ci: use ubuntu 16 core machine in release-cn-artifacts (#6464 )

ci: use ubuntu 16 core machine
fix: filter empty batch in bulk insert api (#6459 )
2025-12-22 22:20:02 +00:00 · 2025-07-04 18:06:07 +00:00 · 2025-07-04 13:32:10 +00:00 · 2025-07-04 11:58:27 +00:00 · 2025-07-04 09:52:47 +00:00 · 2025-07-04 08:12:29 +00:00
302 changed files with 11764 additions and 4031 deletions
--- a/.github/scripts/check-version.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/check-version.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# Get current version
+CURRENT_VERSION=$1
+if [ -z "$CURRENT_VERSION" ]; then
+  echo "Error: Failed to get current version"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+# Get the latest version from GitHub Releases
+API_RESPONSE=$(curl -s "https://api.github.com/repos/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb/releases/latest")
+
+if [ -z "$API_RESPONSE" ] || [ "$(echo "$API_RESPONSE" | jq -r '.message')" = "Not Found" ]; then
+  echo "Error: Failed to fetch latest version from GitHub"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+# Get the latest version
+LATEST_VERSION=$(echo "$API_RESPONSE" | jq -r '.tag_name')
+
+if [ -z "$LATEST_VERSION" ] || [ "$LATEST_VERSION" = "null" ]; then
+  echo "Error: No valid version found in GitHub releases"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+# Cleaned up version number format (removed possible 'v' prefix and -nightly suffix)
+CLEAN_CURRENT=$(echo "$CURRENT_VERSION" | sed 's/^v//' | sed 's/-nightly-.*//')
+CLEAN_LATEST=$(echo "$LATEST_VERSION" | sed 's/^v//' | sed 's/-nightly-.*//')
+
+echo "Current version: $CLEAN_CURRENT"
+echo "Latest release version: $CLEAN_LATEST"
+
+# Use sort -V to compare versions
+HIGHER_VERSION=$(printf "%s\n%s" "$CLEAN_CURRENT" "$CLEAN_LATEST" | sort -V | tail -n1)
+
+if [ "$HIGHER_VERSION" = "$CLEAN_CURRENT" ]; then
+  echo "Current version ($CLEAN_CURRENT) is NEWER than or EQUAL to latest ($CLEAN_LATEST)"
+  echo "should-push-latest-tag=true" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+else
+  echo "Current version ($CLEAN_CURRENT) is OLDER than latest ($CLEAN_LATEST)"
+  echo "should-push-latest-tag=false" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+fi
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -110,6 +110,8 @@ jobs:

      # The 'version' use as the global tag name of the release workflow.
      version: ${{ steps.create-version.outputs.version }}
+
+      should-push-latest-tag: ${{ steps.check-version.outputs.should-push-latest-tag }}
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -135,6 +137,11 @@ jobs:
          GITHUB_REF_NAME: ${{ github.ref_name }}
          NIGHTLY_RELEASE_PREFIX: ${{ env.NIGHTLY_RELEASE_PREFIX }}

+      - name: Check version
+        id: check-version
+        run: |
+          ./.github/scripts/check-version.sh "${{ steps.create-version.outputs.version }}"
+
      - name: Allocate linux-amd64 runner
        if: ${{ inputs.build_linux_amd64_artifacts || github.event_name == 'push' || github.event_name == 'schedule' }}
        uses: ./.github/actions/start-runner
@@ -314,7 +321,7 @@ jobs:
          image-registry-username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
          image-registry-password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
          version: ${{ needs.allocate-runners.outputs.version }}
-          push-latest-tag: ${{ github.ref_type == 'tag' && !contains(github.ref_name, 'nightly') && github.event_name != 'schedule' }}
+          push-latest-tag: ${{ needs.allocate-runners.outputs.should-push-latest-tag == 'true' && github.ref_type == 'tag' && !contains(github.ref_name, 'nightly') && github.event_name != 'schedule' }}

      - name: Set build image result
        id: set-build-image-result
@@ -332,7 +339,7 @@ jobs:
      build-windows-artifacts,
      release-images-to-dockerhub,
    ]
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest-16-cores
    # When we push to ACR, it's easy to fail due to some unknown network issues.
    # However, we don't want to fail the whole workflow because of this.
    # The ACR have daily sync with DockerHub, so don't worry about the image not being updated.
@@ -361,7 +368,7 @@ jobs:
          dev-mode: false
          upload-to-s3: true
          update-version-info: true
-          push-latest-tag: ${{ github.ref_type == 'tag' && !contains(github.ref_name, 'nightly') && github.event_name != 'schedule' }}
+          push-latest-tag: ${{ needs.allocate-runners.outputs.should-push-latest-tag == 'true' && github.ref_type == 'tag' && !contains(github.ref_name, 'nightly') && github.event_name != 'schedule' }}

  publish-github-release:
    name: Create GitHub release and upload artifacts
--- a/.github/workflows/semantic-pull-request.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/semantic-pull-request.yml
@@ -11,17 +11,17 @@ concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

+permissions:
+  issues: write
+  contents: write
+  pull-requests: write
+
 jobs:
  check:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      pull-requests: write  # Add permissions to modify PRs
-      issues: write
    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup-cyborg
      - name: Check Pull Request
        working-directory: cyborg
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ checksum = "d301b3b94cb4b2f23d7917810addbbaff90738e0ca2be692bd027e70d7e0330c"

 [[package]]
 name = "api"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "common-base",
 "common-decimal",
@@ -944,7 +944,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "auth"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -1586,7 +1586,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "cache"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "catalog",
 "common-error",
@@ -1610,7 +1610,7 @@ checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"

 [[package]]
 name = "catalog"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arrow 54.2.1",
@@ -1948,7 +1948,7 @@ checksum = "1462739cb27611015575c0c11df5df7601141071f07518d56fcc1be504cbec97"

 [[package]]
 name = "cli"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-stream",
 "async-trait",
@@ -1986,14 +1986,14 @@ dependencies = [
 "operator",
 "query",
 "rand 0.9.0",
- "reqwest",
+ "reqwest 0.12.9",
 "serde",
 "serde_json",
 "servers",
 "session",
 "snafu 0.8.5",
 "store-api",
- "substrait 0.15.0",
+ "substrait 0.16.0",
 "table",
 "tempfile",
 "tokio",
@@ -2002,7 +2002,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "client"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arc-swap",
@@ -2032,7 +2032,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "rand 0.9.0",
 "serde_json",
 "snafu 0.8.5",
- "substrait 0.15.0",
+ "substrait 0.16.0",
 "substrait 0.37.3",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-stream",
@@ -2073,7 +2073,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "cmd"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "auth",
@@ -2118,13 +2118,14 @@ dependencies = [
 "mito2",
 "moka",
 "nu-ansi-term",
+ "object-store",
 "plugins",
 "prometheus",
 "prost 0.13.5",
 "query",
 "rand 0.9.0",
 "regex",
- "reqwest",
+ "reqwest 0.12.9",
 "rexpect",
 "serde",
 "serde_json",
@@ -2134,7 +2135,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "snafu 0.8.5",
 "stat",
 "store-api",
- "substrait 0.15.0",
+ "substrait 0.16.0",
 "table",
 "temp-env",
 "tempfile",
@@ -2181,7 +2182,7 @@ checksum = "55b672471b4e9f9e95499ea597ff64941a309b2cdbffcc46f2cc5e2d971fd335"

 [[package]]
 name = "common-base"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "anymap2",
 "async-trait",
@@ -2203,11 +2204,11 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-catalog"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"

 [[package]]
 name = "common-config"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "common-base",
 "common-error",
@@ -2220,6 +2221,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "humantime-serde",
 "meta-client",
 "num_cpus",
+ "object-store",
 "serde",
 "serde_json",
 "serde_with",
@@ -2232,7 +2234,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-datasource"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "arrow 54.2.1",
 "arrow-schema 54.3.1",
@@ -2269,7 +2271,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-decimal"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "bigdecimal 0.4.8",
 "common-error",
@@ -2282,7 +2284,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-error"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "common-macro",
 "http 1.1.0",
@@ -2293,7 +2295,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-frontend"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "common-error",
@@ -2309,7 +2311,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-function"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "ahash 0.8.11",
 "api",
@@ -2332,6 +2334,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "datafusion",
 "datafusion-common",
 "datafusion-expr",
+ "datafusion-functions-aggregate-common",
 "datatypes",
 "derive_more",
 "geo",
@@ -2362,7 +2365,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-greptimedb-telemetry"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "common-runtime",
@@ -2370,7 +2373,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "common-test-util",
 "common-version",
 "hyper 0.14.30",
- "reqwest",
+ "reqwest 0.12.9",
 "serde",
 "tempfile",
 "tokio",
@@ -2379,7 +2382,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-grpc"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arrow-flight",
@@ -2411,7 +2414,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-grpc-expr"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "common-base",
@@ -2430,7 +2433,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-macro"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "arc-swap",
 "common-query",
@@ -2444,7 +2447,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-mem-prof"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "anyhow",
 "common-error",
@@ -2460,7 +2463,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-meta"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "anymap2",
 "api",
@@ -2525,7 +2528,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-options"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "common-grpc",
 "humantime-serde",
@@ -2534,11 +2537,11 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-plugins"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"

 [[package]]
 name = "common-pprof"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "common-error",
 "common-macro",
@@ -2550,7 +2553,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-procedure"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-stream",
 "async-trait",
@@ -2577,7 +2580,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-procedure-test"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "common-procedure",
@@ -2586,7 +2589,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-query"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -2612,7 +2615,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-recordbatch"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "arc-swap",
 "common-error",
@@ -2632,7 +2635,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-runtime"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "clap 4.5.19",
@@ -2662,14 +2665,14 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-session"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "strum 0.27.1",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "common-telemetry"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "backtrace",
 "common-error",
@@ -2696,7 +2699,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-test-util"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "client",
 "common-grpc",
@@ -2709,7 +2712,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-time"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "arrow 54.2.1",
 "chrono",
@@ -2727,7 +2730,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-version"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "build-data",
 "const_format",
@@ -2737,7 +2740,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-wal"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "common-base",
 "common-error",
@@ -2760,7 +2763,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "common-workload"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "common-telemetry",
@@ -3716,7 +3719,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "datanode"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arrow-flight",
@@ -3762,14 +3765,14 @@ dependencies = [
 "prometheus",
 "prost 0.13.5",
 "query",
- "reqwest",
+ "reqwest 0.12.9",
 "serde",
 "serde_json",
 "servers",
 "session",
 "snafu 0.8.5",
 "store-api",
- "substrait 0.15.0",
+ "substrait 0.16.0",
 "table",
 "tokio",
 "toml 0.8.19",
@@ -3778,7 +3781,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "datatypes"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "arrow 54.2.1",
 "arrow-array 54.2.1",
@@ -4438,7 +4441,7 @@ checksum = "e8c02a5121d4ea3eb16a80748c74f5549a5665e4c21333c6098f283870fbdea6"

 [[package]]
 name = "file-engine"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -4575,7 +4578,7 @@ checksum = "8bf7cc16383c4b8d58b9905a8509f02926ce3058053c056376248d958c9df1e8"

 [[package]]
 name = "flow"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arrow 54.2.1",
@@ -4640,7 +4643,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "sql",
 "store-api",
 "strum 0.27.1",
- "substrait 0.15.0",
+ "substrait 0.16.0",
 "table",
 "tokio",
 "tonic 0.12.3",
@@ -4695,10 +4698,11 @@ checksum = "6c2141d6d6c8512188a7891b4b01590a45f6dac67afb4f255c4124dbb86d4eaa"

 [[package]]
 name = "frontend"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arc-swap",
+ "async-stream",
 "async-trait",
 "auth",
 "bytes",
@@ -4754,7 +4758,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "sqlparser 0.54.0 (git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=0cf6c04490d59435ee965edd2078e8855bd8471e)",
 "store-api",
 "strfmt",
- "substrait 0.15.0",
+ "substrait 0.16.0",
 "table",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-util",
@@ -5144,7 +5148,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "greptime-proto"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git?rev=82fe5c6282f623c185b86f03e898ee8952e50cf9#82fe5c6282f623c185b86f03e898ee8952e50cf9"
+source = "git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git?rev=ceb1af4fa9309ce65bda0367db7b384df2bb4d4f#ceb1af4fa9309ce65bda0367db7b384df2bb4d4f"
 dependencies = [
 "prost 0.13.5",
 "serde",
@@ -5915,7 +5919,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "index"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "asynchronous-codec",
@@ -6800,7 +6804,7 @@ checksum = "a7a70ba024b9dc04c27ea2f0c0548feb474ec5c54bba33a7f72f873a39d07b24"

 [[package]]
 name = "log-query"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "chrono",
 "common-error",
@@ -6812,7 +6816,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "log-store"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-stream",
 "async-trait",
@@ -7110,7 +7114,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "meta-client"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -7138,7 +7142,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "meta-srv"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -7229,7 +7233,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "metric-engine"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "aquamarine",
@@ -7319,7 +7323,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "mito-codec"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "bytes",
@@ -7342,7 +7346,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "mito2"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "aquamarine",
@@ -8092,18 +8096,25 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "object-store"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "anyhow",
 "bytes",
+ "common-base",
+ "common-error",
+ "common-macro",
 "common-telemetry",
 "common-test-util",
 "futures",
+ "humantime-serde",
 "lazy_static",
 "md5",
 "moka",
 "opendal",
 "prometheus",
+ "reqwest 0.12.9",
+ "serde",
+ "snafu 0.8.5",
 "tokio",
 "uuid",
 ]
@@ -8238,7 +8249,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "prometheus",
 "quick-xml 0.36.2",
 "reqsign",
- "reqwest",
+ "reqwest 0.12.9",
 "serde",
 "serde_json",
 "sha2",
@@ -8310,6 +8321,19 @@ dependencies = [
 "tracing",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "opentelemetry-http"
+version = "0.10.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7f51189ce8be654f9b5f7e70e49967ed894e84a06fc35c6c042e64ac1fc5399e"
+dependencies = [
+ "async-trait",
+ "bytes",
+ "http 0.2.12",
+ "opentelemetry 0.21.0",
+ "reqwest 0.11.27",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "opentelemetry-otlp"
 version = "0.14.0"
@@ -8320,10 +8344,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "futures-core",
 "http 0.2.12",
 "opentelemetry 0.21.0",
+ "opentelemetry-http",
 "opentelemetry-proto 0.4.0",
 "opentelemetry-semantic-conventions",
 "opentelemetry_sdk 0.21.2",
 "prost 0.11.9",
+ "reqwest 0.11.27",
 "thiserror 1.0.64",
 "tokio",
 "tonic 0.9.2",
@@ -8406,7 +8432,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "operator"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "ahash 0.8.11",
 "api",
@@ -8461,7 +8487,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "sql",
 "sqlparser 0.54.0 (git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=0cf6c04490d59435ee965edd2078e8855bd8471e)",
 "store-api",
- "substrait 0.15.0",
+ "substrait 0.16.0",
 "table",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-util",
@@ -8728,7 +8754,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "partition"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -9016,7 +9042,7 @@ checksum = "8b870d8c151b6f2fb93e84a13146138f05d02ed11c7e7c54f8826aaaf7c9f184"

 [[package]]
 name = "pipeline"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "ahash 0.8.11",
 "api",
@@ -9159,7 +9185,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "plugins"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "auth",
 "clap 4.5.19",
@@ -9472,7 +9498,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "promql"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "ahash 0.8.11",
 "async-trait",
@@ -9568,7 +9594,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "be769465445e8c1474e9c5dac2018218498557af32d9ed057325ec9a41ae81bf"
 dependencies = [
 "heck 0.5.0",
- "itertools 0.14.0",
+ "itertools 0.11.0",
 "log",
 "multimap",
 "once_cell",
@@ -9614,7 +9640,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8a56d757972c98b346a9b766e3f02746cde6dd1cd1d1d563472929fdd74bec4d"
 dependencies = [
 "anyhow",
- "itertools 0.14.0",
+ "itertools 0.11.0",
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
 "syn 2.0.100",
@@ -9754,7 +9780,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "puffin"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-compression 0.4.13",
 "async-trait",
@@ -9796,7 +9822,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "query"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "ahash 0.8.11",
 "api",
@@ -9862,7 +9888,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "sqlparser 0.54.0 (git+https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git?rev=0cf6c04490d59435ee965edd2078e8855bd8471e)",
 "statrs",
 "store-api",
- "substrait 0.15.0",
+ "substrait 0.16.0",
 "table",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-stream",
@@ -10310,7 +10336,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "percent-encoding",
 "quick-xml 0.35.0",
 "rand 0.8.5",
- "reqwest",
+ "reqwest 0.12.9",
 "rsa",
 "rust-ini 0.21.1",
 "serde",
@@ -10319,6 +10345,42 @@ dependencies = [
 "sha2",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "reqwest"
+version = "0.11.27"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dd67538700a17451e7cba03ac727fb961abb7607553461627b97de0b89cf4a62"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64 0.21.7",
+ "bytes",
+ "encoding_rs",
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-util",
+ "h2 0.3.26",
+ "http 0.2.12",
+ "http-body 0.4.6",
+ "hyper 0.14.30",
+ "ipnet",
+ "js-sys",
+ "log",
+ "mime",
+ "once_cell",
+ "percent-encoding",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "serde_urlencoded",
+ "sync_wrapper 0.1.2",
+ "system-configuration",
+ "tokio",
+ "tower-service",
+ "url",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+ "wasm-bindgen-futures",
+ "web-sys",
+ "winreg",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "reqwest"
 version = "0.12.9"
@@ -11148,7 +11210,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "servers"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "ahash 0.8.11",
 "api",
@@ -11234,7 +11296,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "quoted-string",
 "rand 0.9.0",
 "regex",
- "reqwest",
+ "reqwest 0.12.9",
 "rust-embed",
 "rustls",
 "rustls-pemfile",
@@ -11269,7 +11331,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "session"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arc-swap",
@@ -11608,7 +11670,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "sql"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "chrono",
@@ -11663,7 +11725,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "sqlness-runner"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "clap 4.5.19",
@@ -11678,7 +11740,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "local-ip-address",
 "mysql",
 "num_cpus",
- "reqwest",
+ "reqwest 0.12.9",
 "serde",
 "serde_json",
 "sha2",
@@ -11963,7 +12025,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "stat"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "nix 0.30.1",
 ]
@@ -11989,7 +12051,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "store-api"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "aquamarine",
@@ -12150,7 +12212,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "substrait"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "bytes",
@@ -12328,9 +12390,30 @@ dependencies = [
 "nom",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "system-configuration"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ba3a3adc5c275d719af8cb4272ea1c4a6d668a777f37e115f6d11ddbc1c8e0e7"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "core-foundation",
+ "system-configuration-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "system-configuration-sys"
+version = "0.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a75fb188eb626b924683e3b95e3a48e63551fcfb51949de2f06a9d91dbee93c9"
+dependencies = [
+ "core-foundation-sys",
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "table"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "async-trait",
@@ -12591,7 +12674,7 @@ checksum = "3369f5ac52d5eb6ab48c6b4ffdc8efbcad6b89c765749064ba298f2c68a16a76"

 [[package]]
 name = "tests-fuzz"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "arbitrary",
 "async-trait",
@@ -12618,7 +12701,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "paste",
 "rand 0.9.0",
 "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
- "reqwest",
+ "reqwest 0.12.9",
 "schemars",
 "serde",
 "serde_json",
@@ -12635,7 +12718,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "tests-integration"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
 "api",
 "arrow-flight",
@@ -12702,7 +12785,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "sql",
 "sqlx",
 "store-api",
- "substrait 0.15.0",
+ "substrait 0.16.0",
 "table",
 "tempfile",
 "time",
@@ -14183,7 +14266,7 @@ version = "0.1.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "cf221c93e13a30d793f7645a0e7762c55d169dbb0a49671918a2319d289b10bb"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.48.0",
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -14501,6 +14584,16 @@ dependencies = [
 "memchr",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "winreg"
+version = "0.50.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "524e57b2c537c0f9b1e69f1965311ec12182b4122e45035b1508cd24d2adadb1"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "wit-bindgen-rt"
 version = "0.39.0"
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -71,11 +71,13 @@ members = [
 resolver = "2"

 [workspace.package]
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "Apache-2.0"

 [workspace.lints]
+clippy.print_stdout = "warn"
+clippy.print_stderr = "warn"
 clippy.dbg_macro = "warn"
 clippy.implicit_clone = "warn"
 clippy.result_large_err = "allow"
@@ -121,6 +123,7 @@ datafusion = { git = "https://github.com/waynexia/arrow-datafusion.git", rev = "
 datafusion-common = { git = "https://github.com/waynexia/arrow-datafusion.git", rev = "12c0381babd52c681043957e9d6ee083a03f7646" }
 datafusion-expr = { git = "https://github.com/waynexia/arrow-datafusion.git", rev = "12c0381babd52c681043957e9d6ee083a03f7646" }
 datafusion-functions = { git = "https://github.com/waynexia/arrow-datafusion.git", rev = "12c0381babd52c681043957e9d6ee083a03f7646" }
+datafusion-functions-aggregate-common = { git = "https://github.com/waynexia/arrow-datafusion.git", rev = "12c0381babd52c681043957e9d6ee083a03f7646" }
 datafusion-optimizer = { git = "https://github.com/waynexia/arrow-datafusion.git", rev = "12c0381babd52c681043957e9d6ee083a03f7646" }
 datafusion-physical-expr = { git = "https://github.com/waynexia/arrow-datafusion.git", rev = "12c0381babd52c681043957e9d6ee083a03f7646" }
 datafusion-physical-plan = { git = "https://github.com/waynexia/arrow-datafusion.git", rev = "12c0381babd52c681043957e9d6ee083a03f7646" }
@@ -134,7 +137,7 @@ etcd-client = "0.14"
 fst = "0.4.7"
 futures = "0.3"
 futures-util = "0.3"
-greptime-proto = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git", rev = "82fe5c6282f623c185b86f03e898ee8952e50cf9" }
+greptime-proto = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git", rev = "ceb1af4fa9309ce65bda0367db7b384df2bb4d4f" }
 hex = "0.4"
 http = "1"
 humantime = "2.1"
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@
 | --------- | ----------- |
 | [Unified Observability Data](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/concepts/why-greptimedb) | Store metrics, logs, and traces as timestamped, contextual wide events. Query via [SQL](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/query-data/sql), [PromQL](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/query-data/promql), and [streaming](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/flow-computation/overview). |
 | [High Performance & Cost Effective](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/manage-data/data-index) | Written in Rust, with a distributed query engine, [rich indexing](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/manage-data/data-index), and optimized columnar storage, delivering sub-second responses at PB scale. |
-| [Cloud-Native Architecture](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/concepts/architecture) | Designed for [Kubernetes](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments/deploy-on-kubernetes/greptimedb-operator-management), with compute/storage separation, native object storage (AWS S3, Azure Blob, etc.) and seamless cross-cloud access. |
+| [Cloud-Native Architecture](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/concepts/architecture) | Designed for [Kubernetes](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments-administration/deploy-on-kubernetes/greptimedb-operator-management), with compute/storage separation, native object storage (AWS S3, Azure Blob, etc.) and seamless cross-cloud access. |
 | [Developer-Friendly](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/protocols/overview) | Access via SQL/PromQL interfaces, REST API, MySQL/PostgreSQL protocols, and popular ingestion [protocols](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/protocols/overview). |
-| [Flexible Deployment](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments/overview) | Deploy anywhere: edge (including ARM/[Android](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments/run-on-android)) or cloud, with unified APIs and efficient data sync. |
+| [Flexible Deployment](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments-administration/overview) | Deploy anywhere: edge (including ARM/[Android](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments-administration/run-on-android)) or cloud, with unified APIs and efficient data sync. |

 Learn more in [Why GreptimeDB](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/concepts/why-greptimedb) and [Observability 2.0 and the Database for It](https://greptime.com/blogs/2025-04-25-greptimedb-observability2-new-database).

--- a/config/config.md
+++ b/config/config.md
@@ -185,10 +185,11 @@
 | `logging.dir` | String | `./greptimedb_data/logs` | The directory to store the log files. If set to empty, logs will not be written to files. |
 | `logging.level` | String | Unset | The log level. Can be `info`/`debug`/`warn`/`error`. |
 | `logging.enable_otlp_tracing` | Bool | `false` | Enable OTLP tracing. |
-| `logging.otlp_endpoint` | String | `http://localhost:4317` | The OTLP tracing endpoint. |
+| `logging.otlp_endpoint` | String | `http://localhost:4318` | The OTLP tracing endpoint. |
 | `logging.append_stdout` | Bool | `true` | Whether to append logs to stdout. |
 | `logging.log_format` | String | `text` | The log format. Can be `text`/`json`. |
 | `logging.max_log_files` | Integer | `720` | The maximum amount of log files. |
+| `logging.otlp_export_protocol` | String | `http` | The OTLP tracing export protocol. Can be `grpc`/`http`. |
 | `logging.tracing_sample_ratio` | -- | -- | The percentage of tracing will be sampled and exported.<br/>Valid range `[0, 1]`, 1 means all traces are sampled, 0 means all traces are not sampled, the default value is 1.<br/>ratio > 1 are treated as 1. Fractions < 0 are treated as 0 |
 | `logging.tracing_sample_ratio.default_ratio` | Float | `1.0` | -- |
 | `slow_query` | -- | -- | The slow query log options. |
@@ -288,10 +289,11 @@
 | `logging.dir` | String | `./greptimedb_data/logs` | The directory to store the log files. If set to empty, logs will not be written to files. |
 | `logging.level` | String | Unset | The log level. Can be `info`/`debug`/`warn`/`error`. |
 | `logging.enable_otlp_tracing` | Bool | `false` | Enable OTLP tracing. |
-| `logging.otlp_endpoint` | String | `http://localhost:4317` | The OTLP tracing endpoint. |
+| `logging.otlp_endpoint` | String | `http://localhost:4318` | The OTLP tracing endpoint. |
 | `logging.append_stdout` | Bool | `true` | Whether to append logs to stdout. |
 | `logging.log_format` | String | `text` | The log format. Can be `text`/`json`. |
 | `logging.max_log_files` | Integer | `720` | The maximum amount of log files. |
+| `logging.otlp_export_protocol` | String | `http` | The OTLP tracing export protocol. Can be `grpc`/`http`. |
 | `logging.tracing_sample_ratio` | -- | -- | The percentage of tracing will be sampled and exported.<br/>Valid range `[0, 1]`, 1 means all traces are sampled, 0 means all traces are not sampled, the default value is 1.<br/>ratio > 1 are treated as 1. Fractions < 0 are treated as 0 |
 | `logging.tracing_sample_ratio.default_ratio` | Float | `1.0` | -- |
 | `slow_query` | -- | -- | The slow query log options. |
@@ -323,6 +325,7 @@
 | `selector` | String | `round_robin` | Datanode selector type.<br/>- `round_robin` (default value)<br/>- `lease_based`<br/>- `load_based`<br/>For details, please see "https://docs.greptime.com/developer-guide/metasrv/selector". |
 | `use_memory_store` | Bool | `false` | Store data in memory. |
 | `enable_region_failover` | Bool | `false` | Whether to enable region failover.<br/>This feature is only available on GreptimeDB running on cluster mode and<br/>- Using Remote WAL<br/>- Using shared storage (e.g., s3). |
+| `region_failure_detector_initialization_delay` | String | `10m` | The delay before starting region failure detection.<br/>This delay helps prevent Metasrv from triggering unnecessary region failovers before all Datanodes are fully started.<br/>Especially useful when the cluster is not deployed with GreptimeDB Operator and maintenance mode is not enabled. |
 | `allow_region_failover_on_local_wal` | Bool | `false` | Whether to allow region failover on local WAL.<br/>**This option is not recommended to be set to true, because it may lead to data loss during failover.** |
 | `node_max_idle_time` | String | `24hours` | Max allowed idle time before removing node info from metasrv memory. |
 | `enable_telemetry` | Bool | `true` | Whether to enable greptimedb telemetry. Enabled by default. |
@@ -370,10 +373,11 @@
 | `logging.dir` | String | `./greptimedb_data/logs` | The directory to store the log files. If set to empty, logs will not be written to files. |
 | `logging.level` | String | Unset | The log level. Can be `info`/`debug`/`warn`/`error`. |
 | `logging.enable_otlp_tracing` | Bool | `false` | Enable OTLP tracing. |
-| `logging.otlp_endpoint` | String | `http://localhost:4317` | The OTLP tracing endpoint. |
+| `logging.otlp_endpoint` | String | `http://localhost:4318` | The OTLP tracing endpoint. |
 | `logging.append_stdout` | Bool | `true` | Whether to append logs to stdout. |
 | `logging.log_format` | String | `text` | The log format. Can be `text`/`json`. |
 | `logging.max_log_files` | Integer | `720` | The maximum amount of log files. |
+| `logging.otlp_export_protocol` | String | `http` | The OTLP tracing export protocol. Can be `grpc`/`http`. |
 | `logging.tracing_sample_ratio` | -- | -- | The percentage of tracing will be sampled and exported.<br/>Valid range `[0, 1]`, 1 means all traces are sampled, 0 means all traces are not sampled, the default value is 1.<br/>ratio > 1 are treated as 1. Fractions < 0 are treated as 0 |
 | `logging.tracing_sample_ratio.default_ratio` | Float | `1.0` | -- |
 | `export_metrics` | -- | -- | The metasrv can export its metrics and send to Prometheus compatible service (e.g. `greptimedb` itself) from remote-write API.<br/>This is only used for `greptimedb` to export its own metrics internally. It's different from prometheus scrape. |
@@ -432,8 +436,8 @@
 | `wal.provider` | String | `raft_engine` | The provider of the WAL.<br/>- `raft_engine`: the wal is stored in the local file system by raft-engine.<br/>- `kafka`: it's remote wal that data is stored in Kafka. |
 | `wal.dir` | String | Unset | The directory to store the WAL files.<br/>**It's only used when the provider is `raft_engine`**. |
 | `wal.file_size` | String | `128MB` | The size of the WAL segment file.<br/>**It's only used when the provider is `raft_engine`**. |
-| `wal.purge_threshold` | String | `1GB` | The threshold of the WAL size to trigger a flush.<br/>**It's only used when the provider is `raft_engine`**. |
-| `wal.purge_interval` | String | `1m` | The interval to trigger a flush.<br/>**It's only used when the provider is `raft_engine`**. |
+| `wal.purge_threshold` | String | `1GB` | The threshold of the WAL size to trigger a purge.<br/>**It's only used when the provider is `raft_engine`**. |
+| `wal.purge_interval` | String | `1m` | The interval to trigger a purge.<br/>**It's only used when the provider is `raft_engine`**. |
 | `wal.read_batch_size` | Integer | `128` | The read batch size.<br/>**It's only used when the provider is `raft_engine`**. |
 | `wal.sync_write` | Bool | `false` | Whether to use sync write.<br/>**It's only used when the provider is `raft_engine`**. |
 | `wal.enable_log_recycle` | Bool | `true` | Whether to reuse logically truncated log files.<br/>**It's only used when the provider is `raft_engine`**. |
@@ -534,10 +538,11 @@
 | `logging.dir` | String | `./greptimedb_data/logs` | The directory to store the log files. If set to empty, logs will not be written to files. |
 | `logging.level` | String | Unset | The log level. Can be `info`/`debug`/`warn`/`error`. |
 | `logging.enable_otlp_tracing` | Bool | `false` | Enable OTLP tracing. |
-| `logging.otlp_endpoint` | String | `http://localhost:4317` | The OTLP tracing endpoint. |
+| `logging.otlp_endpoint` | String | `http://localhost:4318` | The OTLP tracing endpoint. |
 | `logging.append_stdout` | Bool | `true` | Whether to append logs to stdout. |
 | `logging.log_format` | String | `text` | The log format. Can be `text`/`json`. |
 | `logging.max_log_files` | Integer | `720` | The maximum amount of log files. |
+| `logging.otlp_export_protocol` | String | `http` | The OTLP tracing export protocol. Can be `grpc`/`http`. |
 | `logging.tracing_sample_ratio` | -- | -- | The percentage of tracing will be sampled and exported.<br/>Valid range `[0, 1]`, 1 means all traces are sampled, 0 means all traces are not sampled, the default value is 1.<br/>ratio > 1 are treated as 1. Fractions < 0 are treated as 0 |
 | `logging.tracing_sample_ratio.default_ratio` | Float | `1.0` | -- |
 | `export_metrics` | -- | -- | The datanode can export its metrics and send to Prometheus compatible service (e.g. `greptimedb` itself) from remote-write API.<br/>This is only used for `greptimedb` to export its own metrics internally. It's different from prometheus scrape. |
@@ -584,11 +589,14 @@
 | `logging.dir` | String | `./greptimedb_data/logs` | The directory to store the log files. If set to empty, logs will not be written to files. |
 | `logging.level` | String | Unset | The log level. Can be `info`/`debug`/`warn`/`error`. |
 | `logging.enable_otlp_tracing` | Bool | `false` | Enable OTLP tracing. |
-| `logging.otlp_endpoint` | String | `http://localhost:4317` | The OTLP tracing endpoint. |
+| `logging.otlp_endpoint` | String | `http://localhost:4318` | The OTLP tracing endpoint. |
 | `logging.append_stdout` | Bool | `true` | Whether to append logs to stdout. |
 | `logging.log_format` | String | `text` | The log format. Can be `text`/`json`. |
 | `logging.max_log_files` | Integer | `720` | The maximum amount of log files. |
+| `logging.otlp_export_protocol` | String | `http` | The OTLP tracing export protocol. Can be `grpc`/`http`. |
 | `logging.tracing_sample_ratio` | -- | -- | The percentage of tracing will be sampled and exported.<br/>Valid range `[0, 1]`, 1 means all traces are sampled, 0 means all traces are not sampled, the default value is 1.<br/>ratio > 1 are treated as 1. Fractions < 0 are treated as 0 |
 | `logging.tracing_sample_ratio.default_ratio` | Float | `1.0` | -- |
 | `tracing` | -- | -- | The tracing options. Only effect when compiled with `tokio-console` feature. |
 | `tracing.tokio_console_addr` | String | Unset | The tokio console address. |
+| `query` | -- | -- | -- |
+| `query.parallelism` | Integer | `1` | Parallelism of the query engine for query sent by flownode.<br/>Default to 1, so it won't use too much cpu or memory |
--- a/config/datanode.example.toml
+++ b/config/datanode.example.toml
@@ -129,11 +129,11 @@ dir = "./greptimedb_data/wal"
 ## **It's only used when the provider is `raft_engine`**.
 file_size = "128MB"

-## The threshold of the WAL size to trigger a flush.
+## The threshold of the WAL size to trigger a purge.
 ## **It's only used when the provider is `raft_engine`**.
 purge_threshold = "1GB"

-## The interval to trigger a flush.
+## The interval to trigger a purge.
 ## **It's only used when the provider is `raft_engine`**.
 purge_interval = "1m"

@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ level = "info"
 enable_otlp_tracing = false

 ## The OTLP tracing endpoint.
-otlp_endpoint = "http://localhost:4317"
+otlp_endpoint = "http://localhost:4318"

 ## Whether to append logs to stdout.
 append_stdout = true
@@ -640,6 +640,9 @@ log_format = "text"
 ## The maximum amount of log files.
 max_log_files = 720

+## The OTLP tracing export protocol. Can be `grpc`/`http`.
+otlp_export_protocol = "http"
+
 ## The percentage of tracing will be sampled and exported.
 ## Valid range `[0, 1]`, 1 means all traces are sampled, 0 means all traces are not sampled, the default value is 1.
 ## ratio > 1 are treated as 1. Fractions < 0 are treated as 0
--- a/config/flownode.example.toml
+++ b/config/flownode.example.toml
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ level = "info"
 enable_otlp_tracing = false

 ## The OTLP tracing endpoint.
-otlp_endpoint = "http://localhost:4317"
+otlp_endpoint = "http://localhost:4318"

 ## Whether to append logs to stdout.
 append_stdout = true
@@ -94,6 +94,9 @@ log_format = "text"
 ## The maximum amount of log files.
 max_log_files = 720

+## The OTLP tracing export protocol. Can be `grpc`/`http`.
+otlp_export_protocol = "http"
+
 ## The percentage of tracing will be sampled and exported.
 ## Valid range `[0, 1]`, 1 means all traces are sampled, 0 means all traces are not sampled, the default value is 1.
 ## ratio > 1 are treated as 1. Fractions < 0 are treated as 0
@@ -105,3 +108,8 @@ default_ratio = 1.0
 ## The tokio console address.
 ## @toml2docs:none-default
 #+ tokio_console_addr = "127.0.0.1"
+
+[query]
+## Parallelism of the query engine for query sent by flownode.
+## Default to 1, so it won't use too much cpu or memory
+parallelism = 1
--- a/config/frontend.example.toml
+++ b/config/frontend.example.toml
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ level = "info"
 enable_otlp_tracing = false

 ## The OTLP tracing endpoint.
-otlp_endpoint = "http://localhost:4317"
+otlp_endpoint = "http://localhost:4318"

 ## Whether to append logs to stdout.
 append_stdout = true
@@ -229,6 +229,9 @@ log_format = "text"
 ## The maximum amount of log files.
 max_log_files = 720

+## The OTLP tracing export protocol. Can be `grpc`/`http`.
+otlp_export_protocol = "http"
+
 ## The percentage of tracing will be sampled and exported.
 ## Valid range `[0, 1]`, 1 means all traces are sampled, 0 means all traces are not sampled, the default value is 1.
 ## ratio > 1 are treated as 1. Fractions < 0 are treated as 0
--- a/config/metasrv.example.toml
+++ b/config/metasrv.example.toml
@@ -43,6 +43,11 @@ use_memory_store = false
 ## - Using shared storage (e.g., s3).
 enable_region_failover = false

+## The delay before starting region failure detection.
+## This delay helps prevent Metasrv from triggering unnecessary region failovers before all Datanodes are fully started.
+## Especially useful when the cluster is not deployed with GreptimeDB Operator and maintenance mode is not enabled.
+region_failure_detector_initialization_delay = '10m'
+
 ## Whether to allow region failover on local WAL.
 ## **This option is not recommended to be set to true, because it may lead to data loss during failover.**
 allow_region_failover_on_local_wal = false
@@ -220,7 +225,7 @@ level = "info"
 enable_otlp_tracing = false

 ## The OTLP tracing endpoint.
-otlp_endpoint = "http://localhost:4317"
+otlp_endpoint = "http://localhost:4318"

 ## Whether to append logs to stdout.
 append_stdout = true
@@ -231,6 +236,9 @@ log_format = "text"
 ## The maximum amount of log files.
 max_log_files = 720

+## The OTLP tracing export protocol. Can be `grpc`/`http`.
+otlp_export_protocol = "http"
+
 ## The percentage of tracing will be sampled and exported.
 ## Valid range `[0, 1]`, 1 means all traces are sampled, 0 means all traces are not sampled, the default value is 1.
 ## ratio > 1 are treated as 1. Fractions < 0 are treated as 0
--- a/config/standalone.example.toml
+++ b/config/standalone.example.toml
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ level = "info"
 enable_otlp_tracing = false

 ## The OTLP tracing endpoint.
-otlp_endpoint = "http://localhost:4317"
+otlp_endpoint = "http://localhost:4318"

 ## Whether to append logs to stdout.
 append_stdout = true
@@ -731,6 +731,9 @@ log_format = "text"
 ## The maximum amount of log files.
 max_log_files = 720

+## The OTLP tracing export protocol. Can be `grpc`/`http`.
+otlp_export_protocol = "http"
+
 ## The percentage of tracing will be sampled and exported.
 ## Valid range `[0, 1]`, 1 means all traces are sampled, 0 means all traces are not sampled, the default value is 1.
 ## ratio > 1 are treated as 1. Fractions < 0 are treated as 0
--- a/cyborg/bin/follow-up-docs-issue.ts
+++ b/cyborg/bin/follow-up-docs-issue.ts
@@ -55,12 +55,25 @@ async function main() {
        await client.rest.issues.addLabels({
            owner, repo, issue_number: number, labels: [labelDocsRequired],
        })
+
+        // Get available assignees for the docs repo
+        const assigneesResponse = await docsClient.rest.issues.listAssignees({
+            owner: 'GreptimeTeam',
+            repo: 'docs',
+        })
+        const validAssignees = assigneesResponse.data.map(assignee => assignee.login)
+        core.info(`Available assignees: ${validAssignees.join(', ')}`)
+
+        // Check if the actor is a valid assignee, otherwise fallback to fengjiachun
+        const assignee = validAssignees.includes(actor) ? actor : 'fengjiachun'
+        core.info(`Assigning issue to: ${assignee}`)
+
        await docsClient.rest.issues.create({
            owner: 'GreptimeTeam',
            repo: 'docs',
            title: `Update docs for ${title}`,
            body: `A document change request is generated from ${html_url}`,
-            assignee: actor,
+            assignee: assignee,
        }).then((res) => {
            core.info(`Created issue ${res.data}`)
        })
--- a/docs/benchmarks/log/README.md
+++ b/docs/benchmarks/log/README.md
@@ -48,4 +48,4 @@ Please refer to [SQL query](./query.sql) for GreptimeDB and Clickhouse, and [que

 ## Addition
 - You can tune GreptimeDB's configuration to get better performance.
- You can setup GreptimeDB to use S3 as storage, see [here](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments/configuration#storage-options).
+- You can setup GreptimeDB to use S3 as storage, see [here](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments-administration/configuration#storage-options).
--- a/grafana/README.md
+++ b/grafana/README.md
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ If you use the [Helm Chart](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/helm-charts) to depl
 - `monitoring.enabled=true`: Deploys a standalone GreptimeDB instance dedicated to monitoring the cluster;
 - `grafana.enabled=true`: Deploys Grafana and automatically imports the monitoring dashboard;

-The standalone GreptimeDB instance will collect metrics from your cluster, and the dashboard will be available in the Grafana UI. For detailed deployment instructions, please refer to our [Kubernetes deployment guide](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments-administration/deploy-on-kubernetes/getting-started).
+The standalone GreptimeDB instance will collect metrics from your cluster, and the dashboard will be available in the Grafana UI. For detailed deployment instructions, please refer to our [Kubernetes deployment guide](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments-administration-administration/deploy-on-kubernetes/getting-started).

 ### Self-host Prometheus and import dashboards manually

--- a/licenserc.toml
+++ b/licenserc.toml
@@ -31,8 +31,10 @@ excludes = [
    "src/operator/src/expr_helper/trigger.rs",
    "src/sql/src/statements/create/trigger.rs",
    "src/sql/src/statements/show/trigger.rs",
+    "src/sql/src/statements/drop/trigger.rs",
    "src/sql/src/parsers/create_parser/trigger.rs",
    "src/sql/src/parsers/show_parser/trigger.rs",
+    "src/mito2/src/extension.rs",
 ]

 [properties]
--- a/src/api/src/region.rs
+++ b/src/api/src/region.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ use greptime_proto::v1::region::RegionResponse as RegionResponseV1;
 pub struct RegionResponse {
    pub affected_rows: AffectedRows,
    pub extensions: HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>,
+    pub metadata: Vec<u8>,
 }

 impl RegionResponse {
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ impl RegionResponse {
        Self {
            affected_rows: region_response.affected_rows as _,
            extensions: region_response.extensions,
+            metadata: region_response.metadata,
        }
    }

@@ -37,6 +39,16 @@ impl RegionResponse {
        Self {
            affected_rows,
            extensions: Default::default(),
+            metadata: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates one response with metadata.
+    pub fn from_metadata(metadata: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            affected_rows: 0,
+            extensions: Default::default(),
+            metadata,
        }
    }
 }
--- a/src/api/src/v1/column_def.rs
+++ b/src/api/src/v1/column_def.rs
@@ -226,18 +226,20 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(options.is_none());

        let mut schema = ColumnSchema::new("test", ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), true)
-            .with_fulltext_options(FulltextOptions {
-                enable: true,
-                analyzer: FulltextAnalyzer::English,
-                case_sensitive: false,
-                backend: FulltextBackend::Bloom,
-            })
+            .with_fulltext_options(FulltextOptions::new_unchecked(
+                true,
+                FulltextAnalyzer::English,
+                false,
+                FulltextBackend::Bloom,
+                10240,
+                0.01,
+            ))
            .unwrap();
        schema.set_inverted_index(true);
        let options = options_from_column_schema(&schema).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            options.options.get(FULLTEXT_GRPC_KEY).unwrap(),
-            "{\"enable\":true,\"analyzer\":\"English\",\"case-sensitive\":false,\"backend\":\"bloom\"}"
+            "{\"enable\":true,\"analyzer\":\"English\",\"case-sensitive\":false,\"backend\":\"bloom\",\"granularity\":10240,\"false-positive-rate-in-10000\":100}"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            options.options.get(INVERTED_INDEX_GRPC_KEY).unwrap(),
@@ -247,16 +249,18 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_options_with_fulltext() {
-        let fulltext = FulltextOptions {
-            enable: true,
-            analyzer: FulltextAnalyzer::English,
-            case_sensitive: false,
-            backend: FulltextBackend::Bloom,
-        };
+        let fulltext = FulltextOptions::new_unchecked(
+            true,
+            FulltextAnalyzer::English,
+            false,
+            FulltextBackend::Bloom,
+            10240,
+            0.01,
+        );
        let options = options_from_fulltext(&fulltext).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            options.options.get(FULLTEXT_GRPC_KEY).unwrap(),
-            "{\"enable\":true,\"analyzer\":\"English\",\"case-sensitive\":false,\"backend\":\"bloom\"}"
+            "{\"enable\":true,\"analyzer\":\"English\",\"case-sensitive\":false,\"backend\":\"bloom\",\"granularity\":10240,\"false-positive-rate-in-10000\":100}"
        );
    }

--- a/src/catalog/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/catalog/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true

 [features]
+enterprise = []
 testing = []

 [lints]
--- a/src/catalog/src/kvbackend.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/kvbackend.rs
@@ -14,9 +14,11 @@

 pub use client::{CachedKvBackend, CachedKvBackendBuilder, MetaKvBackend};

+mod builder;
 mod client;
 mod manager;
 mod table_cache;

+pub use builder::KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder;
 pub use manager::KvBackendCatalogManager;
 pub use table_cache::{new_table_cache, TableCache, TableCacheRef};
--- a/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/builder.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/builder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use common_catalog::consts::DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME;
+use common_meta::cache::LayeredCacheRegistryRef;
+use common_meta::key::flow::FlowMetadataManager;
+use common_meta::key::TableMetadataManager;
+use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
+use common_procedure::ProcedureManagerRef;
+use moka::sync::Cache;
+use partition::manager::PartitionRuleManager;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+use crate::information_schema::InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef;
+use crate::information_schema::{InformationExtensionRef, InformationSchemaProvider};
+use crate::kvbackend::manager::{SystemCatalog, CATALOG_CACHE_MAX_CAPACITY};
+use crate::kvbackend::KvBackendCatalogManager;
+use crate::process_manager::ProcessManagerRef;
+use crate::system_schema::pg_catalog::PGCatalogProvider;
+
+pub struct KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder {
+    information_extension: InformationExtensionRef,
+    backend: KvBackendRef,
+    cache_registry: LayeredCacheRegistryRef,
+    procedure_manager: Option<ProcedureManagerRef>,
+    process_manager: Option<ProcessManagerRef>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+    extra_information_table_factories:
+        std::collections::HashMap<String, InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef>,
+}
+
+impl KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder {
+    pub fn new(
+        information_extension: InformationExtensionRef,
+        backend: KvBackendRef,
+        cache_registry: LayeredCacheRegistryRef,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            information_extension,
+            backend,
+            cache_registry,
+            procedure_manager: None,
+            process_manager: None,
+            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+            extra_information_table_factories: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_procedure_manager(mut self, procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef) -> Self {
+        self.procedure_manager = Some(procedure_manager);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_process_manager(mut self, process_manager: ProcessManagerRef) -> Self {
+        self.process_manager = Some(process_manager);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the extra information tables.
+    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+    pub fn with_extra_information_table_factories(
+        mut self,
+        factories: std::collections::HashMap<String, InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.extra_information_table_factories = factories;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn build(self) -> Arc<KvBackendCatalogManager> {
+        let Self {
+            information_extension,
+            backend,
+            cache_registry,
+            procedure_manager,
+            process_manager,
+            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+            extra_information_table_factories,
+        } = self;
+        Arc::new_cyclic(|me| KvBackendCatalogManager {
+            information_extension,
+            partition_manager: Arc::new(PartitionRuleManager::new(
+                backend.clone(),
+                cache_registry
+                    .get()
+                    .expect("Failed to get table_route_cache"),
+            )),
+            table_metadata_manager: Arc::new(TableMetadataManager::new(backend.clone())),
+            system_catalog: SystemCatalog {
+                catalog_manager: me.clone(),
+                catalog_cache: Cache::new(CATALOG_CACHE_MAX_CAPACITY),
+                pg_catalog_cache: Cache::new(CATALOG_CACHE_MAX_CAPACITY),
+                information_schema_provider: {
+                    let provider = InformationSchemaProvider::new(
+                        DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME.to_string(),
+                        me.clone(),
+                        Arc::new(FlowMetadataManager::new(backend.clone())),
+                        process_manager.clone(),
+                        backend.clone(),
+                    );
+                    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+                    let provider = provider
+                        .with_extra_table_factories(extra_information_table_factories.clone());
+                    Arc::new(provider)
+                },
+                pg_catalog_provider: Arc::new(PGCatalogProvider::new(
+                    DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME.to_string(),
+                    me.clone(),
+                )),
+                backend,
+                process_manager,
+                #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+                extra_information_table_factories,
+            },
+            cache_registry,
+            procedure_manager,
+        })
+    }
+}
--- a/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/manager.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/manager.rs
@@ -28,17 +28,18 @@ use common_meta::cache::{
 use common_meta::key::catalog_name::CatalogNameKey;
 use common_meta::key::flow::FlowMetadataManager;
 use common_meta::key::schema_name::SchemaNameKey;
-use common_meta::key::table_info::TableInfoValue;
+use common_meta::key::table_info::{TableInfoManager, TableInfoValue};
 use common_meta::key::table_name::TableNameKey;
-use common_meta::key::{TableMetadataManager, TableMetadataManagerRef};
+use common_meta::key::TableMetadataManagerRef;
 use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
 use common_procedure::ProcedureManagerRef;
 use futures_util::stream::BoxStream;
 use futures_util::{StreamExt, TryStreamExt};
 use moka::sync::Cache;
-use partition::manager::{PartitionRuleManager, PartitionRuleManagerRef};
+use partition::manager::PartitionRuleManagerRef;
 use session::context::{Channel, QueryContext};
 use snafu::prelude::*;
+use store_api::metric_engine_consts::METRIC_ENGINE_NAME;
 use table::dist_table::DistTable;
 use table::metadata::TableId;
 use table::table::numbers::{NumbersTable, NUMBERS_TABLE_NAME};
@@ -51,6 +52,8 @@ use crate::error::{
    CacheNotFoundSnafu, GetTableCacheSnafu, InvalidTableInfoInCatalogSnafu, ListCatalogsSnafu,
    ListSchemasSnafu, ListTablesSnafu, Result, TableMetadataManagerSnafu,
 };
+#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+use crate::information_schema::InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef;
 use crate::information_schema::{InformationExtensionRef, InformationSchemaProvider};
 use crate::kvbackend::TableCacheRef;
 use crate::process_manager::ProcessManagerRef;
@@ -66,60 +69,22 @@ use crate::CatalogManager;
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct KvBackendCatalogManager {
    /// Provides the extension methods for the `information_schema` tables
-    information_extension: InformationExtensionRef,
+    pub(super) information_extension: InformationExtensionRef,
    /// Manages partition rules.
-    partition_manager: PartitionRuleManagerRef,
+    pub(super) partition_manager: PartitionRuleManagerRef,
    /// Manages table metadata.
-    table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManagerRef,
+    pub(super) table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManagerRef,
    /// A sub-CatalogManager that handles system tables
-    system_catalog: SystemCatalog,
+    pub(super) system_catalog: SystemCatalog,
    /// Cache registry for all caches.
-    cache_registry: LayeredCacheRegistryRef,
+    pub(super) cache_registry: LayeredCacheRegistryRef,
    /// Only available in `Standalone` mode.
-    procedure_manager: Option<ProcedureManagerRef>,
+    pub(super) procedure_manager: Option<ProcedureManagerRef>,
 }

-const CATALOG_CACHE_MAX_CAPACITY: u64 = 128;
+pub(super) const CATALOG_CACHE_MAX_CAPACITY: u64 = 128;

 impl KvBackendCatalogManager {
-    pub fn new(
-        information_extension: InformationExtensionRef,
-        backend: KvBackendRef,
-        cache_registry: LayeredCacheRegistryRef,
-        procedure_manager: Option<ProcedureManagerRef>,
-        process_manager: Option<ProcessManagerRef>,
-    ) -> Arc<Self> {
-        Arc::new_cyclic(|me| Self {
-            information_extension,
-            partition_manager: Arc::new(PartitionRuleManager::new(
-                backend.clone(),
-                cache_registry
-                    .get()
-                    .expect("Failed to get table_route_cache"),
-            )),
-            table_metadata_manager: Arc::new(TableMetadataManager::new(backend.clone())),
-            system_catalog: SystemCatalog {
-                catalog_manager: me.clone(),
-                catalog_cache: Cache::new(CATALOG_CACHE_MAX_CAPACITY),
-                pg_catalog_cache: Cache::new(CATALOG_CACHE_MAX_CAPACITY),
-                information_schema_provider: Arc::new(InformationSchemaProvider::new(
-                    DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME.to_string(),
-                    me.clone(),
-                    Arc::new(FlowMetadataManager::new(backend.clone())),
-                    process_manager.clone(),
-                )),
-                pg_catalog_provider: Arc::new(PGCatalogProvider::new(
-                    DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME.to_string(),
-                    me.clone(),
-                )),
-                backend,
-                process_manager,
-            },
-            cache_registry,
-            procedure_manager,
-        })
-    }
-
    pub fn view_info_cache(&self) -> Result<ViewInfoCacheRef> {
        self.cache_registry.get().context(CacheNotFoundSnafu {
            name: "view_info_cache",
@@ -142,6 +107,61 @@ impl KvBackendCatalogManager {
    pub fn procedure_manager(&self) -> Option<ProcedureManagerRef> {
        self.procedure_manager.clone()
    }
+
+    // Override logical table's partition key indices with physical table's.
+    async fn override_logical_table_partition_key_indices(
+        table_route_cache: &TableRouteCacheRef,
+        table_info_manager: &TableInfoManager,
+        table: TableRef,
+    ) -> Result<TableRef> {
+        // If the table is not a metric table, return the table directly.
+        if table.table_info().meta.engine != METRIC_ENGINE_NAME {
+            return Ok(table);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(table_route_value) = table_route_cache
+            .get(table.table_info().table_id())
+            .await
+            .context(TableMetadataManagerSnafu)?
+            && let TableRoute::Logical(logical_route) = &*table_route_value
+            && let Some(physical_table_info_value) = table_info_manager
+                .get(logical_route.physical_table_id())
+                .await
+                .context(TableMetadataManagerSnafu)?
+        {
+            let mut new_table_info = (*table.table_info()).clone();
+
+            // Remap partition key indices from physical table to logical table
+            new_table_info.meta.partition_key_indices = physical_table_info_value
+                .table_info
+                .meta
+                .partition_key_indices
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|&physical_index| {
+                    // Get the column name from the physical table using the physical index
+                    physical_table_info_value
+                        .table_info
+                        .meta
+                        .schema
+                        .column_schemas
+                        .get(physical_index)
+                        .and_then(|physical_column| {
+                            // Find the corresponding index in the logical table schema
+                            new_table_info
+                                .meta
+                                .schema
+                                .column_index_by_name(physical_column.name.as_str())
+                        })
+                })
+                .collect();
+
+            let new_table = DistTable::table(Arc::new(new_table_info));
+
+            return Ok(new_table);
+        }
+
+        Ok(table)
+    }
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
@@ -268,10 +288,7 @@ impl CatalogManager for KvBackendCatalogManager {
        let table_cache: TableCacheRef = self.cache_registry.get().context(CacheNotFoundSnafu {
            name: "table_cache",
        })?;
-        let table_route_cache: TableRouteCacheRef =
-            self.cache_registry.get().context(CacheNotFoundSnafu {
-                name: "table_route_cache",
-            })?;
+
        let table = table_cache
            .get_by_ref(&TableName {
                catalog_name: catalog_name.to_string(),
@@ -281,55 +298,18 @@ impl CatalogManager for KvBackendCatalogManager {
            .await
            .context(GetTableCacheSnafu)?;

-        // Override logical table's partition key indices with physical table's.
-        if let Some(table) = &table
-            && let Some(table_route_value) = table_route_cache
-                .get(table.table_info().table_id())
-                .await
-                .context(TableMetadataManagerSnafu)?
-            && let TableRoute::Logical(logical_route) = &*table_route_value
-            && let Some(physical_table_info_value) = self
-                .table_metadata_manager
-                .table_info_manager()
-                .get(logical_route.physical_table_id())
-                .await
-                .context(TableMetadataManagerSnafu)?
-        {
-            let mut new_table_info = (*table.table_info()).clone();
-            // Gather all column names from the logical table
-            let logical_column_names: std::collections::HashSet<_> = new_table_info
-                .meta
-                .schema
-                .column_schemas()
-                .iter()
-                .map(|col| &col.name)
-                .collect();
-
-            // Only preserve partition key indices where the corresponding columns exist in logical table
-            new_table_info.meta.partition_key_indices = physical_table_info_value
-                .table_info
-                .meta
-                .partition_key_indices
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|&&index| {
-                    if let Some(physical_column) = physical_table_info_value
-                        .table_info
-                        .meta
-                        .schema
-                        .column_schemas
-                        .get(index)
-                    {
-                        logical_column_names.contains(&physical_column.name)
-                    } else {
-                        false
-                    }
-                })
-                .cloned()
-                .collect();
-
-            let new_table = DistTable::table(Arc::new(new_table_info));
-
-            return Ok(Some(new_table));
+        if let Some(table) = table {
+            let table_route_cache: TableRouteCacheRef =
+                self.cache_registry.get().context(CacheNotFoundSnafu {
+                    name: "table_route_cache",
+                })?;
+            return Self::override_logical_table_partition_key_indices(
+                &table_route_cache,
+                self.table_metadata_manager.table_info_manager(),
+                table,
+            )
+            .await
+            .map(Some);
        }

        if channel == Channel::Postgres {
@@ -342,7 +322,7 @@ impl CatalogManager for KvBackendCatalogManager {
            }
        }

-        Ok(table)
+        Ok(None)
    }

    async fn tables_by_ids(
@@ -394,8 +374,20 @@ impl CatalogManager for KvBackendCatalogManager {
        let catalog = catalog.to_string();
        let schema = schema.to_string();
        let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(CONCURRENCY));
+        let table_route_cache: Result<TableRouteCacheRef> =
+            self.cache_registry.get().context(CacheNotFoundSnafu {
+                name: "table_route_cache",
+            });

        common_runtime::spawn_global(async move {
+            let table_route_cache = match table_route_cache {
+                Ok(table_route_cache) => table_route_cache,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    let _ = tx.send(Err(e)).await;
+                    return;
+                }
+            };
+
            let table_id_stream = metadata_manager
                .table_name_manager()
                .tables(&catalog, &schema)
@@ -422,6 +414,7 @@ impl CatalogManager for KvBackendCatalogManager {
                let metadata_manager = metadata_manager.clone();
                let tx = tx.clone();
                let semaphore = semaphore.clone();
+                let table_route_cache = table_route_cache.clone();
                common_runtime::spawn_global(async move {
                    // we don't explicitly close the semaphore so just ignore the potential error.
                    let _ = semaphore.acquire().await;
@@ -439,6 +432,16 @@ impl CatalogManager for KvBackendCatalogManager {
                    };

                    for table in table_info_values.into_values().map(build_table) {
+                        let table = if let Ok(table) = table {
+                            Self::override_logical_table_partition_key_indices(
+                                &table_route_cache,
+                                metadata_manager.table_info_manager(),
+                                table,
+                            )
+                            .await
+                        } else {
+                            table
+                        };
                        if tx.send(table).await.is_err() {
                            return;
                        }
@@ -468,16 +471,19 @@ fn build_table(table_info_value: TableInfoValue) -> Result<TableRef> {
 /// - information_schema.{tables}
 /// - pg_catalog.{tables}
 #[derive(Clone)]
-struct SystemCatalog {
-    catalog_manager: Weak<KvBackendCatalogManager>,
-    catalog_cache: Cache<String, Arc<InformationSchemaProvider>>,
-    pg_catalog_cache: Cache<String, Arc<PGCatalogProvider>>,
+pub(super) struct SystemCatalog {
+    pub(super) catalog_manager: Weak<KvBackendCatalogManager>,
+    pub(super) catalog_cache: Cache<String, Arc<InformationSchemaProvider>>,
+    pub(super) pg_catalog_cache: Cache<String, Arc<PGCatalogProvider>>,

    // system_schema_provider for default catalog
-    information_schema_provider: Arc<InformationSchemaProvider>,
-    pg_catalog_provider: Arc<PGCatalogProvider>,
-    backend: KvBackendRef,
-    process_manager: Option<ProcessManagerRef>,
+    pub(super) information_schema_provider: Arc<InformationSchemaProvider>,
+    pub(super) pg_catalog_provider: Arc<PGCatalogProvider>,
+    pub(super) backend: KvBackendRef,
+    pub(super) process_manager: Option<ProcessManagerRef>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+    pub(super) extra_information_table_factories:
+        std::collections::HashMap<String, InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef>,
 }

 impl SystemCatalog {
@@ -541,12 +547,17 @@ impl SystemCatalog {
        if schema == INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME {
            let information_schema_provider =
                self.catalog_cache.get_with_by_ref(catalog, move || {
-                    Arc::new(InformationSchemaProvider::new(
+                    let provider = InformationSchemaProvider::new(
                        catalog.to_string(),
                        self.catalog_manager.clone(),
                        Arc::new(FlowMetadataManager::new(self.backend.clone())),
                        self.process_manager.clone(),
-                    ))
+                        self.backend.clone(),
+                    );
+                    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+                    let provider = provider
+                        .with_extra_table_factories(self.extra_information_table_factories.clone());
+                    Arc::new(provider)
                });
            information_schema_provider.table(table_name)
        } else if schema == PG_CATALOG_NAME && channel == Channel::Postgres {
--- a/src/catalog/src/memory/manager.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/memory/manager.rs
@@ -352,11 +352,13 @@ impl MemoryCatalogManager {
    }

    fn create_catalog_entry(self: &Arc<Self>, catalog: String) -> SchemaEntries {
+        let backend = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::new());
        let information_schema_provider = InformationSchemaProvider::new(
            catalog,
            Arc::downgrade(self) as Weak<dyn CatalogManager>,
-            Arc::new(FlowMetadataManager::new(Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::new()))),
+            Arc::new(FlowMetadataManager::new(backend.clone())),
            None, // we don't need ProcessManager on regions server.
+            backend,
        );
        let information_schema = information_schema_provider.tables().clone();

--- a/src/catalog/src/process_manager.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/process_manager.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
 use api::v1::frontend::{KillProcessRequest, ListProcessRequest, ProcessInfo};
 use common_base::cancellation::CancellationHandle;
 use common_frontend::selector::{FrontendSelector, MetaClientSelector};
-use common_telemetry::{debug, info};
+use common_telemetry::{debug, info, warn};
 use common_time::util::current_time_millis;
 use meta_client::MetaClientRef;
 use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
@@ -141,14 +141,20 @@ impl ProcessManager {
                .await
                .context(error::InvokeFrontendSnafu)?;
            for mut f in frontends {
-                processes.extend(
-                    f.list_process(ListProcessRequest {
+                let result = f
+                    .list_process(ListProcessRequest {
                        catalog: catalog.unwrap_or_default().to_string(),
                    })
                    .await
-                    .context(error::InvokeFrontendSnafu)?
-                    .processes,
-                );
+                    .context(error::InvokeFrontendSnafu);
+                match result {
+                    Ok(resp) => {
+                        processes.extend(resp.processes);
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        warn!(e; "Skipping failing node: {:?}", f)
+                    }
+                }
            }
        }
        processes.extend(self.local_processes(catalog)?);
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 pub mod information_schema;
 mod memory_table;
 pub mod pg_catalog;
-mod predicate;
+pub mod predicate;
 mod utils;

 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ trait SystemSchemaProviderInner {
    }
 }

-pub(crate) trait SystemTable {
+pub trait SystemTable {
    fn table_id(&self) -> TableId;

    fn table_name(&self) -> &'static str;
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ pub(crate) trait SystemTable {
    }
 }

-pub(crate) type SystemTableRef = Arc<dyn SystemTable + Send + Sync>;
+pub type SystemTableRef = Arc<dyn SystemTable + Send + Sync>;

 struct SystemTableDataSource {
    table: SystemTableRef,
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ mod information_memory_table;
 pub mod key_column_usage;
 mod partitions;
 mod procedure_info;
-mod process_list;
+pub mod process_list;
 pub mod region_peers;
 mod region_statistics;
 mod runtime_metrics;
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ use common_meta::cluster::NodeInfo;
 use common_meta::datanode::RegionStat;
 use common_meta::key::flow::flow_state::FlowStat;
 use common_meta::key::flow::FlowMetadataManager;
+use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
 use common_procedure::ProcedureInfo;
 use common_recordbatch::SendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datatypes::schema::SchemaRef;
@@ -112,6 +113,25 @@ macro_rules! setup_memory_table {
    };
 }

+#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+pub struct MakeInformationTableRequest {
+    pub catalog_name: String,
+    pub catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>,
+    pub kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
+}
+
+/// A factory trait for making information schema tables.
+///
+/// This trait allows for extensibility of the information schema by providing
+/// a way to dynamically create custom information schema tables.
+#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+pub trait InformationSchemaTableFactory {
+    fn make_information_table(&self, req: MakeInformationTableRequest) -> SystemTableRef;
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+pub type InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef = Arc<dyn InformationSchemaTableFactory + Send + Sync>;
+
 /// The `information_schema` tables info provider.
 pub struct InformationSchemaProvider {
    catalog_name: String,
@@ -119,6 +139,10 @@ pub struct InformationSchemaProvider {
    process_manager: Option<ProcessManagerRef>,
    flow_metadata_manager: Arc<FlowMetadataManager>,
    tables: HashMap<String, TableRef>,
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
+    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+    extra_table_factories: HashMap<String, InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef>,
 }

 impl SystemSchemaProvider for InformationSchemaProvider {
@@ -128,6 +152,7 @@ impl SystemSchemaProvider for InformationSchemaProvider {
        &self.tables
    }
 }
+
 impl SystemSchemaProviderInner for InformationSchemaProvider {
    fn catalog_name(&self) -> &str {
        &self.catalog_name
@@ -215,7 +240,22 @@ impl SystemSchemaProviderInner for InformationSchemaProvider {
                .process_manager
                .as_ref()
                .map(|p| Arc::new(InformationSchemaProcessList::new(p.clone())) as _),
-            _ => None,
+            table_name => {
+                #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+                return self.extra_table_factories.get(table_name).map(|factory| {
+                    let req = MakeInformationTableRequest {
+                        catalog_name: self.catalog_name.clone(),
+                        catalog_manager: self.catalog_manager.clone(),
+                        kv_backend: self.kv_backend.clone(),
+                    };
+                    factory.make_information_table(req)
+                });
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "enterprise"))]
+                {
+                    let _ = table_name;
+                    None
+                }
+            }
        }
    }
 }
@@ -226,6 +266,7 @@ impl InformationSchemaProvider {
        catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>,
        flow_metadata_manager: Arc<FlowMetadataManager>,
        process_manager: Option<ProcessManagerRef>,
+        kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
    ) -> Self {
        let mut provider = Self {
            catalog_name,
@@ -233,6 +274,9 @@ impl InformationSchemaProvider {
            flow_metadata_manager,
            process_manager,
            tables: HashMap::new(),
+            kv_backend,
+            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+            extra_table_factories: HashMap::new(),
        };

        provider.build_tables();
@@ -240,6 +284,16 @@ impl InformationSchemaProvider {
        provider
    }

+    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+    pub(crate) fn with_extra_table_factories(
+        mut self,
+        factories: HashMap<String, InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.extra_table_factories = factories;
+        self.build_tables();
+        self
+    }
+
    fn build_tables(&mut self) {
        let mut tables = HashMap::new();

@@ -290,16 +344,19 @@ impl InformationSchemaProvider {
        if let Some(process_list) = self.build_table(PROCESS_LIST) {
            tables.insert(PROCESS_LIST.to_string(), process_list);
        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+        for name in self.extra_table_factories.keys() {
+            tables.insert(name.to_string(), self.build_table(name).expect(name));
+        }
        // Add memory tables
        for name in MEMORY_TABLES.iter() {
            tables.insert((*name).to_string(), self.build_table(name).expect(name));
        }
-
        self.tables = tables;
    }
 }

-trait InformationTable {
+pub trait InformationTable {
    fn table_id(&self) -> TableId;

    fn table_name(&self) -> &'static str;
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/process_list.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/process_list.rs
@@ -39,14 +39,14 @@ use crate::process_manager::ProcessManagerRef;
 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::InformationTable;

 /// Column names of `information_schema.process_list`
-const ID: &str = "id";
-const CATALOG: &str = "catalog";
-const SCHEMAS: &str = "schemas";
-const QUERY: &str = "query";
-const CLIENT: &str = "client";
-const FRONTEND: &str = "frontend";
-const START_TIMESTAMP: &str = "start_timestamp";
-const ELAPSED_TIME: &str = "elapsed_time";
+pub const ID: &str = "id";
+pub const CATALOG: &str = "catalog";
+pub const SCHEMAS: &str = "schemas";
+pub const QUERY: &str = "query";
+pub const CLIENT: &str = "client";
+pub const FRONTEND: &str = "frontend";
+pub const START_TIMESTAMP: &str = "start_timestamp";
+pub const ELAPSED_TIME: &str = "elapsed_time";

 /// `information_schema.process_list` table implementation that tracks running
 /// queries in current cluster.
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/table_names.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/table_names.rs
@@ -48,3 +48,4 @@ pub const FLOWS: &str = "flows";
 pub const PROCEDURE_INFO: &str = "procedure_info";
 pub const REGION_STATISTICS: &str = "region_statistics";
 pub const PROCESS_LIST: &str = "process_list";
+pub const TRIGGER_LIST: &str = "trigger_list";
--- a/src/catalog/src/table_source.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/table_source.rs
@@ -207,6 +207,7 @@ mod tests {
    use session::context::QueryContext;

    use super::*;
+    use crate::kvbackend::KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder;
    use crate::memory::MemoryCatalogManager;

    #[test]
@@ -323,13 +324,13 @@ mod tests {
            .build(),
        );

-        let catalog_manager = KvBackendCatalogManager::new(
+        let catalog_manager = KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder::new(
            Arc::new(NoopInformationExtension),
            backend.clone(),
            layered_cache_registry,
-            None,
-            None,
-        );
+        )
+        .build();
+
        let table_metadata_manager = TableMetadataManager::new(backend);
        let mut view_info = common_meta::key::test_utils::new_test_table_info(1024, vec![]);
        view_info.table_type = TableType::View;
--- a/src/cli/src/bench.rs
+++ b/src/cli/src/bench.rs
@@ -160,6 +160,7 @@ fn create_table_info(table_id: TableId, table_name: TableName) -> RawTableInfo {
        options: Default::default(),
        region_numbers: (1..=100).collect(),
        partition_key_indices: vec![],
+        column_ids: vec![],
    };

    RawTableInfo {
--- a/src/cli/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/cli/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+#![allow(clippy::print_stdout)]
 mod bench;
 mod data;
 mod database;
--- a/src/cli/src/metadata/snapshot.rs
+++ b/src/cli/src/metadata/snapshot.rs
@@ -301,7 +301,6 @@ struct MetaInfoTool {

 #[async_trait]
 impl Tool for MetaInfoTool {
-    #[allow(clippy::print_stdout)]
    async fn do_work(&self) -> std::result::Result<(), BoxedError> {
        let result = MetadataSnapshotManager::info(
            &self.inner,
--- a/src/client/src/database.rs
+++ b/src/client/src/database.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ use base64::prelude::BASE64_STANDARD;
 use base64::Engine;
 use common_catalog::build_db_string;
 use common_catalog::consts::{DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME};
-use common_error::ext::{BoxedError, ErrorExt};
+use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_grpc::flight::do_put::DoPutResponse;
 use common_grpc::flight::{FlightDecoder, FlightMessage};
 use common_query::Output;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ use tonic::transport::Channel;

 use crate::error::{
    ConvertFlightDataSnafu, Error, FlightGetSnafu, IllegalFlightMessagesSnafu,
-    InvalidTonicMetadataValueSnafu, ServerSnafu,
+    InvalidTonicMetadataValueSnafu,
 };
 use crate::{error, from_grpc_response, Client, Result};

@@ -196,12 +196,22 @@ impl Database {

    /// Retry if connection fails, max_retries is the max number of retries, so the total wait time
    /// is `max_retries * GRPC_CONN_TIMEOUT`
-    pub async fn handle_with_retry(&self, request: Request, max_retries: u32) -> Result<u32> {
+    pub async fn handle_with_retry(
+        &self,
+        request: Request,
+        max_retries: u32,
+        hints: &[(&str, &str)],
+    ) -> Result<u32> {
        let mut client = make_database_client(&self.client)?.inner;
        let mut retries = 0;
+
        let request = self.to_rpc_request(request);
+
        loop {
-            let raw_response = client.handle(request.clone()).await;
+            let mut tonic_request = tonic::Request::new(request.clone());
+            let metadata = tonic_request.metadata_mut();
+            Self::put_hints(metadata, hints)?;
+            let raw_response = client.handle(tonic_request).await;
            match (raw_response, retries < max_retries) {
                (Ok(resp), _) => return from_grpc_response(resp.into_inner()),
                (Err(err), true) => {
@@ -292,21 +302,16 @@ impl Database {
        let response = client.mut_inner().do_get(request).await.or_else(|e| {
            let tonic_code = e.code();
            let e: Error = e.into();
-            let code = e.status_code();
-            let msg = e.to_string();
-            let error =
-                Err(BoxedError::new(ServerSnafu { code, msg }.build())).with_context(|_| {
-                    FlightGetSnafu {
-                        addr: client.addr().to_string(),
-                        tonic_code,
-                    }
-                });
            error!(
                "Failed to do Flight get, addr: {}, code: {}, source: {:?}",
                client.addr(),
                tonic_code,
-                error
+                e
            );
+            let error = Err(BoxedError::new(e)).with_context(|_| FlightGetSnafu {
+                addr: client.addr().to_string(),
+                tonic_code,
+            });
            error
        })?;

@@ -436,8 +441,11 @@ mod tests {

    use api::v1::auth_header::AuthScheme;
    use api::v1::{AuthHeader, Basic};
+    use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
+    use tonic::{Code, Status};

    use super::*;
+    use crate::error::TonicSnafu;

    #[test]
    fn test_flight_ctx() {
@@ -460,4 +468,19 @@ mod tests {
            })
        )
    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_from_tonic_status() {
+        let expected = TonicSnafu {
+            code: StatusCode::Internal,
+            msg: "blabla".to_string(),
+            tonic_code: Code::Internal,
+        }
+        .build();
+
+        let status = Status::new(Code::Internal, "blabla");
+        let actual: Error = status.into();
+
+        assert_eq!(expected.to_string(), actual.to_string());
+    }
 }
--- a/src/client/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/client/src/error.rs
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@

 use std::any::Any;

+use common_error::define_from_tonic_status;
 use common_error::ext::{BoxedError, ErrorExt};
-use common_error::status_code::{convert_tonic_code_to_status_code, StatusCode};
-use common_error::{GREPTIME_DB_HEADER_ERROR_CODE, GREPTIME_DB_HEADER_ERROR_MSG};
+use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
 use common_macro::stack_trace_debug;
 use snafu::{location, Location, Snafu};
 use tonic::metadata::errors::InvalidMetadataValue;
-use tonic::{Code, Status};
+use tonic::Code;

 #[derive(Snafu)]
 #[snafu(visibility(pub))]
@@ -124,6 +124,15 @@ pub enum Error {
        location: Location,
        source: datatypes::error::Error,
    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("{}", msg))]
+    Tonic {
+        code: StatusCode,
+        msg: String,
+        tonic_code: Code,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
 }

 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
@@ -135,7 +144,7 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            | Error::MissingField { .. }
            | Error::IllegalDatabaseResponse { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,

-            Error::Server { code, .. } => *code,
+            Error::Server { code, .. } | Error::Tonic { code, .. } => *code,
            Error::FlightGet { source, .. }
            | Error::RegionServer { source, .. }
            | Error::FlowServer { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
@@ -153,34 +162,7 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
    }
 }

-impl From<Status> for Error {
-    fn from(e: Status) -> Self {
-        fn get_metadata_value(e: &Status, key: &str) -> Option<String> {
-            e.metadata()
-                .get(key)
-                .and_then(|v| String::from_utf8(v.as_bytes().to_vec()).ok())
-        }
-
-        let code = get_metadata_value(&e, GREPTIME_DB_HEADER_ERROR_CODE).and_then(|s| {
-            if let Ok(code) = s.parse::<u32>() {
-                StatusCode::from_u32(code)
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        });
-        let tonic_code = e.code();
-        let code = code.unwrap_or_else(|| convert_tonic_code_to_status_code(tonic_code));
-
-        let msg = get_metadata_value(&e, GREPTIME_DB_HEADER_ERROR_MSG)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| e.message().to_string());
-
-        Self::Server {
-            code,
-            msg,
-            location: location!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
+define_from_tonic_status!(Error, Tonic);

 impl Error {
    pub fn should_retry(&self) -> bool {
--- a/src/client/src/region.rs
+++ b/src/client/src/region.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use arc_swap::ArcSwapOption;
 use arrow_flight::Ticket;
 use async_stream::stream;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use common_error::ext::{BoxedError, ErrorExt};
+use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
 use common_grpc::flight::{FlightDecoder, FlightMessage};
 use common_meta::error::{self as meta_error, Result as MetaResult};
@@ -107,24 +107,18 @@ impl RegionRequester {
            .mut_inner()
            .do_get(ticket)
            .await
-            .map_err(|e| {
+            .or_else(|e| {
                let tonic_code = e.code();
                let e: error::Error = e.into();
-                let code = e.status_code();
-                let msg = e.to_string();
-                let error = ServerSnafu { code, msg }
-                    .fail::<()>()
-                    .map_err(BoxedError::new)
-                    .with_context(|_| FlightGetSnafu {
-                        tonic_code,
-                        addr: flight_client.addr().to_string(),
-                    })
-                    .unwrap_err();
                error!(
                    e; "Failed to do Flight get, addr: {}, code: {}",
                    flight_client.addr(),
                    tonic_code
                );
+                let error = Err(BoxedError::new(e)).with_context(|_| FlightGetSnafu {
+                    addr: flight_client.addr().to_string(),
+                    tonic_code,
+                });
                error
            })?;

--- a/src/cmd/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/cmd/Cargo.toml
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ default = [
    "meta-srv/pg_kvbackend",
    "meta-srv/mysql_kvbackend",
 ]
-enterprise = ["common-meta/enterprise", "frontend/enterprise", "meta-srv/enterprise"]
+enterprise = ["common-meta/enterprise", "frontend/enterprise", "meta-srv/enterprise", "catalog/enterprise"]
 tokio-console = ["common-telemetry/tokio-console"]

 [lints]
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ metric-engine.workspace = true
 mito2.workspace = true
 moka.workspace = true
 nu-ansi-term = "0.46"
+object-store.workspace = true
 plugins.workspace = true
 prometheus.workspace = true
 prost.workspace = true
--- a/src/cmd/src/datanode.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/datanode.rs
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ mod tests {

    use common_config::ENV_VAR_SEP;
    use common_test_util::temp_dir::create_named_temp_file;
-    use datanode::config::{FileConfig, GcsConfig, ObjectStoreConfig, S3Config};
+    use object_store::config::{FileConfig, GcsConfig, ObjectStoreConfig, S3Config};
    use servers::heartbeat_options::HeartbeatOptions;

    use super::*;
--- a/src/cmd/src/flownode.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/flownode.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use std::time::Duration;

 use cache::{build_fundamental_cache_registry, with_default_composite_cache_registry};
 use catalog::information_extension::DistributedInformationExtension;
-use catalog::kvbackend::{CachedKvBackendBuilder, KvBackendCatalogManager, MetaKvBackend};
+use catalog::kvbackend::{CachedKvBackendBuilder, KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder, MetaKvBackend};
 use clap::Parser;
 use client::client_manager::NodeClients;
 use common_base::Plugins;
@@ -342,13 +342,12 @@ impl StartCommand {

        let information_extension =
            Arc::new(DistributedInformationExtension::new(meta_client.clone()));
-        let catalog_manager = KvBackendCatalogManager::new(
+        let catalog_manager = KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder::new(
            information_extension,
            cached_meta_backend.clone(),
            layered_cache_registry.clone(),
-            None,
-            None,
-        );
+        )
+        .build();

        let table_metadata_manager =
            Arc::new(TableMetadataManager::new(cached_meta_backend.clone()));
@@ -371,8 +370,11 @@ impl StartCommand {

        let flow_metadata_manager = Arc::new(FlowMetadataManager::new(cached_meta_backend.clone()));
        let flow_auth_header = get_flow_auth_options(&opts).context(StartFlownodeSnafu)?;
-        let frontend_client =
-            FrontendClient::from_meta_client(meta_client.clone(), flow_auth_header);
+        let frontend_client = FrontendClient::from_meta_client(
+            meta_client.clone(),
+            flow_auth_header,
+            opts.query.clone(),
+        );
        let frontend_client = Arc::new(frontend_client);
        let flownode_builder = FlownodeBuilder::new(
            opts.clone(),
--- a/src/cmd/src/frontend.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/frontend.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use cache::{build_fundamental_cache_registry, with_default_composite_cache_registry};
 use catalog::information_extension::DistributedInformationExtension;
-use catalog::kvbackend::{CachedKvBackendBuilder, KvBackendCatalogManager, MetaKvBackend};
+use catalog::kvbackend::{CachedKvBackendBuilder, KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder, MetaKvBackend};
 use catalog::process_manager::ProcessManager;
 use clap::Parser;
 use client::client_manager::NodeClients;
@@ -350,13 +350,20 @@ impl StartCommand {
            addrs::resolve_addr(&opts.grpc.bind_addr, Some(&opts.grpc.server_addr)),
            Some(meta_client.clone()),
        ));
-        let catalog_manager = KvBackendCatalogManager::new(
+
+        let builder = KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder::new(
            information_extension,
            cached_meta_backend.clone(),
            layered_cache_registry.clone(),
-            None,
-            Some(process_manager.clone()),
-        );
+        )
+        .with_process_manager(process_manager.clone());
+        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+        let builder = if let Some(factories) = plugins.get() {
+            builder.with_extra_information_table_factories(factories)
+        } else {
+            builder
+        };
+        let catalog_manager = builder.build();

        let executor = HandlerGroupExecutor::new(vec![
            Arc::new(ParseMailboxMessageHandler),
--- a/src/cmd/src/standalone.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/src/standalone.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::{fs, path};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use cache::{build_fundamental_cache_registry, with_default_composite_cache_registry};
 use catalog::information_schema::InformationExtension;
-use catalog::kvbackend::KvBackendCatalogManager;
+use catalog::kvbackend::KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder;
 use catalog::process_manager::ProcessManager;
 use clap::Parser;
 use client::api::v1::meta::RegionRole;
@@ -30,20 +30,16 @@ use common_catalog::consts::{MIN_USER_FLOW_ID, MIN_USER_TABLE_ID};
 use common_config::{metadata_store_dir, Configurable, KvBackendConfig};
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_meta::cache::LayeredCacheRegistryBuilder;
-use common_meta::cache_invalidator::CacheInvalidatorRef;
 use common_meta::cluster::{NodeInfo, NodeStatus};
 use common_meta::datanode::RegionStat;
-use common_meta::ddl::flow_meta::{FlowMetadataAllocator, FlowMetadataAllocatorRef};
-use common_meta::ddl::table_meta::{TableMetadataAllocator, TableMetadataAllocatorRef};
+use common_meta::ddl::flow_meta::FlowMetadataAllocator;
+use common_meta::ddl::table_meta::TableMetadataAllocator;
 use common_meta::ddl::{DdlContext, NoopRegionFailureDetectorControl, ProcedureExecutorRef};
 use common_meta::ddl_manager::DdlManager;
-#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-use common_meta::ddl_manager::TriggerDdlManagerRef;
 use common_meta::key::flow::flow_state::FlowStat;
-use common_meta::key::flow::{FlowMetadataManager, FlowMetadataManagerRef};
+use common_meta::key::flow::FlowMetadataManager;
 use common_meta::key::{TableMetadataManager, TableMetadataManagerRef};
 use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
-use common_meta::node_manager::NodeManagerRef;
 use common_meta::peer::Peer;
 use common_meta::region_keeper::MemoryRegionKeeper;
 use common_meta::region_registry::LeaderRegionRegistry;
@@ -261,15 +257,34 @@ pub struct Instance {
    flownode: FlownodeInstance,
    procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
    wal_options_allocator: WalOptionsAllocatorRef,
+
+    // The components of standalone, which make it easier to expand based
+    // on the components.
+    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+    components: Components,
+
    // Keep the logging guard to prevent the worker from being dropped.
    _guard: Vec<WorkerGuard>,
 }

+#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+pub struct Components {
+    pub plugins: Plugins,
+    pub kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
+    pub frontend_client: Arc<FrontendClient>,
+    pub catalog_manager: catalog::CatalogManagerRef,
+}
+
 impl Instance {
    /// Find the socket addr of a server by its `name`.
    pub fn server_addr(&self, name: &str) -> Option<SocketAddr> {
        self.frontend.server_handlers().addr(name)
    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+    pub fn components(&self) -> &Components {
+        &self.components
+    }
 }

 #[async_trait]
@@ -529,13 +544,20 @@ impl StartCommand {
        ));

        let process_manager = Arc::new(ProcessManager::new(opts.grpc.server_addr.clone(), None));
-        let catalog_manager = KvBackendCatalogManager::new(
+        let builder = KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder::new(
            information_extension.clone(),
            kv_backend.clone(),
            layered_cache_registry.clone(),
-            Some(procedure_manager.clone()),
-            Some(process_manager.clone()),
-        );
+        )
+        .with_procedure_manager(procedure_manager.clone())
+        .with_process_manager(process_manager.clone());
+        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+        let builder = if let Some(factories) = plugins.get() {
+            builder.with_extra_information_table_factories(factories)
+        } else {
+            builder
+        };
+        let catalog_manager = builder.build();

        let table_metadata_manager =
            Self::create_table_metadata_manager(kv_backend.clone()).await?;
@@ -549,14 +571,15 @@ impl StartCommand {
        // for standalone not use grpc, but get a handler to frontend grpc client without
        // actually make a connection
        let (frontend_client, frontend_instance_handler) =
-            FrontendClient::from_empty_grpc_handler();
+            FrontendClient::from_empty_grpc_handler(opts.query.clone());
+        let frontend_client = Arc::new(frontend_client);
        let flow_builder = FlownodeBuilder::new(
            flownode_options,
            plugins.clone(),
            table_metadata_manager.clone(),
            catalog_manager.clone(),
            flow_metadata_manager.clone(),
-            Arc::new(frontend_client.clone()),
+            frontend_client.clone(),
        );
        let flownode = flow_builder
            .build()
@@ -594,28 +617,36 @@ impl StartCommand {
            .await
            .context(error::BuildWalOptionsAllocatorSnafu)?;
        let wal_options_allocator = Arc::new(wal_options_allocator);
-        let table_meta_allocator = Arc::new(TableMetadataAllocator::new(
+        let table_metadata_allocator = Arc::new(TableMetadataAllocator::new(
            table_id_sequence,
            wal_options_allocator.clone(),
        ));
-        let flow_meta_allocator = Arc::new(FlowMetadataAllocator::with_noop_peer_allocator(
+        let flow_metadata_allocator = Arc::new(FlowMetadataAllocator::with_noop_peer_allocator(
            flow_id_sequence,
        ));

+        let ddl_context = DdlContext {
+            node_manager: node_manager.clone(),
+            cache_invalidator: layered_cache_registry.clone(),
+            memory_region_keeper: Arc::new(MemoryRegionKeeper::default()),
+            leader_region_registry: Arc::new(LeaderRegionRegistry::default()),
+            table_metadata_manager: table_metadata_manager.clone(),
+            table_metadata_allocator: table_metadata_allocator.clone(),
+            flow_metadata_manager: flow_metadata_manager.clone(),
+            flow_metadata_allocator: flow_metadata_allocator.clone(),
+            region_failure_detector_controller: Arc::new(NoopRegionFailureDetectorControl),
+        };
+        let procedure_manager_c = procedure_manager.clone();
+
+        let ddl_manager = DdlManager::try_new(ddl_context, procedure_manager_c, true)
+            .context(error::InitDdlManagerSnafu)?;
        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-        let trigger_ddl_manager: Option<TriggerDdlManagerRef> = plugins.get();
-        let ddl_task_executor = Self::create_ddl_task_executor(
-            procedure_manager.clone(),
-            node_manager.clone(),
-            layered_cache_registry.clone(),
-            table_metadata_manager,
-            table_meta_allocator,
-            flow_metadata_manager,
-            flow_meta_allocator,
-            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-            trigger_ddl_manager,
-        )
-        .await?;
+        let ddl_manager = {
+            let trigger_ddl_manager: Option<common_meta::ddl_manager::TriggerDdlManagerRef> =
+                plugins.get();
+            ddl_manager.with_trigger_ddl_manager(trigger_ddl_manager)
+        };
+        let ddl_task_executor: ProcedureExecutorRef = Arc::new(ddl_manager);

        let fe_instance = FrontendBuilder::new(
            fe_opts.clone(),
@@ -658,7 +689,7 @@ impl StartCommand {
        let export_metrics_task = ExportMetricsTask::try_new(&opts.export_metrics, Some(&plugins))
            .context(error::ServersSnafu)?;

-        let servers = Services::new(opts, fe_instance.clone(), plugins)
+        let servers = Services::new(opts, fe_instance.clone(), plugins.clone())
            .build()
            .context(error::StartFrontendSnafu)?;

@@ -669,51 +700,26 @@ impl StartCommand {
            export_metrics_task,
        };

+        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+        let components = Components {
+            plugins,
+            kv_backend,
+            frontend_client,
+            catalog_manager,
+        };
+
        Ok(Instance {
            datanode,
            frontend,
            flownode,
            procedure_manager,
            wal_options_allocator,
+            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+            components,
            _guard: guard,
        })
    }

-    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-    pub async fn create_ddl_task_executor(
-        procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
-        node_manager: NodeManagerRef,
-        cache_invalidator: CacheInvalidatorRef,
-        table_metadata_manager: TableMetadataManagerRef,
-        table_metadata_allocator: TableMetadataAllocatorRef,
-        flow_metadata_manager: FlowMetadataManagerRef,
-        flow_metadata_allocator: FlowMetadataAllocatorRef,
-        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")] trigger_ddl_manager: Option<TriggerDdlManagerRef>,
-    ) -> Result<ProcedureExecutorRef> {
-        let procedure_executor: ProcedureExecutorRef = Arc::new(
-            DdlManager::try_new(
-                DdlContext {
-                    node_manager,
-                    cache_invalidator,
-                    memory_region_keeper: Arc::new(MemoryRegionKeeper::default()),
-                    leader_region_registry: Arc::new(LeaderRegionRegistry::default()),
-                    table_metadata_manager,
-                    table_metadata_allocator,
-                    flow_metadata_manager,
-                    flow_metadata_allocator,
-                    region_failure_detector_controller: Arc::new(NoopRegionFailureDetectorControl),
-                },
-                procedure_manager,
-                true,
-                #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-                trigger_ddl_manager,
-            )
-            .context(error::InitDdlManagerSnafu)?,
-        );
-
-        Ok(procedure_executor)
-    }
-
    pub async fn create_table_metadata_manager(
        kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
    ) -> Result<TableMetadataManagerRef> {
@@ -849,7 +855,7 @@ mod tests {
    use common_config::ENV_VAR_SEP;
    use common_test_util::temp_dir::create_named_temp_file;
    use common_wal::config::DatanodeWalConfig;
-    use datanode::config::{FileConfig, GcsConfig};
+    use object_store::config::{FileConfig, GcsConfig};

    use super::*;
    use crate::options::GlobalOptions;
@@ -968,15 +974,15 @@ mod tests {

        assert!(matches!(
            &dn_opts.storage.store,
-            datanode::config::ObjectStoreConfig::File(FileConfig { .. })
+            object_store::config::ObjectStoreConfig::File(FileConfig { .. })
        ));
        assert_eq!(dn_opts.storage.providers.len(), 2);
        assert!(matches!(
            dn_opts.storage.providers[0],
-            datanode::config::ObjectStoreConfig::Gcs(GcsConfig { .. })
+            object_store::config::ObjectStoreConfig::Gcs(GcsConfig { .. })
        ));
        match &dn_opts.storage.providers[1] {
-            datanode::config::ObjectStoreConfig::S3(s3_config) => {
+            object_store::config::ObjectStoreConfig::S3(s3_config) => {
                assert_eq!(
                    "SecretBox<alloc::string::String>([REDACTED])".to_string(),
                    format!("{:?}", s3_config.access_key_id)
--- a/src/cmd/tests/load_config_test.rs
+++ b/src/cmd/tests/load_config_test.rs
@@ -18,17 +18,19 @@ use cmd::options::GreptimeOptions;
 use cmd::standalone::StandaloneOptions;
 use common_config::{Configurable, DEFAULT_DATA_HOME};
 use common_options::datanode::{ClientOptions, DatanodeClientOptions};
-use common_telemetry::logging::{LoggingOptions, DEFAULT_LOGGING_DIR, DEFAULT_OTLP_ENDPOINT};
+use common_telemetry::logging::{LoggingOptions, DEFAULT_LOGGING_DIR, DEFAULT_OTLP_HTTP_ENDPOINT};
 use common_wal::config::raft_engine::RaftEngineConfig;
 use common_wal::config::DatanodeWalConfig;
 use datanode::config::{DatanodeOptions, RegionEngineConfig, StorageConfig};
 use file_engine::config::EngineConfig as FileEngineConfig;
+use flow::FlownodeOptions;
 use frontend::frontend::FrontendOptions;
 use meta_client::MetaClientOptions;
 use meta_srv::metasrv::MetasrvOptions;
 use meta_srv::selector::SelectorType;
 use metric_engine::config::EngineConfig as MetricEngineConfig;
 use mito2::config::MitoConfig;
+use query::options::QueryOptions;
 use servers::export_metrics::ExportMetricsOption;
 use servers::grpc::GrpcOptions;
 use servers::http::HttpOptions;
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ fn test_load_datanode_example_config() {
            logging: LoggingOptions {
                level: Some("info".to_string()),
                dir: format!("{}/{}", DEFAULT_DATA_HOME, DEFAULT_LOGGING_DIR),
-                otlp_endpoint: Some(DEFAULT_OTLP_ENDPOINT.to_string()),
+                otlp_endpoint: Some(DEFAULT_OTLP_HTTP_ENDPOINT.to_string()),
                tracing_sample_ratio: Some(Default::default()),
                ..Default::default()
            },
@@ -124,7 +126,7 @@ fn test_load_frontend_example_config() {
            logging: LoggingOptions {
                level: Some("info".to_string()),
                dir: format!("{}/{}", DEFAULT_DATA_HOME, DEFAULT_LOGGING_DIR),
-                otlp_endpoint: Some(DEFAULT_OTLP_ENDPOINT.to_string()),
+                otlp_endpoint: Some(DEFAULT_OTLP_HTTP_ENDPOINT.to_string()),
                tracing_sample_ratio: Some(Default::default()),
                ..Default::default()
            },
@@ -172,7 +174,7 @@ fn test_load_metasrv_example_config() {
            logging: LoggingOptions {
                dir: format!("{}/{}", DEFAULT_DATA_HOME, DEFAULT_LOGGING_DIR),
                level: Some("info".to_string()),
-                otlp_endpoint: Some(DEFAULT_OTLP_ENDPOINT.to_string()),
+                otlp_endpoint: Some(DEFAULT_OTLP_HTTP_ENDPOINT.to_string()),
                tracing_sample_ratio: Some(Default::default()),
                ..Default::default()
            },
@@ -195,6 +197,57 @@ fn test_load_metasrv_example_config() {
    similar_asserts::assert_eq!(options, expected);
 }

+#[test]
+fn test_load_flownode_example_config() {
+    let example_config = common_test_util::find_workspace_path("config/flownode.example.toml");
+    let options =
+        GreptimeOptions::<FlownodeOptions>::load_layered_options(example_config.to_str(), "")
+            .unwrap();
+    let expected = GreptimeOptions::<FlownodeOptions> {
+        component: FlownodeOptions {
+            node_id: Some(14),
+            flow: Default::default(),
+            grpc: GrpcOptions {
+                bind_addr: "127.0.0.1:6800".to_string(),
+                server_addr: "127.0.0.1:6800".to_string(),
+                runtime_size: 2,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            logging: LoggingOptions {
+                dir: format!("{}/{}", DEFAULT_DATA_HOME, DEFAULT_LOGGING_DIR),
+                level: Some("info".to_string()),
+                otlp_endpoint: Some(DEFAULT_OTLP_HTTP_ENDPOINT.to_string()),
+                otlp_export_protocol: Some(common_telemetry::logging::OtlpExportProtocol::Http),
+                tracing_sample_ratio: Some(Default::default()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            tracing: Default::default(),
+            heartbeat: Default::default(),
+            // flownode deliberately use a slower query parallelism
+            // to avoid overwhelming the frontend with too many queries
+            query: QueryOptions { parallelism: 1 },
+            meta_client: Some(MetaClientOptions {
+                metasrv_addrs: vec!["127.0.0.1:3002".to_string()],
+                timeout: Duration::from_secs(3),
+                heartbeat_timeout: Duration::from_millis(500),
+                ddl_timeout: Duration::from_secs(10),
+                connect_timeout: Duration::from_secs(1),
+                tcp_nodelay: true,
+                metadata_cache_max_capacity: 100000,
+                metadata_cache_ttl: Duration::from_secs(600),
+                metadata_cache_tti: Duration::from_secs(300),
+            }),
+            http: HttpOptions {
+                addr: "127.0.0.1:4000".to_string(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            user_provider: None,
+        },
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    similar_asserts::assert_eq!(options, expected);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_load_standalone_example_config() {
    let example_config = common_test_util::find_workspace_path("config/standalone.example.toml");
@@ -229,7 +282,7 @@ fn test_load_standalone_example_config() {
            logging: LoggingOptions {
                level: Some("info".to_string()),
                dir: format!("{}/{}", DEFAULT_DATA_HOME, DEFAULT_LOGGING_DIR),
-                otlp_endpoint: Some(DEFAULT_OTLP_ENDPOINT.to_string()),
+                otlp_endpoint: Some(DEFAULT_OTLP_HTTP_ENDPOINT.to_string()),
                tracing_sample_ratio: Some(Default::default()),
                ..Default::default()
            },
--- a/src/common/catalog/src/consts.rs
+++ b/src/common/catalog/src/consts.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ pub const INFORMATION_SCHEMA_ROUTINES_TABLE_ID: u32 = 21;
 pub const INFORMATION_SCHEMA_SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES_TABLE_ID: u32 = 22;
 /// id for information_schema.TABLE_PRIVILEGES
 pub const INFORMATION_SCHEMA_TABLE_PRIVILEGES_TABLE_ID: u32 = 23;
-/// id for information_schema.TRIGGERS
+/// id for information_schema.TRIGGERS (for mysql)
 pub const INFORMATION_SCHEMA_TRIGGERS_TABLE_ID: u32 = 24;
 /// id for information_schema.GLOBAL_STATUS
 pub const INFORMATION_SCHEMA_GLOBAL_STATUS_TABLE_ID: u32 = 25;
@@ -104,6 +104,8 @@ pub const INFORMATION_SCHEMA_PROCEDURE_INFO_TABLE_ID: u32 = 34;
 pub const INFORMATION_SCHEMA_REGION_STATISTICS_TABLE_ID: u32 = 35;
 /// id for information_schema.process_list
 pub const INFORMATION_SCHEMA_PROCESS_LIST_TABLE_ID: u32 = 36;
+/// id for information_schema.trigger_list (for greptimedb trigger)
+pub const INFORMATION_SCHEMA_TRIGGER_TABLE_ID: u32 = 37;

 // ----- End of information_schema tables -----

--- a/src/common/config/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/common/config/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ common-macro.workspace = true
 config.workspace = true
 humantime-serde.workspace = true
 num_cpus.workspace = true
+object-store.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
 serde_json.workspace = true
 serde_with.workspace = true
--- a/src/common/config/src/config.rs
+++ b/src/common/config/src/config.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ mod tests {
    use common_telemetry::logging::LoggingOptions;
    use common_test_util::temp_dir::create_named_temp_file;
    use common_wal::config::DatanodeWalConfig;
-    use datanode::config::{ObjectStoreConfig, StorageConfig};
+    use datanode::config::StorageConfig;
    use meta_client::MetaClientOptions;
    use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ mod tests {

                // Check the configs from environment variables.
                match &opts.storage.store {
-                    ObjectStoreConfig::S3(s3_config) => {
+                    object_store::config::ObjectStoreConfig::S3(s3_config) => {
                        assert_eq!(s3_config.bucket, "mybucket".to_string());
                    }
                    _ => panic!("unexpected store type"),
--- a/src/common/error/src/status_code.rs
+++ b/src/common/error/src/status_code.rs
@@ -119,6 +119,11 @@ pub enum StatusCode {
    FlowAlreadyExists = 8000,
    FlowNotFound = 8001,
    // ====== End of flow related status code =====
+
+    // ====== Begin of trigger related status code =====
+    TriggerAlreadyExists = 9000,
+    TriggerNotFound = 9001,
+    // ====== End of trigger related status code =====
 }

 impl StatusCode {
@@ -155,6 +160,8 @@ impl StatusCode {
            | StatusCode::RegionNotFound
            | StatusCode::FlowAlreadyExists
            | StatusCode::FlowNotFound
+            | StatusCode::TriggerAlreadyExists
+            | StatusCode::TriggerNotFound
            | StatusCode::RegionReadonly
            | StatusCode::TableColumnNotFound
            | StatusCode::TableColumnExists
@@ -198,6 +205,8 @@ impl StatusCode {
            | StatusCode::PlanQuery
            | StatusCode::FlowAlreadyExists
            | StatusCode::FlowNotFound
+            | StatusCode::TriggerAlreadyExists
+            | StatusCode::TriggerNotFound
            | StatusCode::RegionNotReady
            | StatusCode::RegionBusy
            | StatusCode::RegionReadonly
@@ -230,6 +239,48 @@ impl fmt::Display for StatusCode {
    }
 }

+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! define_from_tonic_status {
+    ($Error: ty, $Variant: ident) => {
+        impl From<tonic::Status> for $Error {
+            fn from(e: tonic::Status) -> Self {
+                use snafu::location;
+
+                fn metadata_value(e: &tonic::Status, key: &str) -> Option<String> {
+                    e.metadata()
+                        .get(key)
+                        .and_then(|v| String::from_utf8(v.as_bytes().to_vec()).ok())
+                }
+
+                let code = metadata_value(&e, $crate::GREPTIME_DB_HEADER_ERROR_CODE)
+                    .and_then(|s| {
+                        if let Ok(code) = s.parse::<u32>() {
+                            StatusCode::from_u32(code)
+                        } else {
+                            None
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| match e.code() {
+                        tonic::Code::Cancelled => StatusCode::Cancelled,
+                        tonic::Code::DeadlineExceeded => StatusCode::DeadlineExceeded,
+                        _ => StatusCode::Internal,
+                    });
+
+                let msg = metadata_value(&e, $crate::GREPTIME_DB_HEADER_ERROR_MSG)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| e.message().to_string());
+
+                // TODO(LFC): Make the error variant defined automatically.
+                Self::$Variant {
+                    code,
+                    msg,
+                    tonic_code: e.code(),
+                    location: location!(),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! define_into_tonic_status {
    ($Error: ty) => {
@@ -281,12 +332,14 @@ pub fn status_to_tonic_code(status_code: StatusCode) -> Code {
        | StatusCode::TableColumnExists
        | StatusCode::RegionAlreadyExists
        | StatusCode::DatabaseAlreadyExists
+        | StatusCode::TriggerAlreadyExists
        | StatusCode::FlowAlreadyExists => Code::AlreadyExists,
        StatusCode::TableNotFound
        | StatusCode::RegionNotFound
        | StatusCode::TableColumnNotFound
        | StatusCode::DatabaseNotFound
        | StatusCode::UserNotFound
+        | StatusCode::TriggerNotFound
        | StatusCode::FlowNotFound => Code::NotFound,
        StatusCode::TableUnavailable
        | StatusCode::StorageUnavailable
@@ -304,15 +357,6 @@ pub fn status_to_tonic_code(status_code: StatusCode) -> Code {
    }
 }

-/// Converts tonic [Code] to [StatusCode].
-pub fn convert_tonic_code_to_status_code(code: Code) -> StatusCode {
-    match code {
-        Code::Cancelled => StatusCode::Cancelled,
-        Code::DeadlineExceeded => StatusCode::DeadlineExceeded,
-        _ => StatusCode::Internal,
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
--- a/src/common/frontend/src/selector.rs
+++ b/src/common/frontend/src/selector.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::time::Duration;

 use common_grpc::channel_manager::{ChannelConfig, ChannelManager};
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ use crate::error::{MetaSnafu, Result};
 pub type FrontendClientPtr = Box<dyn FrontendClient>;

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
-pub trait FrontendClient: Send {
+pub trait FrontendClient: Send + Debug {
    async fn list_process(&mut self, req: ListProcessRequest) -> Result<ListProcessResponse>;

    async fn kill_process(&mut self, req: KillProcessRequest) -> Result<KillProcessResponse>;
--- a/src/common/function/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/common/function/Cargo.toml
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ common-version.workspace = true
 datafusion.workspace = true
 datafusion-common.workspace = true
 datafusion-expr.workspace = true
+datafusion-functions-aggregate-common.workspace = true
 datatypes.workspace = true
 derive_more = { version = "1", default-features = false, features = ["display"] }
 geo = { version = "0.29", optional = true }
--- a/src/common/function/src/aggrs.rs
+++ b/src/common/function/src/aggrs.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 pub mod approximate;
+pub mod count_hash;
 #[cfg(feature = "geo")]
 pub mod geo;
 pub mod vector;
--- a/src/common/function/src/aggrs/count_hash.rs
+++ b/src/common/function/src/aggrs/count_hash.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,647 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! `CountHash` / `count_hash` is a hash-based approximate distinct count function.
+//!
+//! It is a variant of `CountDistinct` that uses a hash function to approximate the
+//! distinct count.
+//! It is designed to be more efficient than `CountDistinct` for large datasets,
+//! but it is not as accurate, as the hash value may be collision.
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use ahash::RandomState;
+use datafusion_common::cast::as_list_array;
+use datafusion_common::error::Result;
+use datafusion_common::hash_utils::create_hashes;
+use datafusion_common::utils::SingleRowListArrayBuilder;
+use datafusion_common::{internal_err, not_impl_err, ScalarValue};
+use datafusion_expr::function::{AccumulatorArgs, StateFieldsArgs};
+use datafusion_expr::utils::{format_state_name, AggregateOrderSensitivity};
+use datafusion_expr::{
+    Accumulator, AggregateUDF, AggregateUDFImpl, EmitTo, GroupsAccumulator, ReversedUDAF,
+    SetMonotonicity, Signature, TypeSignature, Volatility,
+};
+use datafusion_functions_aggregate_common::aggregate::groups_accumulator::nulls::filtered_null_mask;
+use datatypes::arrow;
+use datatypes::arrow::array::{
+    Array, ArrayRef, AsArray, BooleanArray, Int64Array, ListArray, UInt64Array,
+};
+use datatypes::arrow::buffer::{OffsetBuffer, ScalarBuffer};
+use datatypes::arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field};
+
+use crate::function_registry::FunctionRegistry;
+
+type HashValueType = u64;
+
+// read from /dev/urandom 4047821dc6144e4b2abddf23ad4171126a52eeecd26eff2191cf673b965a7875
+const RANDOM_SEED_0: u64 = 0x4047821dc6144e4b;
+const RANDOM_SEED_1: u64 = 0x2abddf23ad417112;
+const RANDOM_SEED_2: u64 = 0x6a52eeecd26eff21;
+const RANDOM_SEED_3: u64 = 0x91cf673b965a7875;
+
+impl CountHash {
+    pub fn register(registry: &FunctionRegistry) {
+        registry.register_aggr(CountHash::udf_impl());
+    }
+
+    pub fn udf_impl() -> AggregateUDF {
+        AggregateUDF::new_from_impl(CountHash {
+            signature: Signature::one_of(
+                vec![TypeSignature::VariadicAny, TypeSignature::Nullary],
+                Volatility::Immutable,
+            ),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct CountHash {
+    signature: Signature,
+}
+
+impl AggregateUDFImpl for CountHash {
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any {
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "count_hash"
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> &Signature {
+        &self.signature
+    }
+
+    fn return_type(&self, _arg_types: &[DataType]) -> Result<DataType> {
+        Ok(DataType::Int64)
+    }
+
+    fn is_nullable(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn state_fields(&self, args: StateFieldsArgs) -> Result<Vec<Field>> {
+        Ok(vec![Field::new_list(
+            format_state_name(args.name, "count_hash"),
+            Field::new_list_field(DataType::UInt64, true),
+            // For count_hash accumulator, null list item stands for an
+            // empty value set (i.e., all NULL value so far for that group).
+            true,
+        )])
+    }
+
+    fn accumulator(&self, acc_args: AccumulatorArgs) -> Result<Box<dyn Accumulator>> {
+        if acc_args.exprs.len() > 1 {
+            return not_impl_err!("count_hash with multiple arguments");
+        }
+
+        Ok(Box::new(CountHashAccumulator {
+            values: HashSet::default(),
+            random_state: RandomState::with_seeds(
+                RANDOM_SEED_0,
+                RANDOM_SEED_1,
+                RANDOM_SEED_2,
+                RANDOM_SEED_3,
+            ),
+            batch_hashes: vec![],
+        }))
+    }
+
+    fn aliases(&self) -> &[String] {
+        &[]
+    }
+
+    fn groups_accumulator_supported(&self, _args: AccumulatorArgs) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn create_groups_accumulator(
+        &self,
+        args: AccumulatorArgs,
+    ) -> Result<Box<dyn GroupsAccumulator>> {
+        if args.exprs.len() > 1 {
+            return not_impl_err!("count_hash with multiple arguments");
+        }
+
+        Ok(Box::new(CountHashGroupAccumulator::new()))
+    }
+
+    fn reverse_expr(&self) -> ReversedUDAF {
+        ReversedUDAF::Identical
+    }
+
+    fn order_sensitivity(&self) -> AggregateOrderSensitivity {
+        AggregateOrderSensitivity::Insensitive
+    }
+
+    fn default_value(&self, _data_type: &DataType) -> Result<ScalarValue> {
+        Ok(ScalarValue::Int64(Some(0)))
+    }
+
+    fn set_monotonicity(&self, _data_type: &DataType) -> SetMonotonicity {
+        SetMonotonicity::Increasing
+    }
+}
+
+/// GroupsAccumulator for `count_hash` aggregate function
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct CountHashGroupAccumulator {
+    /// One HashSet per group to track distinct values
+    distinct_sets: Vec<HashSet<HashValueType, RandomState>>,
+    random_state: RandomState,
+    batch_hashes: Vec<HashValueType>,
+}
+
+impl Default for CountHashGroupAccumulator {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl CountHashGroupAccumulator {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            distinct_sets: vec![],
+            random_state: RandomState::with_seeds(
+                RANDOM_SEED_0,
+                RANDOM_SEED_1,
+                RANDOM_SEED_2,
+                RANDOM_SEED_3,
+            ),
+            batch_hashes: vec![],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_sets(&mut self, total_num_groups: usize) {
+        if self.distinct_sets.len() < total_num_groups {
+            self.distinct_sets
+                .resize_with(total_num_groups, HashSet::default);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl GroupsAccumulator for CountHashGroupAccumulator {
+    fn update_batch(
+        &mut self,
+        values: &[ArrayRef],
+        group_indices: &[usize],
+        opt_filter: Option<&BooleanArray>,
+        total_num_groups: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        assert_eq!(values.len(), 1, "count_hash expects a single argument");
+        self.ensure_sets(total_num_groups);
+
+        let array = &values[0];
+        self.batch_hashes.clear();
+        self.batch_hashes.resize(array.len(), 0);
+        let hashes = create_hashes(
+            &[ArrayRef::clone(array)],
+            &self.random_state,
+            &mut self.batch_hashes,
+        )?;
+
+        // Use a pattern similar to accumulate_indices to process rows
+        // that are not null and pass the filter
+        let nulls = array.logical_nulls();
+
+        match (nulls.as_ref(), opt_filter) {
+            (None, None) => {
+                // No nulls, no filter - process all rows
+                for (row_idx, &group_idx) in group_indices.iter().enumerate() {
+                    self.distinct_sets[group_idx].insert(hashes[row_idx]);
+                }
+            }
+            (Some(nulls), None) => {
+                // Has nulls, no filter
+                for (row_idx, (&group_idx, is_valid)) in
+                    group_indices.iter().zip(nulls.iter()).enumerate()
+                {
+                    if is_valid {
+                        self.distinct_sets[group_idx].insert(hashes[row_idx]);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            (None, Some(filter)) => {
+                // No nulls, has filter
+                for (row_idx, (&group_idx, filter_value)) in
+                    group_indices.iter().zip(filter.iter()).enumerate()
+                {
+                    if let Some(true) = filter_value {
+                        self.distinct_sets[group_idx].insert(hashes[row_idx]);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            (Some(nulls), Some(filter)) => {
+                // Has nulls and filter
+                let iter = filter
+                    .iter()
+                    .zip(group_indices.iter())
+                    .zip(nulls.iter())
+                    .enumerate();
+
+                for (row_idx, ((filter_value, &group_idx), is_valid)) in iter {
+                    if is_valid && filter_value == Some(true) {
+                        self.distinct_sets[group_idx].insert(hashes[row_idx]);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn evaluate(&mut self, emit_to: EmitTo) -> Result<ArrayRef> {
+        let distinct_sets: Vec<HashSet<u64, RandomState>> =
+            emit_to.take_needed(&mut self.distinct_sets);
+
+        let counts = distinct_sets
+            .iter()
+            .map(|set| set.len() as i64)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        Ok(Arc::new(Int64Array::from(counts)))
+    }
+
+    fn merge_batch(
+        &mut self,
+        values: &[ArrayRef],
+        group_indices: &[usize],
+        _opt_filter: Option<&BooleanArray>,
+        total_num_groups: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        assert_eq!(
+            values.len(),
+            1,
+            "count_hash merge expects a single state array"
+        );
+        self.ensure_sets(total_num_groups);
+
+        let list_array = as_list_array(&values[0])?;
+
+        // For each group in the incoming batch
+        for (i, &group_idx) in group_indices.iter().enumerate() {
+            if i < list_array.len() {
+                let inner_array = list_array.value(i);
+                let inner_array = inner_array.as_any().downcast_ref::<UInt64Array>().unwrap();
+                // Add each value to our set for this group
+                for j in 0..inner_array.len() {
+                    if !inner_array.is_null(j) {
+                        self.distinct_sets[group_idx].insert(inner_array.value(j));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn state(&mut self, emit_to: EmitTo) -> Result<Vec<ArrayRef>> {
+        let distinct_sets: Vec<HashSet<u64, RandomState>> =
+            emit_to.take_needed(&mut self.distinct_sets);
+
+        let mut offsets = Vec::with_capacity(distinct_sets.len() + 1);
+        offsets.push(0);
+        let mut curr_len = 0i32;
+
+        let mut value_iter = distinct_sets
+            .into_iter()
+            .flat_map(|set| {
+                // build offset
+                curr_len += set.len() as i32;
+                offsets.push(curr_len);
+                // convert into iter
+                set.into_iter()
+            })
+            .peekable();
+        let data_array: ArrayRef = if value_iter.peek().is_none() {
+            arrow::array::new_empty_array(&DataType::UInt64) as _
+        } else {
+            Arc::new(UInt64Array::from_iter_values(value_iter))
+        };
+        let offset_buffer = OffsetBuffer::new(ScalarBuffer::from(offsets));
+
+        let list_array = ListArray::new(
+            Arc::new(Field::new_list_field(DataType::UInt64, true)),
+            offset_buffer,
+            data_array,
+            None,
+        );
+
+        Ok(vec![Arc::new(list_array) as _])
+    }
+
+    fn convert_to_state(
+        &self,
+        values: &[ArrayRef],
+        opt_filter: Option<&BooleanArray>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<ArrayRef>> {
+        // For a single hash value per row, create a list array with that value
+        assert_eq!(values.len(), 1, "count_hash expects a single argument");
+        let values = ArrayRef::clone(&values[0]);
+
+        let offsets = OffsetBuffer::new(ScalarBuffer::from_iter(0..values.len() as i32 + 1));
+        let nulls = filtered_null_mask(opt_filter, &values);
+        let list_array = ListArray::new(
+            Arc::new(Field::new_list_field(DataType::UInt64, true)),
+            offsets,
+            values,
+            nulls,
+        );
+
+        Ok(vec![Arc::new(list_array)])
+    }
+
+    fn supports_convert_to_state(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn size(&self) -> usize {
+        // Base size of the struct
+        let mut size = size_of::<Self>();
+
+        // Size of the vector holding the HashSets
+        size += size_of::<Vec<HashSet<HashValueType, RandomState>>>()
+            + self.distinct_sets.capacity() * size_of::<HashSet<HashValueType, RandomState>>();
+
+        // Estimate HashSet contents size more efficiently
+        // Instead of iterating through all values which is expensive, use an approximation
+        for set in &self.distinct_sets {
+            // Base size of the HashSet
+            size += set.capacity() * size_of::<HashValueType>();
+        }
+
+        size
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct CountHashAccumulator {
+    values: HashSet<HashValueType, RandomState>,
+    random_state: RandomState,
+    batch_hashes: Vec<HashValueType>,
+}
+
+impl CountHashAccumulator {
+    // calculating the size for fixed length values, taking first batch size *
+    // number of batches.
+    fn fixed_size(&self) -> usize {
+        size_of_val(self) + (size_of::<HashValueType>() * self.values.capacity())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Accumulator for CountHashAccumulator {
+    /// Returns the distinct values seen so far as (one element) ListArray.
+    fn state(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<ScalarValue>> {
+        let values = self.values.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let arr = Arc::new(UInt64Array::from(values)) as _;
+        let list_scalar = SingleRowListArrayBuilder::new(arr).build_list_scalar();
+        Ok(vec![list_scalar])
+    }
+
+    fn update_batch(&mut self, values: &[ArrayRef]) -> Result<()> {
+        if values.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let arr = &values[0];
+        if arr.data_type() == &DataType::Null {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        self.batch_hashes.clear();
+        self.batch_hashes.resize(arr.len(), 0);
+        let hashes = create_hashes(
+            &[ArrayRef::clone(arr)],
+            &self.random_state,
+            &mut self.batch_hashes,
+        )?;
+        for hash in hashes.as_slice() {
+            self.values.insert(*hash);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Merges multiple sets of distinct values into the current set.
+    ///
+    /// The input to this function is a `ListArray` with **multiple** rows,
+    /// where each row contains the values from a partial aggregate's phase (e.g.
+    /// the result of calling `Self::state` on multiple accumulators).
+    fn merge_batch(&mut self, states: &[ArrayRef]) -> Result<()> {
+        if states.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        assert_eq!(states.len(), 1, "array_agg states must be singleton!");
+        let array = &states[0];
+        let list_array = array.as_list::<i32>();
+        for inner_array in list_array.iter() {
+            let Some(inner_array) = inner_array else {
+                return internal_err!(
+                    "Intermediate results of count_hash should always be non null"
+                );
+            };
+            let hash_array = inner_array.as_any().downcast_ref::<UInt64Array>().unwrap();
+            for i in 0..hash_array.len() {
+                self.values.insert(hash_array.value(i));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn evaluate(&mut self) -> Result<ScalarValue> {
+        Ok(ScalarValue::Int64(Some(self.values.len() as i64)))
+    }
+
+    fn size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.fixed_size()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use datatypes::arrow::array::{Array, BooleanArray, Int32Array, Int64Array};
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn create_test_accumulator() -> CountHashAccumulator {
+        CountHashAccumulator {
+            values: HashSet::default(),
+            random_state: RandomState::with_seeds(
+                RANDOM_SEED_0,
+                RANDOM_SEED_1,
+                RANDOM_SEED_2,
+                RANDOM_SEED_3,
+            ),
+            batch_hashes: vec![],
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_count_hash_accumulator() -> Result<()> {
+        let mut acc = create_test_accumulator();
+
+        // Test with some data
+        let array = Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![
+            Some(1),
+            Some(2),
+            Some(3),
+            Some(1),
+            Some(2),
+            None,
+        ])) as ArrayRef;
+        acc.update_batch(&[array])?;
+        let result = acc.evaluate()?;
+        assert_eq!(result, ScalarValue::Int64(Some(4)));
+
+        // Test with empty data
+        let mut acc = create_test_accumulator();
+        let array = Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![] as Vec<Option<i32>>)) as ArrayRef;
+        acc.update_batch(&[array])?;
+        let result = acc.evaluate()?;
+        assert_eq!(result, ScalarValue::Int64(Some(0)));
+
+        // Test with only nulls
+        let mut acc = create_test_accumulator();
+        let array = Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![None, None, None])) as ArrayRef;
+        acc.update_batch(&[array])?;
+        let result = acc.evaluate()?;
+        assert_eq!(result, ScalarValue::Int64(Some(1)));
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_count_hash_accumulator_merge() -> Result<()> {
+        // Accumulator 1
+        let mut acc1 = create_test_accumulator();
+        let array1 = Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![Some(1), Some(2), Some(3)])) as ArrayRef;
+        acc1.update_batch(&[array1])?;
+        let state1 = acc1.state()?;
+
+        // Accumulator 2
+        let mut acc2 = create_test_accumulator();
+        let array2 = Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![Some(3), Some(4), Some(5)])) as ArrayRef;
+        acc2.update_batch(&[array2])?;
+        let state2 = acc2.state()?;
+
+        // Merge state1 and state2 into a new accumulator
+        let mut acc_merged = create_test_accumulator();
+        let state_array1 = state1[0].to_array()?;
+        let state_array2 = state2[0].to_array()?;
+
+        acc_merged.merge_batch(&[state_array1])?;
+        acc_merged.merge_batch(&[state_array2])?;
+
+        let result = acc_merged.evaluate()?;
+        // Distinct values are {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, so count is 5
+        assert_eq!(result, ScalarValue::Int64(Some(5)));
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn create_test_group_accumulator() -> CountHashGroupAccumulator {
+        CountHashGroupAccumulator::new()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_count_hash_group_accumulator() -> Result<()> {
+        let mut acc = create_test_group_accumulator();
+        let values = Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5])) as ArrayRef;
+        let group_indices = vec![0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0];
+        let total_num_groups = 3;
+
+        acc.update_batch(&[values], &group_indices, None, total_num_groups)?;
+
+        let result_array = acc.evaluate(EmitTo::All)?;
+        let result = result_array.as_any().downcast_ref::<Int64Array>().unwrap();
+
+        // Group 0: {1, 3, 5} -> 3
+        // Group 1: {2} -> 1
+        // Group 2: {4} -> 1
+        assert_eq!(result.value(0), 3);
+        assert_eq!(result.value(1), 1);
+        assert_eq!(result.value(2), 1);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_count_hash_group_accumulator_with_filter() -> Result<()> {
+        let mut acc = create_test_group_accumulator();
+        let values = Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])) as ArrayRef;
+        let group_indices = vec![0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2];
+        let filter = BooleanArray::from(vec![true, false, true, true, false, true]);
+        let total_num_groups = 3;
+
+        acc.update_batch(&[values], &group_indices, Some(&filter), total_num_groups)?;
+
+        let result_array = acc.evaluate(EmitTo::All)?;
+        let result = result_array.as_any().downcast_ref::<Int64Array>().unwrap();
+
+        // Group 0: {1} (2 is filtered out) -> 1
+        // Group 1: {3, 4} -> 2
+        // Group 2: {6} (5 is filtered out) -> 1
+        assert_eq!(result.value(0), 1);
+        assert_eq!(result.value(1), 2);
+        assert_eq!(result.value(2), 1);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_count_hash_group_accumulator_merge() -> Result<()> {
+        // Accumulator 1
+        let mut acc1 = create_test_group_accumulator();
+        let values1 = Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3, 4])) as ArrayRef;
+        let group_indices1 = vec![0, 0, 1, 1];
+        acc1.update_batch(&[values1], &group_indices1, None, 2)?;
+        // acc1 state: group 0 -> {1, 2}, group 1 -> {3, 4}
+        let state1 = acc1.state(EmitTo::All)?;
+
+        // Accumulator 2
+        let mut acc2 = create_test_group_accumulator();
+        let values2 = Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![5, 6, 1, 3])) as ArrayRef;
+        // Merge into different group indices
+        let group_indices2 = vec![2, 2, 0, 1];
+        acc2.update_batch(&[values2], &group_indices2, None, 3)?;
+        // acc2 state: group 0 -> {1}, group 1 -> {3}, group 2 -> {5, 6}
+
+        // Merge state from acc1 into acc2
+        // We will merge acc1's group 0 into acc2's group 0
+        // and acc1's group 1 into acc2's group 2
+        let merge_group_indices = vec![0, 2];
+        acc2.merge_batch(&state1, &merge_group_indices, None, 3)?;
+
+        let result_array = acc2.evaluate(EmitTo::All)?;
+        let result = result_array.as_any().downcast_ref::<Int64Array>().unwrap();
+
+        // Final state of acc2:
+        // Group 0: {1} U {1, 2} -> {1, 2}, count = 2
+        // Group 1: {3}, count = 1
+        // Group 2: {5, 6} U {3, 4} -> {3, 4, 5, 6}, count = 4
+        assert_eq!(result.value(0), 2);
+        assert_eq!(result.value(1), 1);
+        assert_eq!(result.value(2), 4);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_size() {
+        let acc = create_test_group_accumulator();
+        // Just test it doesn't crash and returns a value.
+        assert!(acc.size() > 0);
+    }
+}
--- a/src/common/function/src/function_registry.rs
+++ b/src/common/function/src/function_registry.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use once_cell::sync::Lazy;

 use crate::admin::AdminFunction;
 use crate::aggrs::approximate::ApproximateFunction;
+use crate::aggrs::count_hash::CountHash;
 use crate::aggrs::vector::VectorFunction as VectorAggrFunction;
 use crate::function::{AsyncFunctionRef, Function, FunctionRef};
 use crate::function_factory::ScalarFunctionFactory;
@@ -144,6 +145,9 @@ pub static FUNCTION_REGISTRY: Lazy<Arc<FunctionRegistry>> = Lazy::new(|| {
    // Approximate functions
    ApproximateFunction::register(&function_registry);

+    // CountHash function
+    CountHash::register(&function_registry);
+
    Arc::new(function_registry)
 });

--- a/src/common/function/src/scalars/math.rs
+++ b/src/common/function/src/scalars/math.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@

 pub mod clamp;
 mod modulo;
-mod pow;
 mod rate;

 use std::fmt;
@@ -26,7 +25,6 @@ use datafusion::error::DataFusionError;
 use datafusion::logical_expr::Volatility;
 use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
 use datatypes::vectors::VectorRef;
-pub use pow::PowFunction;
 pub use rate::RateFunction;
 use snafu::ResultExt;

@@ -39,7 +37,6 @@ pub(crate) struct MathFunction;
 impl MathFunction {
    pub fn register(registry: &FunctionRegistry) {
        registry.register_scalar(ModuloFunction);
-        registry.register_scalar(PowFunction);
        registry.register_scalar(RateFunction);
        registry.register_scalar(RangeFunction);
        registry.register_scalar(ClampFunction);
--- a/src/common/function/src/scalars/math/pow.rs
+++ b/src/common/function/src/scalars/math/pow.rs
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use std::fmt;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use common_query::error::Result;
-use common_query::prelude::{Signature, Volatility};
-use datatypes::data_type::DataType;
-use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
-use datatypes::types::LogicalPrimitiveType;
-use datatypes::vectors::VectorRef;
-use datatypes::with_match_primitive_type_id;
-use num::traits::Pow;
-use num_traits::AsPrimitive;
-
-use crate::function::{Function, FunctionContext};
-use crate::scalars::expression::{scalar_binary_op, EvalContext};
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
-pub struct PowFunction;
-
-impl Function for PowFunction {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "pow"
-    }
-
-    fn return_type(&self, _input_types: &[ConcreteDataType]) -> Result<ConcreteDataType> {
-        Ok(ConcreteDataType::float64_datatype())
-    }
-
-    fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
-        Signature::uniform(2, ConcreteDataType::numerics(), Volatility::Immutable)
-    }
-
-    fn eval(&self, _func_ctx: &FunctionContext, columns: &[VectorRef]) -> Result<VectorRef> {
-        with_match_primitive_type_id!(columns[0].data_type().logical_type_id(), |$S| {
-            with_match_primitive_type_id!(columns[1].data_type().logical_type_id(), |$T| {
-                let col = scalar_binary_op::<<$S as LogicalPrimitiveType>::Native, <$T as LogicalPrimitiveType>::Native, f64, _>(&columns[0], &columns[1], scalar_pow, &mut EvalContext::default())?;
-                Ok(Arc::new(col))
-            },{
-                unreachable!()
-            })
-        },{
-            unreachable!()
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-#[inline]
-fn scalar_pow<S, T>(value: Option<S>, base: Option<T>, _ctx: &mut EvalContext) -> Option<f64>
-where
-    S: AsPrimitive<f64>,
-    T: AsPrimitive<f64>,
-{
-    match (value, base) {
-        (Some(value), Some(base)) => Some(value.as_().pow(base.as_())),
-        _ => None,
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for PowFunction {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "POW")
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use common_query::prelude::TypeSignature;
-    use datatypes::value::Value;
-    use datatypes::vectors::{Float32Vector, Int8Vector};
-
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::function::FunctionContext;
-    #[test]
-    fn test_pow_function() {
-        let pow = PowFunction;
-
-        assert_eq!("pow", pow.name());
-        assert_eq!(
-            ConcreteDataType::float64_datatype(),
-            pow.return_type(&[]).unwrap()
-        );
-
-        assert!(matches!(pow.signature(),
-                         Signature {
-                             type_signature: TypeSignature::Uniform(2, valid_types),
-                             volatility: Volatility::Immutable
-                         } if  valid_types == ConcreteDataType::numerics()
-        ));
-
-        let values = vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0];
-        let bases = vec![0i8, -1i8, 3i8];
-
-        let args: Vec<VectorRef> = vec![
-            Arc::new(Float32Vector::from_vec(values.clone())),
-            Arc::new(Int8Vector::from_vec(bases.clone())),
-        ];
-
-        let vector = pow.eval(&FunctionContext::default(), &args).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(3, vector.len());
-
-        for i in 0..3 {
-            let p: f64 = (values[i] as f64).pow(bases[i] as f64);
-            assert!(matches!(vector.get(i), Value::Float64(v) if v == p));
-        }
-    }
-}
--- a/src/common/grpc-expr/src/alter.rs
+++ b/src/common/grpc-expr/src/alter.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ use table::requests::{
 };

 use crate::error::{
-    InvalidColumnDefSnafu, InvalidSetFulltextOptionRequestSnafu,
+    InvalidColumnDefSnafu, InvalidIndexOptionSnafu, InvalidSetFulltextOptionRequestSnafu,
    InvalidSetSkippingIndexOptionRequestSnafu, InvalidSetTableOptionRequestSnafu,
    InvalidUnsetTableOptionRequestSnafu, MissingAlterIndexOptionSnafu, MissingFieldSnafu,
    MissingTimestampColumnSnafu, Result, UnknownLocationTypeSnafu,
@@ -126,18 +126,21 @@ pub fn alter_expr_to_request(table_id: TableId, expr: AlterTableExpr) -> Result<
                api::v1::set_index::Options::Fulltext(f) => AlterKind::SetIndex {
                    options: SetIndexOptions::Fulltext {
                        column_name: f.column_name.clone(),
-                        options: FulltextOptions {
-                            enable: f.enable,
-                            analyzer: as_fulltext_option_analyzer(
+                        options: FulltextOptions::new(
+                            f.enable,
+                            as_fulltext_option_analyzer(
                                Analyzer::try_from(f.analyzer)
                                    .context(InvalidSetFulltextOptionRequestSnafu)?,
                            ),
-                            case_sensitive: f.case_sensitive,
-                            backend: as_fulltext_option_backend(
+                            f.case_sensitive,
+                            as_fulltext_option_backend(
                                PbFulltextBackend::try_from(f.backend)
                                    .context(InvalidSetFulltextOptionRequestSnafu)?,
                            ),
-                        },
+                            f.granularity as u32,
+                            f.false_positive_rate,
+                        )
+                        .context(InvalidIndexOptionSnafu)?,
                    },
                },
                api::v1::set_index::Options::Inverted(i) => AlterKind::SetIndex {
@@ -148,13 +151,15 @@ pub fn alter_expr_to_request(table_id: TableId, expr: AlterTableExpr) -> Result<
                api::v1::set_index::Options::Skipping(s) => AlterKind::SetIndex {
                    options: SetIndexOptions::Skipping {
                        column_name: s.column_name,
-                        options: SkippingIndexOptions {
-                            granularity: s.granularity as u32,
-                            index_type: as_skipping_index_type(
+                        options: SkippingIndexOptions::new(
+                            s.granularity as u32,
+                            s.false_positive_rate,
+                            as_skipping_index_type(
                                PbSkippingIndexType::try_from(s.skipping_index_type)
                                    .context(InvalidSetSkippingIndexOptionRequestSnafu)?,
                            ),
-                        },
+                        )
+                        .context(InvalidIndexOptionSnafu)?,
                    },
                },
            },
--- a/src/common/grpc-expr/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/common/grpc-expr/src/error.rs
@@ -153,6 +153,14 @@ pub enum Error {
        #[snafu(implicit)]
        location: Location,
    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Invalid index option"))]
+    InvalidIndexOption {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: datatypes::error::Error,
+    },
 }

 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
@@ -180,7 +188,8 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            | Error::InvalidUnsetTableOptionRequest { .. }
            | Error::InvalidSetFulltextOptionRequest { .. }
            | Error::InvalidSetSkippingIndexOptionRequest { .. }
-            | Error::MissingAlterIndexOption { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,
+            | Error::MissingAlterIndexOption { .. }
+            | Error::InvalidIndexOption { .. } => StatusCode::InvalidArguments,
        }
    }

--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/alter_logical_tables.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/alter_logical_tables.rs
@@ -27,17 +27,18 @@ use common_telemetry::{error, info, warn};
 use futures_util::future;
 pub use region_request::make_alter_region_request;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
+use snafu::ResultExt;
 use store_api::metadata::ColumnMetadata;
 use store_api::metric_engine_consts::ALTER_PHYSICAL_EXTENSION_KEY;
 use strum::AsRefStr;
 use table::metadata::TableId;

 use crate::ddl::utils::{
-    add_peer_context_if_needed, map_to_procedure_error, sync_follower_regions,
+    add_peer_context_if_needed, extract_column_metadatas, map_to_procedure_error,
+    sync_follower_regions,
 };
 use crate::ddl::DdlContext;
-use crate::error::{DecodeJsonSnafu, MetadataCorruptionSnafu, Result};
+use crate::error::Result;
 use crate::instruction::CacheIdent;
 use crate::key::table_info::TableInfoValue;
 use crate::key::table_route::PhysicalTableRouteValue;
@@ -137,37 +138,13 @@ impl AlterLogicalTablesProcedure {
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;

-        // Collects responses from datanodes.
-        let phy_raw_schemas = results
-            .iter_mut()
-            .map(|res| res.extensions.remove(ALTER_PHYSICAL_EXTENSION_KEY))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        if phy_raw_schemas.is_empty() {
-            self.submit_sync_region_requests(results, &physical_table_route.region_routes)
-                .await;
-            self.data.state = AlterTablesState::UpdateMetadata;
-            return Ok(Status::executing(true));
-        }
-
-        // Verify all the physical schemas are the same
-        // Safety: previous check ensures this vec is not empty
-        let first = phy_raw_schemas.first().unwrap();
-        ensure!(
-            phy_raw_schemas.iter().all(|x| x == first),
-            MetadataCorruptionSnafu {
-                err_msg: "The physical schemas from datanodes are not the same."
-            }
-        );
-
-        // Decodes the physical raw schemas
-        if let Some(phy_raw_schema) = first {
-            self.data.physical_columns =
-                ColumnMetadata::decode_list(phy_raw_schema).context(DecodeJsonSnafu)?;
+        if let Some(column_metadatas) =
+            extract_column_metadatas(&mut results, ALTER_PHYSICAL_EXTENSION_KEY)?
+        {
+            self.data.physical_columns = column_metadatas;
        } else {
            warn!("altering logical table result doesn't contains extension key `{ALTER_PHYSICAL_EXTENSION_KEY}`,leaving the physical table's schema unchanged");
        }
-
        self.submit_sync_region_requests(results, &physical_table_route.region_routes)
            .await;
        self.data.state = AlterTablesState::UpdateMetadata;
@@ -183,7 +160,7 @@ impl AlterLogicalTablesProcedure {
        if let Err(err) = sync_follower_regions(
            &self.context,
            self.data.physical_table_id,
-            results,
+            &results,
            region_routes,
            table_info.meta.engine.as_str(),
        )
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/alter_table.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/alter_table.rs
@@ -29,19 +29,22 @@ use common_procedure::{
    Context as ProcedureContext, ContextProvider, Error as ProcedureError, LockKey, PoisonKey,
    PoisonKeys, Procedure, ProcedureId, Status, StringKey,
 };
-use common_telemetry::{debug, error, info};
+use common_telemetry::{debug, error, info, warn};
 use futures::future::{self};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
+use store_api::metadata::ColumnMetadata;
+use store_api::metric_engine_consts::TABLE_COLUMN_METADATA_EXTENSION_KEY;
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;
 use strum::AsRefStr;
 use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, TableId, TableInfo};
 use table::table_reference::TableReference;

 use crate::cache_invalidator::Context;
+use crate::ddl::physical_table_metadata::update_table_info_column_ids;
 use crate::ddl::utils::{
-    add_peer_context_if_needed, handle_multiple_results, map_to_procedure_error,
-    sync_follower_regions, MultipleResults,
+    add_peer_context_if_needed, extract_column_metadatas, handle_multiple_results,
+    map_to_procedure_error, sync_follower_regions, MultipleResults,
 };
 use crate::ddl::DdlContext;
 use crate::error::{AbortProcedureSnafu, NoLeaderSnafu, PutPoisonSnafu, Result, RetryLaterSnafu};
@@ -202,9 +205,9 @@ impl AlterTableProcedure {
                })
            }
            MultipleResults::Ok(results) => {
-                self.submit_sync_region_requests(results, &physical_table_route.region_routes)
+                self.submit_sync_region_requests(&results, &physical_table_route.region_routes)
                    .await;
-                self.data.state = AlterTableState::UpdateMetadata;
+                self.handle_alter_region_response(results)?;
                Ok(Status::executing_with_clean_poisons(true))
            }
            MultipleResults::AllNonRetryable(error) => {
@@ -220,9 +223,22 @@ impl AlterTableProcedure {
        }
    }

+    fn handle_alter_region_response(&mut self, mut results: Vec<RegionResponse>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.data.state = AlterTableState::UpdateMetadata;
+        if let Some(column_metadatas) =
+            extract_column_metadatas(&mut results, TABLE_COLUMN_METADATA_EXTENSION_KEY)?
+        {
+            self.data.column_metadatas = column_metadatas;
+        } else {
+            warn!("altering table result doesn't contains extension key `{TABLE_COLUMN_METADATA_EXTENSION_KEY}`,leaving the table's column metadata unchanged");
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
    async fn submit_sync_region_requests(
        &mut self,
-        results: Vec<RegionResponse>,
+        results: &[RegionResponse],
        region_routes: &[RegionRoute],
    ) {
        // Safety: filled in `prepare` step.
@@ -268,10 +284,14 @@ impl AlterTableProcedure {
            self.on_update_metadata_for_rename(new_table_name.to_string(), table_info_value)
                .await?;
        } else {
+            let mut raw_table_info = new_info.into();
+            if !self.data.column_metadatas.is_empty() {
+                update_table_info_column_ids(&mut raw_table_info, &self.data.column_metadatas);
+            }
            // region distribution is set in submit_alter_region_requests
            let region_distribution = self.data.region_distribution.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
            self.on_update_metadata_for_alter(
-                new_info.into(),
+                raw_table_info,
                region_distribution,
                table_info_value,
            )
@@ -318,6 +338,16 @@ impl AlterTableProcedure {

        lock_key
    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn data(&self) -> &AlterTableData {
+        &self.data
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn mut_data(&mut self) -> &mut AlterTableData {
+        &mut self.data
+    }
 }

 #[async_trait]
@@ -380,6 +410,8 @@ pub struct AlterTableData {
    state: AlterTableState,
    task: AlterTableTask,
    table_id: TableId,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    column_metadatas: Vec<ColumnMetadata>,
    /// Table info value before alteration.
    table_info_value: Option<DeserializedValueWithBytes<TableInfoValue>>,
    /// Region distribution for table in case we need to update region options.
@@ -392,6 +424,7 @@ impl AlterTableData {
            state: AlterTableState::Prepare,
            task,
            table_id,
+            column_metadatas: vec![],
            table_info_value: None,
            region_distribution: None,
        }
@@ -410,4 +443,14 @@ impl AlterTableData {
            .as_ref()
            .map(|value| &value.table_info)
    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn column_metadatas(&self) -> &[ColumnMetadata] {
+        &self.column_metadatas
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn set_column_metadatas(&mut self, column_metadatas: Vec<ColumnMetadata>) {
+        self.column_metadatas = column_metadatas;
+    }
 }
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_flow.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_flow.rs
@@ -167,6 +167,25 @@ impl CreateFlowProcedure {
        }

        self.collect_source_tables().await?;
+
+        // Validate that source and sink tables are not the same
+        let sink_table_name = &self.data.task.sink_table_name;
+        if self
+            .data
+            .task
+            .source_table_names
+            .iter()
+            .any(|source| source == sink_table_name)
+        {
+            return error::UnsupportedSnafu {
+                operation: format!(
+                    "Creating flow with source and sink table being the same: {}",
+                    sink_table_name
+                ),
+            }
+            .fail();
+        }
+
        if self.data.flow_id.is_none() {
            self.allocate_flow_id().await?;
        }
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_logical_tables.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_logical_tables.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use common_telemetry::{debug, error, warn};
 use futures::future;
 pub use region_request::create_region_request_builder;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
+use snafu::ResultExt;
 use store_api::metadata::ColumnMetadata;
 use store_api::metric_engine_consts::ALTER_PHYSICAL_EXTENSION_KEY;
 use store_api::storage::{RegionId, RegionNumber};
@@ -35,10 +35,11 @@ use strum::AsRefStr;
 use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, TableId};

 use crate::ddl::utils::{
-    add_peer_context_if_needed, map_to_procedure_error, sync_follower_regions,
+    add_peer_context_if_needed, extract_column_metadatas, map_to_procedure_error,
+    sync_follower_regions,
 };
 use crate::ddl::DdlContext;
-use crate::error::{DecodeJsonSnafu, MetadataCorruptionSnafu, Result};
+use crate::error::Result;
 use crate::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
 use crate::lock_key::{CatalogLock, SchemaLock, TableLock, TableNameLock};
 use crate::metrics;
@@ -166,47 +167,23 @@ impl CreateLogicalTablesProcedure {
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;

-        // Collects response from datanodes.
-        let phy_raw_schemas = results
-            .iter_mut()
-            .map(|res| res.extensions.remove(ALTER_PHYSICAL_EXTENSION_KEY))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        if phy_raw_schemas.is_empty() {
-            self.submit_sync_region_requests(results, region_routes)
-                .await;
-            self.data.state = CreateTablesState::CreateMetadata;
-            return Ok(Status::executing(false));
-        }
-
-        // Verify all the physical schemas are the same
-        // Safety: previous check ensures this vec is not empty
-        let first = phy_raw_schemas.first().unwrap();
-        ensure!(
-            phy_raw_schemas.iter().all(|x| x == first),
-            MetadataCorruptionSnafu {
-                err_msg: "The physical schemas from datanodes are not the same."
-            }
-        );
-
-        // Decodes the physical raw schemas
-        if let Some(phy_raw_schemas) = first {
-            self.data.physical_columns =
-                ColumnMetadata::decode_list(phy_raw_schemas).context(DecodeJsonSnafu)?;
+        if let Some(column_metadatas) =
+            extract_column_metadatas(&mut results, ALTER_PHYSICAL_EXTENSION_KEY)?
+        {
+            self.data.physical_columns = column_metadatas;
        } else {
            warn!("creating logical table result doesn't contains extension key `{ALTER_PHYSICAL_EXTENSION_KEY}`,leaving the physical table's schema unchanged");
        }

-        self.submit_sync_region_requests(results, region_routes)
+        self.submit_sync_region_requests(&results, region_routes)
            .await;
        self.data.state = CreateTablesState::CreateMetadata;
-
        Ok(Status::executing(true))
    }

    async fn submit_sync_region_requests(
        &self,
-        results: Vec<RegionResponse>,
+        results: &[RegionResponse],
        region_routes: &[RegionRoute],
    ) {
        if let Err(err) = sync_follower_regions(
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_table.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/create_table.rs
@@ -22,20 +22,23 @@ use common_procedure::error::{
    ExternalSnafu, FromJsonSnafu, Result as ProcedureResult, ToJsonSnafu,
 };
 use common_procedure::{Context as ProcedureContext, LockKey, Procedure, Status};
-use common_telemetry::info;
 use common_telemetry::tracing_context::TracingContext;
+use common_telemetry::{info, warn};
 use futures::future::join_all;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
+use store_api::metadata::ColumnMetadata;
+use store_api::metric_engine_consts::TABLE_COLUMN_METADATA_EXTENSION_KEY;
 use store_api::storage::{RegionId, RegionNumber};
 use strum::AsRefStr;
 use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, TableId};
 use table::table_reference::TableReference;

 use crate::ddl::create_table_template::{build_template, CreateRequestBuilder};
+use crate::ddl::physical_table_metadata::update_table_info_column_ids;
 use crate::ddl::utils::{
-    add_peer_context_if_needed, convert_region_routes_to_detecting_regions, map_to_procedure_error,
-    region_storage_path,
+    add_peer_context_if_needed, convert_region_routes_to_detecting_regions,
+    extract_column_metadatas, map_to_procedure_error, region_storage_path,
 };
 use crate::ddl::{DdlContext, TableMetadata};
 use crate::error::{self, Result};
@@ -243,14 +246,21 @@ impl CreateTableProcedure {
            }
        }

-        join_all(create_region_tasks)
+        self.creator.data.state = CreateTableState::CreateMetadata;
+
+        let mut results = join_all(create_region_tasks)
            .await
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;

-        self.creator.data.state = CreateTableState::CreateMetadata;
+        if let Some(column_metadatas) =
+            extract_column_metadatas(&mut results, TABLE_COLUMN_METADATA_EXTENSION_KEY)?
+        {
+            self.creator.data.column_metadatas = column_metadatas;
+        } else {
+            warn!("creating table result doesn't contains extension key `{TABLE_COLUMN_METADATA_EXTENSION_KEY}`,leaving the table's column metadata unchanged");
+        }

-        // TODO(weny): Add more tests.
        Ok(Status::executing(true))
    }

@@ -262,7 +272,10 @@ impl CreateTableProcedure {
        let table_id = self.table_id();
        let manager = &self.context.table_metadata_manager;

-        let raw_table_info = self.table_info().clone();
+        let mut raw_table_info = self.table_info().clone();
+        if !self.creator.data.column_metadatas.is_empty() {
+            update_table_info_column_ids(&mut raw_table_info, &self.creator.data.column_metadatas);
+        }
        // Safety: the region_wal_options must be allocated.
        let region_wal_options = self.region_wal_options()?.clone();
        // Safety: the table_route must be allocated.
@@ -346,6 +359,7 @@ impl TableCreator {
        Self {
            data: CreateTableData {
                state: CreateTableState::Prepare,
+                column_metadatas: vec![],
                task,
                table_route: None,
                region_wal_options: None,
@@ -407,6 +421,8 @@ pub enum CreateTableState {
 pub struct CreateTableData {
    pub state: CreateTableState,
    pub task: CreateTableTask,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub column_metadatas: Vec<ColumnMetadata>,
    /// None stands for not allocated yet.
    table_route: Option<PhysicalTableRouteValue>,
    /// None stands for not allocated yet.
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/physical_table_metadata.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/physical_table_metadata.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,11 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};

 use api::v1::SemanticType;
+use common_telemetry::debug;
+use common_telemetry::tracing::warn;
 use store_api::metadata::ColumnMetadata;
 use table::metadata::RawTableInfo;

@@ -23,6 +25,10 @@ pub(crate) fn build_new_physical_table_info(
    mut raw_table_info: RawTableInfo,
    physical_columns: &[ColumnMetadata],
 ) -> RawTableInfo {
+    debug!(
+        "building new physical table info for table: {}, table_id: {}",
+        raw_table_info.name, raw_table_info.ident.table_id
+    );
    let existing_columns = raw_table_info
        .meta
        .schema
@@ -36,6 +42,8 @@ pub(crate) fn build_new_physical_table_info(
    let time_index = &mut raw_table_info.meta.schema.timestamp_index;
    let columns = &mut raw_table_info.meta.schema.column_schemas;
    columns.clear();
+    let column_ids = &mut raw_table_info.meta.column_ids;
+    column_ids.clear();

    for (idx, col) in physical_columns.iter().enumerate() {
        match col.semantic_type {
@@ -50,6 +58,7 @@ pub(crate) fn build_new_physical_table_info(
        }

        columns.push(col.column_schema.clone());
+        column_ids.push(col.column_id);
    }

    if let Some(time_index) = *time_index {
@@ -58,3 +67,54 @@ pub(crate) fn build_new_physical_table_info(

    raw_table_info
 }
+
+/// Updates the column IDs in the table info based on the provided column metadata.
+///
+/// This function validates that the column metadata matches the existing table schema
+/// before updating the column ids. If the column metadata doesn't match the table schema,
+/// the table info remains unchanged.
+pub(crate) fn update_table_info_column_ids(
+    raw_table_info: &mut RawTableInfo,
+    column_metadatas: &[ColumnMetadata],
+) {
+    let mut table_column_names = raw_table_info
+        .meta
+        .schema
+        .column_schemas
+        .iter()
+        .map(|c| c.name.as_str())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    table_column_names.sort_unstable();
+
+    let mut column_names = column_metadatas
+        .iter()
+        .map(|c| c.column_schema.name.as_str())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    column_names.sort_unstable();
+
+    if table_column_names != column_names {
+        warn!(
+            "Column metadata doesn't match the table schema for table {}, table_id: {}, column in table: {:?}, column in metadata: {:?}",
+            raw_table_info.name,
+            raw_table_info.ident.table_id,
+            table_column_names,
+            column_names,
+        );
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let name_to_id = column_metadatas
+        .iter()
+        .map(|c| (c.column_schema.name.clone(), c.column_id))
+        .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
+
+    let schema = &raw_table_info.meta.schema.column_schemas;
+    let mut column_ids = Vec::with_capacity(schema.len());
+    for column_schema in schema {
+        if let Some(id) = name_to_id.get(&column_schema.name) {
+            column_ids.push(*id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    raw_table_info.meta.column_ids = column_ids;
+}
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/table_meta.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/table_meta.rs
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ impl TableMetadataAllocator {
        );

        let peers = self.peer_allocator.alloc(regions).await?;
+        debug!("Allocated peers {:?} for table {}", peers, table_id);
        let region_routes = task
            .partitions
            .iter()
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/test_util.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/test_util.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,14 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use api::v1::meta::Partition;
 use api::v1::{ColumnDataType, SemanticType};
 use common_procedure::Status;
-use store_api::metric_engine_consts::{LOGICAL_TABLE_METADATA_KEY, METRIC_ENGINE_NAME};
+use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
+use datatypes::schema::ColumnSchema;
+use store_api::metadata::ColumnMetadata;
+use store_api::metric_engine_consts::{
+    DATA_SCHEMA_TABLE_ID_COLUMN_NAME, DATA_SCHEMA_TSID_COLUMN_NAME, LOGICAL_TABLE_METADATA_KEY,
+    METRIC_ENGINE_NAME,
+};
+use store_api::storage::consts::ReservedColumnId;
 use table::metadata::{RawTableInfo, TableId};

 use crate::ddl::create_logical_tables::CreateLogicalTablesProcedure;
@@ -146,6 +153,7 @@ pub fn test_create_logical_table_task(name: &str) -> CreateTableTask {
    }
 }

+/// Creates a physical table task with a single region.
 pub fn test_create_physical_table_task(name: &str) -> CreateTableTask {
    let create_table = TestCreateTableExprBuilder::default()
        .column_defs([
@@ -182,3 +190,95 @@ pub fn test_create_physical_table_task(name: &str) -> CreateTableTask {
        table_info,
    }
 }
+
+/// Creates a column metadata list with tag fields.
+pub fn test_column_metadatas(tag_fields: &[&str]) -> Vec<ColumnMetadata> {
+    let mut output = Vec::with_capacity(tag_fields.len() + 4);
+    output.extend([
+        ColumnMetadata {
+            column_schema: ColumnSchema::new(
+                "ts",
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            semantic_type: SemanticType::Timestamp,
+            column_id: 0,
+        },
+        ColumnMetadata {
+            column_schema: ColumnSchema::new("value", ConcreteDataType::float64_datatype(), false),
+            semantic_type: SemanticType::Field,
+            column_id: 1,
+        },
+        ColumnMetadata {
+            column_schema: ColumnSchema::new(
+                DATA_SCHEMA_TABLE_ID_COLUMN_NAME,
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            semantic_type: SemanticType::Tag,
+            column_id: ReservedColumnId::table_id(),
+        },
+        ColumnMetadata {
+            column_schema: ColumnSchema::new(
+                DATA_SCHEMA_TSID_COLUMN_NAME,
+                ConcreteDataType::float64_datatype(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            semantic_type: SemanticType::Tag,
+            column_id: ReservedColumnId::tsid(),
+        },
+    ]);
+
+    for (i, name) in tag_fields.iter().enumerate() {
+        output.push(ColumnMetadata {
+            column_schema: ColumnSchema::new(
+                name.to_string(),
+                ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(),
+                true,
+            ),
+            semantic_type: SemanticType::Tag,
+            column_id: (i + 2) as u32,
+        });
+    }
+
+    output
+}
+
+/// Asserts the column names.
+pub fn assert_column_name(table_info: &RawTableInfo, expected_column_names: &[&str]) {
+    assert_eq!(
+        table_info
+            .meta
+            .schema
+            .column_schemas
+            .iter()
+            .map(|c| c.name.to_string())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        expected_column_names
+    );
+}
+
+/// Asserts the column metadatas
+pub fn assert_column_name_and_id(column_metadatas: &[ColumnMetadata], expected: &[(&str, u32)]) {
+    assert_eq!(expected.len(), column_metadatas.len());
+    for (name, id) in expected {
+        let column_metadata = column_metadatas
+            .iter()
+            .find(|c| c.column_id == *id)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(column_metadata.column_schema.name, *name);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Gets the raw table info.
+pub async fn get_raw_table_info(ddl_context: &DdlContext, table_id: TableId) -> RawTableInfo {
+    ddl_context
+        .table_metadata_manager
+        .table_info_manager()
+        .get(table_id)
+        .await
+        .unwrap()
+        .unwrap()
+        .into_inner()
+        .table_info
+}
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/test_util/create_table.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/test_util/create_table.rs
@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@ pub fn build_raw_table_info_from_expr(expr: &CreateTableExpr) -> RawTableInfo {
            options: TableOptions::try_from_iter(&expr.table_options).unwrap(),
            created_on: DateTime::default(),
            partition_key_indices: vec![],
+            column_ids: vec![],
        },
        table_type: TableType::Base,
    }
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/test_util/datanode_handler.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/test_util/datanode_handler.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use api::region::RegionResponse;
 use api::v1::region::RegionRequest;
 use common_error::ext::{BoxedError, ErrorExt, StackError};
@@ -32,6 +34,7 @@ impl MockDatanodeHandler for () {
        Ok(RegionResponse {
            affected_rows: 0,
            extensions: Default::default(),
+            metadata: Vec::new(),
        })
    }

@@ -44,10 +47,13 @@ impl MockDatanodeHandler for () {
    }
 }

+type RegionRequestHandler =
+    Arc<dyn Fn(Peer, RegionRequest) -> Result<RegionResponse> + Send + Sync>;
+
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct DatanodeWatcher {
    sender: mpsc::Sender<(Peer, RegionRequest)>,
-    handler: Option<fn(Peer, RegionRequest) -> Result<RegionResponse>>,
+    handler: Option<RegionRequestHandler>,
 }

 impl DatanodeWatcher {
@@ -60,9 +66,9 @@ impl DatanodeWatcher {

    pub fn with_handler(
        mut self,
-        user_handler: fn(Peer, RegionRequest) -> Result<RegionResponse>,
+        user_handler: impl Fn(Peer, RegionRequest) -> Result<RegionResponse> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    ) -> Self {
-        self.handler = Some(user_handler);
+        self.handler = Some(Arc::new(user_handler));
        self
    }
 }
@@ -75,7 +81,7 @@ impl MockDatanodeHandler for DatanodeWatcher {
            .send((peer.clone(), request.clone()))
            .await
            .unwrap();
-        if let Some(handler) = self.handler {
+        if let Some(handler) = self.handler.as_ref() {
            handler(peer.clone(), request)
        } else {
            Ok(RegionResponse::new(0))
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests/alter_logical_tables.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests/alter_logical_tables.rs
@@ -23,17 +23,20 @@ use api::v1::{ColumnDataType, SemanticType};
 use common_catalog::consts::{DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME};
 use common_procedure::{Procedure, ProcedureId, Status};
 use common_procedure_test::MockContextProvider;
-use store_api::metric_engine_consts::MANIFEST_INFO_EXTENSION_KEY;
+use store_api::metadata::ColumnMetadata;
+use store_api::metric_engine_consts::{ALTER_PHYSICAL_EXTENSION_KEY, MANIFEST_INFO_EXTENSION_KEY};
 use store_api::region_engine::RegionManifestInfo;
+use store_api::storage::consts::ReservedColumnId;
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;

 use crate::ddl::alter_logical_tables::AlterLogicalTablesProcedure;
 use crate::ddl::test_util::alter_table::TestAlterTableExprBuilder;
 use crate::ddl::test_util::columns::TestColumnDefBuilder;
-use crate::ddl::test_util::datanode_handler::{DatanodeWatcher, NaiveDatanodeHandler};
+use crate::ddl::test_util::datanode_handler::DatanodeWatcher;
 use crate::ddl::test_util::{
-    create_logical_table, create_physical_table, create_physical_table_metadata,
+    assert_column_name, create_logical_table, create_physical_table,
+    create_physical_table_metadata, get_raw_table_info, test_column_metadatas,
    test_create_physical_table_task,
 };
 use crate::error::Error::{AlterLogicalTablesInvalidArguments, TableNotFound};
@@ -96,6 +99,52 @@ fn make_alter_logical_table_rename_task(
    }
 }

+fn make_alters_request_handler(
+    column_metadatas: Vec<ColumnMetadata>,
+) -> impl Fn(Peer, RegionRequest) -> Result<RegionResponse> {
+    move |_peer: Peer, request: RegionRequest| {
+        if let region_request::Body::Alters(_) = request.body.unwrap() {
+            let mut response = RegionResponse::new(0);
+            // Default region id for physical table.
+            let region_id = RegionId::new(1000, 1);
+            response.extensions.insert(
+                MANIFEST_INFO_EXTENSION_KEY.to_string(),
+                RegionManifestInfo::encode_list(&[(
+                    region_id,
+                    RegionManifestInfo::metric(1, 0, 2, 0),
+                )])
+                .unwrap(),
+            );
+            response.extensions.insert(
+                ALTER_PHYSICAL_EXTENSION_KEY.to_string(),
+                ColumnMetadata::encode_list(&column_metadatas).unwrap(),
+            );
+            return Ok(response);
+        }
+        Ok(RegionResponse::new(0))
+    }
+}
+
+fn assert_alters_request(
+    peer: Peer,
+    request: RegionRequest,
+    expected_peer_id: u64,
+    expected_region_ids: &[RegionId],
+) {
+    assert_eq!(peer.id, expected_peer_id,);
+    let Some(region_request::Body::Alters(req)) = request.body else {
+        unreachable!();
+    };
+    for (i, region_id) in expected_region_ids.iter().enumerate() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            req.requests[i].region_id,
+            *region_id,
+            "actual region id: {}",
+            RegionId::from_u64(req.requests[i].region_id)
+        );
+    }
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn test_on_prepare_check_schema() {
    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(()));
@@ -205,15 +254,20 @@ async fn test_on_prepare() {

 #[tokio::test]
 async fn test_on_update_metadata() {
-    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(NaiveDatanodeHandler));
+    common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+    let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::channel(8);
+    let test_column_metadatas = test_column_metadatas(&["new_col", "mew_col"]);
+    let datanode_handler =
+        DatanodeWatcher::new(tx).with_handler(make_alters_request_handler(test_column_metadatas));
+    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(datanode_handler));
    let ddl_context = new_ddl_context(node_manager);

    // Creates physical table
    let phy_id = create_physical_table(&ddl_context, "phy").await;
    // Creates 3 logical tables
-    create_logical_table(ddl_context.clone(), phy_id, "table1").await;
-    create_logical_table(ddl_context.clone(), phy_id, "table2").await;
-    create_logical_table(ddl_context.clone(), phy_id, "table3").await;
+    let logical_table1_id = create_logical_table(ddl_context.clone(), phy_id, "table1").await;
+    let logical_table2_id = create_logical_table(ddl_context.clone(), phy_id, "table2").await;
+    let logical_table3_id = create_logical_table(ddl_context.clone(), phy_id, "table3").await;
    create_logical_table(ddl_context.clone(), phy_id, "table4").await;
    create_logical_table(ddl_context.clone(), phy_id, "table5").await;

@@ -223,7 +277,7 @@ async fn test_on_update_metadata() {
        make_alter_logical_table_add_column_task(None, "table3", vec!["new_col".to_string()]),
    ];

-    let mut procedure = AlterLogicalTablesProcedure::new(tasks, phy_id, ddl_context);
+    let mut procedure = AlterLogicalTablesProcedure::new(tasks, phy_id, ddl_context.clone());
    let mut status = procedure.on_prepare().await.unwrap();
    assert_matches!(
        status,
@@ -255,18 +309,52 @@ async fn test_on_update_metadata() {
            clean_poisons: false
        }
    );
+    let (peer, request) = rx.try_recv().unwrap();
+    rx.try_recv().unwrap_err();
+    assert_alters_request(
+        peer,
+        request,
+        0,
+        &[
+            RegionId::new(logical_table1_id, 0),
+            RegionId::new(logical_table2_id, 0),
+            RegionId::new(logical_table3_id, 0),
+        ],
+    );
+
+    let table_info = get_raw_table_info(&ddl_context, phy_id).await;
+    assert_column_name(
+        &table_info,
+        &["ts", "value", "__table_id", "__tsid", "new_col", "mew_col"],
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        table_info.meta.column_ids,
+        vec![
+            0,
+            1,
+            ReservedColumnId::table_id(),
+            ReservedColumnId::tsid(),
+            2,
+            3
+        ]
+    );
 }

 #[tokio::test]
 async fn test_on_part_duplicate_alter_request() {
-    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(NaiveDatanodeHandler));
-    let ddl_context = new_ddl_context(node_manager);
+    common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+    let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::channel(8);
+    let column_metadatas = test_column_metadatas(&["col_0"]);
+    let handler =
+        DatanodeWatcher::new(tx).with_handler(make_alters_request_handler(column_metadatas));
+    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(handler));
+    let mut ddl_context = new_ddl_context(node_manager);

    // Creates physical table
    let phy_id = create_physical_table(&ddl_context, "phy").await;
    // Creates 3 logical tables
-    create_logical_table(ddl_context.clone(), phy_id, "table1").await;
-    create_logical_table(ddl_context.clone(), phy_id, "table2").await;
+    let logical_table1_id = create_logical_table(ddl_context.clone(), phy_id, "table1").await;
+    let logical_table2_id = create_logical_table(ddl_context.clone(), phy_id, "table2").await;

    let tasks = vec![
        make_alter_logical_table_add_column_task(None, "table1", vec!["col_0".to_string()]),
@@ -305,6 +393,40 @@ async fn test_on_part_duplicate_alter_request() {
            clean_poisons: false
        }
    );
+    let (peer, request) = rx.try_recv().unwrap();
+    rx.try_recv().unwrap_err();
+    assert_alters_request(
+        peer,
+        request,
+        0,
+        &[
+            RegionId::new(logical_table1_id, 0),
+            RegionId::new(logical_table2_id, 0),
+        ],
+    );
+
+    let table_info = get_raw_table_info(&ddl_context, phy_id).await;
+    assert_column_name(
+        &table_info,
+        &["ts", "value", "__table_id", "__tsid", "col_0"],
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        table_info.meta.column_ids,
+        vec![
+            0,
+            1,
+            ReservedColumnId::table_id(),
+            ReservedColumnId::tsid(),
+            2
+        ]
+    );
+
+    let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::channel(8);
+    let column_metadatas = test_column_metadatas(&["col_0", "new_col_1", "new_col_2"]);
+    let handler =
+        DatanodeWatcher::new(tx).with_handler(make_alters_request_handler(column_metadatas));
+    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(handler));
+    ddl_context.node_manager = node_manager;

    // re-alter
    let tasks = vec![
@@ -357,6 +479,44 @@ async fn test_on_part_duplicate_alter_request() {
        }
    );

+    let (peer, request) = rx.try_recv().unwrap();
+    rx.try_recv().unwrap_err();
+    assert_alters_request(
+        peer,
+        request,
+        0,
+        &[
+            RegionId::new(logical_table1_id, 0),
+            RegionId::new(logical_table2_id, 0),
+        ],
+    );
+
+    let table_info = get_raw_table_info(&ddl_context, phy_id).await;
+    assert_column_name(
+        &table_info,
+        &[
+            "ts",
+            "value",
+            "__table_id",
+            "__tsid",
+            "col_0",
+            "new_col_1",
+            "new_col_2",
+        ],
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        table_info.meta.column_ids,
+        vec![
+            0,
+            1,
+            ReservedColumnId::table_id(),
+            ReservedColumnId::tsid(),
+            2,
+            3,
+            4,
+        ]
+    );
+
    let table_name_keys = vec![
        TableNameKey::new(DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME, "table1"),
        TableNameKey::new(DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME, "table2"),
@@ -422,27 +582,13 @@ async fn test_on_part_duplicate_alter_request() {
    );
 }

-fn alters_request_handler(_peer: Peer, request: RegionRequest) -> Result<RegionResponse> {
-    if let region_request::Body::Alters(_) = request.body.unwrap() {
-        let mut response = RegionResponse::new(0);
-        // Default region id for physical table.
-        let region_id = RegionId::new(1000, 1);
-        response.extensions.insert(
-            MANIFEST_INFO_EXTENSION_KEY.to_string(),
-            RegionManifestInfo::encode_list(&[(region_id, RegionManifestInfo::metric(1, 0, 2, 0))])
-                .unwrap(),
-        );
-        return Ok(response);
-    }
-
-    Ok(RegionResponse::new(0))
-}
-
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn test_on_submit_alter_region_request() {
    common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
    let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::channel(8);
-    let handler = DatanodeWatcher::new(tx).with_handler(alters_request_handler);
+    let column_metadatas = test_column_metadatas(&["new_col", "mew_col"]);
+    let handler =
+        DatanodeWatcher::new(tx).with_handler(make_alters_request_handler(column_metadatas));
    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(handler));
    let ddl_context = new_ddl_context(node_manager);

--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests/alter_table.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests/alter_table.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,12 @@ use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
 use common_procedure::store::poison_store::PoisonStore;
 use common_procedure::{ProcedureId, Status};
 use common_procedure_test::MockContextProvider;
-use store_api::metric_engine_consts::MANIFEST_INFO_EXTENSION_KEY;
+use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
+use datatypes::schema::ColumnSchema;
+use store_api::metadata::ColumnMetadata;
+use store_api::metric_engine_consts::{
+    MANIFEST_INFO_EXTENSION_KEY, TABLE_COLUMN_METADATA_EXTENSION_KEY,
+};
 use store_api::region_engine::RegionManifestInfo;
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;
 use table::requests::TTL_KEY;
@@ -43,6 +48,7 @@ use crate::ddl::test_util::datanode_handler::{
    AllFailureDatanodeHandler, DatanodeWatcher, PartialSuccessDatanodeHandler,
    RequestOutdatedErrorDatanodeHandler,
 };
+use crate::ddl::test_util::{assert_column_name, assert_column_name_and_id};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 use crate::key::datanode_table::DatanodeTableKey;
 use crate::key::table_name::TableNameKey;
@@ -179,6 +185,30 @@ fn alter_request_handler(_peer: Peer, request: RegionRequest) -> Result<RegionRe
            RegionManifestInfo::encode_list(&[(region_id, RegionManifestInfo::mito(1, 1))])
                .unwrap(),
        );
+        response.extensions.insert(
+            TABLE_COLUMN_METADATA_EXTENSION_KEY.to_string(),
+            ColumnMetadata::encode_list(&[
+                ColumnMetadata {
+                    column_schema: ColumnSchema::new(
+                        "ts",
+                        ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
+                        false,
+                    ),
+                    semantic_type: SemanticType::Timestamp,
+                    column_id: 0,
+                },
+                ColumnMetadata {
+                    column_schema: ColumnSchema::new(
+                        "host",
+                        ConcreteDataType::float64_datatype(),
+                        false,
+                    ),
+                    semantic_type: SemanticType::Tag,
+                    column_id: 1,
+                },
+            ])
+            .unwrap(),
+        );
        return Ok(response);
    }

@@ -187,6 +217,7 @@ fn alter_request_handler(_peer: Peer, request: RegionRequest) -> Result<RegionRe

 #[tokio::test]
 async fn test_on_submit_alter_request() {
+    common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
    let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::channel(8);
    let datanode_handler = DatanodeWatcher::new(tx).with_handler(alter_request_handler);
    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(datanode_handler));
@@ -234,6 +265,8 @@ async fn test_on_submit_alter_request() {
    assert_sync_request(peer, request, 4, RegionId::new(table_id, 2), 1);
    let (peer, request) = results.remove(0);
    assert_sync_request(peer, request, 5, RegionId::new(table_id, 1), 1);
+    let column_metadatas = procedure.data().column_metadatas();
+    assert_column_name_and_id(column_metadatas, &[("ts", 0), ("host", 1)]);
 }

 #[tokio::test]
@@ -378,6 +411,7 @@ async fn test_on_update_metadata_rename() {

 #[tokio::test]
 async fn test_on_update_metadata_add_columns() {
+    common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(()));
    let ddl_context = new_ddl_context(node_manager);
    let table_name = "foo";
@@ -431,6 +465,34 @@ async fn test_on_update_metadata_add_columns() {
        .submit_alter_region_requests(procedure_id, provider.as_ref())
        .await
        .unwrap();
+    // Returned column metadatas is empty.
+    assert!(procedure.data().column_metadatas().is_empty());
+    procedure.mut_data().set_column_metadatas(vec![
+        ColumnMetadata {
+            column_schema: ColumnSchema::new(
+                "ts",
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            semantic_type: SemanticType::Timestamp,
+            column_id: 0,
+        },
+        ColumnMetadata {
+            column_schema: ColumnSchema::new("host", ConcreteDataType::float64_datatype(), false),
+            semantic_type: SemanticType::Tag,
+            column_id: 1,
+        },
+        ColumnMetadata {
+            column_schema: ColumnSchema::new("cpu", ConcreteDataType::float64_datatype(), false),
+            semantic_type: SemanticType::Tag,
+            column_id: 2,
+        },
+        ColumnMetadata {
+            column_schema: ColumnSchema::new("my_tag3", ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), true),
+            semantic_type: SemanticType::Tag,
+            column_id: 3,
+        },
+    ]);
    procedure.on_update_metadata().await.unwrap();

    let table_info = ddl_context
@@ -447,6 +509,8 @@ async fn test_on_update_metadata_add_columns() {
        table_info.meta.schema.column_schemas.len() as u32,
        table_info.meta.next_column_id
    );
+    assert_column_name(&table_info, &["ts", "host", "cpu", "my_tag3"]);
+    assert_eq!(table_info.meta.column_ids, vec![0, 1, 2, 3]);
 }

 #[tokio::test]
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests/create_flow.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests/create_flow.rs
@@ -141,3 +141,41 @@ async fn test_create_flow() {
    let err = procedure.on_prepare().await.unwrap_err();
    assert_matches!(err, error::Error::FlowAlreadyExists { .. });
 }
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_create_flow_same_source_and_sink_table() {
+    let table_id = 1024;
+    let table_name = TableName::new(DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME, "same_table");
+
+    // Use the same table for both source and sink
+    let source_table_names = vec![table_name.clone()];
+    let sink_table_name = table_name.clone();
+
+    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockFlownodeManager::new(NaiveFlownodeHandler));
+    let ddl_context = new_ddl_context(node_manager);
+
+    // Create the table first so it exists
+    let task = test_create_table_task("same_table", table_id);
+    ddl_context
+        .table_metadata_manager
+        .create_table_metadata(
+            task.table_info.clone(),
+            TableRouteValue::physical(vec![]),
+            HashMap::new(),
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    // Try to create a flow with same source and sink table - should fail
+    let task = test_create_flow_task("my_flow", source_table_names, sink_table_name, false);
+    let query_ctx = QueryContext::arc().into();
+    let mut procedure = CreateFlowProcedure::new(task, query_ctx, ddl_context);
+    let err = procedure.on_prepare().await.unwrap_err();
+    assert_matches!(err, error::Error::Unsupported { .. });
+
+    // Verify the error message contains information about the same table
+    if let error::Error::Unsupported { operation, .. } = &err {
+        assert!(operation.contains("source and sink table being the same"));
+        assert!(operation.contains("same_table"));
+    }
+}
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests/create_logical_tables.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests/create_logical_tables.rs
@@ -23,15 +23,18 @@ use common_error::ext::ErrorExt;
 use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
 use common_procedure::{Context as ProcedureContext, Procedure, ProcedureId, Status};
 use common_procedure_test::MockContextProvider;
-use store_api::metric_engine_consts::MANIFEST_INFO_EXTENSION_KEY;
+use store_api::metadata::ColumnMetadata;
+use store_api::metric_engine_consts::{ALTER_PHYSICAL_EXTENSION_KEY, MANIFEST_INFO_EXTENSION_KEY};
 use store_api::region_engine::RegionManifestInfo;
+use store_api::storage::consts::ReservedColumnId;
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;

 use crate::ddl::create_logical_tables::CreateLogicalTablesProcedure;
 use crate::ddl::test_util::datanode_handler::{DatanodeWatcher, NaiveDatanodeHandler};
 use crate::ddl::test_util::{
-    create_physical_table_metadata, test_create_logical_table_task, test_create_physical_table_task,
+    assert_column_name, create_physical_table_metadata, get_raw_table_info, test_column_metadatas,
+    test_create_logical_table_task, test_create_physical_table_task,
 };
 use crate::ddl::TableMetadata;
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
@@ -39,6 +42,54 @@ use crate::key::table_route::{PhysicalTableRouteValue, TableRouteValue};
 use crate::rpc::router::{Region, RegionRoute};
 use crate::test_util::{new_ddl_context, MockDatanodeManager};

+fn make_creates_request_handler(
+    column_metadatas: Vec<ColumnMetadata>,
+) -> impl Fn(Peer, RegionRequest) -> Result<RegionResponse> {
+    move |_peer, request| {
+        let _ = _peer;
+        if let region_request::Body::Creates(_) = request.body.unwrap() {
+            let mut response = RegionResponse::new(0);
+            // Default region id for physical table.
+            let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
+            response.extensions.insert(
+                MANIFEST_INFO_EXTENSION_KEY.to_string(),
+                RegionManifestInfo::encode_list(&[(
+                    region_id,
+                    RegionManifestInfo::metric(1, 0, 2, 0),
+                )])
+                .unwrap(),
+            );
+            response.extensions.insert(
+                ALTER_PHYSICAL_EXTENSION_KEY.to_string(),
+                ColumnMetadata::encode_list(&column_metadatas).unwrap(),
+            );
+            return Ok(response);
+        }
+
+        Ok(RegionResponse::new(0))
+    }
+}
+
+fn assert_creates_request(
+    peer: Peer,
+    request: RegionRequest,
+    expected_peer_id: u64,
+    expected_region_ids: &[RegionId],
+) {
+    assert_eq!(peer.id, expected_peer_id,);
+    let Some(region_request::Body::Creates(req)) = request.body else {
+        unreachable!();
+    };
+    for (i, region_id) in expected_region_ids.iter().enumerate() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            req.requests[i].region_id,
+            *region_id,
+            "actual region id: {}",
+            RegionId::from_u64(req.requests[i].region_id)
+        );
+    }
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn test_on_prepare_physical_table_not_found() {
    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(()));
@@ -227,7 +278,12 @@ async fn test_on_prepare_part_logical_tables_exist() {

 #[tokio::test]
 async fn test_on_create_metadata() {
-    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(NaiveDatanodeHandler));
+    common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+    let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::channel(8);
+    let column_metadatas = test_column_metadatas(&["host", "cpu"]);
+    let datanode_handler =
+        DatanodeWatcher::new(tx).with_handler(make_creates_request_handler(column_metadatas));
+    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(datanode_handler));
    let ddl_context = new_ddl_context(node_manager);
    // Prepares physical table metadata.
    let mut create_physical_table_task = test_create_physical_table_task("phy_table");
@@ -255,7 +311,7 @@ async fn test_on_create_metadata() {
    let mut procedure = CreateLogicalTablesProcedure::new(
        vec![task, yet_another_task],
        physical_table_id,
-        ddl_context,
+        ddl_context.clone(),
    );
    let status = procedure.on_prepare().await.unwrap();
    assert_matches!(
@@ -274,11 +330,42 @@ async fn test_on_create_metadata() {
    let status = procedure.execute(&ctx).await.unwrap();
    let table_ids = status.downcast_output_ref::<Vec<u32>>().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(*table_ids, vec![1025, 1026]);
+
+    let (peer, request) = rx.try_recv().unwrap();
+    rx.try_recv().unwrap_err();
+    assert_creates_request(
+        peer,
+        request,
+        0,
+        &[RegionId::new(1025, 0), RegionId::new(1026, 0)],
+    );
+
+    let table_info = get_raw_table_info(&ddl_context, table_id).await;
+    assert_column_name(
+        &table_info,
+        &["ts", "value", "__table_id", "__tsid", "host", "cpu"],
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        table_info.meta.column_ids,
+        vec![
+            0,
+            1,
+            ReservedColumnId::table_id(),
+            ReservedColumnId::tsid(),
+            2,
+            3
+        ]
+    );
 }

 #[tokio::test]
 async fn test_on_create_metadata_part_logical_tables_exist() {
-    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(NaiveDatanodeHandler));
+    common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+    let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::channel(8);
+    let column_metadatas = test_column_metadatas(&["host", "cpu"]);
+    let datanode_handler =
+        DatanodeWatcher::new(tx).with_handler(make_creates_request_handler(column_metadatas));
+    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(datanode_handler));
    let ddl_context = new_ddl_context(node_manager);
    // Prepares physical table metadata.
    let mut create_physical_table_task = test_create_physical_table_task("phy_table");
@@ -317,7 +404,7 @@ async fn test_on_create_metadata_part_logical_tables_exist() {
    let mut procedure = CreateLogicalTablesProcedure::new(
        vec![task, non_exist_task],
        physical_table_id,
-        ddl_context,
+        ddl_context.clone(),
    );
    let status = procedure.on_prepare().await.unwrap();
    assert_matches!(
@@ -336,6 +423,27 @@ async fn test_on_create_metadata_part_logical_tables_exist() {
    let status = procedure.execute(&ctx).await.unwrap();
    let table_ids = status.downcast_output_ref::<Vec<u32>>().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(*table_ids, vec![8192, 1025]);
+
+    let (peer, request) = rx.try_recv().unwrap();
+    rx.try_recv().unwrap_err();
+    assert_creates_request(peer, request, 0, &[RegionId::new(1025, 0)]);
+
+    let table_info = get_raw_table_info(&ddl_context, table_id).await;
+    assert_column_name(
+        &table_info,
+        &["ts", "value", "__table_id", "__tsid", "host", "cpu"],
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        table_info.meta.column_ids,
+        vec![
+            0,
+            1,
+            ReservedColumnId::table_id(),
+            ReservedColumnId::tsid(),
+            2,
+            3
+        ]
+    );
 }

 #[tokio::test]
@@ -399,27 +507,13 @@ async fn test_on_create_metadata_err() {
    assert!(!error.is_retry_later());
 }

-fn creates_request_handler(_peer: Peer, request: RegionRequest) -> Result<RegionResponse> {
-    if let region_request::Body::Creates(_) = request.body.unwrap() {
-        let mut response = RegionResponse::new(0);
-        // Default region id for physical table.
-        let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
-        response.extensions.insert(
-            MANIFEST_INFO_EXTENSION_KEY.to_string(),
-            RegionManifestInfo::encode_list(&[(region_id, RegionManifestInfo::metric(1, 0, 2, 0))])
-                .unwrap(),
-        );
-        return Ok(response);
-    }
-
-    Ok(RegionResponse::new(0))
-}
-
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn test_on_submit_create_request() {
    common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
    let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::channel(8);
-    let handler = DatanodeWatcher::new(tx).with_handler(creates_request_handler);
+    let column_metadatas = test_column_metadatas(&["host", "cpu"]);
+    let handler =
+        DatanodeWatcher::new(tx).with_handler(make_creates_request_handler(column_metadatas));
    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(handler));
    let ddl_context = new_ddl_context(node_manager);
    let mut create_physical_table_task = test_create_physical_table_task("phy_table");
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests/create_table.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/tests/create_table.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@ use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use api::v1::meta::Partition;
+use api::region::RegionResponse;
+use api::v1::meta::{Partition, Peer};
+use api::v1::region::{region_request, RegionRequest};
 use api::v1::{ColumnDataType, SemanticType};
 use common_error::ext::ErrorExt;
 use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
@@ -24,7 +26,12 @@ use common_procedure::{Context as ProcedureContext, Procedure, ProcedureId, Stat
 use common_procedure_test::{
    execute_procedure_until, execute_procedure_until_done, MockContextProvider,
 };
+use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
+use datatypes::schema::ColumnSchema;
+use store_api::metadata::ColumnMetadata;
+use store_api::metric_engine_consts::TABLE_COLUMN_METADATA_EXTENSION_KEY;
 use store_api::storage::RegionId;
+use tokio::sync::mpsc;

 use crate::ddl::create_table::{CreateTableProcedure, CreateTableState};
 use crate::ddl::test_util::columns::TestColumnDefBuilder;
@@ -32,14 +39,73 @@ use crate::ddl::test_util::create_table::{
    build_raw_table_info_from_expr, TestCreateTableExprBuilder,
 };
 use crate::ddl::test_util::datanode_handler::{
-    NaiveDatanodeHandler, RetryErrorDatanodeHandler, UnexpectedErrorDatanodeHandler,
+    DatanodeWatcher, NaiveDatanodeHandler, RetryErrorDatanodeHandler,
+    UnexpectedErrorDatanodeHandler,
 };
-use crate::error::Error;
+use crate::ddl::test_util::{assert_column_name, get_raw_table_info};
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 use crate::key::table_route::TableRouteValue;
 use crate::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
 use crate::rpc::ddl::CreateTableTask;
 use crate::test_util::{new_ddl_context, new_ddl_context_with_kv_backend, MockDatanodeManager};

+fn create_request_handler(_peer: Peer, request: RegionRequest) -> Result<RegionResponse> {
+    let _ = _peer;
+    if let region_request::Body::Create(_) = request.body.unwrap() {
+        let mut response = RegionResponse::new(0);
+
+        response.extensions.insert(
+            TABLE_COLUMN_METADATA_EXTENSION_KEY.to_string(),
+            ColumnMetadata::encode_list(&[
+                ColumnMetadata {
+                    column_schema: ColumnSchema::new(
+                        "ts",
+                        ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
+                        false,
+                    ),
+                    semantic_type: SemanticType::Timestamp,
+                    column_id: 0,
+                },
+                ColumnMetadata {
+                    column_schema: ColumnSchema::new(
+                        "host",
+                        ConcreteDataType::float64_datatype(),
+                        false,
+                    ),
+                    semantic_type: SemanticType::Tag,
+                    column_id: 1,
+                },
+                ColumnMetadata {
+                    column_schema: ColumnSchema::new(
+                        "cpu",
+                        ConcreteDataType::float64_datatype(),
+                        false,
+                    ),
+                    semantic_type: SemanticType::Tag,
+                    column_id: 2,
+                },
+            ])
+            .unwrap(),
+        );
+        return Ok(response);
+    }
+
+    Ok(RegionResponse::new(0))
+}
+
+fn assert_create_request(
+    peer: Peer,
+    request: RegionRequest,
+    expected_peer_id: u64,
+    expected_region_id: RegionId,
+) {
+    assert_eq!(peer.id, expected_peer_id);
+    let Some(region_request::Body::Create(req)) = request.body else {
+        unreachable!();
+    };
+    assert_eq!(req.region_id, expected_region_id);
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn test_create_table_task(name: &str) -> CreateTableTask {
    let create_table = TestCreateTableExprBuilder::default()
        .column_defs([
@@ -230,11 +296,13 @@ async fn test_on_create_metadata_error() {
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn test_on_create_metadata() {
    common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
-    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(NaiveDatanodeHandler));
+    let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::channel(8);
+    let datanode_handler = DatanodeWatcher::new(tx).with_handler(create_request_handler);
+    let node_manager = Arc::new(MockDatanodeManager::new(datanode_handler));
    let ddl_context = new_ddl_context(node_manager);
    let task = test_create_table_task("foo");
    assert!(!task.create_table.create_if_not_exists);
-    let mut procedure = CreateTableProcedure::new(task, ddl_context);
+    let mut procedure = CreateTableProcedure::new(task, ddl_context.clone());
    procedure.on_prepare().await.unwrap();
    let ctx = ProcedureContext {
        procedure_id: ProcedureId::random(),
@@ -243,8 +311,16 @@ async fn test_on_create_metadata() {
    procedure.execute(&ctx).await.unwrap();
    // Triggers procedure to create table metadata
    let status = procedure.execute(&ctx).await.unwrap();
-    let table_id = status.downcast_output_ref::<u32>().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*table_id, 1024);
+    let table_id = *status.downcast_output_ref::<u32>().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(table_id, 1024);
+
+    let (peer, request) = rx.try_recv().unwrap();
+    rx.try_recv().unwrap_err();
+    assert_create_request(peer, request, 0, RegionId::new(table_id, 0));
+
+    let table_info = get_raw_table_info(&ddl_context, table_id).await;
+    assert_column_name(&table_info, &["ts", "host", "cpu"]);
+    assert_eq!(table_info.meta.column_ids, vec![0, 1, 2]);
 }

 #[tokio::test]
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl/utils.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl/utils.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ use common_telemetry::{error, info, warn};
 use common_wal::options::WalOptions;
 use futures::future::join_all;
 use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
+use store_api::metadata::ColumnMetadata;
 use store_api::metric_engine_consts::{LOGICAL_TABLE_METADATA_KEY, MANIFEST_INFO_EXTENSION_KEY};
 use store_api::region_engine::RegionManifestInfo;
 use store_api::storage::{RegionId, RegionNumber};
@@ -37,8 +38,8 @@ use table::table_reference::TableReference;

 use crate::ddl::{DdlContext, DetectingRegion};
 use crate::error::{
-    self, Error, OperateDatanodeSnafu, ParseWalOptionsSnafu, Result, TableNotFoundSnafu,
-    UnsupportedSnafu,
+    self, DecodeJsonSnafu, Error, MetadataCorruptionSnafu, OperateDatanodeSnafu,
+    ParseWalOptionsSnafu, Result, TableNotFoundSnafu, UnsupportedSnafu,
 };
 use crate::key::datanode_table::DatanodeTableValue;
 use crate::key::table_name::TableNameKey;
@@ -314,11 +315,23 @@ pub fn parse_manifest_infos_from_extensions(
    Ok(data_manifest_version)
 }

+/// Parses column metadatas from extensions.
+pub fn parse_column_metadatas(
+    extensions: &HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>,
+    key: &str,
+) -> Result<Vec<ColumnMetadata>> {
+    let value = extensions.get(key).context(error::UnexpectedSnafu {
+        err_msg: format!("column metadata extension not found: {}", key),
+    })?;
+    let column_metadatas = ColumnMetadata::decode_list(value).context(error::SerdeJsonSnafu {})?;
+    Ok(column_metadatas)
+}
+
 /// Sync follower regions on datanodes.
 pub async fn sync_follower_regions(
    context: &DdlContext,
    table_id: TableId,
-    results: Vec<RegionResponse>,
+    results: &[RegionResponse],
    region_routes: &[RegionRoute],
    engine: &str,
 ) -> Result<()> {
@@ -331,7 +344,7 @@ pub async fn sync_follower_regions(
    }

    let results = results
-        .into_iter()
+        .iter()
        .map(|response| parse_manifest_infos_from_extensions(&response.extensions))
        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?
        .into_iter()
@@ -418,6 +431,38 @@ pub async fn sync_follower_regions(
    Ok(())
 }

+/// Extracts column metadatas from extensions.
+pub fn extract_column_metadatas(
+    results: &mut [RegionResponse],
+    key: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<Vec<ColumnMetadata>>> {
+    let schemas = results
+        .iter_mut()
+        .map(|r| r.extensions.remove(key))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    if schemas.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    // Verify all the physical schemas are the same
+    // Safety: previous check ensures this vec is not empty
+    let first = schemas.first().unwrap();
+    ensure!(
+        schemas.iter().all(|x| x == first),
+        MetadataCorruptionSnafu {
+            err_msg: "The table column metadata schemas from datanodes are not the same."
+        }
+    );
+
+    if let Some(first) = first {
+        let column_metadatas = ColumnMetadata::decode_list(first).context(DecodeJsonSnafu)?;
+        Ok(Some(column_metadatas))
+    } else {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
--- a/src/common/meta/src/ddl_manager.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/ddl_manager.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,11 @@ use crate::key::{DeserializedValueWithBytes, TableMetadataManagerRef};
 #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
 use crate::rpc::ddl::trigger::CreateTriggerTask;
 #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+use crate::rpc::ddl::trigger::DropTriggerTask;
+#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
 use crate::rpc::ddl::DdlTask::CreateTrigger;
+#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+use crate::rpc::ddl::DdlTask::DropTrigger;
 use crate::rpc::ddl::DdlTask::{
    AlterDatabase, AlterLogicalTables, AlterTable, CreateDatabase, CreateFlow, CreateLogicalTables,
    CreateTable, CreateView, DropDatabase, DropFlow, DropLogicalTables, DropTable, DropView,
@@ -91,6 +95,14 @@ pub trait TriggerDdlManager: Send + Sync {
        query_context: QueryContext,
    ) -> Result<SubmitDdlTaskResponse>;

+    async fn drop_trigger(
+        &self,
+        drop_trigger_task: DropTriggerTask,
+        procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
+        ddl_context: DdlContext,
+        query_context: QueryContext,
+    ) -> Result<SubmitDdlTaskResponse>;
+
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any;
 }

@@ -125,13 +137,12 @@ impl DdlManager {
        ddl_context: DdlContext,
        procedure_manager: ProcedureManagerRef,
        register_loaders: bool,
-        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")] trigger_ddl_manager: Option<TriggerDdlManagerRef>,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        let manager = Self {
            ddl_context,
            procedure_manager,
            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-            trigger_ddl_manager,
+            trigger_ddl_manager: None,
        };
        if register_loaders {
            manager.register_loaders()?;
@@ -139,6 +150,15 @@ impl DdlManager {
        Ok(manager)
    }

+    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+    pub fn with_trigger_ddl_manager(
+        mut self,
+        trigger_ddl_manager: Option<TriggerDdlManagerRef>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.trigger_ddl_manager = trigger_ddl_manager;
+        self
+    }
+
    /// Returns the [TableMetadataManagerRef].
    pub fn table_metadata_manager(&self) -> &TableMetadataManagerRef {
        &self.ddl_context.table_metadata_manager
@@ -640,6 +660,28 @@ async fn handle_drop_flow_task(
    })
 }

+#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+async fn handle_drop_trigger_task(
+    ddl_manager: &DdlManager,
+    drop_trigger_task: DropTriggerTask,
+    query_context: QueryContext,
+) -> Result<SubmitDdlTaskResponse> {
+    let Some(m) = ddl_manager.trigger_ddl_manager.as_ref() else {
+        return UnsupportedSnafu {
+            operation: "drop trigger",
+        }
+        .fail();
+    };
+
+    m.drop_trigger(
+        drop_trigger_task,
+        ddl_manager.procedure_manager.clone(),
+        ddl_manager.ddl_context.clone(),
+        query_context,
+    )
+    .await
+}
+
 async fn handle_drop_view_task(
    ddl_manager: &DdlManager,
    drop_view_task: DropViewTask,
@@ -827,6 +869,11 @@ impl ProcedureExecutor for DdlManager {
                    handle_create_flow_task(self, create_flow_task, request.query_context.into())
                        .await
                }
+                DropFlow(drop_flow_task) => handle_drop_flow_task(self, drop_flow_task).await,
+                CreateView(create_view_task) => {
+                    handle_create_view_task(self, create_view_task).await
+                }
+                DropView(drop_view_task) => handle_drop_view_task(self, drop_view_task).await,
                #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
                CreateTrigger(create_trigger_task) => {
                    handle_create_trigger_task(
@@ -836,11 +883,11 @@ impl ProcedureExecutor for DdlManager {
                    )
                    .await
                }
-                DropFlow(drop_flow_task) => handle_drop_flow_task(self, drop_flow_task).await,
-                CreateView(create_view_task) => {
-                    handle_create_view_task(self, create_view_task).await
+                #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+                DropTrigger(drop_trigger_task) => {
+                    handle_drop_trigger_task(self, drop_trigger_task, request.query_context.into())
+                        .await
                }
-                DropView(drop_view_task) => handle_drop_view_task(self, drop_view_task).await,
            }
        }
        .trace(span)
@@ -948,6 +995,7 @@ mod tests {
            Default::default(),
            state_store,
            poison_manager,
+            None,
        ));

        let _ = DdlManager::try_new(
@@ -964,8 +1012,6 @@ mod tests {
            },
            procedure_manager.clone(),
            true,
-            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-            None,
        );

        let expected_loaders = vec![
--- a/src/common/meta/src/key.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key.rs
@@ -100,8 +100,8 @@
 pub mod catalog_name;
 pub mod datanode_table;
 pub mod flow;
-pub mod maintenance;
 pub mod node_address;
+pub mod runtime_switch;
 mod schema_metadata_manager;
 pub mod schema_name;
 pub mod table_info;
@@ -164,7 +164,9 @@ use crate::state_store::PoisonValue;
 use crate::DatanodeId;

 pub const NAME_PATTERN: &str = r"[a-zA-Z_:-][a-zA-Z0-9_:\-\.@#]*";
-pub const MAINTENANCE_KEY: &str = "__maintenance";
+pub const LEGACY_MAINTENANCE_KEY: &str = "__maintenance";
+pub const MAINTENANCE_KEY: &str = "__switches/maintenance";
+pub const PAUSE_PROCEDURE_KEY: &str = "__switches/pause_procedure";

 pub const DATANODE_TABLE_KEY_PREFIX: &str = "__dn_table";
 pub const TABLE_INFO_KEY_PREFIX: &str = "__table_info";
--- a/src/common/meta/src/key/maintenance.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key/maintenance.rs
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use crate::error::Result;
-use crate::key::MAINTENANCE_KEY;
-use crate::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
-use crate::rpc::store::PutRequest;
-
-pub type MaintenanceModeManagerRef = Arc<MaintenanceModeManager>;
-
-/// The maintenance mode manager.
-///
-/// Used to enable or disable maintenance mode.
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct MaintenanceModeManager {
-    kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
-}
-
-impl MaintenanceModeManager {
-    pub fn new(kv_backend: KvBackendRef) -> Self {
-        Self { kv_backend }
-    }
-
-    /// Enables maintenance mode.
-    pub async fn set_maintenance_mode(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        let req = PutRequest {
-            key: Vec::from(MAINTENANCE_KEY),
-            value: vec![],
-            prev_kv: false,
-        };
-        self.kv_backend.put(req).await?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Unsets maintenance mode.
-    pub async fn unset_maintenance_mode(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        self.kv_backend
-            .delete(MAINTENANCE_KEY.as_bytes(), false)
-            .await?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns true if maintenance mode is enabled.
-    pub async fn maintenance_mode(&self) -> Result<bool> {
-        self.kv_backend.exists(MAINTENANCE_KEY.as_bytes()).await
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use std::sync::Arc;
-
-    use crate::key::maintenance::MaintenanceModeManager;
-    use crate::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_maintenance_mode_manager() {
-        let maintenance_mode_manager = Arc::new(MaintenanceModeManager::new(Arc::new(
-            MemoryKvBackend::new(),
-        )));
-        assert!(!maintenance_mode_manager.maintenance_mode().await.unwrap());
-        maintenance_mode_manager
-            .set_maintenance_mode()
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-        assert!(maintenance_mode_manager.maintenance_mode().await.unwrap());
-        maintenance_mode_manager
-            .unset_maintenance_mode()
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-        assert!(!maintenance_mode_manager.maintenance_mode().await.unwrap());
-    }
-}
--- a/src/common/meta/src/key/runtime_switch.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key/runtime_switch.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
+use common_procedure::local::PauseAware;
+use moka::future::Cache;
+use snafu::ResultExt;
+
+use crate::error::{GetCacheSnafu, Result};
+use crate::key::{LEGACY_MAINTENANCE_KEY, MAINTENANCE_KEY, PAUSE_PROCEDURE_KEY};
+use crate::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
+use crate::rpc::store::{BatchDeleteRequest, PutRequest};
+
+pub type RuntimeSwitchManagerRef = Arc<RuntimeSwitchManager>;
+
+/// The runtime switch manager.
+///
+/// Used to enable or disable runtime switches.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct RuntimeSwitchManager {
+    kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
+    cache: Cache<Vec<u8>, Option<Vec<u8>>>,
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl PauseAware for RuntimeSwitchManager {
+    async fn is_paused(&self) -> std::result::Result<bool, BoxedError> {
+        self.is_procedure_paused().await.map_err(BoxedError::new)
+    }
+}
+
+const CACHE_TTL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10);
+const MAX_CAPACITY: u64 = 32;
+
+impl RuntimeSwitchManager {
+    pub fn new(kv_backend: KvBackendRef) -> Self {
+        let cache = Cache::builder()
+            .time_to_live(CACHE_TTL)
+            .max_capacity(MAX_CAPACITY)
+            .build();
+        Self { kv_backend, cache }
+    }
+
+    async fn put_key(&self, key: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let req = PutRequest {
+            key: Vec::from(key),
+            value: vec![],
+            prev_kv: false,
+        };
+        self.kv_backend.put(req).await?;
+        self.cache.invalidate(key.as_bytes()).await;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_keys(&self, keys: &[&str]) -> Result<()> {
+        let req = BatchDeleteRequest::new()
+            .with_keys(keys.iter().map(|x| x.as_bytes().to_vec()).collect());
+        self.kv_backend.batch_delete(req).await?;
+        for key in keys {
+            self.cache.invalidate(key.as_bytes()).await;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if the key exists.
+    async fn exists(&self, key: &str) -> Result<bool> {
+        let key = key.as_bytes().to_vec();
+        let kv_backend = self.kv_backend.clone();
+        let value = self
+            .cache
+            .try_get_with(key.clone(), async move {
+                kv_backend.get(&key).await.map(|v| v.map(|v| v.value))
+            })
+            .await
+            .context(GetCacheSnafu)?;
+
+        Ok(value.is_some())
+    }
+
+    /// Enables maintenance mode.
+    pub async fn set_maintenance_mode(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.put_key(MAINTENANCE_KEY).await
+    }
+
+    /// Unsets maintenance mode.
+    pub async fn unset_maintenance_mode(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.delete_keys(&[MAINTENANCE_KEY, LEGACY_MAINTENANCE_KEY])
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if maintenance mode is enabled.
+    pub async fn maintenance_mode(&self) -> Result<bool> {
+        let exists = self.exists(MAINTENANCE_KEY).await?;
+        if exists {
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+
+        let exists = self.exists(LEGACY_MAINTENANCE_KEY).await?;
+        if exists {
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+
+        Ok(false)
+    }
+
+    // Pauses handling of incoming procedure requests.
+    pub async fn pasue_procedure(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.put_key(PAUSE_PROCEDURE_KEY).await
+    }
+
+    /// Resumes processing of incoming procedure requests.
+    pub async fn resume_procedure(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.delete_keys(&[PAUSE_PROCEDURE_KEY]).await
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if the system is currently pausing incoming procedure requests.
+    pub async fn is_procedure_paused(&self) -> Result<bool> {
+        self.exists(PAUSE_PROCEDURE_KEY).await
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    use crate::key::runtime_switch::RuntimeSwitchManager;
+    use crate::key::{LEGACY_MAINTENANCE_KEY, MAINTENANCE_KEY};
+    use crate::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
+    use crate::kv_backend::KvBackend;
+    use crate::rpc::store::PutRequest;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_runtime_switch_manager_basic() {
+        let runtime_switch_manager =
+            Arc::new(RuntimeSwitchManager::new(Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::new())));
+        runtime_switch_manager
+            .put_key(MAINTENANCE_KEY)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let v = runtime_switch_manager
+            .cache
+            .get(MAINTENANCE_KEY.as_bytes())
+            .await;
+        assert!(v.is_none());
+        runtime_switch_manager
+            .exists(MAINTENANCE_KEY)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let v = runtime_switch_manager
+            .cache
+            .get(MAINTENANCE_KEY.as_bytes())
+            .await;
+        assert!(v.is_some());
+        runtime_switch_manager
+            .delete_keys(&[MAINTENANCE_KEY])
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let v = runtime_switch_manager
+            .cache
+            .get(MAINTENANCE_KEY.as_bytes())
+            .await;
+        assert!(v.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_runtime_switch_manager() {
+        let runtime_switch_manager =
+            Arc::new(RuntimeSwitchManager::new(Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::new())));
+        assert!(!runtime_switch_manager.maintenance_mode().await.unwrap());
+        runtime_switch_manager.set_maintenance_mode().await.unwrap();
+        assert!(runtime_switch_manager.maintenance_mode().await.unwrap());
+        runtime_switch_manager
+            .unset_maintenance_mode()
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(!runtime_switch_manager.maintenance_mode().await.unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_runtime_switch_manager_with_legacy_key() {
+        let kv_backend = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::new());
+        kv_backend
+            .put(PutRequest {
+                key: Vec::from(LEGACY_MAINTENANCE_KEY),
+                value: vec![],
+                prev_kv: false,
+            })
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let runtime_switch_manager = Arc::new(RuntimeSwitchManager::new(kv_backend));
+        assert!(runtime_switch_manager.maintenance_mode().await.unwrap());
+        runtime_switch_manager
+            .unset_maintenance_mode()
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(!runtime_switch_manager.maintenance_mode().await.unwrap());
+        runtime_switch_manager.set_maintenance_mode().await.unwrap();
+        assert!(runtime_switch_manager.maintenance_mode().await.unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_pasue_procedure() {
+        let runtime_switch_manager =
+            Arc::new(RuntimeSwitchManager::new(Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::new())));
+        runtime_switch_manager.pasue_procedure().await.unwrap();
+        assert!(runtime_switch_manager.is_procedure_paused().await.unwrap());
+        runtime_switch_manager.resume_procedure().await.unwrap();
+        assert!(!runtime_switch_manager.is_procedure_paused().await.unwrap());
+    }
+}
--- a/src/common/meta/src/key/table_info.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key/table_info.rs
@@ -334,6 +334,7 @@ mod tests {
            options: Default::default(),
            region_numbers: vec![1],
            partition_key_indices: vec![],
+            column_ids: vec![],
        };

        RawTableInfo {
--- a/src/common/meta/src/key/table_route.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key/table_route.rs
@@ -48,6 +48,11 @@ impl TableRouteKey {
    pub fn new(table_id: TableId) -> Self {
        Self { table_id }
    }
+
+    /// Returns the range prefix of the table route key.
+    pub fn range_prefix() -> Vec<u8> {
+        format!("{}/", TABLE_ROUTE_PREFIX).into_bytes()
+    }
 }

 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
--- a/src/common/meta/src/key/tombstone.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/key/tombstone.rs
@@ -14,13 +14,14 @@

 use std::collections::HashMap;

+use common_telemetry::debug;
 use snafu::ensure;

 use crate::error::{self, Result};
 use crate::key::txn_helper::TxnOpGetResponseSet;
 use crate::kv_backend::txn::{Compare, CompareOp, Txn, TxnOp};
 use crate::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
-use crate::rpc::store::BatchGetRequest;
+use crate::rpc::store::{BatchDeleteRequest, BatchGetRequest};

 /// [TombstoneManager] provides the ability to:
 /// - logically delete values
@@ -28,6 +29,9 @@ use crate::rpc::store::BatchGetRequest;
 pub struct TombstoneManager {
    kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
    tombstone_prefix: String,
+    // Only used for testing.
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    max_txn_ops: Option<usize>,
 }

 const TOMBSTONE_PREFIX: &str = "__tombstone/";
@@ -35,10 +39,7 @@ const TOMBSTONE_PREFIX: &str = "__tombstone/";
 impl TombstoneManager {
    /// Returns [TombstoneManager].
    pub fn new(kv_backend: KvBackendRef) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            kv_backend,
-            tombstone_prefix: TOMBSTONE_PREFIX.to_string(),
-        }
+        Self::new_with_prefix(kv_backend, TOMBSTONE_PREFIX)
    }

    /// Returns [TombstoneManager] with a custom tombstone prefix.
@@ -46,6 +47,8 @@ impl TombstoneManager {
        Self {
            kv_backend,
            tombstone_prefix: prefix.to_string(),
+            #[cfg(test)]
+            max_txn_ops: None,
        }
    }

@@ -53,6 +56,11 @@ impl TombstoneManager {
        [self.tombstone_prefix.as_bytes(), key].concat()
    }

+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub fn set_max_txn_ops(&mut self, max_txn_ops: usize) {
+        self.max_txn_ops = Some(max_txn_ops);
+    }
+
    /// Moves value to `dest_key`.
    ///
    /// Puts `value` to `dest_key` if the value of `src_key` equals `value`.
@@ -83,7 +91,11 @@ impl TombstoneManager {
        ensure!(
            keys.len() == dest_keys.len(),
            error::UnexpectedSnafu {
-                err_msg: "The length of keys does not match the length of dest_keys."
+                err_msg: format!(
+                    "The length of keys({}) does not match the length of dest_keys({}).",
+                    keys.len(),
+                    dest_keys.len()
+                ),
            }
        );
        // The key -> dest key mapping.
@@ -136,19 +148,45 @@ impl TombstoneManager {
        .fail()
    }

+    fn max_txn_ops(&self) -> usize {
+        #[cfg(test)]
+        if let Some(max_txn_ops) = self.max_txn_ops {
+            return max_txn_ops;
+        }
+        self.kv_backend.max_txn_ops()
+    }
+
    /// Moves values to `dest_key`.
    ///
    /// Returns the number of keys that were moved.
    async fn move_values(&self, keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>, dest_keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> Result<usize> {
-        let chunk_size = self.kv_backend.max_txn_ops() / 2;
-        if keys.len() > chunk_size {
-            let keys_chunks = keys.chunks(chunk_size).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            let dest_keys_chunks = keys.chunks(chunk_size).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            for (keys, dest_keys) in keys_chunks.into_iter().zip(dest_keys_chunks) {
-                self.move_values_inner(keys, dest_keys).await?;
+        ensure!(
+            keys.len() == dest_keys.len(),
+            error::UnexpectedSnafu {
+                err_msg: format!(
+                    "The length of keys({}) does not match the length of dest_keys({}).",
+                    keys.len(),
+                    dest_keys.len()
+                ),
            }
-
-            Ok(keys.len())
+        );
+        if keys.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(0);
+        }
+        let chunk_size = self.max_txn_ops() / 2;
+        if keys.len() > chunk_size {
+            debug!(
+                "Moving values with multiple chunks, keys len: {}, chunk_size: {}",
+                keys.len(),
+                chunk_size
+            );
+            let mut moved_keys = 0;
+            let keys_chunks = keys.chunks(chunk_size).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            let dest_keys_chunks = dest_keys.chunks(chunk_size).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            for (keys, dest_keys) in keys_chunks.into_iter().zip(dest_keys_chunks) {
+                moved_keys += self.move_values_inner(keys, dest_keys).await?;
+            }
+            Ok(moved_keys)
        } else {
            self.move_values_inner(&keys, &dest_keys).await
        }
@@ -196,15 +234,18 @@ impl TombstoneManager {
    ///
    /// Returns the number of keys that were deleted.
    pub async fn delete(&self, keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> Result<usize> {
-        let operations = keys
+        let keys = keys
            .iter()
-            .map(|key| TxnOp::Delete(self.to_tombstone(key)))
+            .map(|key| self.to_tombstone(key))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

-        let txn = Txn::new().and_then(operations);
-        // Always success.
-        let _ = self.kv_backend.txn(txn).await?;
-        Ok(keys.len())
+        let num_keys = keys.len();
+        let _ = self
+            .kv_backend
+            .batch_delete(BatchDeleteRequest::new().with_keys(keys))
+            .await?;
+
+        Ok(num_keys)
    }
 }

@@ -392,16 +433,73 @@ mod tests {
            .into_iter()
            .map(|kv| (kv.key, kv.dest_key))
            .unzip();
-        tombstone_manager
+        let moved_keys = tombstone_manager
            .move_values(keys.clone(), dest_keys.clone())
            .await
            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(kvs.len(), moved_keys);
        check_moved_values(kv_backend.clone(), &move_values).await;
        // Moves again
-        tombstone_manager
+        let moved_keys = tombstone_manager
            .move_values(keys.clone(), dest_keys.clone())
            .await
            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(0, moved_keys);
+        check_moved_values(kv_backend.clone(), &move_values).await;
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_move_values_with_max_txn_ops() {
+        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+        let kv_backend = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::default());
+        let mut tombstone_manager = TombstoneManager::new(kv_backend.clone());
+        tombstone_manager.set_max_txn_ops(4);
+        let kvs = HashMap::from([
+            (b"bar".to_vec(), b"baz".to_vec()),
+            (b"foo".to_vec(), b"hi".to_vec()),
+            (b"baz".to_vec(), b"hello".to_vec()),
+            (b"qux".to_vec(), b"world".to_vec()),
+            (b"quux".to_vec(), b"world".to_vec()),
+            (b"quuux".to_vec(), b"world".to_vec()),
+            (b"quuuux".to_vec(), b"world".to_vec()),
+            (b"quuuuux".to_vec(), b"world".to_vec()),
+            (b"quuuuuux".to_vec(), b"world".to_vec()),
+        ]);
+        for (key, value) in &kvs {
+            kv_backend
+                .put(
+                    PutRequest::new()
+                        .with_key(key.clone())
+                        .with_value(value.clone()),
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+        let move_values = kvs
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(key, value)| MoveValue {
+                key: key.clone(),
+                dest_key: tombstone_manager.to_tombstone(key),
+                value: value.clone(),
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let (keys, dest_keys): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = move_values
+            .clone()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|kv| (kv.key, kv.dest_key))
+            .unzip();
+        let moved_keys = tombstone_manager
+            .move_values(keys.clone(), dest_keys.clone())
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(kvs.len(), moved_keys);
+        check_moved_values(kv_backend.clone(), &move_values).await;
+        // Moves again
+        let moved_keys = tombstone_manager
+            .move_values(keys.clone(), dest_keys.clone())
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(0, moved_keys);
        check_moved_values(kv_backend.clone(), &move_values).await;
    }

@@ -439,17 +537,19 @@ mod tests {
            .unzip();
        keys.push(b"non-exists".to_vec());
        dest_keys.push(b"hi/non-exists".to_vec());
-        tombstone_manager
+        let moved_keys = tombstone_manager
            .move_values(keys.clone(), dest_keys.clone())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        check_moved_values(kv_backend.clone(), &move_values).await;
+        assert_eq!(3, moved_keys);
        // Moves again
-        tombstone_manager
+        let moved_keys = tombstone_manager
            .move_values(keys.clone(), dest_keys.clone())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        check_moved_values(kv_backend.clone(), &move_values).await;
+        assert_eq!(0, moved_keys);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
@@ -490,10 +590,11 @@ mod tests {
            .into_iter()
            .map(|kv| (kv.key, kv.dest_key))
            .unzip();
-        tombstone_manager
+        let moved_keys = tombstone_manager
            .move_values(keys, dest_keys)
            .await
            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(kvs.len(), moved_keys);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
@@ -571,4 +672,24 @@ mod tests {
            .unwrap();
        check_moved_values(kv_backend.clone(), &move_values).await;
    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_move_values_with_different_lengths() {
+        let kv_backend = Arc::new(MemoryKvBackend::default());
+        let tombstone_manager = TombstoneManager::new(kv_backend.clone());
+
+        let keys = vec![b"bar".to_vec(), b"foo".to_vec()];
+        let dest_keys = vec![b"bar".to_vec(), b"foo".to_vec(), b"baz".to_vec()];
+
+        let err = tombstone_manager
+            .move_values(keys, dest_keys)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("The length of keys(2) does not match the length of dest_keys(3)."),);
+
+        let moved_keys = tombstone_manager.move_values(vec![], vec![]).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(0, moved_keys);
+    }
 }
--- a/src/common/meta/src/rpc/ddl.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/rpc/ddl.rs
@@ -69,6 +69,8 @@ pub enum DdlTask {
    AlterDatabase(AlterDatabaseTask),
    CreateFlow(CreateFlowTask),
    DropFlow(DropFlowTask),
+    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+    DropTrigger(trigger::DropTriggerTask),
    CreateView(CreateViewTask),
    DropView(DropViewTask),
    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
@@ -259,6 +261,18 @@ impl TryFrom<Task> for DdlTask {
                    .fail()
                }
            }
+            Task::DropTriggerTask(drop_trigger) => {
+                #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+                return Ok(DdlTask::DropTrigger(drop_trigger.try_into()?));
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "enterprise"))]
+                {
+                    let _ = drop_trigger;
+                    crate::error::UnsupportedSnafu {
+                        operation: "drop trigger",
+                    }
+                    .fail()
+                }
+            }
        }
    }
 }
@@ -311,6 +325,8 @@ impl TryFrom<SubmitDdlTaskRequest> for PbDdlTaskRequest {
            DdlTask::DropView(task) => Task::DropViewTask(task.into()),
            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
            DdlTask::CreateTrigger(task) => Task::CreateTriggerTask(task.into()),
+            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+            DdlTask::DropTrigger(task) => Task::DropTriggerTask(task.into()),
        };

        Ok(Self {
@@ -1358,6 +1374,7 @@ mod tests {
            options: Default::default(),
            created_on: Default::default(),
            partition_key_indices: Default::default(),
+            column_ids: Default::default(),
        };

        // construct RawTableInfo
--- a/src/common/meta/src/rpc/ddl/trigger.rs
+++ b/src/common/meta/src/rpc/ddl/trigger.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::time::Duration;

-use api::v1::meta::CreateTriggerTask as PbCreateTriggerTask;
+use api::v1::meta::{
+    CreateTriggerTask as PbCreateTriggerTask, DropTriggerTask as PbDropTriggerTask,
+};
 use api::v1::notify_channel::ChannelType as PbChannelType;
 use api::v1::{
-    CreateTriggerExpr, NotifyChannel as PbNotifyChannel, WebhookOptions as PbWebhookOptions,
+    CreateTriggerExpr as PbCreateTriggerExpr, DropTriggerExpr as PbDropTriggerExpr,
+    NotifyChannel as PbNotifyChannel, WebhookOptions as PbWebhookOptions,
 };
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use snafu::OptionExt;
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ impl From<CreateTriggerTask> for PbCreateTriggerTask {
            .map(PbNotifyChannel::from)
            .collect();

-        let expr = CreateTriggerExpr {
+        let expr = PbCreateTriggerExpr {
            catalog_name: task.catalog_name,
            trigger_name: task.trigger_name,
            create_if_not_exists: task.if_not_exists,
@@ -139,17 +142,86 @@ impl TryFrom<PbNotifyChannel> for NotifyChannel {
    }
 }

+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct DropTriggerTask {
+    pub catalog_name: String,
+    pub trigger_name: String,
+    pub drop_if_exists: bool,
+}
+
+impl From<DropTriggerTask> for PbDropTriggerTask {
+    fn from(task: DropTriggerTask) -> Self {
+        let expr = PbDropTriggerExpr {
+            catalog_name: task.catalog_name,
+            trigger_name: task.trigger_name,
+            drop_if_exists: task.drop_if_exists,
+        };
+
+        PbDropTriggerTask {
+            drop_trigger: Some(expr),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<PbDropTriggerTask> for DropTriggerTask {
+    type Error = error::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(task: PbDropTriggerTask) -> Result<Self> {
+        let expr = task.drop_trigger.context(error::InvalidProtoMsgSnafu {
+            err_msg: "expected drop_trigger",
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(DropTriggerTask {
+            catalog_name: expr.catalog_name,
+            trigger_name: expr.trigger_name,
+            drop_if_exists: expr.drop_if_exists,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
 impl DdlTask {
    /// Creates a [`DdlTask`] to create a trigger.
    pub fn new_create_trigger(expr: CreateTriggerTask) -> Self {
        DdlTask::CreateTrigger(expr)
    }
+
+    /// Creates a [`DdlTask`] to drop a trigger.
+    pub fn new_drop_trigger(expr: DropTriggerTask) -> Self {
+        DdlTask::DropTrigger(expr)
+    }
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;

+    #[test]
+    fn test_convert_drop_trigger_task() {
+        let original = DropTriggerTask {
+            catalog_name: "test_catalog".to_string(),
+            trigger_name: "test_trigger".to_string(),
+            drop_if_exists: true,
+        };
+
+        let pb_task: PbDropTriggerTask = original.clone().into();
+
+        let expr = pb_task.drop_trigger.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(expr.catalog_name, "test_catalog");
+        assert_eq!(expr.trigger_name, "test_trigger");
+        assert!(expr.drop_if_exists);
+
+        let round_tripped = DropTriggerTask::try_from(pb_task).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(original.catalog_name, round_tripped.catalog_name);
+        assert_eq!(original.trigger_name, round_tripped.trigger_name);
+        assert_eq!(original.drop_if_exists, round_tripped.drop_if_exists);
+
+        // Test invalid case where drop_trigger is None
+        let invalid_task = PbDropTriggerTask { drop_trigger: None };
+        let result = DropTriggerTask::try_from(invalid_task);
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn test_convert_create_trigger_task() {
        let original = CreateTriggerTask {
--- a/src/common/procedure/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/common/procedure/src/error.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,19 @@ use crate::PoisonKey;
 #[snafu(visibility(pub))]
 #[stack_trace_debug]
 pub enum Error {
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to check procedure manager status"))]
+    CheckStatus {
+        source: BoxedError,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Manager is pasued"))]
+    ManagerPasued {
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
    #[snafu(display(
        "Failed to execute procedure due to external error, clean poisons: {}",
        clean_poisons
@@ -246,7 +259,8 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            | Error::ListState { source, .. }
            | Error::PutPoison { source, .. }
            | Error::DeletePoison { source, .. }
-            | Error::GetPoison { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            | Error::GetPoison { source, .. }
+            | Error::CheckStatus { source, .. } => source.status_code(),

            Error::ToJson { .. }
            | Error::DeleteState { .. }
@@ -259,7 +273,8 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {

            Error::RetryTimesExceeded { .. }
            | Error::RollbackTimesExceeded { .. }
-            | Error::ManagerNotStart { .. } => StatusCode::IllegalState,
+            | Error::ManagerNotStart { .. }
+            | Error::ManagerPasued { .. } => StatusCode::IllegalState,

            Error::RollbackNotSupported { .. } => StatusCode::Unsupported,
            Error::LoaderConflict { .. } | Error::DuplicateProcedure { .. } => {
--- a/src/common/procedure/src/local.rs
+++ b/src/common/procedure/src/local.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use backon::ExponentialBuilder;
+use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_runtime::{RepeatedTask, TaskFunction};
 use common_telemetry::tracing_context::{FutureExt, TracingContext};
 use common_telemetry::{error, info, tracing};
@@ -30,9 +31,10 @@ use tokio::sync::watch::{self, Receiver, Sender};
 use tokio::sync::{Mutex as TokioMutex, Notify};

 use crate::error::{
-    self, DuplicateProcedureSnafu, Error, LoaderConflictSnafu, ManagerNotStartSnafu,
-    PoisonKeyNotDefinedSnafu, ProcedureNotFoundSnafu, Result, StartRemoveOutdatedMetaTaskSnafu,
-    StopRemoveOutdatedMetaTaskSnafu, TooManyRunningProceduresSnafu,
+    self, CheckStatusSnafu, DuplicateProcedureSnafu, Error, LoaderConflictSnafu,
+    ManagerNotStartSnafu, ManagerPasuedSnafu, PoisonKeyNotDefinedSnafu, ProcedureNotFoundSnafu,
+    Result, StartRemoveOutdatedMetaTaskSnafu, StopRemoveOutdatedMetaTaskSnafu,
+    TooManyRunningProceduresSnafu,
 };
 use crate::local::runner::Runner;
 use crate::procedure::{BoxedProcedureLoader, InitProcedureState, PoisonKeys, ProcedureInfo};
@@ -522,6 +524,14 @@ impl Default for ManagerConfig {
    }
 }

+type PauseAwareRef = Arc<dyn PauseAware>;
+
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait PauseAware: Send + Sync {
+    /// Returns true if the procedure manager is paused.
+    async fn is_paused(&self) -> std::result::Result<bool, BoxedError>;
+}
+
 /// A [ProcedureManager] that maintains procedure states locally.
 pub struct LocalManager {
    manager_ctx: Arc<ManagerContext>,
@@ -531,6 +541,7 @@ pub struct LocalManager {
    /// GC task.
    remove_outdated_meta_task: TokioMutex<Option<RepeatedTask<Error>>>,
    config: ManagerConfig,
+    pause_aware: Option<PauseAwareRef>,
 }

 impl LocalManager {
@@ -539,6 +550,7 @@ impl LocalManager {
        config: ManagerConfig,
        state_store: StateStoreRef,
        poison_store: PoisonStoreRef,
+        pause_aware: Option<PauseAwareRef>,
    ) -> LocalManager {
        let manager_ctx = Arc::new(ManagerContext::new(poison_store));

@@ -549,6 +561,7 @@ impl LocalManager {
            retry_delay: config.retry_delay,
            remove_outdated_meta_task: TokioMutex::new(None),
            config,
+            pause_aware,
        }
    }

@@ -719,6 +732,17 @@ impl LocalManager {
        let loaders = self.manager_ctx.loaders.lock().unwrap();
        loaders.contains_key(name)
    }
+
+    async fn check_status(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        if let Some(pause_aware) = self.pause_aware.as_ref() {
+            ensure!(
+                !pause_aware.is_paused().await.context(CheckStatusSnafu)?,
+                ManagerPasuedSnafu
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }

 #[async_trait]
@@ -774,6 +798,7 @@ impl ProcedureManager for LocalManager {
            !self.manager_ctx.contains_procedure(procedure_id),
            DuplicateProcedureSnafu { procedure_id }
        );
+        self.check_status().await?;

        self.submit_root(
            procedure.id,
@@ -979,7 +1004,7 @@ mod tests {
        };
        let state_store = Arc::new(ObjectStateStore::new(test_util::new_object_store(&dir)));
        let poison_manager = Arc::new(InMemoryPoisonStore::new());
-        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager);
+        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager, None);
        manager.manager_ctx.start();

        manager
@@ -1004,7 +1029,7 @@ mod tests {
        };
        let state_store = Arc::new(ObjectStateStore::new(object_store.clone()));
        let poison_manager = Arc::new(InMemoryPoisonStore::new());
-        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager);
+        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager, None);
        manager.manager_ctx.start();

        manager
@@ -1058,7 +1083,7 @@ mod tests {
        };
        let state_store = Arc::new(ObjectStateStore::new(test_util::new_object_store(&dir)));
        let poison_manager = Arc::new(InMemoryPoisonStore::new());
-        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager);
+        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager, None);
        manager.manager_ctx.start();

        let procedure_id = ProcedureId::random();
@@ -1110,7 +1135,7 @@ mod tests {
        };
        let state_store = Arc::new(ObjectStateStore::new(test_util::new_object_store(&dir)));
        let poison_manager = Arc::new(InMemoryPoisonStore::new());
-        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager);
+        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager, None);
        manager.manager_ctx.start();

        #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -1191,7 +1216,7 @@ mod tests {
        };
        let state_store = Arc::new(ObjectStateStore::new(test_util::new_object_store(&dir)));
        let poison_manager = Arc::new(InMemoryPoisonStore::new());
-        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager);
+        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager, None);

        let mut procedure = ProcedureToLoad::new("submit");
        procedure.lock_key = LockKey::single_exclusive("test.submit");
@@ -1219,7 +1244,7 @@ mod tests {
        };
        let state_store = Arc::new(ObjectStateStore::new(test_util::new_object_store(&dir)));
        let poison_manager = Arc::new(InMemoryPoisonStore::new());
-        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager);
+        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager, None);

        manager.start().await.unwrap();
        manager.stop().await.unwrap();
@@ -1256,7 +1281,7 @@ mod tests {
        };
        let state_store = Arc::new(ObjectStateStore::new(object_store.clone()));
        let poison_manager = Arc::new(InMemoryPoisonStore::new());
-        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager);
+        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager, None);
        manager.manager_ctx.set_running();

        let mut procedure = ProcedureToLoad::new("submit");
@@ -1338,7 +1363,7 @@ mod tests {
        };
        let state_store = Arc::new(ObjectStateStore::new(test_util::new_object_store(&dir)));
        let poison_manager = Arc::new(InMemoryPoisonStore::new());
-        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager);
+        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager, None);
        manager.manager_ctx.set_running();

        manager
@@ -1463,7 +1488,7 @@ mod tests {
        };
        let state_store = Arc::new(ObjectStateStore::new(object_store.clone()));
        let poison_manager = Arc::new(InMemoryPoisonStore::new());
-        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager);
+        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager, None);
        manager.manager_ctx.start();

        let notify = Arc::new(Notify::new());
--- a/src/common/procedure/src/watcher.rs
+++ b/src/common/procedure/src/watcher.rs
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ mod tests {
        };
        let state_store = Arc::new(ObjectStateStore::new(test_util::new_object_store(&dir)));
        let poison_manager = Arc::new(InMemoryPoisonStore::default());
-        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager);
+        let manager = LocalManager::new(config, state_store, poison_manager, None);
        manager.start().await.unwrap();

        #[derive(Debug)]
--- a/src/common/query/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/common/query/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@

 pub mod columnar_value;
 pub mod error;
-mod function;
+pub mod function;
 pub mod logical_plan;
 pub mod prelude;
 pub mod request;
--- a/src/common/recordbatch/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/common/recordbatch/src/error.rs
@@ -178,8 +178,6 @@ pub enum Error {
    StreamTimeout {
        #[snafu(implicit)]
        location: Location,
-        #[snafu(source)]
-        error: tokio::time::error::Elapsed,
    },

    #[snafu(display("RecordBatch slice index overflow: {visit_index} > {size}"))]
--- a/src/common/telemetry/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/common/telemetry/Cargo.toml
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ once_cell.workspace = true
 opentelemetry = { version = "0.21.0", default-features = false, features = [
    "trace",
 ] }
-opentelemetry-otlp = { version = "0.14.0", features = ["tokio"] }
+opentelemetry-otlp = { version = "0.14.0", features = ["tokio", "http-proto", "reqwest-client"] }
 opentelemetry-semantic-conventions = "0.13.0"
 opentelemetry_sdk = { version = "0.21.0", features = ["rt-tokio"] }
 parking_lot.workspace = true
--- a/src/common/telemetry/src/logging.rs
+++ b/src/common/telemetry/src/logging.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::time::Duration;

 use once_cell::sync::{Lazy, OnceCell};
 use opentelemetry::{global, KeyValue};
-use opentelemetry_otlp::WithExportConfig;
+use opentelemetry_otlp::{Protocol, SpanExporterBuilder, WithExportConfig};
 use opentelemetry_sdk::propagation::TraceContextPropagator;
 use opentelemetry_sdk::trace::Sampler;
 use opentelemetry_semantic_conventions::resource;
@@ -36,7 +36,11 @@ use tracing_subscriber::{filter, EnvFilter, Registry};

 use crate::tracing_sampler::{create_sampler, TracingSampleOptions};

-pub const DEFAULT_OTLP_ENDPOINT: &str = "http://localhost:4317";
+/// The default endpoint when use gRPC exporter protocol.
+pub const DEFAULT_OTLP_GRPC_ENDPOINT: &str = "http://localhost:4317";
+
+/// The default endpoint when use HTTP exporter protocol.
+pub const DEFAULT_OTLP_HTTP_ENDPOINT: &str = "http://localhost:4318";

 /// The default logs directory.
 pub const DEFAULT_LOGGING_DIR: &str = "logs";
@@ -67,11 +71,25 @@ pub struct LoggingOptions {
    /// Whether to enable tracing with OTLP. Default is false.
    pub enable_otlp_tracing: bool,

-    /// The endpoint of OTLP. Default is "http://localhost:4317".
+    /// The endpoint of OTLP. Default is "http://localhost:4318".
    pub otlp_endpoint: Option<String>,

    /// The tracing sample ratio.
    pub tracing_sample_ratio: Option<TracingSampleOptions>,
+
+    /// The protocol of OTLP export.
+    pub otlp_export_protocol: Option<OtlpExportProtocol>,
+}
+
+/// The protocol of OTLP export.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum OtlpExportProtocol {
+    /// GRPC protocol.
+    Grpc,
+
+    /// HTTP protocol with binary protobuf.
+    Http,
 }

 /// The options of slow query.
@@ -147,6 +165,7 @@ impl Default for LoggingOptions {
            append_stdout: true,
            // Rotation hourly, 24 files per day, keeps info log files of 30 days
            max_log_files: 720,
+            otlp_export_protocol: None,
        }
    }
 }
@@ -388,22 +407,9 @@ pub fn init_global_logging(
                    KeyValue::new(resource::PROCESS_PID, std::process::id().to_string()),
                ]));

-            let exporter = opentelemetry_otlp::new_exporter().tonic().with_endpoint(
-                opts.otlp_endpoint
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .map(|e| {
-                        if e.starts_with("http") {
-                            e.to_string()
-                        } else {
-                            format!("http://{}", e)
-                        }
-                    })
-                    .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_OTLP_ENDPOINT.to_string()),
-            );
-
            let tracer = opentelemetry_otlp::new_pipeline()
                .tracing()
-                .with_exporter(exporter)
+                .with_exporter(build_otlp_exporter(opts))
                .with_trace_config(trace_config)
                .install_batch(opentelemetry_sdk::runtime::Tokio)
                .expect("otlp tracer install failed");
@@ -421,6 +427,42 @@ pub fn init_global_logging(
    guards
 }

+fn build_otlp_exporter(opts: &LoggingOptions) -> SpanExporterBuilder {
+    let protocol = opts
+        .otlp_export_protocol
+        .clone()
+        .unwrap_or(OtlpExportProtocol::Http);
+
+    let endpoint = opts
+        .otlp_endpoint
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|e| {
+            if e.starts_with("http") {
+                e.to_string()
+            } else {
+                format!("http://{}", e)
+            }
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| match protocol {
+            OtlpExportProtocol::Grpc => DEFAULT_OTLP_GRPC_ENDPOINT.to_string(),
+            OtlpExportProtocol::Http => DEFAULT_OTLP_HTTP_ENDPOINT.to_string(),
+        });
+
+    match protocol {
+        OtlpExportProtocol::Grpc => SpanExporterBuilder::Tonic(
+            opentelemetry_otlp::new_exporter()
+                .tonic()
+                .with_endpoint(endpoint),
+        ),
+        OtlpExportProtocol::Http => SpanExporterBuilder::Http(
+            opentelemetry_otlp::new_exporter()
+                .http()
+                .with_endpoint(endpoint)
+                .with_protocol(Protocol::HttpBinary),
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
 fn build_slow_query_logger<S>(
    opts: &LoggingOptions,
    slow_query_opts: Option<&SlowQueryOptions>,
--- a/src/datanode/src/alive_keeper.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/alive_keeper.rs
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ mod test {
    async fn region_alive_keeper() {
        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
        let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
-        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("region-alive-keeper");
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("region-alive-keeper").await;
        let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
        let engine = Arc::new(engine);
        region_server.register_engine(engine.clone());
--- a/src/datanode/src/config.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/config.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,7 @@

 //! Datanode configurations

-use core::time::Duration;
-
 use common_base::readable_size::ReadableSize;
-use common_base::secrets::{ExposeSecret, SecretString};
 use common_config::{Configurable, DEFAULT_DATA_HOME};
 pub use common_procedure::options::ProcedureConfig;
 use common_telemetry::logging::{LoggingOptions, TracingOptions};
@@ -27,6 +24,7 @@ use file_engine::config::EngineConfig as FileEngineConfig;
 use meta_client::MetaClientOptions;
 use metric_engine::config::EngineConfig as MetricEngineConfig;
 use mito2::config::MitoConfig;
+pub(crate) use object_store::config::ObjectStoreConfig;
 use query::options::QueryOptions;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use servers::export_metrics::ExportMetricsOption;
@@ -36,53 +34,6 @@ use servers::http::HttpOptions;

 pub const DEFAULT_OBJECT_STORE_CACHE_SIZE: ReadableSize = ReadableSize::gb(5);

-/// Object storage config
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
-#[serde(tag = "type")]
-pub enum ObjectStoreConfig {
-    File(FileConfig),
-    S3(S3Config),
-    Oss(OssConfig),
-    Azblob(AzblobConfig),
-    Gcs(GcsConfig),
-}
-
-impl ObjectStoreConfig {
-    /// Returns the object storage type name, such as `S3`, `Oss` etc.
-    pub fn provider_name(&self) -> &'static str {
-        match self {
-            Self::File(_) => "File",
-            Self::S3(_) => "S3",
-            Self::Oss(_) => "Oss",
-            Self::Azblob(_) => "Azblob",
-            Self::Gcs(_) => "Gcs",
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns true when it's a remote object storage such as AWS s3 etc.
-    pub fn is_object_storage(&self) -> bool {
-        !matches!(self, Self::File(_))
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the object storage configuration name, return the provider name if it's empty.
-    pub fn config_name(&self) -> &str {
-        let name = match self {
-            // file storage doesn't support name
-            Self::File(_) => self.provider_name(),
-            Self::S3(s3) => &s3.name,
-            Self::Oss(oss) => &oss.name,
-            Self::Azblob(az) => &az.name,
-            Self::Gcs(gcs) => &gcs.name,
-        };
-
-        if name.trim().is_empty() {
-            return self.provider_name();
-        }
-
-        name
-    }
-}
-
 /// Storage engine config
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
 #[serde(default)]
@@ -112,252 +63,6 @@ impl Default for StorageConfig {
    }
 }

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Default, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq)]
-#[serde(default)]
-pub struct FileConfig {}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, PartialEq)]
-#[serde(default)]
-pub struct ObjectStorageCacheConfig {
-    /// The local file cache directory
-    pub cache_path: Option<String>,
-    /// The cache capacity in bytes
-    pub cache_capacity: Option<ReadableSize>,
-}
-
-/// The http client options to the storage.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
-#[serde(default)]
-pub struct HttpClientConfig {
-    /// The maximum idle connection per host allowed in the pool.
-    pub(crate) pool_max_idle_per_host: u32,
-
-    /// The timeout for only the connect phase of a http client.
-    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
-    pub(crate) connect_timeout: Duration,
-
-    /// The total request timeout, applied from when the request starts connecting until the response body has finished.
-    /// Also considered a total deadline.
-    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
-    pub(crate) timeout: Duration,
-
-    /// The timeout for idle sockets being kept-alive.
-    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
-    pub(crate) pool_idle_timeout: Duration,
-
-    /// Skip SSL certificate validation (insecure)
-    pub skip_ssl_validation: bool,
-}
-
-impl Default for HttpClientConfig {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            pool_max_idle_per_host: 1024,
-            connect_timeout: Duration::from_secs(30),
-            timeout: Duration::from_secs(30),
-            pool_idle_timeout: Duration::from_secs(90),
-            skip_ssl_validation: false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(default)]
-pub struct S3Config {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub bucket: String,
-    pub root: String,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing)]
-    pub access_key_id: SecretString,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing)]
-    pub secret_access_key: SecretString,
-    pub endpoint: Option<String>,
-    pub region: Option<String>,
-    /// Enable virtual host style so that opendal will send API requests in virtual host style instead of path style.
-    /// By default, opendal will send API to https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/bucket_name
-    /// Enabled, opendal will send API to https://bucket_name.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
-    pub enable_virtual_host_style: bool,
-    #[serde(flatten)]
-    pub cache: ObjectStorageCacheConfig,
-    pub http_client: HttpClientConfig,
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for S3Config {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.name == other.name
-            && self.bucket == other.bucket
-            && self.root == other.root
-            && self.access_key_id.expose_secret() == other.access_key_id.expose_secret()
-            && self.secret_access_key.expose_secret() == other.secret_access_key.expose_secret()
-            && self.endpoint == other.endpoint
-            && self.region == other.region
-            && self.enable_virtual_host_style == other.enable_virtual_host_style
-            && self.cache == other.cache
-            && self.http_client == other.http_client
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(default)]
-pub struct OssConfig {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub bucket: String,
-    pub root: String,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing)]
-    pub access_key_id: SecretString,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing)]
-    pub access_key_secret: SecretString,
-    pub endpoint: String,
-    #[serde(flatten)]
-    pub cache: ObjectStorageCacheConfig,
-    pub http_client: HttpClientConfig,
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for OssConfig {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.name == other.name
-            && self.bucket == other.bucket
-            && self.root == other.root
-            && self.access_key_id.expose_secret() == other.access_key_id.expose_secret()
-            && self.access_key_secret.expose_secret() == other.access_key_secret.expose_secret()
-            && self.endpoint == other.endpoint
-            && self.cache == other.cache
-            && self.http_client == other.http_client
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(default)]
-pub struct AzblobConfig {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub container: String,
-    pub root: String,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing)]
-    pub account_name: SecretString,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing)]
-    pub account_key: SecretString,
-    pub endpoint: String,
-    pub sas_token: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(flatten)]
-    pub cache: ObjectStorageCacheConfig,
-    pub http_client: HttpClientConfig,
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for AzblobConfig {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.name == other.name
-            && self.container == other.container
-            && self.root == other.root
-            && self.account_name.expose_secret() == other.account_name.expose_secret()
-            && self.account_key.expose_secret() == other.account_key.expose_secret()
-            && self.endpoint == other.endpoint
-            && self.sas_token == other.sas_token
-            && self.cache == other.cache
-            && self.http_client == other.http_client
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(default)]
-pub struct GcsConfig {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub root: String,
-    pub bucket: String,
-    pub scope: String,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing)]
-    pub credential_path: SecretString,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing)]
-    pub credential: SecretString,
-    pub endpoint: String,
-    #[serde(flatten)]
-    pub cache: ObjectStorageCacheConfig,
-    pub http_client: HttpClientConfig,
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for GcsConfig {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.name == other.name
-            && self.root == other.root
-            && self.bucket == other.bucket
-            && self.scope == other.scope
-            && self.credential_path.expose_secret() == other.credential_path.expose_secret()
-            && self.credential.expose_secret() == other.credential.expose_secret()
-            && self.endpoint == other.endpoint
-            && self.cache == other.cache
-            && self.http_client == other.http_client
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for S3Config {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            name: String::default(),
-            bucket: String::default(),
-            root: String::default(),
-            access_key_id: SecretString::from(String::default()),
-            secret_access_key: SecretString::from(String::default()),
-            enable_virtual_host_style: false,
-            endpoint: Option::default(),
-            region: Option::default(),
-            cache: ObjectStorageCacheConfig::default(),
-            http_client: HttpClientConfig::default(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for OssConfig {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            name: String::default(),
-            bucket: String::default(),
-            root: String::default(),
-            access_key_id: SecretString::from(String::default()),
-            access_key_secret: SecretString::from(String::default()),
-            endpoint: String::default(),
-            cache: ObjectStorageCacheConfig::default(),
-            http_client: HttpClientConfig::default(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for AzblobConfig {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            name: String::default(),
-            container: String::default(),
-            root: String::default(),
-            account_name: SecretString::from(String::default()),
-            account_key: SecretString::from(String::default()),
-            endpoint: String::default(),
-            sas_token: Option::default(),
-            cache: ObjectStorageCacheConfig::default(),
-            http_client: HttpClientConfig::default(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for GcsConfig {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            name: String::default(),
-            root: String::default(),
-            bucket: String::default(),
-            scope: String::default(),
-            credential_path: SecretString::from(String::default()),
-            credential: SecretString::from(String::default()),
-            endpoint: String::default(),
-            cache: ObjectStorageCacheConfig::default(),
-            http_client: HttpClientConfig::default(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for ObjectStoreConfig {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        ObjectStoreConfig::File(FileConfig {})
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
 #[serde(default)]
 pub struct DatanodeOptions {
@@ -467,37 +172,6 @@ mod tests {
        let _parsed: DatanodeOptions = toml::from_str(&toml_string).unwrap();
    }

-    #[test]
-    fn test_config_name() {
-        let object_store_config = ObjectStoreConfig::default();
-        assert_eq!("File", object_store_config.config_name());
-
-        let s3_config = ObjectStoreConfig::S3(S3Config::default());
-        assert_eq!("S3", s3_config.config_name());
-        assert_eq!("S3", s3_config.provider_name());
-
-        let s3_config = ObjectStoreConfig::S3(S3Config {
-            name: "test".to_string(),
-            ..Default::default()
-        });
-        assert_eq!("test", s3_config.config_name());
-        assert_eq!("S3", s3_config.provider_name());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_is_object_storage() {
-        let store = ObjectStoreConfig::default();
-        assert!(!store.is_object_storage());
-        let s3_config = ObjectStoreConfig::S3(S3Config::default());
-        assert!(s3_config.is_object_storage());
-        let oss_config = ObjectStoreConfig::Oss(OssConfig::default());
-        assert!(oss_config.is_object_storage());
-        let gcs_config = ObjectStoreConfig::Gcs(GcsConfig::default());
-        assert!(gcs_config.is_object_storage());
-        let azblob_config = ObjectStoreConfig::Azblob(AzblobConfig::default());
-        assert!(azblob_config.is_object_storage());
-    }
-
    #[test]
    fn test_secstr() {
        let toml_str = r#"
--- a/src/datanode/src/datanode.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/datanode.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ use log_store::raft_engine::log_store::RaftEngineLogStore;
 use meta_client::MetaClientRef;
 use metric_engine::engine::MetricEngine;
 use mito2::config::MitoConfig;
-use mito2::engine::MitoEngine;
+use mito2::engine::{MitoEngine, MitoEngineBuilder};
 use object_store::manager::{ObjectStoreManager, ObjectStoreManagerRef};
 use object_store::util::normalize_dir;
 use query::dummy_catalog::TableProviderFactoryRef;
@@ -162,6 +162,8 @@ pub struct DatanodeBuilder {
    meta_client: Option<MetaClientRef>,
    kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
    cache_registry: Option<Arc<LayeredCacheRegistry>>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+    extension_range_provider_factory: Option<mito2::extension::BoxedExtensionRangeProviderFactory>,
 }

 impl DatanodeBuilder {
@@ -173,6 +175,8 @@ impl DatanodeBuilder {
            meta_client: None,
            kv_backend,
            cache_registry: None,
+            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+            extension_range_provider_factory: None,
        }
    }

@@ -199,6 +203,15 @@ impl DatanodeBuilder {
        self
    }

+    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+    pub fn with_extension_range_provider(
+        &mut self,
+        extension_range_provider_factory: mito2::extension::BoxedExtensionRangeProviderFactory,
+    ) -> &mut Self {
+        self.extension_range_provider_factory = Some(extension_range_provider_factory);
+        self
+    }
+
    pub async fn build(mut self) -> Result<Datanode> {
        let node_id = self.opts.node_id.context(MissingNodeIdSnafu)?;

@@ -340,7 +353,7 @@ impl DatanodeBuilder {
    }

    async fn new_region_server(
-        &self,
+        &mut self,
        schema_metadata_manager: SchemaMetadataManagerRef,
        event_listener: RegionServerEventListenerRef,
    ) -> Result<RegionServer> {
@@ -376,13 +389,13 @@ impl DatanodeBuilder {
        );

        let object_store_manager = Self::build_object_store_manager(&opts.storage).await?;
-        let engines = Self::build_store_engines(
-            opts,
-            object_store_manager,
-            schema_metadata_manager,
-            self.plugins.clone(),
-        )
-        .await?;
+        let engines = self
+            .build_store_engines(
+                object_store_manager,
+                schema_metadata_manager,
+                self.plugins.clone(),
+            )
+            .await?;
        for engine in engines {
            region_server.register_engine(engine);
        }
@@ -394,7 +407,7 @@ impl DatanodeBuilder {

    /// Builds [RegionEngineRef] from `store_engine` section in `opts`
    async fn build_store_engines(
-        opts: &DatanodeOptions,
+        &mut self,
        object_store_manager: ObjectStoreManagerRef,
        schema_metadata_manager: SchemaMetadataManagerRef,
        plugins: Plugins,
@@ -403,7 +416,7 @@ impl DatanodeBuilder {
        let mut mito_engine_config = MitoConfig::default();
        let mut file_engine_config = file_engine::config::EngineConfig::default();

-        for engine in &opts.region_engine {
+        for engine in &self.opts.region_engine {
            match engine {
                RegionEngineConfig::Mito(config) => {
                    mito_engine_config = config.clone();
@@ -417,14 +430,14 @@ impl DatanodeBuilder {
            }
        }

-        let mito_engine = Self::build_mito_engine(
-            opts,
-            object_store_manager.clone(),
-            mito_engine_config,
-            schema_metadata_manager.clone(),
-            plugins.clone(),
-        )
-        .await?;
+        let mito_engine = self
+            .build_mito_engine(
+                object_store_manager.clone(),
+                mito_engine_config,
+                schema_metadata_manager.clone(),
+                plugins.clone(),
+            )
+            .await?;

        let metric_engine = MetricEngine::try_new(mito_engine.clone(), metric_engine_config)
            .context(BuildMetricEngineSnafu)?;
@@ -443,12 +456,13 @@ impl DatanodeBuilder {

    /// Builds [MitoEngine] according to options.
    async fn build_mito_engine(
-        opts: &DatanodeOptions,
+        &mut self,
        object_store_manager: ObjectStoreManagerRef,
        mut config: MitoConfig,
        schema_metadata_manager: SchemaMetadataManagerRef,
        plugins: Plugins,
    ) -> Result<MitoEngine> {
+        let opts = &self.opts;
        if opts.storage.is_object_storage() {
            // Enable the write cache when setting object storage
            config.enable_write_cache = true;
@@ -456,17 +470,27 @@ impl DatanodeBuilder {
        }

        let mito_engine = match &opts.wal {
-            DatanodeWalConfig::RaftEngine(raft_engine_config) => MitoEngine::new(
-                &opts.storage.data_home,
-                config,
-                Self::build_raft_engine_log_store(&opts.storage.data_home, raft_engine_config)
-                    .await?,
-                object_store_manager,
-                schema_metadata_manager,
-                plugins,
-            )
-            .await
-            .context(BuildMitoEngineSnafu)?,
+            DatanodeWalConfig::RaftEngine(raft_engine_config) => {
+                let log_store =
+                    Self::build_raft_engine_log_store(&opts.storage.data_home, raft_engine_config)
+                        .await?;
+
+                let builder = MitoEngineBuilder::new(
+                    &opts.storage.data_home,
+                    config,
+                    log_store,
+                    object_store_manager,
+                    schema_metadata_manager,
+                    plugins,
+                );
+
+                #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+                let builder = builder.with_extension_range_provider_factory(
+                    self.extension_range_provider_factory.take(),
+                );
+
+                builder.try_build().await.context(BuildMitoEngineSnafu)?
+            }
            DatanodeWalConfig::Kafka(kafka_config) => {
                if kafka_config.create_index && opts.node_id.is_none() {
                    warn!("The WAL index creation only available in distributed mode.")
@@ -488,16 +512,21 @@ impl DatanodeBuilder {
                    None
                };

-                MitoEngine::new(
+                let builder = MitoEngineBuilder::new(
                    &opts.storage.data_home,
                    config,
                    Self::build_kafka_log_store(kafka_config, global_index_collector).await?,
                    object_store_manager,
                    schema_metadata_manager,
                    plugins,
-                )
-                .await
-                .context(BuildMitoEngineSnafu)?
+                );
+
+                #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
+                let builder = builder.with_extension_range_provider_factory(
+                    self.extension_range_provider_factory.take(),
+                );
+
+                builder.try_build().await.context(BuildMitoEngineSnafu)?
            }
        };
        Ok(mito_engine)
--- a/src/datanode/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/error.rs
@@ -142,14 +142,6 @@ pub enum Error {
        source: Box<log_store::error::Error>,
    },

-    #[snafu(display("Failed to init backend"))]
-    InitBackend {
-        #[snafu(source)]
-        error: object_store::Error,
-        #[snafu(implicit)]
-        location: Location,
-    },
-
    #[snafu(display("Invalid SQL, error: {}", msg))]
    InvalidSql { msg: String },

@@ -387,6 +379,29 @@ pub enum Error {
        #[snafu(implicit)]
        location: Location,
    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to serialize json"))]
+    SerializeJson {
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: serde_json::Error,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed object store operation"))]
+    ObjectStore {
+        source: object_store::error::Error,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to build cache store"))]
+    BuildCacheStore {
+        #[snafu(source)]
+        error: object_store::Error,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
 }

 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
@@ -439,8 +454,6 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {

            StartServer { source, .. } | ShutdownServer { source, .. } => source.status_code(),

-            InitBackend { .. } => StatusCode::StorageUnavailable,
-
            OpenLogStore { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
            MetaClientInit { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
            UnsupportedOutput { .. } => StatusCode::Unsupported,
@@ -457,6 +470,10 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
                StatusCode::RegionBusy
            }
            MissingCache { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
+            SerializeJson { .. } => StatusCode::Internal,
+
+            ObjectStore { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            BuildCacheStore { .. } => StatusCode::StorageUnavailable,
        }
    }

--- a/src/datanode/src/heartbeat/handler.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/heartbeat/handler.rs
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ mod tests {
        let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
        let heartbeat_handler = RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone());

-        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("close-region");
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("close-region").await;
        let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
        region_server.register_engine(Arc::new(engine));
        let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ mod tests {
        let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
        let heartbeat_handler = RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone());

-        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("open-region");
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("open-region").await;
        let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
        region_server.register_engine(Arc::new(engine));
        let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ mod tests {
        let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
        let heartbeat_handler = RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone());

-        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("open-not-exists-region");
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("open-not-exists-region").await;
        let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
        region_server.register_engine(Arc::new(engine));
        let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ mod tests {
        let mut region_server = mock_region_server();
        let heartbeat_handler = RegionHeartbeatResponseHandler::new(region_server.clone());

-        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("downgrade-region");
+        let mut engine_env = TestEnv::with_prefix("downgrade-region").await;
        let engine = engine_env.create_engine(MitoConfig::default()).await;
        region_server.register_engine(Arc::new(engine));
        let region_id = RegionId::new(1024, 1);
--- a/src/datanode/src/region_server.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/region_server.rs
@@ -20,12 +20,14 @@ use std::time::Duration;

 use api::region::RegionResponse;
 use api::v1::region::sync_request::ManifestInfo;
-use api::v1::region::{region_request, RegionResponse as RegionResponseV1, SyncRequest};
+use api::v1::region::{
+    region_request, ListMetadataRequest, RegionResponse as RegionResponseV1, SyncRequest,
+};
 use api::v1::{ResponseHeader, Status};
 use arrow_flight::{FlightData, Ticket};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use bytes::Bytes;
-use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
+use common_error::ext::{BoxedError, ErrorExt};
 use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
 use common_query::request::QueryRequest;
 use common_query::OutputData;
@@ -47,6 +49,7 @@ pub use query::dummy_catalog::{
    DummyCatalogList, DummyTableProviderFactory, TableProviderFactoryRef,
 };
 use query::QueryEngineRef;
+use serde_json;
 use servers::error::{self as servers_error, ExecuteGrpcRequestSnafu, Result as ServerResult};
 use servers::grpc::flight::{FlightCraft, FlightRecordBatchStream, TonicStream};
 use servers::grpc::region_server::RegionServerHandler;
@@ -71,10 +74,10 @@ use tonic::{Request, Response, Result as TonicResult};
 use crate::error::{
    self, BuildRegionRequestsSnafu, ConcurrentQueryLimiterClosedSnafu,
    ConcurrentQueryLimiterTimeoutSnafu, DataFusionSnafu, DecodeLogicalPlanSnafu,
-    ExecuteLogicalPlanSnafu, FindLogicalRegionsSnafu, HandleBatchDdlRequestSnafu,
-    HandleBatchOpenRequestSnafu, HandleRegionRequestSnafu, NewPlanDecoderSnafu,
-    RegionEngineNotFoundSnafu, RegionNotFoundSnafu, RegionNotReadySnafu, Result,
-    StopRegionEngineSnafu, UnexpectedSnafu, UnsupportedOutputSnafu,
+    ExecuteLogicalPlanSnafu, FindLogicalRegionsSnafu, GetRegionMetadataSnafu,
+    HandleBatchDdlRequestSnafu, HandleBatchOpenRequestSnafu, HandleRegionRequestSnafu,
+    NewPlanDecoderSnafu, RegionEngineNotFoundSnafu, RegionNotFoundSnafu, RegionNotReadySnafu,
+    Result, SerializeJsonSnafu, StopRegionEngineSnafu, UnexpectedSnafu, UnsupportedOutputSnafu,
 };
 use crate::event_listener::RegionServerEventListenerRef;

@@ -138,12 +141,12 @@ impl RegionServer {

    /// Finds the region's engine by its id. If the region is not ready, returns `None`.
    pub fn find_engine(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> Result<Option<RegionEngineRef>> {
-        self.inner
-            .get_engine(region_id, &RegionChange::None)
-            .map(|x| match x {
-                CurrentEngine::Engine(engine) => Some(engine),
-                CurrentEngine::EarlyReturn(_) => None,
-            })
+        match self.inner.get_engine(region_id, &RegionChange::None) {
+            Ok(CurrentEngine::Engine(engine)) => Ok(Some(engine)),
+            Ok(CurrentEngine::EarlyReturn(_)) => Ok(None),
+            Err(error::Error::RegionNotFound { .. }) => Ok(None),
+            Err(err) => Err(err),
+        }
    }

    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
@@ -412,6 +415,7 @@ impl RegionServer {
        Ok(RegionResponse {
            affected_rows,
            extensions,
+            metadata: Vec::new(),
        })
    }

@@ -441,6 +445,7 @@ impl RegionServer {
        Ok(RegionResponse {
            affected_rows,
            extensions,
+            metadata: Vec::new(),
        })
    }

@@ -473,6 +478,48 @@ impl RegionServer {
            .map(|_| RegionResponse::new(AffectedRows::default()))
    }

+    /// Handles the ListMetadata request and retrieves metadata for specified regions.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the results as a JSON-serialized list in the [RegionResponse]. It serializes
+    /// non-existing regions as `null`.
+    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
+    async fn handle_list_metadata_request(
+        &self,
+        request: &ListMetadataRequest,
+    ) -> Result<RegionResponse> {
+        let mut region_metadatas = Vec::new();
+        // Collect metadata for each region
+        for region_id in &request.region_ids {
+            let region_id = RegionId::from_u64(*region_id);
+            // Get the engine.
+            let Some(engine) = self.find_engine(region_id)? else {
+                region_metadatas.push(None);
+                continue;
+            };
+
+            match engine.get_metadata(region_id).await {
+                Ok(metadata) => region_metadatas.push(Some(metadata)),
+                Err(err) => {
+                    if err.status_code() == StatusCode::RegionNotFound {
+                        region_metadatas.push(None);
+                    } else {
+                        Err(err).with_context(|_| GetRegionMetadataSnafu {
+                            engine: engine.name(),
+                            region_id,
+                        })?;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Serialize metadata to JSON
+        let json_result = serde_json::to_vec(&region_metadatas).context(SerializeJsonSnafu)?;
+
+        let response = RegionResponse::from_metadata(json_result);
+
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+
    /// Sync region manifest and registers new opened logical regions.
    pub async fn sync_region(
        &self,
@@ -504,6 +551,10 @@ impl RegionServerHandler for RegionServer {
            region_request::Body::Sync(sync_request) => {
                self.handle_sync_region_request(sync_request).await
            }
+            region_request::Body::ListMetadata(list_metadata_request) => {
+                self.handle_list_metadata_request(list_metadata_request)
+                    .await
+            }
            _ => self.handle_requests_in_serial(request).await,
        }
        .map_err(BoxedError::new)
@@ -518,6 +569,7 @@ impl RegionServerHandler for RegionServer {
            }),
            affected_rows: response.affected_rows as _,
            extensions: response.extensions,
+            metadata: response.metadata,
        })
    }
 }
@@ -897,6 +949,7 @@ impl RegionServerInner {
                Ok(RegionResponse {
                    affected_rows: result.affected_rows,
                    extensions: result.extensions,
+                    metadata: Vec::new(),
                })
            }
            Err(err) => {
@@ -967,6 +1020,7 @@ impl RegionServerInner {
                Ok(RegionResponse {
                    affected_rows: result.affected_rows,
                    extensions: result.extensions,
+                    metadata: Vec::new(),
                })
            }
            Err(err) => {
@@ -1242,8 +1296,11 @@ mod tests {

    use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;

+    use api::v1::SemanticType;
    use common_error::ext::ErrorExt;
+    use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
    use mito2::test_util::CreateRequestBuilder;
+    use store_api::metadata::{ColumnMetadata, RegionMetadata, RegionMetadataBuilder};
    use store_api::region_engine::RegionEngine;
    use store_api::region_request::{RegionDropRequest, RegionOpenRequest, RegionTruncateRequest};
    use store_api::storage::RegionId;
@@ -1605,4 +1662,175 @@ mod tests {
        let forth_query = p.acquire().await;
        assert!(forth_query.is_ok());
    }
+
+    fn mock_region_metadata(region_id: RegionId) -> RegionMetadata {
+        let mut metadata_builder = RegionMetadataBuilder::new(region_id);
+        metadata_builder.push_column_metadata(ColumnMetadata {
+            column_schema: datatypes::schema::ColumnSchema::new(
+                "timestamp",
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_nanosecond_datatype(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            semantic_type: SemanticType::Timestamp,
+            column_id: 0,
+        });
+        metadata_builder.push_column_metadata(ColumnMetadata {
+            column_schema: datatypes::schema::ColumnSchema::new(
+                "file",
+                ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(),
+                true,
+            ),
+            semantic_type: SemanticType::Tag,
+            column_id: 1,
+        });
+        metadata_builder.push_column_metadata(ColumnMetadata {
+            column_schema: datatypes::schema::ColumnSchema::new(
+                "message",
+                ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(),
+                true,
+            ),
+            semantic_type: SemanticType::Field,
+            column_id: 2,
+        });
+        metadata_builder.primary_key(vec![1]);
+        metadata_builder.build().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_handle_list_metadata_request() {
+        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+
+        let mut mock_region_server = mock_region_server();
+        let region_id_1 = RegionId::new(1, 0);
+        let region_id_2 = RegionId::new(2, 0);
+
+        let metadata_1 = mock_region_metadata(region_id_1);
+        let metadata_2 = mock_region_metadata(region_id_2);
+        let metadatas = vec![Some(metadata_1.clone()), Some(metadata_2.clone())];
+
+        let metadata_1 = Arc::new(metadata_1);
+        let metadata_2 = Arc::new(metadata_2);
+        let (engine, _) = MockRegionEngine::with_metadata_mock_fn(
+            MITO_ENGINE_NAME,
+            Box::new(move |region_id| {
+                if region_id == region_id_1 {
+                    Ok(metadata_1.clone())
+                } else if region_id == region_id_2 {
+                    Ok(metadata_2.clone())
+                } else {
+                    error::RegionNotFoundSnafu { region_id }.fail()
+                }
+            }),
+        );
+
+        mock_region_server.register_engine(engine.clone());
+        mock_region_server
+            .inner
+            .region_map
+            .insert(region_id_1, RegionEngineWithStatus::Ready(engine.clone()));
+        mock_region_server
+            .inner
+            .region_map
+            .insert(region_id_2, RegionEngineWithStatus::Ready(engine.clone()));
+
+        // All regions exist.
+        let list_metadata_request = ListMetadataRequest {
+            region_ids: vec![region_id_1.as_u64(), region_id_2.as_u64()],
+        };
+        let response = mock_region_server
+            .handle_list_metadata_request(&list_metadata_request)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let decoded_metadata: Vec<Option<RegionMetadata>> =
+            serde_json::from_slice(&response.metadata).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(metadatas, decoded_metadata);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_handle_list_metadata_not_found() {
+        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+
+        let mut mock_region_server = mock_region_server();
+        let region_id_1 = RegionId::new(1, 0);
+        let region_id_2 = RegionId::new(2, 0);
+
+        let metadata_1 = mock_region_metadata(region_id_1);
+        let metadatas = vec![Some(metadata_1.clone()), None];
+
+        let metadata_1 = Arc::new(metadata_1);
+        let (engine, _) = MockRegionEngine::with_metadata_mock_fn(
+            MITO_ENGINE_NAME,
+            Box::new(move |region_id| {
+                if region_id == region_id_1 {
+                    Ok(metadata_1.clone())
+                } else {
+                    error::RegionNotFoundSnafu { region_id }.fail()
+                }
+            }),
+        );
+
+        mock_region_server.register_engine(engine.clone());
+        mock_region_server
+            .inner
+            .region_map
+            .insert(region_id_1, RegionEngineWithStatus::Ready(engine.clone()));
+
+        // Not in region map.
+        let list_metadata_request = ListMetadataRequest {
+            region_ids: vec![region_id_1.as_u64(), region_id_2.as_u64()],
+        };
+        let response = mock_region_server
+            .handle_list_metadata_request(&list_metadata_request)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let decoded_metadata: Vec<Option<RegionMetadata>> =
+            serde_json::from_slice(&response.metadata).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(metadatas, decoded_metadata);
+
+        // Not in region engine.
+        mock_region_server
+            .inner
+            .region_map
+            .insert(region_id_2, RegionEngineWithStatus::Ready(engine.clone()));
+        let response = mock_region_server
+            .handle_list_metadata_request(&list_metadata_request)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let decoded_metadata: Vec<Option<RegionMetadata>> =
+            serde_json::from_slice(&response.metadata).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(metadatas, decoded_metadata);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_handle_list_metadata_failed() {
+        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+
+        let mut mock_region_server = mock_region_server();
+        let region_id_1 = RegionId::new(1, 0);
+
+        let (engine, _) = MockRegionEngine::with_metadata_mock_fn(
+            MITO_ENGINE_NAME,
+            Box::new(move |region_id| {
+                error::UnexpectedSnafu {
+                    violated: format!("Failed to get region {region_id}"),
+                }
+                .fail()
+            }),
+        );
+
+        mock_region_server.register_engine(engine.clone());
+        mock_region_server
+            .inner
+            .region_map
+            .insert(region_id_1, RegionEngineWithStatus::Ready(engine.clone()));
+
+        // Failed to get.
+        let list_metadata_request = ListMetadataRequest {
+            region_ids: vec![region_id_1.as_u64()],
+        };
+        mock_region_server
+            .handle_list_metadata_request(&list_metadata_request)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+    }
 }
--- a/src/datanode/src/store.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/store.rs
@@ -14,45 +14,22 @@

 //! object storage utilities

-mod azblob;
-pub mod fs;
-mod gcs;
-mod oss;
-mod s3;
-use std::path;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;

 use common_telemetry::{info, warn};
-use mito2::access_layer::{ATOMIC_WRITE_DIR, OLD_ATOMIC_WRITE_DIR};
+use object_store::factory::new_raw_object_store;
 use object_store::layers::{LruCacheLayer, RetryInterceptor, RetryLayer};
 use object_store::services::Fs;
-use object_store::util::{join_dir, normalize_dir, with_instrument_layers};
-use object_store::{Access, Error, HttpClient, ObjectStore, ObjectStoreBuilder};
+use object_store::util::{clean_temp_dir, join_dir, with_instrument_layers};
+use object_store::{
+    Access, Error, ObjectStore, ObjectStoreBuilder, ATOMIC_WRITE_DIR, OLD_ATOMIC_WRITE_DIR,
+};
 use snafu::prelude::*;

-use crate::config::{HttpClientConfig, ObjectStoreConfig, DEFAULT_OBJECT_STORE_CACHE_SIZE};
-use crate::error::{self, BuildHttpClientSnafu, CreateDirSnafu, Result};
-
-pub(crate) async fn new_raw_object_store(
-    store: &ObjectStoreConfig,
-    data_home: &str,
-) -> Result<ObjectStore> {
-    let data_home = normalize_dir(data_home);
-    let object_store = match store {
-        ObjectStoreConfig::File(file_config) => {
-            fs::new_fs_object_store(&data_home, file_config).await
-        }
-        ObjectStoreConfig::S3(s3_config) => s3::new_s3_object_store(s3_config).await,
-        ObjectStoreConfig::Oss(oss_config) => oss::new_oss_object_store(oss_config).await,
-        ObjectStoreConfig::Azblob(azblob_config) => {
-            azblob::new_azblob_object_store(azblob_config).await
-        }
-        ObjectStoreConfig::Gcs(gcs_config) => gcs::new_gcs_object_store(gcs_config).await,
-    }?;
-    Ok(object_store)
-}
+use crate::config::{ObjectStoreConfig, DEFAULT_OBJECT_STORE_CACHE_SIZE};
+use crate::error::{self, CreateDirSnafu, Result};

 fn with_retry_layers(object_store: ObjectStore) -> ObjectStore {
    object_store.layer(
@@ -66,7 +43,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn new_object_store_without_cache(
    store: &ObjectStoreConfig,
    data_home: &str,
 ) -> Result<ObjectStore> {
-    let object_store = new_raw_object_store(store, data_home).await?;
+    let object_store = new_raw_object_store(store, data_home)
+        .await
+        .context(error::ObjectStoreSnafu)?;
    // Enable retry layer and cache layer for non-fs object storages
    let object_store = if store.is_object_storage() {
        // Adds retry layer
@@ -83,7 +62,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn new_object_store(
    store: ObjectStoreConfig,
    data_home: &str,
 ) -> Result<ObjectStore> {
-    let object_store = new_raw_object_store(&store, data_home).await?;
+    let object_store = new_raw_object_store(&store, data_home)
+        .await
+        .context(error::ObjectStoreSnafu)?;
    // Enable retry layer and cache layer for non-fs object storages
    let object_store = if store.is_object_storage() {
        let object_store = if let Some(cache_layer) = build_cache_layer(&store, data_home).await? {
@@ -170,20 +151,20 @@ async fn build_cache_layer(
        && !path.trim().is_empty()
    {
        let atomic_temp_dir = join_dir(path, ATOMIC_WRITE_DIR);
-        clean_temp_dir(&atomic_temp_dir)?;
+        clean_temp_dir(&atomic_temp_dir).context(error::ObjectStoreSnafu)?;

        // Compatible code. Remove this after a major release.
        let old_atomic_temp_dir = join_dir(path, OLD_ATOMIC_WRITE_DIR);
-        clean_temp_dir(&old_atomic_temp_dir)?;
+        clean_temp_dir(&old_atomic_temp_dir).context(error::ObjectStoreSnafu)?;

        let cache_store = Fs::default()
            .root(path)
            .atomic_write_dir(&atomic_temp_dir)
            .build()
-            .context(error::InitBackendSnafu)?;
+            .context(error::BuildCacheStoreSnafu)?;

        let cache_layer = LruCacheLayer::new(Arc::new(cache_store), cache_capacity.0 as usize)
-            .context(error::InitBackendSnafu)?;
+            .context(error::BuildCacheStoreSnafu)?;
        cache_layer.recover_cache(false).await;
        info!(
            "Enabled local object storage cache, path: {}, capacity: {}.",
@@ -196,31 +177,6 @@ async fn build_cache_layer(
    }
 }

-pub(crate) fn clean_temp_dir(dir: &str) -> Result<()> {
-    if path::Path::new(&dir).exists() {
-        info!("Begin to clean temp storage directory: {}", dir);
-        std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir).context(error::RemoveDirSnafu { dir })?;
-        info!("Cleaned temp storage directory: {}", dir);
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn build_http_client(config: &HttpClientConfig) -> Result<HttpClient> {
-    if config.skip_ssl_validation {
-        common_telemetry::warn!("Skipping SSL validation for object storage HTTP client. Please ensure the environment is trusted.");
-    }
-
-    let client = reqwest::ClientBuilder::new()
-        .pool_max_idle_per_host(config.pool_max_idle_per_host as usize)
-        .connect_timeout(config.connect_timeout)
-        .pool_idle_timeout(config.pool_idle_timeout)
-        .timeout(config.timeout)
-        .danger_accept_invalid_certs(config.skip_ssl_validation)
-        .build()
-        .context(BuildHttpClientSnafu)?;
-    Ok(HttpClient::with(client))
-}
 struct PrintDetailedError;

 // PrintDetailedError is a retry interceptor that prints error in Debug format in retrying.
--- a/src/datanode/src/store/azblob.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/store/azblob.rs
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use common_base::secrets::ExposeSecret;
-use common_telemetry::info;
-use object_store::services::Azblob;
-use object_store::{util, ObjectStore};
-use snafu::prelude::*;
-
-use crate::config::AzblobConfig;
-use crate::error::{self, Result};
-use crate::store::build_http_client;
-
-pub(crate) async fn new_azblob_object_store(azblob_config: &AzblobConfig) -> Result<ObjectStore> {
-    let root = util::normalize_dir(&azblob_config.root);
-
-    info!(
-        "The azure storage container is: {}, root is: {}",
-        azblob_config.container, &root
-    );
-
-    let client = build_http_client(&azblob_config.http_client)?;
-
-    let mut builder = Azblob::default()
-        .root(&root)
-        .container(&azblob_config.container)
-        .endpoint(&azblob_config.endpoint)
-        .account_name(azblob_config.account_name.expose_secret())
-        .account_key(azblob_config.account_key.expose_secret())
-        .http_client(client);
-
-    if let Some(token) = &azblob_config.sas_token {
-        builder = builder.sas_token(token);
-    };
-
-    Ok(ObjectStore::new(builder)
-        .context(error::InitBackendSnafu)?
-        .finish())
-}
--- a/src/datanode/src/store/fs.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/store/fs.rs
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use std::{fs, path};
-
-use common_telemetry::info;
-use mito2::access_layer::{ATOMIC_WRITE_DIR, OLD_ATOMIC_WRITE_DIR};
-use object_store::services::Fs;
-use object_store::util::join_dir;
-use object_store::ObjectStore;
-use snafu::prelude::*;
-
-use crate::config::FileConfig;
-use crate::error::{self, Result};
-use crate::store;
-
-/// A helper function to create a file system object store.
-pub async fn new_fs_object_store(
-    data_home: &str,
-    _file_config: &FileConfig,
-) -> Result<ObjectStore> {
-    fs::create_dir_all(path::Path::new(&data_home))
-        .context(error::CreateDirSnafu { dir: data_home })?;
-    info!("The file storage home is: {}", data_home);
-
-    let atomic_write_dir = join_dir(data_home, ATOMIC_WRITE_DIR);
-    store::clean_temp_dir(&atomic_write_dir)?;
-
-    // Compatible code. Remove this after a major release.
-    let old_atomic_temp_dir = join_dir(data_home, OLD_ATOMIC_WRITE_DIR);
-    store::clean_temp_dir(&old_atomic_temp_dir)?;
-
-    let builder = Fs::default()
-        .root(data_home)
-        .atomic_write_dir(&atomic_write_dir);
-
-    let object_store = ObjectStore::new(builder)
-        .context(error::InitBackendSnafu)?
-        .finish();
-
-    Ok(object_store)
-}
--- a/src/datanode/src/store/gcs.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/store/gcs.rs
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use common_base::secrets::ExposeSecret;
-use common_telemetry::info;
-use object_store::services::Gcs;
-use object_store::{util, ObjectStore};
-use snafu::prelude::*;
-
-use crate::config::GcsConfig;
-use crate::error::{self, Result};
-use crate::store::build_http_client;
-
-pub(crate) async fn new_gcs_object_store(gcs_config: &GcsConfig) -> Result<ObjectStore> {
-    let root = util::normalize_dir(&gcs_config.root);
-    info!(
-        "The gcs storage bucket is: {}, root is: {}",
-        gcs_config.bucket, &root
-    );
-
-    let client = build_http_client(&gcs_config.http_client);
-
-    let builder = Gcs::default()
-        .root(&root)
-        .bucket(&gcs_config.bucket)
-        .scope(&gcs_config.scope)
-        .credential_path(gcs_config.credential_path.expose_secret())
-        .credential(gcs_config.credential.expose_secret())
-        .endpoint(&gcs_config.endpoint)
-        .http_client(client?);
-
-    Ok(ObjectStore::new(builder)
-        .context(error::InitBackendSnafu)?
-        .finish())
-}
--- a/src/datanode/src/store/oss.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/store/oss.rs
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use common_base::secrets::ExposeSecret;
-use common_telemetry::info;
-use object_store::services::Oss;
-use object_store::{util, ObjectStore};
-use snafu::prelude::*;
-
-use crate::config::OssConfig;
-use crate::error::{self, Result};
-use crate::store::build_http_client;
-
-pub(crate) async fn new_oss_object_store(oss_config: &OssConfig) -> Result<ObjectStore> {
-    let root = util::normalize_dir(&oss_config.root);
-    info!(
-        "The oss storage bucket is: {}, root is: {}",
-        oss_config.bucket, &root
-    );
-
-    let client = build_http_client(&oss_config.http_client)?;
-
-    let builder = Oss::default()
-        .root(&root)
-        .bucket(&oss_config.bucket)
-        .endpoint(&oss_config.endpoint)
-        .access_key_id(oss_config.access_key_id.expose_secret())
-        .access_key_secret(oss_config.access_key_secret.expose_secret())
-        .http_client(client);
-
-    Ok(ObjectStore::new(builder)
-        .context(error::InitBackendSnafu)?
-        .finish())
-}
--- a/src/datanode/src/store/s3.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/store/s3.rs
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use common_base::secrets::ExposeSecret;
-use common_telemetry::info;
-use object_store::services::S3;
-use object_store::{util, ObjectStore};
-use snafu::prelude::*;
-
-use crate::config::S3Config;
-use crate::error::{self, Result};
-use crate::store::build_http_client;
-
-pub(crate) async fn new_s3_object_store(s3_config: &S3Config) -> Result<ObjectStore> {
-    let root = util::normalize_dir(&s3_config.root);
-
-    info!(
-        "The s3 storage bucket is: {}, root is: {}",
-        s3_config.bucket, &root
-    );
-
-    let client = build_http_client(&s3_config.http_client)?;
-
-    let mut builder = S3::default()
-        .root(&root)
-        .bucket(&s3_config.bucket)
-        .access_key_id(s3_config.access_key_id.expose_secret())
-        .secret_access_key(s3_config.secret_access_key.expose_secret())
-        .http_client(client);
-
-    if s3_config.endpoint.is_some() {
-        builder = builder.endpoint(s3_config.endpoint.as_ref().unwrap());
-    }
-    if s3_config.region.is_some() {
-        builder = builder.region(s3_config.region.as_ref().unwrap());
-    }
-    if s3_config.enable_virtual_host_style {
-        builder = builder.enable_virtual_host_style();
-    }
-
-    Ok(ObjectStore::new(builder)
-        .context(error::InitBackendSnafu)?
-        .finish())
-}
--- a/src/datanode/src/tests.rs
+++ b/src/datanode/src/tests.rs
@@ -108,11 +108,15 @@ pub type MockRequestHandler =
 pub type MockSetReadonlyGracefullyHandler =
    Box<dyn Fn(RegionId) -> Result<SetRegionRoleStateResponse, Error> + Send + Sync>;

+pub type MockGetMetadataHandler =
+    Box<dyn Fn(RegionId) -> Result<RegionMetadataRef, Error> + Send + Sync>;
+
 pub struct MockRegionEngine {
    sender: Sender<(RegionId, RegionRequest)>,
    pub(crate) handle_request_delay: Option<Duration>,
    pub(crate) handle_request_mock_fn: Option<MockRequestHandler>,
    pub(crate) handle_set_readonly_gracefully_mock_fn: Option<MockSetReadonlyGracefullyHandler>,
+    pub(crate) handle_get_metadata_mock_fn: Option<MockGetMetadataHandler>,
    pub(crate) mock_role: Option<Option<RegionRole>>,
    engine: String,
 }
@@ -127,6 +131,7 @@ impl MockRegionEngine {
                sender: tx,
                handle_request_mock_fn: None,
                handle_set_readonly_gracefully_mock_fn: None,
+                handle_get_metadata_mock_fn: None,
                mock_role: None,
                engine: engine.to_string(),
            }),
@@ -146,6 +151,27 @@ impl MockRegionEngine {
                sender: tx,
                handle_request_mock_fn: Some(mock_fn),
                handle_set_readonly_gracefully_mock_fn: None,
+                handle_get_metadata_mock_fn: None,
+                mock_role: None,
+                engine: engine.to_string(),
+            }),
+            rx,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_metadata_mock_fn(
+        engine: &str,
+        mock_fn: MockGetMetadataHandler,
+    ) -> (Arc<Self>, Receiver<(RegionId, RegionRequest)>) {
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(8);
+
+        (
+            Arc::new(Self {
+                handle_request_delay: None,
+                sender: tx,
+                handle_request_mock_fn: None,
+                handle_set_readonly_gracefully_mock_fn: None,
+                handle_get_metadata_mock_fn: Some(mock_fn),
                mock_role: None,
                engine: engine.to_string(),
            }),
@@ -166,6 +192,7 @@ impl MockRegionEngine {
            sender: tx,
            handle_request_mock_fn: None,
            handle_set_readonly_gracefully_mock_fn: None,
+            handle_get_metadata_mock_fn: None,
            mock_role: None,
            engine: engine.to_string(),
        };
@@ -208,7 +235,11 @@ impl RegionEngine for MockRegionEngine {
        unimplemented!()
    }

-    async fn get_metadata(&self, _region_id: RegionId) -> Result<RegionMetadataRef, BoxedError> {
+    async fn get_metadata(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> Result<RegionMetadataRef, BoxedError> {
+        if let Some(mock_fn) = &self.handle_get_metadata_mock_fn {
+            return mock_fn(region_id).map_err(BoxedError::new);
+        };
+
        unimplemented!()
    }

--- a/src/datatypes/src/schema.rs
+++ b/src/datatypes/src/schema.rs
@@ -31,9 +31,10 @@ pub use crate::schema::column_schema::{
    ColumnSchema, FulltextAnalyzer, FulltextBackend, FulltextOptions, Metadata,
    SkippingIndexOptions, SkippingIndexType, COLUMN_FULLTEXT_CHANGE_OPT_KEY_ENABLE,
    COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_ANALYZER, COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_BACKEND,
-    COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_CASE_SENSITIVE, COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_GRANULARITY,
-    COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_TYPE, COMMENT_KEY, FULLTEXT_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_KEY,
-    SKIPPING_INDEX_KEY, TIME_INDEX_KEY,
+    COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_CASE_SENSITIVE, COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE,
+    COLUMN_FULLTEXT_OPT_KEY_GRANULARITY, COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_FALSE_POSITIVE_RATE,
+    COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_GRANULARITY, COLUMN_SKIPPING_INDEX_OPT_KEY_TYPE, COMMENT_KEY,
+    FULLTEXT_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_KEY, SKIPPING_INDEX_KEY, TIME_INDEX_KEY,
 };
 pub use crate::schema::constraint::ColumnDefaultConstraint;
 pub use crate::schema::raw::RawSchema;
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More