plugins,
+        &self,
        log_store: Arc<RaftEngineLogStore>,
        event_listener: RegionServerEventListenerRef,
    ) -> Result<RegionServer> {
+        let opts = &self.opts;
+
        let query_engine_factory = QueryEngineFactory::new_with_plugins(
            // query engine in datanode only executes plan with resolved table source.
            MemoryCatalogManager::with_default_setup(),
            None,
            None,
            false,
-            plugins,
+            self.plugins.clone(),
        );
        let query_engine = query_engine_factory.query_engine();

@@ -352,8 +416,15 @@ impl DatanodeBuilder {
                .context(RuntimeResourceSnafu)?,
        );

-        let mut region_server =
-            RegionServer::new(query_engine.clone(), runtime.clone(), event_listener);
+        let table_provider_factory = Arc::new(DummyTableProviderFactory);
+
+        let mut region_server = RegionServer::with_table_provider(
+            query_engine,
+            runtime,
+            event_listener,
+            table_provider_factory,
+        );
+
        let object_store = store::new_object_store(opts).await?;
        let object_store_manager = ObjectStoreManager::new(
            "default", // TODO: use a name which is set in the configuration when #919 is done.
@@ -472,7 +543,6 @@ mod tests {
                node_id: Some(0),
                ..Default::default()
            },
-            None,
            Plugins::default(),
        );

--- a/src/datanode/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/error.rs
@@ -212,9 +212,6 @@ pub enum Error {
    #[snafu(display("Expect KvBackend but not found"))]
    MissingKvBackend { location: Location },

-    #[snafu(display("Expect MetaClient but not found"))]
-    MissingMetaClient { location: Location },
-
    #[snafu(display("Invalid SQL, error: {}", msg))]
    InvalidSql { msg: String },

@@ -295,9 +292,6 @@ pub enum Error {
    #[snafu(display("Missing node id in Datanode config"))]
    MissingNodeId { location: Location },

-    #[snafu(display("Missing node id option in distributed mode"))]
-    MissingMetasrvOpts { location: Location },
-
    #[snafu(display("Missing required field: {}", name))]
    MissingRequiredField { name: String, location: Location },

@@ -477,13 +471,11 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            | SchemaExists { .. }
            | DatabaseNotFound { .. }
            | MissingNodeId { .. }
-            | MissingMetasrvOpts { .. }
            | ColumnNoneDefaultValue { .. }
            | MissingWalDirConfig { .. }
            | PrepareImmutableTable { .. }
            | ColumnDataType { .. }
-            | MissingKvBackend { .. }
-            | MissingMetaClient { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,
+            | MissingKvBackend { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,

            EncodeJson { .. } | PayloadNotExist { .. } | Unexpected { .. } => {
                StatusCode::Unexpected
--- a/src/datanode/src/heartbeat.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/heartbeat.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ use crate::alive_keeper::RegionAliveKeeper;
 use crate::config::DatanodeOptions;
 use crate::error::{self, MetaClientInitSnafu, Result};
 use crate::event_listener::RegionServerEventReceiver;
+use crate::metrics;
 use crate::region_server::RegionServer;

 pub(crate) mod handler;
@@ -72,9 +73,9 @@ impl HeartbeatTask {
            opts.heartbeat.interval.as_millis() as u64,
        ));
        let resp_handler_executor = Arc::new(HandlerGroupExecutor::new(vec![
+            region_alive_keeper.clone(),
            Arc::new(ParseMailboxMessageHandler),
            Arc::new(RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone())),
-            region_alive_keeper.clone(),
        ]));

        Ok(Self {
@@ -101,8 +102,10 @@ impl HeartbeatTask {
        quit_signal: Arc<Notify>,
    ) -> Result<HeartbeatSender> {
        let client_id = meta_client.id();
-
        let (tx, mut rx) = meta_client.heartbeat().await.context(MetaClientInitSnafu)?;
+
+        let mut last_received_lease = Instant::now();
+
        let _handle = common_runtime::spawn_bg(async move {
            while let Some(res) = match rx.message().await {
                Ok(m) => m,
@@ -114,6 +117,28 @@ impl HeartbeatTask {
                if let Some(msg) = res.mailbox_message.as_ref() {
                    info!("Received mailbox message: {msg:?}, meta_client id: {client_id:?}");
                }
+                if let Some(lease) = res.region_lease.as_ref() {
+                    metrics::LAST_RECEIVED_HEARTBEAT_ELAPSED
+                        .set(last_received_lease.elapsed().as_millis() as i64);
+                    // Resets the timer.
+                    last_received_lease = Instant::now();
+
+                    let mut leader_region_lease_count = 0;
+                    let mut follower_region_lease_count = 0;
+                    for lease in &lease.regions {
+                        match lease.role() {
+                            RegionRole::Leader => leader_region_lease_count += 1,
+                            RegionRole::Follower => follower_region_lease_count += 1,
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    metrics::HEARTBEAT_REGION_LEASES
+                        .with_label_values(&["leader"])
+                        .set(leader_region_lease_count);
+                    metrics::HEARTBEAT_REGION_LEASES
+                        .with_label_values(&["follower"])
+                        .set(follower_region_lease_count);
+                }
                let ctx = HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext::new(mailbox.clone(), res);
                if let Err(e) = Self::handle_response(ctx, handler_executor.clone()).await {
                    error!(e; "Error while handling heartbeat response");
--- a/src/datanode/src/heartbeat/handler.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/heartbeat/handler.rs
@@ -13,54 +13,119 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use common_error::ext::ErrorExt;
-use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
 use common_meta::error::{InvalidHeartbeatResponseSnafu, Result as MetaResult};
 use common_meta::heartbeat::handler::{
    HandleControl, HeartbeatResponseHandler, HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext,
 };
-use common_meta::instruction::{Instruction, InstructionReply, OpenRegion, SimpleReply};
+use common_meta::instruction::{
+    DowngradeRegion, DowngradeRegionReply, Instruction, InstructionReply, OpenRegion, SimpleReply,
+};
 use common_meta::RegionIdent;
-use common_query::Output;
 use common_telemetry::error;
+use futures::future::BoxFuture;
 use snafu::OptionExt;
 use store_api::path_utils::region_dir;
+use store_api::region_engine::SetReadonlyResponse;
 use store_api::region_request::{RegionCloseRequest, RegionOpenRequest, RegionRequest};
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;

-use crate::error::Result;
+use crate::error;
 use crate::region_server::RegionServer;
-
 /// Handler for [Instruction::OpenRegion] and [Instruction::CloseRegion].
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler {
    region_server: RegionServer,
 }

+/// Handler of the instruction.
+pub type InstructionHandler =
+    Box<dyn FnOnce(RegionServer) -> BoxFuture<'static, InstructionReply> + Send>;
+
 impl RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler {
+    /// Returns the [RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler].
    pub fn new(region_server: RegionServer) -> Self {
        Self { region_server }
    }

-    fn instruction_to_request(instruction: Instruction) -> MetaResult<(RegionId, RegionRequest)> {
+    /// Builds the [InstructionHandler].
+    fn build_handler(instruction: Instruction) -> MetaResult<InstructionHandler> {
        match instruction {
            Instruction::OpenRegion(OpenRegion {
                region_ident,
                region_storage_path,
                options,
-            }) => {
-                let region_id = Self::region_ident_to_region_id(&region_ident);
-                let open_region_req = RegionRequest::Open(RegionOpenRequest {
-                    engine: region_ident.engine,
-                    region_dir: region_dir(&region_storage_path, region_id),
-                    options,
-                });
-                Ok((region_id, open_region_req))
+            }) => Ok(Box::new(|region_server| {
+                Box::pin(async move {
+                    let region_id = Self::region_ident_to_region_id(&region_ident);
+                    let request = RegionRequest::Open(RegionOpenRequest {
+                        engine: region_ident.engine,
+                        region_dir: region_dir(&region_storage_path, region_id),
+                        options,
+                    });
+                    let result = region_server.handle_request(region_id, request).await;
+
+                    let success = result.is_ok();
+                    let error = result.as_ref().map_err(|e| e.to_string()).err();
+
+                    InstructionReply::OpenRegion(SimpleReply {
+                        result: success,
+                        error,
+                    })
+                })
+            })),
+            Instruction::CloseRegion(region_ident) => Ok(Box::new(|region_server| {
+                Box::pin(async move {
+                    let region_id = Self::region_ident_to_region_id(&region_ident);
+                    let request = RegionRequest::Close(RegionCloseRequest {});
+                    let result = region_server.handle_request(region_id, request).await;
+
+                    match result {
+                        Ok(_) => InstructionReply::CloseRegion(SimpleReply {
+                            result: true,
+                            error: None,
+                        }),
+                        Err(error::Error::RegionNotFound { .. }) => {
+                            InstructionReply::CloseRegion(SimpleReply {
+                                result: true,
+                                error: None,
+                            })
+                        }
+                        Err(err) => InstructionReply::CloseRegion(SimpleReply {
+                            result: false,
+                            error: Some(err.to_string()),
+                        }),
+                    }
+                })
+            })),
+            Instruction::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegion { region_id }) => {
+                Ok(Box::new(move |region_server| {
+                    Box::pin(async move {
+                        match region_server.set_readonly_gracefully(region_id).await {
+                            Ok(SetReadonlyResponse::Success { last_entry_id }) => {
+                                InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegionReply {
+                                    last_entry_id,
+                                    exists: true,
+                                    error: None,
+                                })
+                            }
+                            Ok(SetReadonlyResponse::NotFound) => {
+                                InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegionReply {
+                                    last_entry_id: None,
+                                    exists: false,
+                                    error: None,
+                                })
+                            }
+                            Err(err) => InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegionReply {
+                                last_entry_id: None,
+                                exists: false,
+                                error: Some(err.to_string()),
+                            }),
+                        }
+                    })
+                }))
            }
-            Instruction::CloseRegion(region_ident) => {
-                let region_id = Self::region_ident_to_region_id(&region_ident);
-                let close_region_req = RegionRequest::Close(RegionCloseRequest {});
-                Ok((region_id, close_region_req))
+            Instruction::UpgradeRegion(_) => {
+                todo!()
            }
            Instruction::InvalidateTableIdCache(_) | Instruction::InvalidateTableNameCache(_) => {
                InvalidHeartbeatResponseSnafu.fail()
@@ -71,53 +136,6 @@ impl RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler {
    fn region_ident_to_region_id(region_ident: &RegionIdent) -> RegionId {
        RegionId::new(region_ident.table_id, region_ident.region_number)
    }
-
-    fn reply_template_from_instruction(instruction: &Instruction) -> InstructionReply {
-        match instruction {
-            Instruction::OpenRegion(_) => InstructionReply::OpenRegion(SimpleReply {
-                result: false,
-                error: None,
-            }),
-            Instruction::CloseRegion(_) => InstructionReply::CloseRegion(SimpleReply {
-                result: false,
-                error: None,
-            }),
-            Instruction::InvalidateTableIdCache(_) | Instruction::InvalidateTableNameCache(_) => {
-                InstructionReply::InvalidateTableCache(SimpleReply {
-                    result: false,
-                    error: None,
-                })
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn fill_reply(mut template: InstructionReply, result: Result<Output>) -> InstructionReply {
-        let success = result.is_ok();
-        let error = result.as_ref().map_err(|e| e.to_string()).err();
-        match &mut template {
-            InstructionReply::OpenRegion(reply) => {
-                reply.result = success;
-                reply.error = error;
-            }
-            InstructionReply::CloseRegion(reply) => match result {
-                Err(e) => {
-                    if e.status_code() == StatusCode::RegionNotFound {
-                        reply.result = true;
-                    }
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    reply.result = success;
-                    reply.error = error;
-                }
-            },
-            InstructionReply::InvalidateTableCache(reply) => {
-                reply.result = success;
-                reply.error = error;
-            }
-        }
-
-        template
-    }
 }

 #[async_trait]
@@ -125,7 +143,9 @@ impl HeartbeatResponseHandler for RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler {
    fn is_acceptable(&self, ctx: &HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext) -> bool {
        matches!(
            ctx.incoming_message.as_ref(),
-            Some((_, Instruction::OpenRegion { .. })) | Some((_, Instruction::CloseRegion { .. }))
+            Some((_, Instruction::OpenRegion { .. }))
+                | Some((_, Instruction::CloseRegion { .. }))
+                | Some((_, Instruction::DowngradeRegion { .. }))
        )
    }

@@ -137,15 +157,11 @@ impl HeartbeatResponseHandler for RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler {

        let mailbox = ctx.mailbox.clone();
        let region_server = self.region_server.clone();
-        let reply_template = Self::reply_template_from_instruction(&instruction);
-        let (region_id, region_req) = Self::instruction_to_request(instruction)?;
+        let handler = Self::build_handler(instruction)?;
        let _handle = common_runtime::spawn_bg(async move {
-            let result = region_server.handle_request(region_id, region_req).await;
+            let reply = handler(region_server).await;

-            if let Err(e) = mailbox
-                .send((meta, Self::fill_reply(reply_template, result)))
-                .await
-            {
+            if let Err(e) = mailbox.send((meta, reply)).await {
                error!(e; "Failed to send reply to mailbox");
            }
        });
@@ -153,3 +169,266 @@ impl HeartbeatResponseHandler for RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler {
        Ok(HandleControl::Done)
    }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    use common_meta::heartbeat::mailbox::{
+        HeartbeatMailbox, IncomingMessage, MailboxRef, MessageMeta,
+    };
+    use mito2::config::MitoConfig;
+    use mito2::engine::MITO_ENGINE_NAME;
+    use mito2::test_util::{CreateRequestBuilder, TestEnv};
+    use store_api::region_request::RegionRequest;
+    use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+    use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::error;
+    use crate::tests::mock_region_server;
+
+    pub struct HeartbeatResponseTestEnv {
+        mailbox: MailboxRef,
+        receiver: Receiver<(MessageMeta, InstructionReply)>,
+    }
+
+    impl HeartbeatResponseTestEnv {
+        pub fn new() -> Self {
+            let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(8);
+            let mailbox = Arc::new(HeartbeatMailbox::new(tx));
+
+            HeartbeatResponseTestEnv {
+                mailbox,
+                receiver: rx,
+            }
+        }
+
+        pub fn create_handler_ctx(
+            &self,
+            incoming_message: IncomingMessage,
+        ) -> HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext {
+            HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext {
+                mailbox: self.mailbox.clone(),
+                response: Default::default(),
+                incoming_message: Some(incoming_message),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn close_region_instruction(region_id: RegionId) -> Instruction {
+        Instruction::CloseRegion(RegionIdent {
+            table_id: region_id.table_id(),
+            region_number: region_id.region_number(),
+            cluster_id: 1,
+            datanode_id: 2,
+            engine: MITO_ENGINE_NAME.to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn open_region_instruction(region_id: RegionId, path: &str) -> Instruction {
+        Instruction::OpenRegion(OpenRegion::new(
+            RegionIdent {
+                table_id: region_id.table_id(),
+                region_number: region_id.region_number(),
+                cluster_id: 1,
+                datanode_id: 2,
+                engine: MITO_ENGINE_NAME.to_string(),
+            },
+            path,
+            HashMap::new(),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_close_region() {
+        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+
+        let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
+        let heartbeat_handler = RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone());
+
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("close-region");
+        let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
+        region_server.register_engine(Arc::new(engine));
+        let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
+
+        let builder = CreateRequestBuilder::new();
+        let create_req = builder.build();
+        region_server
+            .handle_request(region_id, RegionRequest::Create(create_req))
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let mut heartbeat_env = HeartbeatResponseTestEnv::new();
+
+        // Should be ok, if we try to close it twice.
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            let meta = MessageMeta::new_test(1, "test", "dn-1", "me-0");
+            let instruction = close_region_instruction(region_id);
+
+            let mut ctx = heartbeat_env.create_handler_ctx((meta, instruction));
+            let control = heartbeat_handler.handle(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+            assert_matches!(control, HandleControl::Done);
+
+            let (_, reply) = heartbeat_env.receiver.recv().await.unwrap();
+
+            if let InstructionReply::CloseRegion(reply) = reply {
+                assert!(reply.result);
+                assert!(reply.error.is_none());
+            } else {
+                unreachable!()
+            }
+
+            assert_matches!(
+                region_server.set_writable(region_id, true).unwrap_err(),
+                error::Error::RegionNotFound { .. }
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_open_region_ok() {
+        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+
+        let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
+        let heartbeat_handler = RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone());
+
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("open-region");
+        let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
+        region_server.register_engine(Arc::new(engine));
+        let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
+
+        let builder = CreateRequestBuilder::new();
+        let mut create_req = builder.build();
+        let storage_path = "test";
+        create_req.region_dir = region_dir(storage_path, region_id);
+
+        region_server
+            .handle_request(region_id, RegionRequest::Create(create_req))
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        region_server
+            .handle_request(region_id, RegionRequest::Close(RegionCloseRequest {}))
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let mut heartbeat_env = HeartbeatResponseTestEnv::new();
+
+        // Should be ok, if we try to open it twice.
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            let meta = MessageMeta::new_test(1, "test", "dn-1", "me-0");
+            let instruction = open_region_instruction(region_id, storage_path);
+
+            let mut ctx = heartbeat_env.create_handler_ctx((meta, instruction));
+            let control = heartbeat_handler.handle(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+            assert_matches!(control, HandleControl::Done);
+
+            let (_, reply) = heartbeat_env.receiver.recv().await.unwrap();
+
+            if let InstructionReply::OpenRegion(reply) = reply {
+                assert!(reply.result);
+                assert!(reply.error.is_none());
+            } else {
+                unreachable!()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_open_not_exists_region() {
+        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+
+        let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
+        let heartbeat_handler = RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone());
+
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("open-not-exists-region");
+        let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
+        region_server.register_engine(Arc::new(engine));
+        let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
+        let storage_path = "test";
+
+        let mut heartbeat_env = HeartbeatResponseTestEnv::new();
+
+        let meta = MessageMeta::new_test(1, "test", "dn-1", "me-0");
+        let instruction = open_region_instruction(region_id, storage_path);
+
+        let mut ctx = heartbeat_env.create_handler_ctx((meta, instruction));
+        let control = heartbeat_handler.handle(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+        assert_matches!(control, HandleControl::Done);
+
+        let (_, reply) = heartbeat_env.receiver.recv().await.unwrap();
+
+        if let InstructionReply::OpenRegion(reply) = reply {
+            assert!(!reply.result);
+            assert!(reply.error.is_some());
+        } else {
+            unreachable!()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_downgrade_region() {
+        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+
+        let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
+        let heartbeat_handler = RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone());
+
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("downgrade-region");
+        let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
+        region_server.register_engine(Arc::new(engine));
+        let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
+
+        let builder = CreateRequestBuilder::new();
+        let mut create_req = builder.build();
+        let storage_path = "test";
+        create_req.region_dir = region_dir(storage_path, region_id);
+
+        region_server
+            .handle_request(region_id, RegionRequest::Create(create_req))
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let mut heartbeat_env = HeartbeatResponseTestEnv::new();
+
+        // Should be ok, if we try to downgrade it twice.
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            let meta = MessageMeta::new_test(1, "test", "dn-1", "me-0");
+            let instruction = Instruction::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegion { region_id });
+
+            let mut ctx = heartbeat_env.create_handler_ctx((meta, instruction));
+            let control = heartbeat_handler.handle(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+            assert_matches!(control, HandleControl::Done);
+
+            let (_, reply) = heartbeat_env.receiver.recv().await.unwrap();
+
+            if let InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion(reply) = reply {
+                assert!(reply.exists);
+                assert!(reply.error.is_none());
+                assert_eq!(reply.last_entry_id.unwrap(), 0);
+            } else {
+                unreachable!()
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Downgrades a not exists region.
+        let meta = MessageMeta::new_test(1, "test", "dn-1", "me-0");
+        let instruction = Instruction::DowngradeRegion(DowngradeRegion {
+            region_id: RegionId::new(2048, 1),
+        });
+        let mut ctx = heartbeat_env.create_handler_ctx((meta, instruction));
+        let control = heartbeat_handler.handle(&mut ctx).await.unwrap();
+        assert_matches!(control, HandleControl::Done);
+
+        let (_, reply) = heartbeat_env.receiver.recv().await.unwrap();
+
+        if let InstructionReply::DowngradeRegion(reply) = reply {
+            assert!(!reply.exists);
+            assert!(reply.error.is_none());
+            assert!(reply.last_entry_id.is_none());
+        } else {
+            unreachable!()
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/src/datanode/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/lib.rs
@@ -24,8 +24,6 @@ mod greptimedb_telemetry;
 pub mod heartbeat;
 pub mod metrics;
 pub mod region_server;
-pub mod server;
 mod store;
 #[cfg(test)]
-#[allow(dead_code)]
 mod tests;
--- a/src/datanode/src/metrics.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/metrics.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ use prometheus::*;
 /// Region request type label.
 pub const REGION_REQUEST_TYPE: &str = "datanode_region_request_type";

+pub const REGION_ROLE: &str = "region_role";
+
 lazy_static! {
    /// The elapsed time of handling a request in the region_server.
    pub static ref HANDLE_REGION_REQUEST_ELAPSED: HistogramVec = register_histogram_vec!(
@@ -26,4 +28,17 @@ lazy_static! {
        &[REGION_REQUEST_TYPE]
    )
    .unwrap();
+    /// The elapsed time since the last received heartbeat.
+    pub static ref LAST_RECEIVED_HEARTBEAT_ELAPSED: IntGauge = register_int_gauge!(
+        "last_received_heartbeat_lease_elapsed",
+        "last received heartbeat lease elapsed",
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    /// The received region leases via heartbeat.
+    pub static ref HEARTBEAT_REGION_LEASES: IntGaugeVec = register_int_gauge_vec!(
+        "heartbeat_region_leases",
+        "received region leases via heartbeat",
+        &[REGION_ROLE]
+    )
+    .unwrap();
 }
--- a/src/datanode/src/region_server.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/region_server.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ use common_query::physical_plan::DfPhysicalPlanAdapter;
 use common_query::{DfPhysicalPlan, Output};
 use common_recordbatch::SendableRecordBatchStream;
 use common_runtime::Runtime;
+use common_telemetry::tracing::{self, info_span};
+use common_telemetry::tracing_context::{FutureExt, TracingContext};
 use common_telemetry::{info, warn};
 use dashmap::DashMap;
 use datafusion::catalog::schema::SchemaProvider;
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ use servers::grpc::region_server::RegionServerHandler;
 use session::context::{QueryContextBuilder, QueryContextRef};
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::metadata::RegionMetadataRef;
-use store_api::region_engine::{RegionEngineRef, RegionRole};
+use store_api::region_engine::{RegionEngineRef, RegionRole, SetReadonlyResponse};
 use store_api::region_request::{RegionCloseRequest, RegionRequest};
 use store_api::storage::{RegionId, ScanRequest};
 use substrait::{DFLogicalSubstraitConvertor, SubstraitPlan};
@@ -77,12 +79,27 @@ impl RegionServer {
        query_engine: QueryEngineRef,
        runtime: Arc<Runtime>,
        event_listener: RegionServerEventListenerRef,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::with_table_provider(
+            query_engine,
+            runtime,
+            event_listener,
+            Arc::new(DummyTableProviderFactory),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_table_provider(
+        query_engine: QueryEngineRef,
+        runtime: Arc<Runtime>,
+        event_listener: RegionServerEventListenerRef,
+        table_provider_factory: TableProviderFactoryRef,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: Arc::new(RegionServerInner::new(
                query_engine,
                runtime,
                event_listener,
+                table_provider_factory,
            )),
        }
    }
@@ -99,6 +116,7 @@ impl RegionServer {
        self.inner.handle_request(region_id, request).await
    }

+    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
    pub async fn handle_read(&self, request: QueryRequest) -> Result<SendableRecordBatchStream> {
        self.inner.handle_read(request).await
    }
@@ -130,6 +148,19 @@ impl RegionServer {
            .with_context(|_| HandleRegionRequestSnafu { region_id })
    }

+    pub async fn set_readonly_gracefully(
+        &self,
+        region_id: RegionId,
+    ) -> Result<SetReadonlyResponse> {
+        match self.inner.region_map.get(&region_id) {
+            Some(engine) => Ok(engine
+                .set_readonly_gracefully(region_id)
+                .await
+                .with_context(|_| HandleRegionRequestSnafu { region_id })?),
+            None => Ok(SetReadonlyResponse::NotFound),
+        }
+    }
+
    pub fn runtime(&self) -> Arc<Runtime> {
        self.inner.runtime.clone()
    }
@@ -154,9 +185,19 @@ impl RegionServerHandler for RegionServer {
            .context(BuildRegionRequestsSnafu)
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
            .context(ExecuteGrpcRequestSnafu)?;
+        let tracing_context = TracingContext::from_current_span();
        let join_tasks = requests.into_iter().map(|(region_id, req)| {
            let self_to_move = self.clone();
-            async move { self_to_move.handle_request(region_id, req).await }
+            let span = tracing_context.attach(info_span!(
+                "RegionServer::handle_region_request",
+                region_id = region_id.to_string()
+            ));
+            async move {
+                self_to_move
+                    .handle_request(region_id, req)
+                    .trace(span)
+                    .await
+            }
        });

        let results = try_join_all(join_tasks)
@@ -198,15 +239,18 @@ impl FlightCraft for RegionServer {
        let ticket = request.into_inner().ticket;
        let request = QueryRequest::decode(ticket.as_ref())
            .context(servers_error::InvalidFlightTicketSnafu)?;
-        let trace_id = request
+        let tracing_context = request
            .header
            .as_ref()
-            .map(|h| h.trace_id)
+            .map(|h| TracingContext::from_w3c(&h.tracing_context))
            .unwrap_or_default();

-        let result = self.handle_read(request).await?;
+        let result = self
+            .handle_read(request)
+            .trace(tracing_context.attach(info_span!("RegionServer::handle_read")))
+            .await?;

-        let stream = Box::pin(FlightRecordBatchStream::new(result, trace_id));
+        let stream = Box::pin(FlightRecordBatchStream::new(result, tracing_context));
        Ok(Response::new(stream))
    }
 }
@@ -217,6 +261,7 @@ struct RegionServerInner {
    query_engine: QueryEngineRef,
    runtime: Arc<Runtime>,
    event_listener: RegionServerEventListenerRef,
+    table_provider_factory: TableProviderFactoryRef,
 }

 impl RegionServerInner {
@@ -224,6 +269,7 @@ impl RegionServerInner {
        query_engine: QueryEngineRef,
        runtime: Arc<Runtime>,
        event_listener: RegionServerEventListenerRef,
+        table_provider_factory: TableProviderFactoryRef,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            engines: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
@@ -231,6 +277,7 @@ impl RegionServerInner {
            query_engine,
            runtime,
            event_listener,
+            table_provider_factory,
        }
    }

@@ -283,6 +330,10 @@ impl RegionServerInner {

        let result = engine
            .handle_request(region_id, request)
+            .trace(info_span!(
+                "RegionEngine::handle_region_request",
+                engine_type
+            ))
            .await
            .with_context(|_| HandleRegionRequestSnafu { region_id })?;

@@ -326,7 +377,13 @@ impl RegionServerInner {
            .get(&region_id)
            .with_context(|| RegionNotFoundSnafu { region_id })?
            .clone();
-        let catalog_list = Arc::new(DummyCatalogList::new(region_id, engine).await?);
+
+        let table_provider = self
+            .table_provider_factory
+            .create(region_id, engine)
+            .await?;
+
+        let catalog_list = Arc::new(DummyCatalogList::with_table_provider(table_provider));

        // decode substrait plan to logical plan and execute it
        let logical_plan = DFLogicalSubstraitConvertor
@@ -387,31 +444,16 @@ struct DummyCatalogList {
 }

 impl DummyCatalogList {
-    pub async fn new(region_id: RegionId, engine: RegionEngineRef) -> Result<Self> {
-        let metadata =
-            engine
-                .get_metadata(region_id)
-                .await
-                .with_context(|_| GetRegionMetadataSnafu {
-                    engine: engine.name(),
-                    region_id,
-                })?;
-        let table_provider = DummyTableProvider {
-            region_id,
-            engine,
-            metadata,
-            scan_request: Default::default(),
-        };
+    fn with_table_provider(table_provider: Arc<dyn TableProvider>) -> Self {
        let schema_provider = DummySchemaProvider {
            table: table_provider,
        };
        let catalog_provider = DummyCatalogProvider {
            schema: schema_provider,
        };
-        let catalog_list = Self {
+        Self {
            catalog: catalog_provider,
-        };
-        Ok(catalog_list)
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -460,7 +502,7 @@ impl CatalogProvider for DummyCatalogProvider {
 /// For [DummyCatalogList].
 #[derive(Clone)]
 struct DummySchemaProvider {
-    table: DummyTableProvider,
+    table: Arc<dyn TableProvider>,
 }

 #[async_trait]
@@ -474,7 +516,7 @@ impl SchemaProvider for DummySchemaProvider {
    }

    async fn table(&self, _name: &str) -> Option<Arc<dyn TableProvider>> {
-        Some(Arc::new(self.table.clone()))
+        Some(self.table.clone())
    }

    fn table_exist(&self, _name: &str) -> bool {
@@ -535,3 +577,40 @@ impl TableProvider for DummyTableProvider {
        Ok(vec![TableProviderFilterPushDown::Inexact; filters.len()])
    }
 }
+
+pub struct DummyTableProviderFactory;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl TableProviderFactory for DummyTableProviderFactory {
+    async fn create(
+        &self,
+        region_id: RegionId,
+        engine: RegionEngineRef,
+    ) -> Result<Arc<dyn TableProvider>> {
+        let metadata =
+            engine
+                .get_metadata(region_id)
+                .await
+                .with_context(|_| GetRegionMetadataSnafu {
+                    engine: engine.name(),
+                    region_id,
+                })?;
+        Ok(Arc::new(DummyTableProvider {
+            region_id,
+            engine,
+            metadata,
+            scan_request: Default::default(),
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait TableProviderFactory: Send + Sync {
+    async fn create(
+        &self,
+        region_id: RegionId,
+        engine: RegionEngineRef,
+    ) -> Result<Arc<dyn TableProvider>>;
+}
+
+pub type TableProviderFactoryRef = Arc<dyn TableProviderFactory>;
--- a/src/datanode/src/server.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/server.rs
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use std::net::SocketAddr;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use futures::future;
-use servers::grpc::{GrpcServer, GrpcServerConfig};
-use servers::http::{HttpServer, HttpServerBuilder};
-use servers::metrics_handler::MetricsHandler;
-use servers::server::Server;
-use snafu::ResultExt;
-
-use crate::config::DatanodeOptions;
-use crate::error::{
-    ParseAddrSnafu, Result, ShutdownServerSnafu, StartServerSnafu, WaitForGrpcServingSnafu,
-};
-use crate::region_server::RegionServer;
-
-/// All rpc services.
-pub struct Services {
-    grpc_server: GrpcServer,
-    http_server: HttpServer,
-}
-
-impl Services {
-    pub async fn try_new(region_server: RegionServer, opts: &DatanodeOptions) -> Result<Self> {
-        let flight_handler = Some(Arc::new(region_server.clone()) as _);
-        let region_server_handler = Some(Arc::new(region_server.clone()) as _);
-        let runtime = region_server.runtime();
-        let grpc_config = GrpcServerConfig {
-            max_recv_message_size: opts.rpc_max_recv_message_size.as_bytes() as usize,
-            max_send_message_size: opts.rpc_max_send_message_size.as_bytes() as usize,
-        };
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            grpc_server: GrpcServer::new(
-                Some(grpc_config),
-                None,
-                None,
-                flight_handler,
-                region_server_handler,
-                None,
-                runtime,
-            ),
-            http_server: HttpServerBuilder::new(opts.http.clone())
-                .with_metrics_handler(MetricsHandler)
-                .with_greptime_config_options(opts.to_toml_string())
-                .build(),
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub async fn start(&mut self, opts: &DatanodeOptions) -> Result<()> {
-        let grpc_addr: SocketAddr = opts.rpc_addr.parse().context(ParseAddrSnafu {
-            addr: &opts.rpc_addr,
-        })?;
-        let http_addr = opts.http.addr.parse().context(ParseAddrSnafu {
-            addr: &opts.http.addr,
-        })?;
-        let grpc = self.grpc_server.start(grpc_addr);
-        let http = self.http_server.start(http_addr);
-        let _ = future::try_join_all(vec![grpc, http])
-            .await
-            .context(StartServerSnafu)?;
-
-        self.grpc_server
-            .wait_for_serve()
-            .await
-            .context(WaitForGrpcServingSnafu)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub async fn shutdown(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        self.grpc_server
-            .shutdown()
-            .await
-            .context(ShutdownServerSnafu)?;
-        self.http_server
-            .shutdown()
-            .await
-            .context(ShutdownServerSnafu)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
--- a/src/datanode/src/store.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/store.rs
@@ -66,23 +66,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn new_object_store(opts: &DatanodeOptions) -> Result<ObjectSto
                .with_error_level(Some("debug"))
                .expect("input error level must be valid"),
        )
-        .layer(TracingLayer);
-
-    // In the test environment, multiple datanodes will be started in the same process.
-    // If each datanode registers Prometheus metric when it starts, it will cause the program to crash. (Because the same metric is registered repeatedly.)
-    // So the Prometheus metric layer is disabled in the test environment.
-    #[cfg(feature = "testing")]
-    return Ok(store);
-
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "testing"))]
-    {
-        let registry = prometheus::default_registry();
-        Ok(
-            store.layer(object_store::layers::PrometheusLayer::with_registry(
-                registry.clone(),
-            )),
-        )
-    }
+        .layer(TracingLayer)
+        .layer(object_store::layers::PrometheusMetricsLayer);
+    Ok(store)
 }

 async fn create_object_store_with_cache(
--- a/src/datanode/src/tests.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/tests.rs
@@ -13,19 +13,12 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 use std::any::Any;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use api::v1::meta::HeartbeatResponse;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_function::scalars::aggregate::AggregateFunctionMetaRef;
 use common_function::scalars::FunctionRef;
-use common_meta::heartbeat::handler::{
-    HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext, HeartbeatResponseHandlerExecutor,
-};
-use common_meta::heartbeat::mailbox::{HeartbeatMailbox, MessageMeta};
-use common_meta::instruction::{Instruction, OpenRegion, RegionIdent};
 use common_query::prelude::ScalarUdf;
 use common_query::Output;
 use common_recordbatch::SendableRecordBatchStream;
@@ -37,7 +30,7 @@ use query::query_engine::DescribeResult;
 use query::QueryEngine;
 use session::context::QueryContextRef;
 use store_api::metadata::RegionMetadataRef;
-use store_api::region_engine::{RegionEngine, RegionRole};
+use store_api::region_engine::{RegionEngine, RegionRole, SetReadonlyResponse};
 use store_api::region_request::RegionRequest;
 use store_api::storage::{RegionId, ScanRequest};
 use table::TableRef;
@@ -46,51 +39,6 @@ use tokio::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, Sender};
 use crate::event_listener::NoopRegionServerEventListener;
 use crate::region_server::RegionServer;

-pub fn test_message_meta(id: u64, subject: &str, to: &str, from: &str) -> MessageMeta {
-    MessageMeta {
-        id,
-        subject: subject.to_string(),
-        to: to.to_string(),
-        from: from.to_string(),
-    }
-}
-
-async fn handle_instruction(
-    executor: Arc<dyn HeartbeatResponseHandlerExecutor>,
-    mailbox: Arc<HeartbeatMailbox>,
-    instruction: Instruction,
-) {
-    let response = HeartbeatResponse::default();
-    let mut ctx: HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext =
-        HeartbeatResponseHandlerContext::new(mailbox, response);
-    ctx.incoming_message = Some((test_message_meta(1, "hi", "foo", "bar"), instruction));
-    executor.handle(ctx).await.unwrap();
-}
-
-fn close_region_instruction() -> Instruction {
-    Instruction::CloseRegion(RegionIdent {
-        table_id: 1024,
-        region_number: 0,
-        cluster_id: 1,
-        datanode_id: 2,
-        engine: "mito2".to_string(),
-    })
-}
-
-fn open_region_instruction() -> Instruction {
-    Instruction::OpenRegion(OpenRegion::new(
-        RegionIdent {
-            table_id: 1024,
-            region_number: 0,
-            cluster_id: 1,
-            datanode_id: 2,
-            engine: "mito2".to_string(),
-        },
-        "path/dir",
-        HashMap::new(),
-    ))
-}
-
 pub struct MockQueryEngine;

 #[async_trait]
@@ -191,6 +139,13 @@ impl RegionEngine for MockRegionEngine {
        Ok(())
    }

+    async fn set_readonly_gracefully(
+        &self,
+        _region_id: RegionId,
+    ) -> Result<SetReadonlyResponse, BoxedError> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
    fn role(&self, _region_id: RegionId) -> Option<RegionRole> {
        Some(RegionRole::Leader)
    }
--- a/src/datatypes/src/data_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/data_type.rs
@@ -85,31 +85,48 @@ pub enum ConcreteDataType {
 impl fmt::Display for ConcreteDataType {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
-            ConcreteDataType::Null(_) => write!(f, "Null"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Boolean(_) => write!(f, "Boolean"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Int8(_) => write!(f, "Int8"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Int16(_) => write!(f, "Int16"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Int32(_) => write!(f, "Int32"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Int64(_) => write!(f, "Int64"),
-            ConcreteDataType::UInt8(_) => write!(f, "UInt8"),
-            ConcreteDataType::UInt16(_) => write!(f, "UInt16"),
-            ConcreteDataType::UInt32(_) => write!(f, "UInt32"),
-            ConcreteDataType::UInt64(_) => write!(f, "UInt64"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Float32(_) => write!(f, "Float32"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Float64(_) => write!(f, "Float64"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Binary(_) => write!(f, "Binary"),
-            ConcreteDataType::String(_) => write!(f, "String"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Date(_) => write!(f, "Date"),
-            ConcreteDataType::DateTime(_) => write!(f, "DateTime"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(_) => write!(f, "Timestamp"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Time(_) => write!(f, "Time"),
-            ConcreteDataType::List(_) => write!(f, "List"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Dictionary(_) => write!(f, "Dictionary"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Interval(_) => write!(f, "Interval"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Duration(_) => write!(f, "Duration"),
-            ConcreteDataType::Decimal128(d) => {
-                write!(f, "Decimal128({},{})", d.precision(), d.scale())
-            }
+            ConcreteDataType::Null(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Boolean(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Int8(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Int16(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Int32(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Int64(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::UInt8(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::UInt16(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::UInt32(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::UInt64(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Float32(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Float64(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Binary(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::String(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Date(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::DateTime(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Timestamp(t) => match t {
+                TimestampType::Second(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                TimestampType::Millisecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                TimestampType::Microsecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                TimestampType::Nanosecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            },
+            ConcreteDataType::Time(t) => match t {
+                TimeType::Second(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                TimeType::Millisecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                TimeType::Microsecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                TimeType::Nanosecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            },
+            ConcreteDataType::Interval(i) => match i {
+                IntervalType::YearMonth(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                IntervalType::DayTime(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                IntervalType::MonthDayNano(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            },
+            ConcreteDataType::Duration(d) => match d {
+                DurationType::Second(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                DurationType::Millisecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                DurationType::Microsecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+                DurationType::Nanosecond(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            },
+            ConcreteDataType::Decimal128(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::List(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
+            ConcreteDataType::Dictionary(v) => write!(f, "{}", v.name()),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -142,6 +159,7 @@ impl ConcreteDataType {
                | ConcreteDataType::Time(_)
                | ConcreteDataType::Interval(_)
                | ConcreteDataType::Duration(_)
+                | ConcreteDataType::Decimal128(_)
        )
    }

@@ -491,7 +509,7 @@ impl ConcreteDataType {
 #[enum_dispatch::enum_dispatch]
 pub trait DataType: std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync {
    /// Name of this data type.
-    fn name(&self) -> &str;
+    fn name(&self) -> String;

    /// Returns id of the Logical data type.
    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId;
@@ -522,7 +540,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_concrete_type_as_datatype_trait() {
        let concrete_type = ConcreteDataType::boolean_datatype();

-        assert_eq!("Boolean", concrete_type.name());
+        assert_eq!("Boolean", concrete_type.to_string());
        assert_eq!(Value::Boolean(false), concrete_type.default_value());
        assert_eq!(LogicalTypeId::Boolean, concrete_type.logical_type_id());
        assert_eq!(ArrowDataType::Boolean, concrete_type.as_arrow_type());
@@ -676,6 +694,7 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(ConcreteDataType::duration_millisecond_datatype().is_stringifiable());
        assert!(ConcreteDataType::duration_microsecond_datatype().is_stringifiable());
        assert!(ConcreteDataType::duration_nanosecond_datatype().is_stringifiable());
+        assert!(ConcreteDataType::decimal128_datatype(10, 2).is_stringifiable());
    }

    #[test]
@@ -765,94 +784,68 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_display_concrete_data_type() {
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::null_datatype().to_string(), "Null");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::boolean_datatype().to_string(), "Boolean");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::binary_datatype().to_string(), "Binary");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::int8_datatype().to_string(), "Int8");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::int16_datatype().to_string(), "Int16");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype().to_string(), "Int32");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype().to_string(), "Int64");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::uint8_datatype().to_string(), "UInt8");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::uint16_datatype().to_string(), "UInt16");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::uint32_datatype().to_string(), "UInt32");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::uint64_datatype().to_string(), "UInt64");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::float32_datatype().to_string(), "Float32");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::float64_datatype().to_string(), "Float64");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::string_datatype().to_string(), "String");
+        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::date_datatype().to_string(), "Date");
        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Null).to_string(),
-            "Null"
+            ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype().to_string(),
+            "TimestampMillisecond"
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Boolean).to_string(),
-            "Boolean"
+            ConcreteDataType::time_millisecond_datatype().to_string(),
+            "TimeMillisecond"
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Binary).to_string(),
-            "Binary"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::LargeBinary).to_string(),
-            "Binary"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Int8).to_string(),
-            "Int8"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Int16).to_string(),
-            "Int16"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Int32).to_string(),
-            "Int32"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Int64).to_string(),
-            "Int64"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::UInt8).to_string(),
-            "UInt8"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::UInt16).to_string(),
-            "UInt16"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::UInt32).to_string(),
-            "UInt32"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::UInt64).to_string(),
-            "UInt64"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Float32).to_string(),
-            "Float32"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Float64).to_string(),
-            "Float64"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Utf8).to_string(),
-            "String"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::List(Arc::new(Field::new(
-                "item",
-                ArrowDataType::Int32,
-                true,
-            ))))
-            .to_string(),
-            "List"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Date32).to_string(),
-            "Date"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(ConcreteDataType::time_second_datatype().to_string(), "Time");
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::from_arrow_type(&ArrowDataType::Interval(
-                arrow_schema::IntervalUnit::MonthDayNano,
-            ))
-            .to_string(),
-            "Interval"
+            ConcreteDataType::interval_month_day_nano_datatype().to_string(),
+            "IntervalMonthDayNano"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::duration_second_datatype().to_string(),
-            "Duration"
+            "DurationSecond"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ConcreteDataType::decimal128_datatype(10, 2).to_string(),
-            "Decimal128(10,2)"
+            "Decimal(10, 2)"
+        );
+        // Nested types
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::list_datatype(ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype()).to_string(),
+            "List<Int32>"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::list_datatype(ConcreteDataType::Dictionary(DictionaryType::new(
+                ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::string_datatype()
+            )))
+            .to_string(),
+            "List<Dictionary<Int32, String>>"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::list_datatype(ConcreteDataType::list_datatype(
+                ConcreteDataType::list_datatype(ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype())
+            ))
+            .to_string(),
+            "List<List<List<Int32>>>"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            ConcreteDataType::dictionary_datatype(
+                ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::string_datatype()
+            )
+            .to_string(),
+            "Dictionary<Int32, String>"
        );
    }
 }
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/binary_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/binary_type.rs
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ impl BinaryType {
 }

 impl DataType for BinaryType {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "Binary"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        "Binary".to_string()
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/boolean_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/boolean_type.rs
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ impl BooleanType {
 }

 impl DataType for BooleanType {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "Boolean"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        "Boolean".to_string()
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/cast.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/cast.rs
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(res.is_err());
        assert_eq!(
            res.unwrap_err().to_string(),
-            "Type Timestamp with value 1970-01-01 08:00:10+0800 can't be cast to the destination type Int8"
+            "Type TimestampSecond with value 1970-01-01 08:00:10+0800 can't be cast to the destination type Int8"
        );
    }

--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/date_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/date_type.rs
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ use crate::vectors::{DateVector, DateVectorBuilder, MutableVector, Vector};
 pub struct DateType;

 impl DataType for DateType {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "Date"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        "Date".to_string()
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/datetime_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/datetime_type.rs
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ use crate::vectors::{DateTimeVector, DateTimeVectorBuilder, PrimitiveVector};
 pub struct DateTimeType;

 impl DataType for DateTimeType {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "DateTime"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        "DateTime".to_string()
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/decimal_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/decimal_type.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 use arrow_schema::DataType as ArrowDataType;
+use common_decimal::decimal128::DECIMAL128_MAX_PRECISION;
 use common_decimal::Decimal128;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

@@ -32,7 +33,17 @@ pub struct Decimal128Type {

 impl Decimal128Type {
    pub fn new(precision: u8, scale: i8) -> Self {
-        Self { precision, scale }
+        // assert precision and scale is valid
+        assert!(
+            precision > 0 && precision <= DECIMAL128_MAX_PRECISION,
+            "precision should be in [1, {}]",
+            DECIMAL128_MAX_PRECISION
+        );
+        assert!(
+            scale >= 0 && scale <= precision as i8,
+            "scale should be in [0, precision]"
+        );
+        Decimal128Type { precision, scale }
    }

    pub fn precision(&self) -> u8 {
@@ -45,8 +56,8 @@ impl Decimal128Type {
 }

 impl DataType for Decimal128Type {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "decimal128"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        format!("Decimal({}, {})", self.precision, self.scale)
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
@@ -62,7 +73,12 @@ impl DataType for Decimal128Type {
    }

    fn create_mutable_vector(&self, capacity: usize) -> Box<dyn MutableVector> {
-        Box::new(Decimal128VectorBuilder::with_capacity(capacity))
+        Box::new(
+            Decimal128VectorBuilder::with_capacity(capacity)
+                .with_precision_and_scale(self.precision, self.scale)
+                // safe to unwrap because we have validated the precision and scale in new()
+                .unwrap(),
+        )
    }

    fn try_cast(&self, val: Value) -> Option<Value> {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/dictionary_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/dictionary_type.rs
@@ -62,8 +62,12 @@ impl DictionaryType {
 }

 impl DataType for DictionaryType {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "Dictionary"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        format!(
+            "Dictionary<{}, {}>",
+            self.key_type.name(),
+            self.value_type.name()
+        )
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/duration_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/duration_type.rs
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ macro_rules! impl_data_type_for_duration {
            pub struct [<Duration $unit Type>];

            impl DataType for [<Duration $unit Type>] {
-                fn name(&self) -> &str {
-                    stringify!([<Duration $unit>])
+                fn name(&self) -> String {
+                    stringify!([<Duration $unit>]).to_string()
                }

                fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/interval_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/interval_type.rs
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ macro_rules! impl_data_type_for_interval {
            pub struct [<Interval $unit Type>];

            impl DataType for [<Interval $unit Type>] {
-                fn name(&self) -> &str {
-                    stringify!([<Interval $unit>])
+                fn name(&self) -> String {
+                    stringify!([<Interval $unit>]).to_string()
                }

                fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/list_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/list_type.rs
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ impl ListType {
 }

 impl DataType for ListType {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "List"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        format!("List<{}>", self.item_type.name())
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn test_list_type() {
        let t = ListType::new(ConcreteDataType::boolean_datatype());
-        assert_eq!("List", t.name());
+        assert_eq!("List<Boolean>", t.name());
        assert_eq!(LogicalTypeId::List, t.logical_type_id());
        assert_eq!(
            Value::List(ListValue::new(None, ConcreteDataType::boolean_datatype())),
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/null_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/null_type.rs
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ impl NullType {
 }

 impl DataType for NullType {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "Null"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        "Null".to_string()
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/primitive_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/primitive_type.rs
@@ -251,8 +251,8 @@ macro_rules! define_non_timestamp_primitive {
        define_logical_primitive_type!($Native, $TypeId, $DataType, $Largest);

        impl DataType for $DataType {
-            fn name(&self) -> &str {
-                stringify!($TypeId)
+            fn name(&self) -> String {
+                stringify!($TypeId).to_string()
            }

            fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
@@ -350,8 +350,8 @@ define_logical_primitive_type!(i64, Int64, Int64Type, Int64Type);
 define_logical_primitive_type!(i32, Int32, Int32Type, Int64Type);

 impl DataType for Int64Type {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "Int64"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        "Int64".to_string()
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
@@ -397,8 +397,8 @@ impl DataType for Int64Type {
 }

 impl DataType for Int32Type {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "Int32"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        "Int32".to_string()
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/string_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/string_type.rs
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ impl StringType {
 }

 impl DataType for StringType {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "String"
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        "String".to_string()
    }

    fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/time_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/time_type.rs
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ macro_rules! impl_data_type_for_time {
            pub struct [<Time $unit Type>];

            impl DataType for [<Time $unit Type>] {
-                fn name(&self) -> &str {
-                    stringify!([<Time $unit>])
+                fn name(&self) -> String {
+                    stringify!([<Time $unit>]).to_string()
                }

                fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/types/timestamp_type.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/types/timestamp_type.rs
@@ -109,8 +109,8 @@ macro_rules! impl_data_type_for_timestamp {
            pub struct [<Timestamp $unit Type>];

            impl DataType for [<Timestamp $unit Type>] {
-                fn name(&self) -> &str {
-                    stringify!([<Timestamp $unit>])
+                fn name(&self) -> String {
+                    stringify!([<Timestamp $unit>]).to_string()
                }

                fn logical_type_id(&self) -> LogicalTypeId {
--- a/src/datatypes/src/vectors.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/vectors.rs
@@ -229,17 +229,16 @@ macro_rules! impl_try_from_arrow_array_for_vector {
            ) -> crate::error::Result<$Vector> {
                use snafu::OptionExt;

-                let data = array
+                let arrow_array = array
                    .as_ref()
                    .as_any()
                    .downcast_ref::<$Array>()
                    .with_context(|| crate::error::ConversionSnafu {
                        from: std::format!("{:?}", array.as_ref().data_type()),
                    })?
-                    .to_data();
+                    .clone();

-                let concrete_array = $Array::from(data);
-                Ok($Vector::from(concrete_array))
+                Ok($Vector::from(arrow_array))
            }
        }
    };
@@ -303,10 +302,12 @@ pub(crate) use {
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub mod tests {
    use arrow::array::{Array, Int32Array, UInt8Array};
+    use paste::paste;
    use serde_json;

    use super::*;
    use crate::data_type::DataType;
+    use crate::prelude::ScalarVectorBuilder;
    use crate::types::{Int32Type, LogicalPrimitiveType};
    use crate::vectors::helper::Helper;

@@ -339,4 +340,87 @@ pub mod tests {
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!("[1,2,3]", serde_json::to_string(&json_value).unwrap());
    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_mutable_vector_data_type() {
+        macro_rules! mutable_primitive_data_type_eq_with_lower {
+            ($($type: ident),*) => {
+                $(
+                    paste! {
+                        let mutable_vector = [<$type VectorBuilder>]::with_capacity(1024);
+                        assert_eq!(mutable_vector.data_type(), ConcreteDataType::[<$type:lower _datatype>]());
+                    }
+                )*
+            };
+        }
+
+        macro_rules! mutable_time_data_type_eq_with_snake {
+            ($($type: ident),*) => {
+                $(
+                    paste! {
+                        let mutable_vector = [<$type VectorBuilder>]::with_capacity(1024);
+                        assert_eq!(mutable_vector.data_type(), ConcreteDataType::[<$type:snake _datatype>]());
+                    }
+                )*
+            };
+        }
+        // Test Primitive types
+        mutable_primitive_data_type_eq_with_lower!(
+            Boolean, Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64, UInt8, UInt16, UInt32, UInt64, Float32, Float64,
+            Date, DateTime, Binary, String
+        );
+
+        // Test types about time
+        mutable_time_data_type_eq_with_snake!(
+            TimeSecond,
+            TimeMillisecond,
+            TimeMicrosecond,
+            TimeNanosecond,
+            TimestampSecond,
+            TimestampMillisecond,
+            TimestampMicrosecond,
+            TimestampNanosecond,
+            DurationSecond,
+            DurationMillisecond,
+            DurationMicrosecond,
+            DurationNanosecond,
+            IntervalYearMonth,
+            IntervalDayTime,
+            IntervalMonthDayNano
+        );
+
+        // Null type
+        let builder = NullVectorBuilder::default();
+        assert_eq!(builder.data_type(), ConcreteDataType::null_datatype());
+
+        // Decimal128 type
+        let builder = Decimal128VectorBuilder::with_capacity(1024);
+        assert_eq!(
+            builder.data_type(),
+            ConcreteDataType::decimal128_datatype(38, 10)
+        );
+
+        let builder = Decimal128VectorBuilder::with_capacity(1024)
+            .with_precision_and_scale(3, 2)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            builder.data_type(),
+            ConcreteDataType::decimal128_datatype(3, 2)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic(expected = "Must use ListVectorBuilder::with_type_capacity()")]
+    fn test_mutable_vector_list_data_type() {
+        // List type
+        let builder =
+            ListVectorBuilder::with_type_capacity(ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype(), 1024);
+        assert_eq!(
+            builder.data_type(),
+            ConcreteDataType::list_datatype(ConcreteDataType::int32_datatype())
+        );
+
+        // Panic with_capacity
+        let _ = ListVectorBuilder::with_capacity(1024);
+    }
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More