Merge pull request #6420 from neondatabase/releases/2024-01-22

Release 2024-01-22
pageserver: mark tenant broken when cancelling attach (#6430 )
2026-01-20 11:52:56 +00:00 · 2024-01-22 17:24:11 +00:00 · 2024-01-22 16:20:57 +00:00 · 2024-01-22 15:23:12 +00:00 · 2024-01-22 14:39:09 +01:00 · 2024-01-22 09:49:33 +00:00
261 changed files with 21753 additions and 6846 deletions
--- a/.config/nextest.toml
+++ b/.config/nextest.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[profile.default]
+slow-timeout = { period = "20s", terminate-after = 3 }
--- a/.github/workflows/build_and_push_docker_image.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_and_push_docker_image.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+name: Build and Push Docker Image
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      dockerfile-path:
+        required: true
+        type: string
+      image-name:
+        required: true
+        type: string
+    outputs:
+      build-tools-tag:
+        description: "tag generated for build tools"
+        value: ${{ jobs.tag.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
+
+jobs:
+  check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    outputs:
+      docker_file_changed: ${{ steps.dockerfile.outputs.docker_file_changed }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Check if Dockerfile.buildtools has changed
+        id: dockerfile
+        run: |
+          if [[ "$GITHUB_EVENT_NAME" != "pull_request" ]]; then
+            echo "docker_file_changed=false" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+            exit
+          fi
+          updated_files=$(gh pr --repo neondatabase/neon diff ${{ github.event.pull_request.number }} --name-only)
+          if [[ $updated_files == *"Dockerfile.buildtools"* ]]; then
+            echo "docker_file_changed=true" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          fi
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+  tag:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: [ check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed ]
+    outputs:
+      build-tools-tag: ${{steps.buildtools-tag.outputs.image_tag}}
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Get buildtools tag
+        env:
+          DOCKERFILE_CHANGED: ${{ needs.check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed.outputs.docker_file_changed }}
+        run: |
+          if [[ "$GITHUB_EVENT_NAME" == "pull_request" ]] && [[ "${DOCKERFILE_CHANGED}" == "true" ]]; then
+            IMAGE_TAG=$GITHUB_RUN_ID
+          else
+            IMAGE_TAG=pinned
+          fi
+
+          echo "image_tag=${IMAGE_TAG}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        shell: bash
+        id: buildtools-tag
+
+  kaniko:
+    if: needs.check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed.outputs.docker_file_changed == 'true'
+    needs: [ tag, check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed ]
+    runs-on: [ self-hosted, dev, x64 ]
+    container: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:v1.7.0-debug
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v1
+
+      - name: Configure ECR login
+        run: echo "{\"credsStore\":\"ecr-login\"}" > /kaniko/.docker/config.json
+
+      - name: Kaniko build
+        run: /kaniko/executor --reproducible --snapshotMode=redo --skip-unused-stages --dockerfile ${{ inputs.dockerfile-path }} --cache=true --cache-repo 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/cache  --destination 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/${{ inputs.image-name }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tools-tag }}-amd64
+
+  kaniko-arm:
+    if: needs.check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed.outputs.docker_file_changed == 'true'
+    needs: [ tag, check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed ]
+    runs-on: [ self-hosted, dev, arm64 ]
+    container: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:v1.7.0-debug
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v1
+
+      - name: Configure ECR login
+        run: echo "{\"credsStore\":\"ecr-login\"}" > /kaniko/.docker/config.json
+
+      - name: Kaniko build
+        run: /kaniko/executor --reproducible --snapshotMode=redo --skip-unused-stages --dockerfile ${{ inputs.dockerfile-path }} --cache=true --cache-repo 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/cache --destination 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/${{ inputs.image-name }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tools-tag }}-arm64
+
+  manifest:
+    if: needs.check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed.outputs.docker_file_changed == 'true'
+    name: 'manifest'
+    runs-on: [ self-hosted, dev, x64 ]
+    needs:
+      - tag
+      - kaniko
+      - kaniko-arm
+      - check-if-build-tools-dockerfile-changed
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Create manifest
+        run: docker manifest create 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/${{ inputs.image-name }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tools-tag }} --amend 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/${{ inputs.image-name }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tools-tag }}-amd64 --amend 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/${{ inputs.image-name }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tools-tag }}-arm64
+
+      - name: Push manifest
+        run: docker manifest push 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/${{ inputs.image-name }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
--- a/.github/workflows/build_and_test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_and_test.yml
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ jobs:

        exit 1

-
  tag:
    needs: [ check-permissions ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, small ]
@@ -74,11 +73,19 @@ jobs:
        shell: bash
        id: build-tag

-  check-codestyle-python:
+  build-buildtools-image:
    needs: [ check-permissions ]
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/build_and_push_docker_image.yml
+    with:
+      dockerfile-path: Dockerfile.buildtools
+      image-name: build-tools
+    secrets: inherit
+
+  check-codestyle-python:
+    needs: [ check-permissions, build-buildtools-image ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, small ]
    container:
-      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
+      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools:${{ needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
      options: --init

    steps:
@@ -98,20 +105,20 @@ jobs:
      - name: Install Python deps
        run: ./scripts/pysync

-      - name: Run ruff to ensure code format
-        run: poetry run ruff .
+      - name: Run `ruff check` to ensure code format
+        run: poetry run ruff check .

-      - name: Run black to ensure code format
-        run: poetry run black --diff --check .
+      - name: Run `ruff format` to ensure code format
+        run: poetry run ruff format --check .

      - name: Run mypy to check types
        run: poetry run mypy .

  check-codestyle-rust:
-    needs: [ check-permissions ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions, build-buildtools-image ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, large ]
    container:
-      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
+      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools:${{ needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
      options: --init

    steps:
@@ -175,10 +182,10 @@ jobs:
        run: cargo deny check --hide-inclusion-graph

  build-neon:
-    needs: [ check-permissions, tag ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions, tag, build-buildtools-image ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, large ]
    container:
-      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
+      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools:${{ needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
      options: --init
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
@@ -332,16 +339,16 @@ jobs:
        run: |
          ${cov_prefix} mold -run cargo build $CARGO_FLAGS $CARGO_FEATURES --bins --tests

-      - name: Run cargo test
+      - name: Run rust tests
        run: |
-          ${cov_prefix} cargo test $CARGO_FLAGS $CARGO_FEATURES
+          ${cov_prefix} cargo nextest run $CARGO_FLAGS $CARGO_FEATURES

          # Run separate tests for real S3
          export ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE=nonempty
-          export REMOTE_STORAGE_S3_BUCKET=neon-github-public-dev
+          export REMOTE_STORAGE_S3_BUCKET=neon-github-ci-tests
          export REMOTE_STORAGE_S3_REGION=eu-central-1
          # Avoid `$CARGO_FEATURES` since there's no `testing` feature in the e2e tests now
-          ${cov_prefix} cargo test $CARGO_FLAGS --package remote_storage --test test_real_s3
+          ${cov_prefix} cargo nextest run $CARGO_FLAGS -E 'package(remote_storage)' -E 'test(test_real_s3)'

          # Run separate tests for real Azure Blob Storage
          # XXX: replace region with `eu-central-1`-like region
@@ -351,7 +358,7 @@ jobs:
          export REMOTE_STORAGE_AZURE_CONTAINER="${{ vars.REMOTE_STORAGE_AZURE_CONTAINER }}"
          export REMOTE_STORAGE_AZURE_REGION="${{ vars.REMOTE_STORAGE_AZURE_REGION }}"
          # Avoid `$CARGO_FEATURES` since there's no `testing` feature in the e2e tests now
-          ${cov_prefix} cargo test $CARGO_FLAGS --package remote_storage --test test_real_azure
+          ${cov_prefix} cargo nextest run $CARGO_FLAGS -E 'package(remote_storage)' -E 'test(test_real_azure)'

      - name: Install rust binaries
        run: |
@@ -408,10 +415,10 @@ jobs:
        uses: ./.github/actions/save-coverage-data

  regress-tests:
-    needs: [ check-permissions, build-neon, tag ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions, build-neon, build-buildtools-image, tag ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, large ]
    container:
-      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
+      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools:${{ needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
      # Default shared memory is 64mb
      options: --init --shm-size=512mb
    strategy:
@@ -447,10 +454,10 @@ jobs:
        uses: ./.github/actions/save-coverage-data

  benchmarks:
-    needs: [ check-permissions, build-neon ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions, build-neon, build-buildtools-image ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, small ]
    container:
-      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
+      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools:${{ needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
      # Default shared memory is 64mb
      options: --init --shm-size=512mb
    if: github.ref_name == 'main' || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'run-benchmarks')
@@ -479,12 +486,12 @@ jobs:
      # while coverage is currently collected for the debug ones

  create-test-report:
-    needs: [ check-permissions, regress-tests, coverage-report, benchmarks ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions, regress-tests, coverage-report, benchmarks, build-buildtools-image ]
    if: ${{ !cancelled() && contains(fromJSON('["skipped", "success"]'), needs.check-permissions.result) }}

    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, small ]
    container:
-      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
+      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools:${{ needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
      options: --init

    steps:
@@ -526,11 +533,10 @@ jobs:
            })

  coverage-report:
-    needs: [ check-permissions, regress-tests ]
-
+    needs: [ check-permissions, regress-tests, build-buildtools-image ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, small ]
    container:
-      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/rust:pinned
+      image: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools:${{ needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
      options: --init
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
@@ -694,7 +700,7 @@ jobs:
            }"

  neon-image:
-    needs: [ check-permissions, tag ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions, build-buildtools-image, tag ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, large ]
    container: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:v1.9.2-debug
    defaults:
@@ -733,6 +739,7 @@ jobs:
                           --context .
                           --build-arg GIT_VERSION=${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
                           --build-arg BUILD_TAG=${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}
+                           --build-arg TAG=${{ needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag }}
                           --build-arg REPOSITORY=369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com
                           --destination 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/neon:${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}
                           --destination neondatabase/neon:${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}
@@ -743,7 +750,7 @@ jobs:

  compute-tools-image:
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, large ]
-    needs: [ check-permissions, tag ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions, build-buildtools-image, tag ]
    container: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:v1.9.2-debug
    defaults:
      run:
@@ -778,6 +785,7 @@ jobs:
                           --context .
                           --build-arg GIT_VERSION=${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
                           --build-arg BUILD_TAG=${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}
+                           --build-arg TAG=${{needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag}}
                           --build-arg REPOSITORY=369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com
                           --dockerfile Dockerfile.compute-tools
                           --destination 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/compute-tools:${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}
@@ -788,7 +796,7 @@ jobs:
        run: rm -rf ~/.ecr

  compute-node-image:
-    needs: [ check-permissions, tag ]
+    needs: [ check-permissions, build-buildtools-image, tag ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, large ]
    container:
      image: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:v1.9.2-debug
@@ -836,6 +844,7 @@ jobs:
                           --build-arg GIT_VERSION=${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
                           --build-arg PG_VERSION=${{ matrix.version }}
                           --build-arg BUILD_TAG=${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}
+                           --build-arg TAG=${{needs.build-buildtools-image.outputs.build-tools-tag}}
                           --build-arg REPOSITORY=369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com
                           --dockerfile Dockerfile.compute-node
                           --destination 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/compute-node-${{ matrix.version }}:${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}
@@ -857,7 +866,7 @@ jobs:
      run:
        shell: sh -eu {0}
    env:
-      VM_BUILDER_VERSION: v0.19.0
+      VM_BUILDER_VERSION: v0.21.0

    steps:
      - name: Checkout
@@ -1122,7 +1131,7 @@ jobs:
            # TODO: move deployPreprodRegion to release (`"$GITHUB_REF_NAME" == "release"` block), once Staging support different compute tag prefixes for different regions
            gh workflow --repo neondatabase/aws run deploy-dev.yml --ref main -f branch=main -f dockerTag=${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}} -f deployPreprodRegion=true
          elif [[ "$GITHUB_REF_NAME" == "release" ]]; then
-            gh workflow --repo neondatabase/aws run deploy-prod.yml --ref main -f branch=main -f dockerTag=${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}} -f disclamerAcknowledged=true
+            gh workflow --repo neondatabase/aws run deploy-prod.yml --ref main -f branch=main -f dockerTag=${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}
          else
            echo "GITHUB_REF_NAME (value '$GITHUB_REF_NAME') is not set to either 'main' or 'release'"
            exit 1
--- a/.github/workflows/neon_extra_builds.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/neon_extra_builds.yml
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ jobs:

          # Run separate tests for real S3
          export ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE=nonempty
-          export REMOTE_STORAGE_S3_BUCKET=neon-github-public-dev
+          export REMOTE_STORAGE_S3_BUCKET=neon-github-ci-tests
          export REMOTE_STORAGE_S3_REGION=eu-central-1
          # Avoid `$CARGO_FEATURES` since there's no `testing` feature in the e2e tests now
          cargo test $CARGO_FLAGS --package remote_storage --test test_real_s3
--- a/.github/workflows/update_build_tools_image.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/update_build_tools_image.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+name: 'Update build tools image tag'
+
+# This workflow it used to update tag of build tools in ECR.
+# The most common use case is adding/moving `pinned` tag to `${GITHUB_RUN_IT}` image.
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      from-tag:
+        description: 'Source tag'
+        required: true
+        type: string
+      to-tag:
+        description: 'Destination tag'
+        required: true
+        type: string
+        default: 'pinned'
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash -euo pipefail {0}
+
+env:
+  AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_DEV }}
+  AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_KEY_DEV }}
+
+permissions: {}
+
+jobs:
+  tag-image:
+    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, small ]
+    container: golang:1.19-bullseye
+
+    env:
+      IMAGE: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools
+      FROM_TAG: ${{ inputs.from-tag }}
+      TO_TAG: ${{ inputs.to-tag }}
+    outputs:
+      next-digest-buildtools: ${{ steps.next-digest.outputs.next-digest-buildtools }}
+      prev-digest-buildtools: ${{ steps.prev-digest.outputs.prev-digest-buildtools }}
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Install Crane & ECR helper
+        run: |
+          go install github.com/google/go-containerregistry/cmd/crane@a54d64203cffcbf94146e04069aae4a97f228ee2 # v0.16.1
+          go install github.com/awslabs/amazon-ecr-credential-helper/ecr-login/cli/docker-credential-ecr-login@adf1bafd791ae7d4ff098108b1e91f36a4da5404 # v0.7.1
+
+      - name: Configure ECR login
+        run: |
+          mkdir /github/home/.docker/
+          echo "{\"credsStore\":\"ecr-login\"}" > /github/home/.docker/config.json
+
+      - name: Get source image digest
+        id: next-digest
+        run: |
+          NEXT_DIGEST=$(crane digest ${IMAGE}:${FROM_TAG} || true)
+          if [ -z "${NEXT_DIGEST}" ]; then
+            echo >&2 "Image ${IMAGE}:${FROM_TAG} does not exist"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+          echo "Current ${IMAGE}@${FROM_TAG} image is ${IMAGE}@${NEXT_DIGEST}"
+          echo "next-digest-buildtools=$NEXT_DIGEST" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
+      - name: Get destination image digest (if already exists)
+        id: prev-digest
+        run: |
+          PREV_DIGEST=$(crane digest ${IMAGE}:${TO_TAG} || true)
+          if [ -z "${PREV_DIGEST}" ]; then
+            echo >&2 "Image ${IMAGE}:${TO_TAG} does not exist (it's ok)"
+          else
+            echo >&2 "Current ${IMAGE}@${TO_TAG} image is ${IMAGE}@${PREV_DIGEST}"
+
+            echo "prev-digest-buildtools=$PREV_DIGEST" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          fi
+
+      - name: Tag image
+        run: |
+          crane tag "${IMAGE}:${FROM_TAG}" "${TO_TAG}"
+
+  rollback-tag-image:
+    needs:  tag-image
+    if: ${{ !success() }}
+
+    runs-on: [ self-hosted, gen3, small ]
+    container: golang:1.19-bullseye
+
+    env:
+      IMAGE: 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/build-tools
+      FROM_TAG: ${{ inputs.from-tag }}
+      TO_TAG: ${{ inputs.to-tag }}
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Install Crane & ECR helper
+        run: |
+          go install github.com/google/go-containerregistry/cmd/crane@a54d64203cffcbf94146e04069aae4a97f228ee2 # v0.16.1
+          go install github.com/awslabs/amazon-ecr-credential-helper/ecr-login/cli/docker-credential-ecr-login@adf1bafd791ae7d4ff098108b1e91f36a4da5404 # v0.7.1
+
+      - name: Configure ECR login
+        run: |
+          mkdir /github/home/.docker/
+          echo "{\"credsStore\":\"ecr-login\"}" > /github/home/.docker/config.json
+
+      - name: Restore previous tag if needed
+        run: |
+          NEXT_DIGEST="${{ needs.tag-image.outputs.next-digest-buildtools }}"
+          PREV_DIGEST="${{ needs.tag-image.outputs.prev-digest-buildtools }}"
+
+          if [ -z "${NEXT_DIGEST}" ]; then
+            echo >&2 "Image ${IMAGE}:${FROM_TAG} does not exist, nothing to rollback"
+            exit 0
+          fi
+
+          if [ -z "${PREV_DIGEST}" ]; then
+            # I guess we should delete the tag here/untag the image, but crane does not support it
+            # - https://github.com/google/go-containerregistry/issues/999
+
+            echo >&2 "Image ${IMAGE}:${TO_TAG} did not exist, but it was created by the job, no need to rollback"
+
+            exit 0
+          fi
+
+          CURRENT_DIGEST=$(crane digest "${IMAGE}:${TO_TAG}")
+          if [ "${CURRENT_DIGEST}" == "${NEXT_DIGEST}" ]; then
+            crane tag "${IMAGE}@${PREV_DIGEST}" "${TO_TAG}"
+
+            echo >&2 "Successfully restored ${TO_TAG} tag from ${IMAGE}@${CURRENT_DIGEST} to ${IMAGE}@${PREV_DIGEST}"
+          else
+            echo >&2 "Image ${IMAGE}:${TO_TAG}@${CURRENT_DIGEST} is not required to be restored"
+          fi
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ __pycache__/
 test_output/
 .vscode
 .idea
+neon.iml
 /.neon
 /integration_tests/.neon

--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -70,3 +70,17 @@ We're using the following approach to make it work:
 - The label gets removed automatically, so to run CI again with new changes, the label should be added again (after the review)

 For details see [`approved-for-ci-run.yml`](.github/workflows/approved-for-ci-run.yml)
+
+## How do I add the "pinned" tag to an buildtools image?
+We use the `pinned` tag for `Dockerfile.buildtools` build images in our CI/CD setup, currently adding the `pinned` tag is a manual operation.
+
+You can call it from GitHub UI: https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/actions/workflows/update_build_tools_image.yml,
+or using GitHub CLI:
+
+```bash
+gh workflow -R neondatabase/neon run update_build_tools_image.yml \
+            -f from-tag=6254913013 \
+            -f to-tag=pinned \
+
+# Default `-f to-tag` is `pinned`, so the parameter can be omitted.
+```
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "cd7d5a2cecb58716e47d67d5703a249964b14c7be1ec3cad3affc295b2d1c35d"
 dependencies = [
 "cfg-if",
+ "const-random",
+ "getrandom 0.2.11",
 "once_cell",
 "version_check",
 "zerocopy",
@@ -50,6 +52,12 @@ version = "0.2.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0942ffc6dcaadf03badf6e6a2d0228460359d5e34b57ccdc720b7382dfbd5ec5"

+[[package]]
+name = "android-tzdata"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e999941b234f3131b00bc13c22d06e8c5ff726d1b6318ac7eb276997bbb4fef0"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "android_system_properties"
 version = "0.1.5"
@@ -247,6 +255,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "syn 2.0.32",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "atomic"
+version = "0.5.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c59bdb34bc650a32731b31bd8f0829cc15d24a708ee31559e0bb34f2bc320cba"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "atomic-polyfill"
 version = "1.0.2"
@@ -256,6 +270,32 @@ dependencies = [
 "critical-section",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "attachment_service"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "camino",
+ "clap",
+ "control_plane",
+ "futures",
+ "git-version",
+ "hyper",
+ "metrics",
+ "pageserver_api",
+ "pageserver_client",
+ "postgres_backend",
+ "postgres_connection",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "thiserror",
+ "tokio",
+ "tokio-util",
+ "tracing",
+ "utils",
+ "workspace_hack",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
 version = "1.1.0"
@@ -1011,17 +1051,17 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "chrono"
-version = "0.4.24"
+version = "0.4.31"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4e3c5919066adf22df73762e50cffcde3a758f2a848b113b586d1f86728b673b"
+checksum = "7f2c685bad3eb3d45a01354cedb7d5faa66194d1d58ba6e267a8de788f79db38"
 dependencies = [
+ "android-tzdata",
 "iana-time-zone",
 "js-sys",
- "num-integer",
 "num-traits",
 "serde",
 "wasm-bindgen",
- "winapi",
+ "windows-targets 0.48.0",
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -1120,6 +1160,20 @@ version = "1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "acbf1af155f9b9ef647e42cdc158db4b64a1b61f743629225fde6f3e0be2a7c7"

+[[package]]
+name = "combine"
+version = "4.6.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "35ed6e9d84f0b51a7f52daf1c7d71dd136fd7a3f41a8462b8cdb8c78d920fad4"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytes",
+ "futures-core",
+ "memchr",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "tokio",
+ "tokio-util",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "comfy-table"
 version = "6.1.4"
@@ -1161,6 +1215,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "flate2",
 "futures",
 "hyper",
+ "nix 0.26.2",
 "notify",
 "num_cpus",
 "opentelemetry",
@@ -1168,8 +1223,10 @@ dependencies = [
 "regex",
 "remote_storage",
 "reqwest",
+ "rust-ini",
 "serde",
 "serde_json",
+ "signal-hook",
 "tar",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-postgres",
@@ -1201,6 +1258,26 @@ version = "0.9.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "28c122c3980598d243d63d9a704629a2d748d101f278052ff068be5a4423ab6f"

+[[package]]
+name = "const-random"
+version = "0.1.17"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5aaf16c9c2c612020bcfd042e170f6e32de9b9d75adb5277cdbbd2e2c8c8299a"
+dependencies = [
+ "const-random-macro",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "const-random-macro"
+version = "0.1.16"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f9d839f2a20b0aee515dc581a6172f2321f96cab76c1a38a4c584a194955390e"
+dependencies = [
+ "getrandom 0.2.11",
+ "once_cell",
+ "tiny-keccak",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "const_fn"
 version = "0.4.9"
@@ -1433,6 +1510,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "winapi",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "crunchy"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7a81dae078cea95a014a339291cec439d2f232ebe854a9d672b796c6afafa9b7"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "crypto-bigint"
 version = "0.4.9"
@@ -1575,6 +1658,15 @@ dependencies = [
 "syn 2.0.32",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "dlv-list"
+version = "0.5.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "442039f5147480ba31067cb00ada1adae6892028e40e45fc5de7b7df6dcc1b5f"
+dependencies = [
+ "const-random",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "dyn-clone"
 version = "1.0.14"
@@ -1682,6 +1774,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "termcolor",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "equivalent"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5443807d6dff69373d433ab9ef5378ad8df50ca6298caf15de6e52e24aaf54d5"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "errno"
 version = "0.3.1"
@@ -2040,9 +2138,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "h2"
-version = "0.3.19"
+version = "0.3.24"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d357c7ae988e7d2182f7d7871d0b963962420b0678b0997ce7de72001aeab782"
+checksum = "bb2c4422095b67ee78da96fbb51a4cc413b3b25883c7717ff7ca1ab31022c9c9"
 dependencies = [
 "bytes",
 "fnv",
@@ -2050,7 +2148,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "futures-sink",
 "futures-util",
 "http",
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 2.0.1",
 "slab",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-util",
@@ -2106,6 +2204,20 @@ dependencies = [
 "hashbrown 0.13.2",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "hdrhistogram"
+version = "7.5.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "765c9198f173dd59ce26ff9f95ef0aafd0a0fe01fb9d72841bc5066a4c06511d"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64 0.21.1",
+ "byteorder",
+ "crossbeam-channel",
+ "flate2",
+ "nom",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "heapless"
 version = "0.8.0"
@@ -2372,6 +2484,16 @@ dependencies = [
 "serde",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "indexmap"
+version = "2.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ad227c3af19d4914570ad36d30409928b75967c298feb9ea1969db3a610bb14e"
+dependencies = [
+ "equivalent",
+ "hashbrown 0.14.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "infer"
 version = "0.2.3"
@@ -2423,6 +2545,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "web-sys",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "integer-encoding"
+version = "3.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8bb03732005da905c88227371639bf1ad885cc712789c011c31c5fb3ab3ccf02"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "io-lifetimes"
 version = "1.0.11"
@@ -2786,6 +2914,19 @@ dependencies = [
 "winapi",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "num"
+version = "0.4.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b05180d69e3da0e530ba2a1dae5110317e49e3b7f3d41be227dc5f92e49ee7af"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-complex",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-iter",
+ "num-rational",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-bigint"
 version = "0.4.3"
@@ -2797,6 +2938,15 @@ dependencies = [
 "num-traits",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "num-complex"
+version = "0.4.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1ba157ca0885411de85d6ca030ba7e2a83a28636056c7c699b07c8b6f7383214"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-integer"
 version = "0.1.45"
@@ -2807,6 +2957,28 @@ dependencies = [
 "num-traits",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "num-iter"
+version = "0.1.43"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7d03e6c028c5dc5cac6e2dec0efda81fc887605bb3d884578bb6d6bf7514e252"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-rational"
+version = "0.4.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0638a1c9d0a3c0914158145bc76cff373a75a627e6ecbfb71cbe6f453a5a19b0"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-traits"
 version = "0.2.15"
@@ -3000,7 +3172,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "fnv",
 "futures-channel",
 "futures-util",
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 1.9.3",
 "once_cell",
 "pin-project-lite",
 "thiserror",
@@ -3029,6 +3201,25 @@ dependencies = [
 "tokio-stream",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "ordered-float"
+version = "2.10.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "68f19d67e5a2795c94e73e0bb1cc1a7edeb2e28efd39e2e1c9b7a40c1108b11c"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ordered-multimap"
+version = "0.7.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a4d6a8c22fc714f0c2373e6091bf6f5e9b37b1bc0b1184874b7e0a4e303d318f"
+dependencies = [
+ "dlv-list",
+ "hashbrown 0.14.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "os_info"
 version = "3.7.0"
@@ -3057,6 +3248,29 @@ dependencies = [
 "sha2",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "pagebench"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "camino",
+ "clap",
+ "futures",
+ "hdrhistogram",
+ "humantime",
+ "humantime-serde",
+ "pageserver_api",
+ "pageserver_client",
+ "rand 0.8.5",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "tokio",
+ "tokio-util",
+ "tracing",
+ "utils",
+ "workspace_hack",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pagectl"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -3168,6 +3382,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "const_format",
 "enum-map",
 "hex",
+ "humantime-serde",
 "postgres_ffi",
 "rand 0.8.5",
 "serde",
@@ -3255,6 +3470,35 @@ dependencies = [
 "windows-targets 0.48.0",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "parquet"
+version = "49.0.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/neondatabase/arrow-rs?branch=neon-fix-bugs#8a0bc58aa67b98aabbd8eee7c6ca4281967ff9e9"
+dependencies = [
+ "ahash",
+ "bytes",
+ "chrono",
+ "hashbrown 0.14.0",
+ "num",
+ "num-bigint",
+ "paste",
+ "seq-macro",
+ "thrift",
+ "twox-hash",
+ "zstd",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "parquet_derive"
+version = "49.0.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/neondatabase/arrow-rs?branch=neon-fix-bugs#8a0bc58aa67b98aabbd8eee7c6ca4281967ff9e9"
+dependencies = [
+ "parquet",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.32",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "password-hash"
 version = "0.5.0"
@@ -3323,7 +3567,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4dd7d28ee937e54fe3080c91faa1c3a46c06de6252988a7f4592ba2310ef22a4"
 dependencies = [
 "fixedbitset",
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 1.9.3",
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -3678,6 +3922,8 @@ dependencies = [
 "base64 0.13.1",
 "bstr",
 "bytes",
+ "camino",
+ "camino-tempfile",
 "chrono",
 "clap",
 "consumption_metrics",
@@ -3700,6 +3946,8 @@ dependencies = [
 "once_cell",
 "opentelemetry",
 "parking_lot 0.12.1",
+ "parquet",
+ "parquet_derive",
 "pbkdf2",
 "pin-project-lite",
 "postgres-native-tls",
@@ -3709,7 +3957,9 @@ dependencies = [
 "prometheus",
 "rand 0.8.5",
 "rcgen",
+ "redis",
 "regex",
+ "remote_storage",
 "reqwest",
 "reqwest-middleware",
 "reqwest-retry",
@@ -3741,6 +3991,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "url",
 "utils",
 "uuid",
+ "walkdir",
 "webpki-roots 0.25.2",
 "workspace_hack",
 "x509-parser",
@@ -3870,6 +4121,32 @@ dependencies = [
 "yasna",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "redis"
+version = "0.24.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c580d9cbbe1d1b479e8d67cf9daf6a62c957e6846048408b80b43ac3f6af84cd"
+dependencies = [
+ "async-trait",
+ "bytes",
+ "combine",
+ "futures-util",
+ "itoa",
+ "percent-encoding",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "rustls",
+ "rustls-native-certs",
+ "rustls-pemfile",
+ "rustls-webpki 0.101.7",
+ "ryu",
+ "sha1_smol",
+ "socket2 0.4.9",
+ "tokio",
+ "tokio-rustls",
+ "tokio-util",
+ "url",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
 version = "0.2.16"
@@ -4180,6 +4457,16 @@ dependencies = [
 "unicode-ident",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "rust-ini"
+version = "0.20.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3e0698206bcb8882bf2a9ecb4c1e7785db57ff052297085a6efd4fe42302068a"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "ordered-multimap",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc-demangle"
 version = "0.1.23"
@@ -4311,12 +4598,14 @@ dependencies = [
 "async-stream",
 "aws-config",
 "aws-sdk-s3",
+ "aws-smithy-async",
 "bincode",
 "bytes",
 "chrono",
 "clap",
 "crc32c",
 "either",
+ "futures",
 "futures-util",
 "hex",
 "histogram",
@@ -4355,6 +4644,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "clap",
 "const_format",
 "crc32c",
+ "fail",
 "fs2",
 "futures",
 "git-version",
@@ -4378,6 +4668,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "serde",
 "serde_json",
 "serde_with",
+ "sha2",
 "signal-hook",
 "storage_broker",
 "thiserror",
@@ -4584,6 +4875,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "uuid",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "seq-macro"
+version = "0.3.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a3f0bf26fd526d2a95683cd0f87bf103b8539e2ca1ef48ce002d67aad59aa0b4"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
 version = "1.0.183"
@@ -4676,7 +4973,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "base64 0.13.1",
 "chrono",
 "hex",
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 1.9.3",
 "serde",
 "serde_json",
 "serde_with_macros",
@@ -4706,6 +5003,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "digest",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "sha1_smol"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ae1a47186c03a32177042e55dbc5fd5aee900b8e0069a8d70fba96a9375cd012"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "sha2"
 version = "0.10.6"
@@ -4728,9 +5031,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "shlex"
-version = "1.1.0"
+version = "1.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "43b2853a4d09f215c24cc5489c992ce46052d359b5109343cbafbf26bc62f8a3"
+checksum = "0fda2ff0d084019ba4d7c6f371c95d8fd75ce3524c3cb8fb653a3023f6323e64"

 [[package]]
 name = "signal-hook"
@@ -5104,6 +5407,17 @@ dependencies = [
 "once_cell",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "thrift"
+version = "0.17.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7e54bc85fc7faa8bc175c4bab5b92ba8d9a3ce893d0e9f42cc455c8ab16a9e09"
+dependencies = [
+ "byteorder",
+ "integer-encoding",
+ "ordered-float",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "time"
 version = "0.3.21"
@@ -5134,6 +5448,15 @@ dependencies = [
 "time-core",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "tiny-keccak"
+version = "2.0.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2c9d3793400a45f954c52e73d068316d76b6f4e36977e3fcebb13a2721e80237"
+dependencies = [
+ "crunchy",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tinytemplate"
 version = "1.2.1"
@@ -5351,7 +5674,7 @@ version = "0.19.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2380d56e8670370eee6566b0bfd4265f65b3f432e8c6d85623f728d4fa31f739"
 dependencies = [
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 1.9.3",
 "serde",
 "serde_spanned",
 "toml_datetime",
@@ -5443,7 +5766,7 @@ checksum = "b8fa9be0de6cf49e536ce1851f987bd21a43b771b09473c3549a6c853db37c1c"
 dependencies = [
 "futures-core",
 "futures-util",
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 1.9.3",
 "pin-project",
 "pin-project-lite",
 "rand 0.8.5",
@@ -5639,6 +5962,16 @@ dependencies = [
 "utf-8",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "twox-hash"
+version = "1.6.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "97fee6b57c6a41524a810daee9286c02d7752c4253064d0b05472833a438f675"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "static_assertions",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "typenum"
 version = "1.16.0"
@@ -5777,6 +6110,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "chrono",
 "const_format",
 "criterion",
+ "fail",
 "futures",
 "heapless",
 "hex",
@@ -5815,10 +6149,11 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "uuid"
-version = "1.3.3"
+version = "1.6.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "345444e32442451b267fc254ae85a209c64be56d2890e601a0c37ff0c3c5ecd2"
+checksum = "5e395fcf16a7a3d8127ec99782007af141946b4795001f876d54fb0d55978560"
 dependencies = [
+ "atomic",
 "getrandom 0.2.11",
 "serde",
 ]
@@ -6301,9 +6636,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "futures-io",
 "futures-sink",
 "futures-util",
+ "getrandom 0.2.11",
+ "hashbrown 0.14.0",
 "hex",
 "hmac",
 "hyper",
+ "indexmap 1.9.3",
 "itertools",
 "libc",
 "log",
@@ -6312,6 +6650,8 @@ dependencies = [
 "num-bigint",
 "num-integer",
 "num-traits",
+ "once_cell",
+ "parquet",
 "prost",
 "rand 0.8.5",
 "regex",
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@ resolver = "2"
 members = [
    "compute_tools",
    "control_plane",
+    "control_plane/attachment_service",
    "pageserver",
    "pageserver/ctl",
    "pageserver/client",
+    "pageserver/pagebench",
    "proxy",
    "safekeeper",
    "storage_broker",
@@ -79,6 +81,7 @@ futures-util = "0.3"
 git-version = "0.3"
 hashbrown = "0.13"
 hashlink = "0.8.1"
+hdrhistogram = "7.5.2"
 hex = "0.4"
 hex-literal = "0.4"
 hmac = "0.12.1"
@@ -105,11 +108,14 @@ opentelemetry = "0.19.0"
 opentelemetry-otlp = { version = "0.12.0", default_features=false, features = ["http-proto", "trace", "http", "reqwest-client"] }
 opentelemetry-semantic-conventions = "0.11.0"
 parking_lot = "0.12"
+parquet = { version = "49.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["zstd"] }
+parquet_derive = "49.0.0"
 pbkdf2 = { version = "0.12.1", features = ["simple", "std"] }
 pin-project-lite = "0.2"
 prometheus = {version = "0.13", default_features=false, features = ["process"]} # removes protobuf dependency
 prost = "0.11"
 rand = "0.8"
+redis = { version = "0.24.0", features = ["tokio-rustls-comp", "keep-alive"] }
 regex = "1.10.2"
 reqwest = { version = "0.11", default-features = false, features = ["rustls-tls"] }
 reqwest-tracing = { version = "0.4.0", features = ["opentelemetry_0_19"] }
@@ -159,7 +165,7 @@ tracing-error = "0.2.0"
 tracing-opentelemetry = "0.19.0"
 tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", default_features = false, features = ["smallvec", "fmt", "tracing-log", "std", "env-filter", "json"] }
 url = "2.2"
-uuid = { version = "1.2", features = ["v4", "serde"] }
+uuid = { version = "1.6.1", features = ["v4", "v7", "serde"] }
 walkdir = "2.3.2"
 webpki-roots = "0.25"
 x509-parser = "0.15"
@@ -213,6 +219,10 @@ tonic-build = "0.9"
 # TODO: we should probably fork `tokio-postgres-rustls` instead.
 tokio-postgres = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres.git", branch="neon" }

+# bug fixes for UUID
+parquet = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/arrow-rs", branch = "neon-fix-bugs" }
+parquet_derive = { git = "https://github.com/neondatabase/arrow-rs", branch = "neon-fix-bugs" }
+
 ################# Binary contents sections

 [profile.release]
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 ### By default, the binaries inside the image have some mock parameters and can start, but are not intended to be used
 ### inside this image in the real deployments.
 ARG REPOSITORY=neondatabase
-ARG IMAGE=rust
+ARG IMAGE=build-tools
 ARG TAG=pinned

 # Build Postgres
--- a/Dockerfile.buildtools
+++ b/Dockerfile.buildtools
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+FROM debian:bullseye-slim
+
+# Add nonroot user
+RUN useradd -ms /bin/bash nonroot -b /home
+SHELL ["/bin/bash", "-c"]
+
+# System deps
+RUN set -e \
+    && apt update \
+    && apt install -y \
+        autoconf \
+        automake \
+        bison \
+        build-essential \
+        ca-certificates \
+        cmake \
+        curl \
+        flex \
+        git \
+        gnupg \
+        gzip \
+        jq \
+        libcurl4-openssl-dev \
+        libbz2-dev \
+        libffi-dev \
+        liblzma-dev \
+        libncurses5-dev \
+        libncursesw5-dev \
+        libpq-dev \
+        libreadline-dev \
+        libseccomp-dev \
+        libsqlite3-dev \
+        libssl-dev \
+        libstdc++-10-dev \
+        libtool \
+        libxml2-dev \
+        libxmlsec1-dev \
+        libxxhash-dev \
+        lsof \
+        make \
+        netcat \
+        net-tools \
+        openssh-client \
+        parallel \
+        pkg-config \
+        unzip \
+        wget \
+        xz-utils \
+        zlib1g-dev \
+        zstd \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/* /var/tmp/*
+
+# protobuf-compiler (protoc)
+ENV PROTOC_VERSION 25.1
+RUN curl -fsSL "https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases/download/v${PROTOC_VERSION}/protoc-${PROTOC_VERSION}-linux-$(uname -m | sed 's/aarch64/aarch_64/g').zip" -o "protoc.zip" \
+    && unzip -q protoc.zip -d protoc \
+    && mv protoc/bin/protoc /usr/local/bin/protoc \
+    && mv protoc/include/google /usr/local/include/google \
+    && rm -rf protoc.zip protoc
+
+# LLVM
+ENV LLVM_VERSION=17
+RUN curl -fsSL 'https://apt.llvm.org/llvm-snapshot.gpg.key' | apt-key add - \
+    && echo "deb http://apt.llvm.org/bullseye/ llvm-toolchain-bullseye-${LLVM_VERSION} main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/llvm.stable.list \
+    && apt update \
+    && apt install -y clang-${LLVM_VERSION} llvm-${LLVM_VERSION} \
+    && bash -c 'for f in /usr/bin/clang*-${LLVM_VERSION} /usr/bin/llvm*-${LLVM_VERSION}; do ln -s "${f}" "${f%-${LLVM_VERSION}}"; done' \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/* /var/tmp/*
+
+# PostgreSQL 14
+RUN curl -fsSL 'https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc' | apt-key add - \
+    && echo 'deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt bullseye-pgdg main' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list \
+    && apt update \
+    && apt install -y postgresql-client-14 \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/* /var/tmp/*
+
+# AWS CLI
+RUN curl "https://awscli.amazonaws.com/awscli-exe-linux-$(uname -m).zip" -o "awscliv2.zip" \
+    && unzip -q awscliv2.zip \
+    && ./aws/install \
+    && rm awscliv2.zip
+
+# Mold: A Modern Linker
+ENV MOLD_VERSION v2.4.0
+RUN set -e \
+    && git clone https://github.com/rui314/mold.git \
+    && mkdir mold/build \
+    && cd mold/build \
+    && git checkout ${MOLD_VERSION} \
+    && cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++ .. \
+    && cmake --build . -j $(nproc) \
+    && cmake --install . \
+    && cd .. \
+    && rm -rf mold
+
+# LCOV
+# Build lcov from a fork:
+# It includes several bug fixes on top on v2.0 release (https://github.com/linux-test-project/lcov/compare/v2.0...master)
+# And patches from us:
+# - Generates json file with code coverage summary (https://github.com/neondatabase/lcov/commit/426e7e7a22f669da54278e9b55e6d8caabd00af0.tar.gz)
+RUN for package in Capture::Tiny DateTime Devel::Cover Digest::MD5 File::Spec JSON::XS Memory::Process Time::HiRes JSON; do yes | perl -MCPAN -e "CPAN::Shell->notest('install', '$package')"; done \
+    && wget https://github.com/neondatabase/lcov/archive/426e7e7a22f669da54278e9b55e6d8caabd00af0.tar.gz -O lcov.tar.gz \
+    && echo "61a22a62e20908b8b9e27d890bd0ea31f567a7b9668065589266371dcbca0992  lcov.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check \
+    && mkdir -p lcov && tar -xzf lcov.tar.gz -C lcov --strip-components=1 \
+    && cd lcov \
+    && make install \
+    && rm -rf ../lcov.tar.gz
+
+# Switch to nonroot user
+USER nonroot:nonroot
+WORKDIR /home/nonroot
+
+# Python
+ENV PYTHON_VERSION=3.9.2 \
+    PYENV_ROOT=/home/nonroot/.pyenv \
+    PATH=/home/nonroot/.pyenv/shims:/home/nonroot/.pyenv/bin:/home/nonroot/.poetry/bin:$PATH
+RUN set -e \
+    && cd $HOME \
+    && curl -sSO https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pyenv/pyenv-installer/master/bin/pyenv-installer \
+    && chmod +x pyenv-installer \
+    && ./pyenv-installer \
+    && export PYENV_ROOT=/home/nonroot/.pyenv \
+    && export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH" \
+    && export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/shims:$PATH" \
+    && pyenv install ${PYTHON_VERSION} \
+    && pyenv global ${PYTHON_VERSION} \
+    && python --version \
+    && pip install --upgrade pip \
+    && pip --version \
+    && pip install pipenv wheel poetry
+
+# Switch to nonroot user (again)
+USER nonroot:nonroot
+WORKDIR /home/nonroot
+
+# Rust
+# Please keep the version of llvm (installed above) in sync with rust llvm (`rustc --version --verbose | grep LLVM`)
+ENV RUSTC_VERSION=1.75.0
+ENV RUSTUP_HOME="/home/nonroot/.rustup"
+ENV PATH="/home/nonroot/.cargo/bin:${PATH}"
+RUN curl -sSO https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup/dist/$(uname -m)-unknown-linux-gnu/rustup-init && whoami && \
+	chmod +x rustup-init && \
+	./rustup-init -y --default-toolchain ${RUSTC_VERSION} && \
+	rm rustup-init && \
+    export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH" && \
+    . "$HOME/.cargo/env" && \
+    cargo --version && rustup --version && \
+    rustup component add llvm-tools-preview rustfmt clippy && \
+    cargo install --git https://github.com/paritytech/cachepot && \
+    cargo install rustfilt && \
+    cargo install cargo-hakari && \
+    cargo install cargo-deny && \
+    cargo install cargo-hack && \
+    cargo install cargo-nextest && \
+    rm -rf /home/nonroot/.cargo/registry && \
+    rm -rf /home/nonroot/.cargo/git
+ENV RUSTC_WRAPPER=cachepot
+
+# Show versions
+RUN whoami \
+    && python --version \
+    && pip --version \
+    && cargo --version --verbose \
+    && rustup --version --verbose \
+    && rustc --version --verbose \
+    && clang --version
--- a/Dockerfile.compute-node
+++ b/Dockerfile.compute-node
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ARG PG_VERSION
 ARG REPOSITORY=neondatabase
-ARG IMAGE=rust
+ARG IMAGE=build-tools
 ARG TAG=pinned
 ARG BUILD_TAG

@@ -48,7 +48,29 @@ RUN cd postgres && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pgrowlocks.control && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pgstattuple.control && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/refint.control && \
-    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/xml2.control
+    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/xml2.control && \
+    # We need to grant EXECUTE on pg_stat_statements_reset() to neon_superuser.
+    # In vanilla postgres this function is limited to Postgres role superuser.
+    # In neon we have neon_superuser role that is not a superuser but replaces superuser in some cases.
+    # We could add the additional grant statements to the postgres repository but it would be hard to maintain, 
+    # whenever we need to pick up a new postgres version and we want to limit the changes in our postgres fork,
+    # so we do it here.
+    old_list="pg_stat_statements--1.0--1.1.sql pg_stat_statements--1.1--1.2.sql pg_stat_statements--1.2--1.3.sql pg_stat_statements--1.3--1.4.sql pg_stat_statements--1.4--1.5.sql pg_stat_statements--1.4.sql pg_stat_statements--1.5--1.6.sql"; \
+    # the first loop is for pg_stat_statement extension version <= 1.6
+    for file in /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_stat_statements--*.sql; do \
+        filename=$(basename "$file"); \
+        if echo "$old_list" | grep -q -F "$filename"; then \
+            echo 'GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION pg_stat_statements_reset() TO neon_superuser;' >> $file; \
+        fi; \
+    done; \
+    # the second loop is for pg_stat_statement extension versions >= 1.7, 
+    # where pg_stat_statement_reset() got 3 additional arguments
+    for file in /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_stat_statements--*.sql; do \
+        filename=$(basename "$file"); \
+        if ! echo "$old_list" | grep -q -F "$filename"; then \
+            echo 'GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION pg_stat_statements_reset(Oid, Oid, bigint) TO neon_superuser;' >> $file; \
+        fi; \
+    done      

 #########################################################################################
 #
@@ -861,8 +883,10 @@ FROM debian:bullseye-slim
 RUN mkdir /var/db && useradd -m -d /var/db/postgres postgres && \
    echo "postgres:test_console_pass" | chpasswd && \
    mkdir /var/db/postgres/compute && mkdir /var/db/postgres/specs && \
+    mkdir /var/db/postgres/pgbouncer && \
    chown -R postgres:postgres /var/db/postgres && \
    chmod 0750 /var/db/postgres/compute && \
+    chmod 0750 /var/db/postgres/pgbouncer && \
    echo '/usr/local/lib' >> /etc/ld.so.conf && /sbin/ldconfig && \
    # create folder for file cache
    mkdir -p -m 777 /neon/cache
--- a/Dockerfile.compute-tools
+++ b/Dockerfile.compute-tools
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # First transient image to build compute_tools binaries
 # NB: keep in sync with rust image version in .github/workflows/build_and_test.yml
 ARG REPOSITORY=neondatabase
-ARG IMAGE=rust
+ARG IMAGE=build-tools
 ARG TAG=pinned
 ARG BUILD_TAG

--- a/compute_tools/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compute_tools/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ clap.workspace = true
 flate2.workspace = true
 futures.workspace = true
 hyper = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+nix.workspace = true
 notify.workspace = true
 num_cpus.workspace = true
 opentelemetry.workspace = true
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ postgres.workspace = true
 regex.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
 serde_json.workspace = true
+signal-hook.workspace = true
 tar.workspace = true
 reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["json"] }
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt", "rt-multi-thread"] }
@@ -39,3 +41,4 @@ remote_storage = { version = "0.1", path = "../libs/remote_storage/" }
 vm_monitor = { version = "0.1", path = "../libs/vm_monitor/" }
 zstd = "0.13"
 bytes = "1.0"
+rust-ini = "0.20.0"
--- a/compute_tools/src/bin/compute_ctl.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/bin/compute_ctl.rs
@@ -31,25 +31,29 @@
 //!             -C 'postgresql://cloud_admin@localhost/postgres' \
 //!             -S /var/db/postgres/specs/current.json \
 //!             -b /usr/local/bin/postgres \
-//!             -r http://pg-ext-s3-gateway
+//!             -r http://pg-ext-s3-gateway \
 //! ```
 //!
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fs::File;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::process::exit;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Condvar, Mutex, RwLock};
 use std::{thread, time::Duration};

 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use chrono::Utc;
 use clap::Arg;
+use nix::sys::signal::{kill, Signal};
+use signal_hook::consts::{SIGQUIT, SIGTERM};
+use signal_hook::{consts::SIGINT, iterator::Signals};
 use tracing::{error, info};
 use url::Url;

 use compute_api::responses::ComputeStatus;

-use compute_tools::compute::{ComputeNode, ComputeState, ParsedSpec};
+use compute_tools::compute::{ComputeNode, ComputeState, ParsedSpec, PG_PID, SYNC_SAFEKEEPERS_PID};
 use compute_tools::configurator::launch_configurator;
 use compute_tools::extension_server::get_pg_version;
 use compute_tools::http::api::launch_http_server;
@@ -65,6 +69,13 @@ const BUILD_TAG_DEFAULT: &str = "latest";
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
    init_tracing_and_logging(DEFAULT_LOG_LEVEL)?;

+    let mut signals = Signals::new([SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGQUIT])?;
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        for sig in signals.forever() {
+            handle_exit_signal(sig);
+        }
+    });
+
    let build_tag = option_env!("BUILD_TAG")
        .unwrap_or(BUILD_TAG_DEFAULT)
        .to_string();
@@ -213,9 +224,9 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
    let compute = Arc::new(compute_node);

    // If this is a pooled VM, prewarm before starting HTTP server and becoming
-    // available for binding. Prewarming helps postgres start quicker later,
+    // available for binding. Prewarming helps Postgres start quicker later,
    // because QEMU will already have it's memory allocated from the host, and
-    // the necessary binaries will alreaady be cached.
+    // the necessary binaries will already be cached.
    if !spec_set {
        compute.prewarm_postgres()?;
    }
@@ -258,6 +269,11 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {

    state.status = ComputeStatus::Init;
    compute.state_changed.notify_all();
+
+    info!(
+        "running compute with features: {:?}",
+        state.pspec.as_ref().unwrap().spec.features
+    );
    drop(state);

    // Launch remaining service threads
@@ -270,7 +286,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
    let pg = match compute.start_compute(extension_server_port) {
        Ok(pg) => Some(pg),
        Err(err) => {
-            error!("could not start the compute node: {:?}", err);
+            error!("could not start the compute node: {:#}", err);
            let mut state = compute.state.lock().unwrap();
            state.error = Some(format!("{:?}", err));
            state.status = ComputeStatus::Failed;
@@ -332,13 +348,20 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {

    // Wait for the child Postgres process forever. In this state Ctrl+C will
    // propagate to Postgres and it will be shut down as well.
-    if let Some(mut pg) = pg {
+    if let Some((mut pg, logs_handle)) = pg {
        // Startup is finished, exit the startup tracing span
        drop(startup_context_guard);

        let ecode = pg
            .wait()
            .expect("failed to start waiting on Postgres process");
+        PG_PID.store(0, Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+        // Process has exited, so we can join the logs thread.
+        let _ = logs_handle
+            .join()
+            .map_err(|e| tracing::error!("log thread panicked: {:?}", e));
+
        info!("Postgres exited with code {}, shutting down", ecode);
        exit_code = ecode.code()
    }
@@ -495,6 +518,24 @@ fn cli() -> clap::Command {
        )
 }

+/// When compute_ctl is killed, send also termination signal to sync-safekeepers
+/// to prevent leakage. TODO: it is better to convert compute_ctl to async and
+/// wait for termination which would be easy then.
+fn handle_exit_signal(sig: i32) {
+    info!("received {sig} termination signal");
+    let ss_pid = SYNC_SAFEKEEPERS_PID.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
+    if ss_pid != 0 {
+        let ss_pid = nix::unistd::Pid::from_raw(ss_pid as i32);
+        kill(ss_pid, Signal::SIGTERM).ok();
+    }
+    let pg_pid = PG_PID.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
+    if pg_pid != 0 {
+        let pg_pid = nix::unistd::Pid::from_raw(pg_pid as i32);
+        kill(pg_pid, Signal::SIGTERM).ok();
+    }
+    exit(1);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn verify_cli() {
    cli().debug_assert()
--- a/compute_tools/src/compute.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/compute.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::process::{Command, Stdio};
 use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::sync::{Condvar, Mutex, RwLock};
+use std::thread;
 use std::time::Instant;

 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
@@ -17,7 +20,7 @@ use futures::StreamExt;
 use postgres::{Client, NoTls};
 use tokio;
 use tokio_postgres;
-use tracing::{error, info, instrument, warn};
+use tracing::{debug, error, info, instrument, warn};
 use utils::id::{TenantId, TimelineId};
 use utils::lsn::Lsn;

@@ -28,11 +31,15 @@ use utils::measured_stream::MeasuredReader;
 use remote_storage::{DownloadError, RemotePath};

 use crate::checker::create_availability_check_data;
+use crate::logger::inlinify;
 use crate::pg_helpers::*;
 use crate::spec::*;
 use crate::sync_sk::{check_if_synced, ping_safekeeper};
 use crate::{config, extension_server};

+pub static SYNC_SAFEKEEPERS_PID: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);
+pub static PG_PID: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);
+
 /// Compute node info shared across several `compute_ctl` threads.
 pub struct ComputeNode {
    // Url type maintains proper escaping
@@ -269,7 +276,7 @@ fn create_neon_superuser(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()>
            $$;"#,
        roles_decl, database_decl,
    );
-    info!("Neon superuser created:\n{}", &query);
+    info!("Neon superuser created: {}", inlinify(&query));
    client
        .simple_query(&query)
        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!(e).context(query))?;
@@ -485,7 +492,7 @@ impl ComputeNode {
    pub fn sync_safekeepers(&self, storage_auth_token: Option<String>) -> Result<Lsn> {
        let start_time = Utc::now();

-        let sync_handle = maybe_cgexec(&self.pgbin)
+        let mut sync_handle = maybe_cgexec(&self.pgbin)
            .args(["--sync-safekeepers"])
            .env("PGDATA", &self.pgdata) // we cannot use -D in this mode
            .envs(if let Some(storage_auth_token) = &storage_auth_token {
@@ -494,15 +501,29 @@ impl ComputeNode {
                vec![]
            })
            .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+            .stderr(Stdio::piped())
            .spawn()
            .expect("postgres --sync-safekeepers failed to start");
+        SYNC_SAFEKEEPERS_PID.store(sync_handle.id(), Ordering::SeqCst);

        // `postgres --sync-safekeepers` will print all log output to stderr and
-        // final LSN to stdout. So we pipe only stdout, while stderr will be automatically
-        // redirected to the caller output.
+        // final LSN to stdout. So we leave stdout to collect LSN, while stderr logs
+        // will be collected in a child thread.
+        let stderr = sync_handle
+            .stderr
+            .take()
+            .expect("stderr should be captured");
+        let logs_handle = handle_postgres_logs(stderr);
+
        let sync_output = sync_handle
            .wait_with_output()
            .expect("postgres --sync-safekeepers failed");
+        SYNC_SAFEKEEPERS_PID.store(0, Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+        // Process has exited, so we can join the logs thread.
+        let _ = logs_handle
+            .join()
+            .map_err(|e| tracing::error!("log thread panicked: {:?}", e));

        if !sync_output.status.success() {
            anyhow::bail!(
@@ -640,11 +661,12 @@ impl ComputeNode {

    /// Start Postgres as a child process and manage DBs/roles.
    /// After that this will hang waiting on the postmaster process to exit.
+    /// Returns a handle to the child process and a handle to the logs thread.
    #[instrument(skip_all)]
    pub fn start_postgres(
        &self,
        storage_auth_token: Option<String>,
-    ) -> Result<std::process::Child> {
+    ) -> Result<(std::process::Child, std::thread::JoinHandle<()>)> {
        let pgdata_path = Path::new(&self.pgdata);

        // Run postgres as a child process.
@@ -655,12 +677,18 @@ impl ComputeNode {
            } else {
                vec![]
            })
+            .stderr(Stdio::piped())
            .spawn()
            .expect("cannot start postgres process");
+        PG_PID.store(pg.id(), Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+        // Start a thread to collect logs from stderr.
+        let stderr = pg.stderr.take().expect("stderr should be captured");
+        let logs_handle = handle_postgres_logs(stderr);

        wait_for_postgres(&mut pg, pgdata_path)?;

-        Ok(pg)
+        Ok((pg, logs_handle))
    }

    /// Do initial configuration of the already started Postgres.
@@ -737,6 +765,25 @@ impl ComputeNode {
    pub fn reconfigure(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let spec = self.state.lock().unwrap().pspec.clone().unwrap().spec;

+        if let Some(ref pgbouncer_settings) = spec.pgbouncer_settings {
+            info!("tuning pgbouncer");
+
+            let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
+                .enable_all()
+                .build()
+                .expect("failed to create rt");
+
+            // Spawn a thread to do the tuning,
+            // so that we don't block the main thread that starts Postgres.
+            let pgbouncer_settings = pgbouncer_settings.clone();
+            let _handle = thread::spawn(move || {
+                let res = rt.block_on(tune_pgbouncer(pgbouncer_settings));
+                if let Err(err) = res {
+                    error!("error while tuning pgbouncer: {err:?}");
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
        // Write new config
        let pgdata_path = Path::new(&self.pgdata);
        let postgresql_conf_path = pgdata_path.join("postgresql.conf");
@@ -780,7 +827,10 @@ impl ComputeNode {
    }

    #[instrument(skip_all)]
-    pub fn start_compute(&self, extension_server_port: u16) -> Result<std::process::Child> {
+    pub fn start_compute(
+        &self,
+        extension_server_port: u16,
+    ) -> Result<(std::process::Child, std::thread::JoinHandle<()>)> {
        let compute_state = self.state.lock().unwrap().clone();
        let pspec = compute_state.pspec.as_ref().expect("spec must be set");
        info!(
@@ -791,6 +841,26 @@ impl ComputeNode {
            pspec.timeline_id,
        );

+        // tune pgbouncer
+        if let Some(pgbouncer_settings) = &pspec.spec.pgbouncer_settings {
+            info!("tuning pgbouncer");
+
+            let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
+                .enable_all()
+                .build()
+                .expect("failed to create rt");
+
+            // Spawn a thread to do the tuning,
+            // so that we don't block the main thread that starts Postgres.
+            let pgbouncer_settings = pgbouncer_settings.clone();
+            let _handle = thread::spawn(move || {
+                let res = rt.block_on(tune_pgbouncer(pgbouncer_settings));
+                if let Err(err) = res {
+                    error!("error while tuning pgbouncer: {err:?}");
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
        info!(
            "start_compute spec.remote_extensions {:?}",
            pspec.spec.remote_extensions
@@ -825,7 +895,7 @@ impl ComputeNode {
        self.prepare_pgdata(&compute_state, extension_server_port)?;

        let start_time = Utc::now();
-        let pg = self.start_postgres(pspec.storage_auth_token.clone())?;
+        let pg_process = self.start_postgres(pspec.storage_auth_token.clone())?;

        let config_time = Utc::now();
        if pspec.spec.mode == ComputeMode::Primary && !pspec.spec.skip_pg_catalog_updates {
@@ -875,7 +945,17 @@ impl ComputeNode {
        };
        info!(?metrics, "compute start finished");

-        Ok(pg)
+        Ok(pg_process)
+    }
+
+    /// Update the `last_active` in the shared state, but ensure that it's a more recent one.
+    pub fn update_last_active(&self, last_active: Option<DateTime<Utc>>) {
+        let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap();
+        // NB: `Some(<DateTime>)` is always greater than `None`.
+        if last_active > state.last_active {
+            state.last_active = last_active;
+            debug!("set the last compute activity time to: {:?}", last_active);
+        }
    }

    // Look for core dumps and collect backtraces.
--- a/compute_tools/src/logger.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/logger.rs
@@ -38,3 +38,9 @@ pub fn init_tracing_and_logging(default_log_level: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {

    Ok(())
 }
+
+/// Replace all newline characters with a special character to make it
+/// easier to grep for log messages.
+pub fn inlinify(s: &str) -> String {
+    s.replace('\n', "\u{200B}")
+}
--- a/compute_tools/src/monitor.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/monitor.rs
@@ -3,97 +3,165 @@ use std::{thread, time::Duration};

 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
 use postgres::{Client, NoTls};
-use tracing::{debug, info};
+use tracing::{debug, error, info, warn};

 use crate::compute::ComputeNode;
+use compute_api::responses::ComputeStatus;
+use compute_api::spec::ComputeFeature;

 const MONITOR_CHECK_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_millis(500);

 // Spin in a loop and figure out the last activity time in the Postgres.
 // Then update it in the shared state. This function never errors out.
-// XXX: the only expected panic is at `RwLock` unwrap().
+// NB: the only expected panic is at `Mutex` unwrap(), all other errors
+// should be handled gracefully.
 fn watch_compute_activity(compute: &ComputeNode) {
    // Suppose that `connstr` doesn't change
    let connstr = compute.connstr.as_str();
+
+    // During startup and configuration we connect to every Postgres database,
+    // but we don't want to count this as some user activity. So wait until
+    // the compute fully started before monitoring activity.
+    wait_for_postgres_start(compute);
+
    // Define `client` outside of the loop to reuse existing connection if it's active.
    let mut client = Client::connect(connstr, NoTls);

-    info!("watching Postgres activity at {}", connstr);
+    let mut sleep = false;
+    let mut prev_active_time: Option<f64> = None;
+    let mut prev_sessions: Option<i64> = None;
+
+    if compute.has_feature(ComputeFeature::ActivityMonitorExperimental) {
+        info!("starting experimental activity monitor for {}", connstr);
+    } else {
+        info!("starting activity monitor for {}", connstr);
+    }

    loop {
-        // Should be outside of the write lock to allow others to read while we sleep.
-        thread::sleep(MONITOR_CHECK_INTERVAL);
+        // We use `continue` a lot, so it's more convenient to sleep at the top of the loop.
+        // But skip the first sleep, so we can connect to Postgres immediately.
+        if sleep {
+            // Should be outside of the mutex lock to allow others to read while we sleep.
+            thread::sleep(MONITOR_CHECK_INTERVAL);
+        } else {
+            sleep = true;
+        }

        match &mut client {
            Ok(cli) => {
                if cli.is_closed() {
-                    info!("connection to postgres closed, trying to reconnect");
+                    info!("connection to Postgres is closed, trying to reconnect");

                    // Connection is closed, reconnect and try again.
                    client = Client::connect(connstr, NoTls);
                    continue;
                }

-                // Get all running client backends except ourself, use RFC3339 DateTime format.
-                let backends = cli
-                    .query(
-                        "SELECT state, to_char(state_change, 'YYYY-MM-DD\"T\"HH24:MI:SS.US\"Z\"') AS state_change
-                         FROM pg_stat_activity
-                         WHERE backend_type = 'client backend'
-                            AND pid != pg_backend_pid()
-                            AND usename != 'cloud_admin';", // XXX: find a better way to filter other monitors?
-                        &[],
-                    );
-                let mut last_active = compute.state.lock().unwrap().last_active;
+                // This is a new logic, only enable if the feature flag is set.
+                // TODO: remove this once we are sure that it works OR drop it altogether.
+                if compute.has_feature(ComputeFeature::ActivityMonitorExperimental) {
+                    // First, check if the total active time or sessions across all databases has changed.
+                    // If it did, it means that user executed some queries. In theory, it can even go down if
+                    // some databases were dropped, but it's still a user activity.
+                    match get_database_stats(cli) {
+                        Ok((active_time, sessions)) => {
+                            let mut detected_activity = false;

-                if let Ok(backs) = backends {
-                    let mut idle_backs: Vec<DateTime<Utc>> = vec![];
-
-                    for b in backs.into_iter() {
-                        let state: String = match b.try_get("state") {
-                            Ok(state) => state,
-                            Err(_) => continue,
-                        };
-
-                        if state == "idle" {
-                            let change: String = match b.try_get("state_change") {
-                                Ok(state_change) => state_change,
-                                Err(_) => continue,
-                            };
-                            let change = DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339(&change);
-                            match change {
-                                Ok(t) => idle_backs.push(t.with_timezone(&Utc)),
-                                Err(e) => {
-                                    info!("cannot parse backend state_change DateTime: {}", e);
-                                    continue;
+                            prev_active_time = match prev_active_time {
+                                Some(prev_active_time) => {
+                                    if active_time != prev_active_time {
+                                        detected_activity = true;
+                                    }
+                                    Some(active_time)
                                }
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            // Found non-idle backend, so the last activity is NOW.
-                            // Save it and exit the for loop. Also clear the idle backend
-                            // `state_change` timestamps array as it doesn't matter now.
-                            last_active = Some(Utc::now());
-                            idle_backs.clear();
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
+                                None => Some(active_time),
+                            };
+                            prev_sessions = match prev_sessions {
+                                Some(prev_sessions) => {
+                                    if sessions != prev_sessions {
+                                        detected_activity = true;
+                                    }
+                                    Some(sessions)
+                                }
+                                None => Some(sessions),
+                            };

-                    // Get idle backend `state_change` with the max timestamp.
-                    if let Some(last) = idle_backs.iter().max() {
-                        last_active = Some(*last);
+                            if detected_activity {
+                                // Update the last active time and continue, we don't need to
+                                // check backends state change.
+                                compute.update_last_active(Some(Utc::now()));
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            error!("could not get database statistics: {}", e);
+                            continue;
+                        }
                    }
                }

-                // Update the last activity in the shared state if we got a more recent one.
-                let mut state = compute.state.lock().unwrap();
-                // NB: `Some(<DateTime>)` is always greater than `None`.
-                if last_active > state.last_active {
-                    state.last_active = last_active;
-                    debug!("set the last compute activity time to: {:?}", last_active);
+                // Second, if database statistics is the same, check all backends state change,
+                // maybe there is some with more recent activity. `get_backends_state_change()`
+                // can return None or stale timestamp, so it's `compute.update_last_active()`
+                // responsibility to check if the new timestamp is more recent than the current one.
+                // This helps us to discover new sessions, that did nothing yet.
+                match get_backends_state_change(cli) {
+                    Ok(last_active) => {
+                        compute.update_last_active(last_active);
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        error!("could not get backends state change: {}", e);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Finally, if there are existing (logical) walsenders, do not suspend.
+                //
+                // walproposer doesn't currently show up in pg_stat_replication,
+                // but protect if it will be
+                let ws_count_query = "select count(*) from pg_stat_replication where application_name != 'walproposer';";
+                match cli.query_one(ws_count_query, &[]) {
+                    Ok(r) => match r.try_get::<&str, i64>("count") {
+                        Ok(num_ws) => {
+                            if num_ws > 0 {
+                                compute.update_last_active(Some(Utc::now()));
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            warn!("failed to parse walsenders count: {:?}", e);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    },
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        warn!("failed to get list of walsenders: {:?}", e);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+                //
+                // Do not suspend compute if autovacuum is running
+                //
+                let autovacuum_count_query = "select count(*) from pg_stat_activity where backend_type = 'autovacuum worker'";
+                match cli.query_one(autovacuum_count_query, &[]) {
+                    Ok(r) => match r.try_get::<&str, i64>("count") {
+                        Ok(num_workers) => {
+                            if num_workers > 0 {
+                                compute.update_last_active(Some(Utc::now()));
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            warn!("failed to parse autovacuum workers count: {:?}", e);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    },
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        warn!("failed to get list of autovacuum workers: {:?}", e);
+                        continue;
+                    }
                }
            }
            Err(e) => {
-                debug!("cannot connect to postgres: {}, retrying", e);
+                debug!("could not connect to Postgres: {}, retrying", e);

                // Establish a new connection and try again.
                client = Client::connect(connstr, NoTls);
@@ -102,12 +170,124 @@ fn watch_compute_activity(compute: &ComputeNode) {
    }
 }

+// Hang on condition variable waiting until the compute status is `Running`.
+fn wait_for_postgres_start(compute: &ComputeNode) {
+    let mut state = compute.state.lock().unwrap();
+    while state.status != ComputeStatus::Running {
+        info!("compute is not running, waiting before monitoring activity");
+        state = compute.state_changed.wait(state).unwrap();
+
+        if state.status == ComputeStatus::Running {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Figure out the total active time and sessions across all non-system databases.
+// Returned tuple is `(active_time, sessions)`.
+// It can return `0.0` active time or `0` sessions, which means no user databases exist OR
+// it was a start with skipped `pg_catalog` updates and user didn't do any queries
+// (or open any sessions) yet.
+fn get_database_stats(cli: &mut Client) -> anyhow::Result<(f64, i64)> {
+    // Filter out `postgres` database as `compute_ctl` and other monitoring tools
+    // like `postgres_exporter` use it to query Postgres statistics.
+    // Use explicit 8 bytes type casts to match Rust types.
+    let stats = cli.query_one(
+        "SELECT coalesce(sum(active_time), 0.0)::float8 AS total_active_time,
+            coalesce(sum(sessions), 0)::bigint AS total_sessions
+        FROM pg_stat_database
+        WHERE datname NOT IN (
+                'postgres',
+                'template0',
+                'template1'
+            );",
+        &[],
+    );
+    let stats = match stats {
+        Ok(stats) => stats,
+        Err(e) => {
+            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("could not query active_time: {}", e));
+        }
+    };
+
+    let active_time: f64 = match stats.try_get("total_active_time") {
+        Ok(active_time) => active_time,
+        Err(e) => return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("could not get total_active_time: {}", e)),
+    };
+
+    let sessions: i64 = match stats.try_get("total_sessions") {
+        Ok(sessions) => sessions,
+        Err(e) => return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("could not get total_sessions: {}", e)),
+    };
+
+    Ok((active_time, sessions))
+}
+
+// Figure out the most recent state change time across all client backends.
+// If there is currently active backend, timestamp will be `Utc::now()`.
+// It can return `None`, which means no client backends exist or we were
+// unable to parse the timestamp.
+fn get_backends_state_change(cli: &mut Client) -> anyhow::Result<Option<DateTime<Utc>>> {
+    let mut last_active: Option<DateTime<Utc>> = None;
+    // Get all running client backends except ourself, use RFC3339 DateTime format.
+    let backends = cli.query(
+        "SELECT state, to_char(state_change, 'YYYY-MM-DD\"T\"HH24:MI:SS.US\"Z\"') AS state_change
+                FROM pg_stat_activity
+                    WHERE backend_type = 'client backend'
+                    AND pid != pg_backend_pid()
+                    AND usename != 'cloud_admin';", // XXX: find a better way to filter other monitors?
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    match backends {
+        Ok(backs) => {
+            let mut idle_backs: Vec<DateTime<Utc>> = vec![];
+
+            for b in backs.into_iter() {
+                let state: String = match b.try_get("state") {
+                    Ok(state) => state,
+                    Err(_) => continue,
+                };
+
+                if state == "idle" {
+                    let change: String = match b.try_get("state_change") {
+                        Ok(state_change) => state_change,
+                        Err(_) => continue,
+                    };
+                    let change = DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339(&change);
+                    match change {
+                        Ok(t) => idle_backs.push(t.with_timezone(&Utc)),
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            info!("cannot parse backend state_change DateTime: {}", e);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // Found non-idle backend, so the last activity is NOW.
+                    // Return immediately, no need to check other backends.
+                    return Ok(Some(Utc::now()));
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Get idle backend `state_change` with the max timestamp.
+            if let Some(last) = idle_backs.iter().max() {
+                last_active = Some(*last);
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("could not query backends: {}", e));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(last_active)
+}
+
 /// Launch a separate compute monitor thread and return its `JoinHandle`.
-pub fn launch_monitor(state: &Arc<ComputeNode>) -> thread::JoinHandle<()> {
-    let state = Arc::clone(state);
+pub fn launch_monitor(compute: &Arc<ComputeNode>) -> thread::JoinHandle<()> {
+    let compute = Arc::clone(compute);

    thread::Builder::new()
        .name("compute-monitor".into())
-        .spawn(move || watch_compute_activity(&state))
+        .spawn(move || watch_compute_activity(&compute))
        .expect("cannot launch compute monitor thread")
 }
--- a/compute_tools/src/pg_helpers.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/pg_helpers.rs
@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@ use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader};
 use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::process::Child;
+use std::thread::JoinHandle;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

 use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use ini::Ini;
 use notify::{RecursiveMode, Watcher};
 use postgres::{Client, Transaction};
-use tracing::{debug, instrument};
+use tokio::io::AsyncBufReadExt;
+use tokio::time::timeout;
+use tokio_postgres::NoTls;
+use tracing::{debug, error, info, instrument};

 use compute_api::spec::{Database, GenericOption, GenericOptions, PgIdent, Role};

@@ -359,3 +364,172 @@ pub fn create_pgdata(pgdata: &str) -> Result<()> {

    Ok(())
 }
+
+/// Update pgbouncer.ini with provided options
+fn update_pgbouncer_ini(
+    pgbouncer_config: HashMap<String, String>,
+    pgbouncer_ini_path: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut conf = Ini::load_from_file(pgbouncer_ini_path)?;
+    let section = conf.section_mut(Some("pgbouncer")).unwrap();
+
+    for (option_name, value) in pgbouncer_config.iter() {
+        section.insert(option_name, value);
+        debug!(
+            "Updating pgbouncer.ini with new values {}={}",
+            option_name, value
+        );
+    }
+
+    conf.write_to_file(pgbouncer_ini_path)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Tune pgbouncer.
+/// 1. Apply new config using pgbouncer admin console
+/// 2. Add new values to pgbouncer.ini to preserve them after restart
+pub async fn tune_pgbouncer(pgbouncer_config: HashMap<String, String>) -> Result<()> {
+    let pgbouncer_connstr = if std::env::var_os("AUTOSCALING").is_some() {
+        // for VMs use pgbouncer specific way to connect to
+        // pgbouncer admin console without password
+        // when pgbouncer is running under the same user.
+        "host=/tmp port=6432 dbname=pgbouncer user=pgbouncer".to_string()
+    } else {
+        // for k8s use normal connection string with password
+        // to connect to pgbouncer admin console
+        let mut pgbouncer_connstr =
+            "host=localhost port=6432 dbname=pgbouncer user=postgres sslmode=disable".to_string();
+        if let Ok(pass) = std::env::var("PGBOUNCER_PASSWORD") {
+            pgbouncer_connstr.push_str(format!(" password={}", pass).as_str());
+        }
+        pgbouncer_connstr
+    };
+
+    info!(
+        "Connecting to pgbouncer with connection string: {}",
+        pgbouncer_connstr
+    );
+
+    // connect to pgbouncer, retrying several times
+    // because pgbouncer may not be ready yet
+    let mut retries = 3;
+    let client = loop {
+        match tokio_postgres::connect(&pgbouncer_connstr, NoTls).await {
+            Ok((client, connection)) => {
+                tokio::spawn(async move {
+                    if let Err(e) = connection.await {
+                        eprintln!("connection error: {}", e);
+                    }
+                });
+                break client;
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                if retries == 0 {
+                    return Err(e.into());
+                }
+                error!("Failed to connect to pgbouncer: pgbouncer_connstr {}", e);
+                retries -= 1;
+                tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Apply new config
+    for (option_name, value) in pgbouncer_config.iter() {
+        let query = format!("SET {}={}", option_name, value);
+        // keep this log line for debugging purposes
+        info!("Applying pgbouncer setting change: {}", query);
+
+        if let Err(err) = client.simple_query(&query).await {
+            // Don't fail on error, just print it into log
+            error!(
+                "Failed to apply pgbouncer setting change: {},  {}",
+                query, err
+            );
+        };
+    }
+
+    // save values to pgbouncer.ini
+    // so that they are preserved after pgbouncer restart
+    let pgbouncer_ini_path = if std::env::var_os("AUTOSCALING").is_some() {
+        // in VMs we use /etc/pgbouncer.ini
+        "/etc/pgbouncer.ini".to_string()
+    } else {
+        // in pods we use /var/db/postgres/pgbouncer/pgbouncer.ini
+        // this is a shared volume between pgbouncer and postgres containers
+        // FIXME: fix permissions for this file
+        "/var/db/postgres/pgbouncer/pgbouncer.ini".to_string()
+    };
+    update_pgbouncer_ini(pgbouncer_config, &pgbouncer_ini_path)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Spawn a thread that will read Postgres logs from `stderr`, join multiline logs
+/// and send them to the logger. In the future we may also want to add context to
+/// these logs.
+pub fn handle_postgres_logs(stderr: std::process::ChildStderr) -> JoinHandle<()> {
+    std::thread::spawn(move || {
+        let runtime = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
+            .enable_all()
+            .build()
+            .expect("failed to build tokio runtime");
+
+        let res = runtime.block_on(async move {
+            let stderr = tokio::process::ChildStderr::from_std(stderr)?;
+            handle_postgres_logs_async(stderr).await
+        });
+        if let Err(e) = res {
+            tracing::error!("error while processing postgres logs: {}", e);
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// Read Postgres logs from `stderr` until EOF. Buffer is flushed on one of the following conditions:
+/// - next line starts with timestamp
+/// - EOF
+/// - no new lines were written for the last second
+async fn handle_postgres_logs_async(stderr: tokio::process::ChildStderr) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut lines = tokio::io::BufReader::new(stderr).lines();
+    let timeout_duration = Duration::from_millis(100);
+    let ts_regex =
+        regex::Regex::new(r"^\d+-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}").expect("regex is valid");
+
+    let mut buf = vec![];
+    loop {
+        let next_line = timeout(timeout_duration, lines.next_line()).await;
+
+        // we should flush lines from the buffer if we cannot continue reading multiline message
+        let should_flush_buf = match next_line {
+            // Flushing if new line starts with timestamp
+            Ok(Ok(Some(ref line))) => ts_regex.is_match(line),
+            // Flushing on EOF, timeout or error
+            _ => true,
+        };
+
+        if !buf.is_empty() && should_flush_buf {
+            // join multiline message into a single line, separated by unicode Zero Width Space.
+            // "PG:" suffix is used to distinguish postgres logs from other logs.
+            let combined = format!("PG:{}\n", buf.join("\u{200B}"));
+            buf.clear();
+
+            // sync write to stderr to avoid interleaving with other logs
+            use std::io::Write;
+            let res = std::io::stderr().lock().write_all(combined.as_bytes());
+            if let Err(e) = res {
+                tracing::error!("error while writing to stderr: {}", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // if not timeout, append line to the buffer
+        if next_line.is_ok() {
+            match next_line?? {
+                Some(line) => buf.push(line),
+                // EOF
+                None => break,
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
--- a/compute_tools/src/spec.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/spec.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use reqwest::StatusCode;
 use tracing::{error, info, info_span, instrument, span_enabled, warn, Level};

 use crate::config;
+use crate::logger::inlinify;
 use crate::params::PG_HBA_ALL_MD5;
 use crate::pg_helpers::*;

@@ -189,18 +190,20 @@ pub fn handle_roles(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {

    // Print a list of existing Postgres roles (only in debug mode)
    if span_enabled!(Level::INFO) {
-        info!("postgres roles:");
+        let mut vec = Vec::new();
        for r in &existing_roles {
-            info!(
-                "    - {}:{}",
+            vec.push(format!(
+                "{}:{}",
                r.name,
                if r.encrypted_password.is_some() {
                    "[FILTERED]"
                } else {
                    "(null)"
                }
-            );
+            ));
        }
+
+        info!("postgres roles (total {}): {:?}", vec.len(), vec);
    }

    // Process delta operations first
@@ -238,7 +241,10 @@ pub fn handle_roles(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
    // Refresh Postgres roles info to handle possible roles renaming
    let existing_roles: Vec<Role> = get_existing_roles(&mut xact)?;

-    info!("cluster spec roles:");
+    info!(
+        "handling cluster spec roles (total {})",
+        spec.cluster.roles.len()
+    );
    for role in &spec.cluster.roles {
        let name = &role.name;
        // XXX: with a limited number of roles it is fine, but consider making it a HashMap
@@ -301,7 +307,7 @@ pub fn handle_roles(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
                    "CREATE ROLE {} INHERIT CREATEROLE CREATEDB BYPASSRLS REPLICATION IN ROLE neon_superuser",
                    name.pg_quote()
                );
-                info!("role create query: '{}'", &query);
+                info!("running role create query: '{}'", &query);
                query.push_str(&role.to_pg_options());
                xact.execute(query.as_str(), &[])?;
            }
@@ -318,7 +324,7 @@ pub fn handle_roles(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
                RoleAction::Create => " -> create",
                RoleAction::Update => " -> update",
            };
-            info!("   - {}:{}{}", name, pwd, action_str);
+            info!(" - {}:{}{}", name, pwd, action_str);
        }
    }

@@ -370,33 +376,49 @@ pub fn handle_role_deletions(spec: &ComputeSpec, connstr: &str, client: &mut Cli
    Ok(())
 }

+fn reassign_owned_objects_in_one_db(
+    conf: Config,
+    role_name: &PgIdent,
+    db_owner: &PgIdent,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut client = conf.connect(NoTls)?;
+
+    // This will reassign all dependent objects to the db owner
+    let reassign_query = format!(
+        "REASSIGN OWNED BY {} TO {}",
+        role_name.pg_quote(),
+        db_owner.pg_quote()
+    );
+    info!(
+        "reassigning objects owned by '{}' in db '{}' to '{}'",
+        role_name,
+        conf.get_dbname().unwrap_or(""),
+        db_owner
+    );
+    client.simple_query(&reassign_query)?;
+
+    // This now will only drop privileges of the role
+    let drop_query = format!("DROP OWNED BY {}", role_name.pg_quote());
+    client.simple_query(&drop_query)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 // Reassign all owned objects in all databases to the owner of the database.
 fn reassign_owned_objects(spec: &ComputeSpec, connstr: &str, role_name: &PgIdent) -> Result<()> {
    for db in &spec.cluster.databases {
        if db.owner != *role_name {
            let mut conf = Config::from_str(connstr)?;
            conf.dbname(&db.name);
-
-            let mut client = conf.connect(NoTls)?;
-
-            // This will reassign all dependent objects to the db owner
-            let reassign_query = format!(
-                "REASSIGN OWNED BY {} TO {}",
-                role_name.pg_quote(),
-                db.owner.pg_quote()
-            );
-            info!(
-                "reassigning objects owned by '{}' in db '{}' to '{}'",
-                role_name, &db.name, &db.owner
-            );
-            client.simple_query(&reassign_query)?;
-
-            // This now will only drop privileges of the role
-            let drop_query = format!("DROP OWNED BY {}", role_name.pg_quote());
-            client.simple_query(&drop_query)?;
+            reassign_owned_objects_in_one_db(conf, role_name, &db.owner)?;
        }
    }

+    // Also handle case when there are no databases in the spec.
+    // In this case we need to reassign objects in the default database.
+    let conf = Config::from_str(connstr)?;
+    let db_owner = PgIdent::from_str("cloud_admin")?;
+    reassign_owned_objects_in_one_db(conf, role_name, &db_owner)?;
+
    Ok(())
 }

@@ -411,10 +433,11 @@ pub fn handle_databases(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {

    // Print a list of existing Postgres databases (only in debug mode)
    if span_enabled!(Level::INFO) {
-        info!("postgres databases:");
+        let mut vec = Vec::new();
        for (dbname, db) in &existing_dbs {
-            info!("    {}:{}", dbname, db.owner);
+            vec.push(format!("{}:{}", dbname, db.owner));
        }
+        info!("postgres databases (total {}): {:?}", vec.len(), vec);
    }

    // Process delta operations first
@@ -486,7 +509,10 @@ pub fn handle_databases(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
    // Refresh Postgres databases info to handle possible renames
    let existing_dbs = get_existing_dbs(client)?;

-    info!("cluster spec databases:");
+    info!(
+        "handling cluster spec databases (total {})",
+        spec.cluster.databases.len()
+    );
    for db in &spec.cluster.databases {
        let name = &db.name;
        let pg_db = existing_dbs.get(name);
@@ -545,7 +571,7 @@ pub fn handle_databases(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client) -> Result<()> {
                DatabaseAction::Create => " -> create",
                DatabaseAction::Update => " -> update",
            };
-            info!("   - {}:{}{}", db.name, db.owner, action_str);
+            info!(" - {}:{}{}", db.name, db.owner, action_str);
        }
    }

@@ -646,7 +672,11 @@ pub fn handle_grants(spec: &ComputeSpec, client: &mut Client, connstr: &str) ->
            $$;"
        .to_string();

-        info!("grant query for db {} : {}", &db.name, &grant_query);
+        info!(
+            "grant query for db {} : {}",
+            &db.name,
+            inlinify(&grant_query)
+        );
        db_client.simple_query(&grant_query)?;
    }

--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/Cargo.toml
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+[package]
+name = "attachment_service"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+camino.workspace = true
+clap.workspace = true
+futures.workspace = true
+git-version.workspace = true
+hyper.workspace = true
+pageserver_api.workspace = true
+pageserver_client.workspace = true
+postgres_connection.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+thiserror.workspace = true
+tokio.workspace = true
+tokio-util.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+
+# TODO: remove this after DB persistence is added, it is only used for
+# a parsing function when loading pageservers from neon_local LocalEnv
+postgres_backend.workspace = true
+
+utils = { path = "../../libs/utils/" }
+metrics = { path = "../../libs/metrics/" }
+control_plane = { path = ".." }
+workspace_hack = { version = "0.1", path = "../../workspace_hack" }
+
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/compute_hook.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/compute_hook.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use control_plane::endpoint::ComputeControlPlane;
+use control_plane::local_env::LocalEnv;
+use pageserver_api::shard::{ShardCount, ShardIndex, TenantShardId};
+use postgres_connection::parse_host_port;
+use utils::id::{NodeId, TenantId};
+
+pub(super) struct ComputeHookTenant {
+    shards: Vec<(ShardIndex, NodeId)>,
+}
+
+impl ComputeHookTenant {
+    pub(super) async fn maybe_reconfigure(&mut self, tenant_id: TenantId) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        // Find the highest shard count and drop any shards that aren't
+        // for that shard count.
+        let shard_count = self.shards.iter().map(|(k, _v)| k.shard_count).max();
+        let Some(shard_count) = shard_count else {
+            // No shards, nothing to do.
+            tracing::info!("ComputeHookTenant::maybe_reconfigure: no shards");
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+
+        self.shards.retain(|(k, _v)| k.shard_count == shard_count);
+        self.shards
+            .sort_by_key(|(shard, _node_id)| shard.shard_number);
+
+        if self.shards.len() == shard_count.0 as usize || shard_count == ShardCount(0) {
+            // We have pageservers for all the shards: proceed to reconfigure compute
+            let env = match LocalEnv::load_config() {
+                Ok(e) => e,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        "Couldn't load neon_local config, skipping compute update ({e})"
+                    );
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+            };
+            let cplane = ComputeControlPlane::load(env.clone())
+                .expect("Error loading compute control plane");
+
+            let compute_pageservers = self
+                .shards
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(_shard, node_id)| {
+                    let ps_conf = env
+                        .get_pageserver_conf(*node_id)
+                        .expect("Unknown pageserver");
+                    let (pg_host, pg_port) = parse_host_port(&ps_conf.listen_pg_addr)
+                        .expect("Unable to parse listen_pg_addr");
+                    (pg_host, pg_port.unwrap_or(5432))
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            for (endpoint_name, endpoint) in &cplane.endpoints {
+                if endpoint.tenant_id == tenant_id && endpoint.status() == "running" {
+                    tracing::info!("🔁 Reconfiguring endpoint {}", endpoint_name,);
+                    endpoint.reconfigure(compute_pageservers.clone()).await?;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            tracing::info!(
+                "ComputeHookTenant::maybe_reconfigure: not enough shards ({}/{})",
+                self.shards.len(),
+                shard_count.0
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// The compute hook is a destination for notifications about changes to tenant:pageserver
+/// mapping.  It aggregates updates for the shards in a tenant, and when appropriate reconfigures
+/// the compute connection string.
+pub(super) struct ComputeHook {
+    state: tokio::sync::Mutex<HashMap<TenantId, ComputeHookTenant>>,
+}
+
+impl ComputeHook {
+    pub(super) fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            state: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) async fn notify(
+        &self,
+        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+        node_id: NodeId,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        tracing::info!("ComputeHook::notify: {}->{}", tenant_shard_id, node_id);
+        let mut locked = self.state.lock().await;
+        let entry = locked
+            .entry(tenant_shard_id.tenant_id)
+            .or_insert_with(|| ComputeHookTenant { shards: Vec::new() });
+
+        let shard_index = ShardIndex {
+            shard_count: tenant_shard_id.shard_count,
+            shard_number: tenant_shard_id.shard_number,
+        };
+
+        let mut set = false;
+        for (existing_shard, existing_node) in &mut entry.shards {
+            if *existing_shard == shard_index {
+                *existing_node = node_id;
+                set = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if !set {
+            entry.shards.push((shard_index, node_id));
+        }
+
+        entry.maybe_reconfigure(tenant_shard_id.tenant_id).await
+    }
+}
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/http.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/http.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+use crate::reconciler::ReconcileError;
+use crate::service::Service;
+use hyper::{Body, Request, Response};
+use hyper::{StatusCode, Uri};
+use pageserver_api::models::{TenantCreateRequest, TimelineCreateRequest};
+use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use utils::auth::SwappableJwtAuth;
+use utils::http::endpoint::{auth_middleware, request_span};
+use utils::http::request::parse_request_param;
+use utils::id::TenantId;
+
+use utils::{
+    http::{
+        endpoint::{self},
+        error::ApiError,
+        json::{json_request, json_response},
+        RequestExt, RouterBuilder,
+    },
+    id::NodeId,
+};
+
+use pageserver_api::control_api::{ReAttachRequest, ValidateRequest};
+
+use control_plane::attachment_service::{
+    AttachHookRequest, InspectRequest, NodeConfigureRequest, NodeRegisterRequest,
+    TenantShardMigrateRequest,
+};
+
+/// State available to HTTP request handlers
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct HttpState {
+    service: Arc<crate::service::Service>,
+    auth: Option<Arc<SwappableJwtAuth>>,
+    allowlist_routes: Vec<Uri>,
+}
+
+impl HttpState {
+    pub fn new(service: Arc<crate::service::Service>, auth: Option<Arc<SwappableJwtAuth>>) -> Self {
+        let allowlist_routes = ["/status"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|v| v.parse().unwrap())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        Self {
+            service,
+            auth,
+            allowlist_routes,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+fn get_state(request: &Request<Body>) -> &HttpState {
+    request
+        .data::<Arc<HttpState>>()
+        .expect("unknown state type")
+        .as_ref()
+}
+
+/// Pageserver calls into this on startup, to learn which tenants it should attach
+async fn handle_re_attach(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    let reattach_req = json_request::<ReAttachRequest>(&mut req).await?;
+    let state = get_state(&req);
+    json_response(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        state
+            .service
+            .re_attach(reattach_req)
+            .await
+            .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Pageserver calls into this before doing deletions, to confirm that it still
+/// holds the latest generation for the tenants with deletions enqueued
+async fn handle_validate(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    let validate_req = json_request::<ValidateRequest>(&mut req).await?;
+    let state = get_state(&req);
+    json_response(StatusCode::OK, state.service.validate(validate_req))
+}
+
+/// Call into this before attaching a tenant to a pageserver, to acquire a generation number
+/// (in the real control plane this is unnecessary, because the same program is managing
+///  generation numbers and doing attachments).
+async fn handle_attach_hook(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    let attach_req = json_request::<AttachHookRequest>(&mut req).await?;
+    let state = get_state(&req);
+
+    json_response(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        state
+            .service
+            .attach_hook(attach_req)
+            .await
+            .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?,
+    )
+}
+
+async fn handle_inspect(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    let inspect_req = json_request::<InspectRequest>(&mut req).await?;
+
+    let state = get_state(&req);
+
+    json_response(StatusCode::OK, state.service.inspect(inspect_req))
+}
+
+async fn handle_tenant_create(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    let create_req = json_request::<TenantCreateRequest>(&mut req).await?;
+    let state = get_state(&req);
+    json_response(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        state.service.tenant_create(create_req).await?,
+    )
+}
+
+async fn handle_tenant_timeline_create(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    let tenant_id: TenantId = parse_request_param(&req, "tenant_id")?;
+    let create_req = json_request::<TimelineCreateRequest>(&mut req).await?;
+
+    let state = get_state(&req);
+    json_response(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        state
+            .service
+            .tenant_timeline_create(tenant_id, create_req)
+            .await?,
+    )
+}
+
+async fn handle_tenant_locate(req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    let tenant_id: TenantId = parse_request_param(&req, "tenant_id")?;
+    let state = get_state(&req);
+
+    json_response(StatusCode::OK, state.service.tenant_locate(tenant_id)?)
+}
+
+async fn handle_node_register(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    let register_req = json_request::<NodeRegisterRequest>(&mut req).await?;
+    let state = get_state(&req);
+    state.service.node_register(register_req).await?;
+    json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
+}
+
+async fn handle_node_configure(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    let node_id: NodeId = parse_request_param(&req, "node_id")?;
+    let config_req = json_request::<NodeConfigureRequest>(&mut req).await?;
+    if node_id != config_req.node_id {
+        return Err(ApiError::BadRequest(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "Path and body node_id differ"
+        )));
+    }
+    let state = get_state(&req);
+
+    json_response(StatusCode::OK, state.service.node_configure(config_req)?)
+}
+
+async fn handle_tenant_shard_migrate(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    let tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId = parse_request_param(&req, "tenant_shard_id")?;
+    let migrate_req = json_request::<TenantShardMigrateRequest>(&mut req).await?;
+    let state = get_state(&req);
+    json_response(
+        StatusCode::OK,
+        state
+            .service
+            .tenant_shard_migrate(tenant_shard_id, migrate_req)
+            .await?,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Status endpoint is just used for checking that our HTTP listener is up
+async fn handle_status(_req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
+}
+
+impl From<ReconcileError> for ApiError {
+    fn from(value: ReconcileError) -> Self {
+        ApiError::Conflict(format!("Reconciliation error: {}", value))
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn make_router(
+    service: Arc<Service>,
+    auth: Option<Arc<SwappableJwtAuth>>,
+) -> RouterBuilder<hyper::Body, ApiError> {
+    let mut router = endpoint::make_router();
+    if auth.is_some() {
+        router = router.middleware(auth_middleware(|request| {
+            let state = get_state(request);
+            if state.allowlist_routes.contains(request.uri()) {
+                None
+            } else {
+                state.auth.as_deref()
+            }
+        }))
+    }
+
+    router
+        .data(Arc::new(HttpState::new(service, auth)))
+        .get("/status", |r| request_span(r, handle_status))
+        .post("/re-attach", |r| request_span(r, handle_re_attach))
+        .post("/validate", |r| request_span(r, handle_validate))
+        .post("/attach-hook", |r| request_span(r, handle_attach_hook))
+        .post("/inspect", |r| request_span(r, handle_inspect))
+        .post("/node", |r| request_span(r, handle_node_register))
+        .put("/node/:node_id/config", |r| {
+            request_span(r, handle_node_configure)
+        })
+        .post("/tenant", |r| request_span(r, handle_tenant_create))
+        .post("/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline", |r| {
+            request_span(r, handle_tenant_timeline_create)
+        })
+        .get("/tenant/:tenant_id/locate", |r| {
+            request_span(r, handle_tenant_locate)
+        })
+        .put("/tenant/:tenant_shard_id/migrate", |r| {
+            request_span(r, handle_tenant_shard_migrate)
+        })
+}
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/lib.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use utils::seqwait::MonotonicCounter;
+
+mod compute_hook;
+pub mod http;
+mod node;
+pub mod persistence;
+mod reconciler;
+mod scheduler;
+pub mod service;
+mod tenant_state;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+enum PlacementPolicy {
+    /// Cheapest way to attach a tenant: just one pageserver, no secondary
+    Single,
+    /// Production-ready way to attach a tenant: one attached pageserver and
+    /// some number of secondaries.
+    Double(usize),
+}
+
+#[derive(Ord, PartialOrd, Eq, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
+struct Sequence(u64);
+
+impl Sequence {
+    fn initial() -> Self {
+        Self(0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Sequence {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl MonotonicCounter<Sequence> for Sequence {
+    fn cnt_advance(&mut self, v: Sequence) {
+        assert!(*self <= v);
+        *self = v;
+    }
+    fn cnt_value(&self) -> Sequence {
+        *self
+    }
+}
+
+impl Sequence {
+    fn next(&self) -> Sequence {
+        Sequence(self.0 + 1)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for PlacementPolicy {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        PlacementPolicy::Double(1)
+    }
+}
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/main.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/// The attachment service mimics the aspects of the control plane API
+/// that are required for a pageserver to operate.
+///
+/// This enables running & testing pageservers without a full-blown
+/// deployment of the Neon cloud platform.
+///
+use anyhow::anyhow;
+use attachment_service::http::make_router;
+use attachment_service::persistence::Persistence;
+use attachment_service::service::{Config, Service};
+use camino::Utf8PathBuf;
+use clap::Parser;
+use metrics::launch_timestamp::LaunchTimestamp;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use utils::auth::{JwtAuth, SwappableJwtAuth};
+use utils::logging::{self, LogFormat};
+use utils::signals::{ShutdownSignals, Signal};
+
+use utils::{project_build_tag, project_git_version, tcp_listener};
+
+project_git_version!(GIT_VERSION);
+project_build_tag!(BUILD_TAG);
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(arg_required_else_help(true))]
+struct Cli {
+    /// Host and port to listen on, like `127.0.0.1:1234`
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    listen: std::net::SocketAddr,
+
+    /// Path to public key for JWT authentication of clients
+    #[arg(long)]
+    public_key: Option<camino::Utf8PathBuf>,
+
+    /// Token for authenticating this service with the pageservers it controls
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    jwt_token: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Path to the .json file to store state (will be created if it doesn't exist)
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    path: Utf8PathBuf,
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let launch_ts = Box::leak(Box::new(LaunchTimestamp::generate()));
+
+    logging::init(
+        LogFormat::Plain,
+        logging::TracingErrorLayerEnablement::Disabled,
+        logging::Output::Stdout,
+    )?;
+
+    let args = Cli::parse();
+    tracing::info!(
+        "version: {}, launch_timestamp: {}, build_tag {}, state at {}, listening on {}",
+        GIT_VERSION,
+        launch_ts.to_string(),
+        BUILD_TAG,
+        args.path,
+        args.listen
+    );
+
+    let config = Config {
+        jwt_token: args.jwt_token,
+    };
+
+    let persistence = Arc::new(Persistence::new(&args.path).await);
+
+    let service = Service::spawn(config, persistence).await?;
+
+    let http_listener = tcp_listener::bind(args.listen)?;
+
+    let auth = if let Some(public_key_path) = &args.public_key {
+        let jwt_auth = JwtAuth::from_key_path(public_key_path)?;
+        Some(Arc::new(SwappableJwtAuth::new(jwt_auth)))
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    let router = make_router(service, auth)
+        .build()
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err))?;
+    let service = utils::http::RouterService::new(router).unwrap();
+    let server = hyper::Server::from_tcp(http_listener)?.serve(service);
+
+    tracing::info!("Serving on {0}", args.listen);
+
+    tokio::task::spawn(server);
+
+    ShutdownSignals::handle(|signal| match signal {
+        Signal::Interrupt | Signal::Terminate | Signal::Quit => {
+            tracing::info!("Got {}. Terminating", signal.name());
+            // We're just a test helper: no graceful shutdown.
+            std::process::exit(0);
+        }
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/node.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/node.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+use control_plane::attachment_service::{NodeAvailability, NodeSchedulingPolicy};
+use utils::id::NodeId;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct Node {
+    pub(crate) id: NodeId,
+
+    pub(crate) availability: NodeAvailability,
+    pub(crate) scheduling: NodeSchedulingPolicy,
+
+    pub(crate) listen_http_addr: String,
+    pub(crate) listen_http_port: u16,
+
+    pub(crate) listen_pg_addr: String,
+    pub(crate) listen_pg_port: u16,
+}
+
+impl Node {
+    pub(crate) fn base_url(&self) -> String {
+        format!("http://{}:{}", self.listen_http_addr, self.listen_http_port)
+    }
+
+    /// Is this node elegible to have work scheduled onto it?
+    pub(crate) fn may_schedule(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.availability {
+            NodeAvailability::Active => {}
+            NodeAvailability::Offline => return false,
+        }
+
+        match self.scheduling {
+            NodeSchedulingPolicy::Active => true,
+            NodeSchedulingPolicy::Draining => false,
+            NodeSchedulingPolicy::Filling => true,
+            NodeSchedulingPolicy::Pause => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/persistence.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/persistence.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+use std::{collections::HashMap, str::FromStr};
+
+use camino::{Utf8Path, Utf8PathBuf};
+use control_plane::{
+    attachment_service::{NodeAvailability, NodeSchedulingPolicy},
+    local_env::LocalEnv,
+};
+use pageserver_api::{
+    models::TenantConfig,
+    shard::{ShardCount, ShardNumber, TenantShardId},
+};
+use postgres_connection::parse_host_port;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use utils::{
+    generation::Generation,
+    id::{NodeId, TenantId},
+};
+
+use crate::{node::Node, PlacementPolicy};
+
+/// Placeholder for storage.  This will be replaced with a database client.
+pub struct Persistence {
+    state: std::sync::Mutex<PersistentState>,
+}
+
+// Top level state available to all HTTP handlers
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct PersistentState {
+    tenants: HashMap<TenantShardId, TenantShardPersistence>,
+
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    path: Utf8PathBuf,
+}
+
+/// A convenience for serializing the state inside a sync lock, and then
+/// writing it to disk outside of the lock.  This will go away when switching
+/// to a database backend.
+struct PendingWrite {
+    bytes: Vec<u8>,
+    path: Utf8PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl PendingWrite {
+    async fn commit(&self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        tokio::fs::write(&self.path, &self.bytes).await?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl PersistentState {
+    fn save(&self) -> PendingWrite {
+        PendingWrite {
+            bytes: serde_json::to_vec(self).expect("Serialization error"),
+            path: self.path.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn load(path: &Utf8Path) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let bytes = tokio::fs::read(path).await?;
+        let mut decoded = serde_json::from_slice::<Self>(&bytes)?;
+        decoded.path = path.to_owned();
+
+        for (tenant_id, tenant) in &mut decoded.tenants {
+            // Backward compat: an old attachments.json from before PR #6251, replace
+            // empty strings with proper defaults.
+            if tenant.tenant_id.is_empty() {
+                tenant.tenant_id = format!("{}", tenant_id);
+                tenant.config = serde_json::to_string(&TenantConfig::default())?;
+                tenant.placement_policy = serde_json::to_string(&PlacementPolicy::default())?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(decoded)
+    }
+
+    async fn load_or_new(path: &Utf8Path) -> Self {
+        match Self::load(path).await {
+            Ok(s) => {
+                tracing::info!("Loaded state file at {}", path);
+                s
+            }
+            Err(e)
+                if e.downcast_ref::<std::io::Error>()
+                    .map(|e| e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound)
+                    .unwrap_or(false) =>
+            {
+                tracing::info!("Will create state file at {}", path);
+                Self {
+                    tenants: HashMap::new(),
+                    path: path.to_owned(),
+                }
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                panic!("Failed to load state from '{}': {e:#} (maybe your .neon/ dir was written by an older version?)", path)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Persistence {
+    pub async fn new(path: &Utf8Path) -> Self {
+        let state = PersistentState::load_or_new(path).await;
+        Self {
+            state: std::sync::Mutex::new(state),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// When registering a node, persist it so that on next start we will be able to
+    /// iterate over known nodes to synchronize their tenant shard states with our observed state.
+    pub(crate) async fn insert_node(&self, _node: &Node) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        // TODO: node persitence will come with database backend
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// At startup, we populate the service's list of nodes, and use this list to call into
+    /// each node to do an initial reconciliation of the state of the world with our in-memory
+    /// observed state.
+    pub(crate) async fn list_nodes(&self) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<Node>> {
+        let env = LocalEnv::load_config()?;
+        // TODO: node persitence will come with database backend
+
+        // XXX hack: enable test_backward_compatibility to work by populating our list of
+        // nodes from LocalEnv when it is not present in persistent storage.  Otherwise at
+        // first startup in the compat test, we may have shards but no nodes.
+        let mut result = Vec::new();
+        tracing::info!(
+            "Loaded {} pageserver nodes from LocalEnv",
+            env.pageservers.len()
+        );
+        for ps_conf in env.pageservers {
+            let (pg_host, pg_port) =
+                parse_host_port(&ps_conf.listen_pg_addr).expect("Unable to parse listen_pg_addr");
+            let (http_host, http_port) = parse_host_port(&ps_conf.listen_http_addr)
+                .expect("Unable to parse listen_http_addr");
+            result.push(Node {
+                id: ps_conf.id,
+                listen_pg_addr: pg_host.to_string(),
+                listen_pg_port: pg_port.unwrap_or(5432),
+                listen_http_addr: http_host.to_string(),
+                listen_http_port: http_port.unwrap_or(80),
+                availability: NodeAvailability::Active,
+                scheduling: NodeSchedulingPolicy::Active,
+            });
+        }
+
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    /// At startup, we populate our map of tenant shards from persistent storage.
+    pub(crate) async fn list_tenant_shards(&self) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<TenantShardPersistence>> {
+        let locked = self.state.lock().unwrap();
+        Ok(locked.tenants.values().cloned().collect())
+    }
+
+    /// Tenants must be persisted before we schedule them for the first time.  This enables us
+    /// to correctly retain generation monotonicity, and the externally provided placement policy & config.
+    pub(crate) async fn insert_tenant_shards(
+        &self,
+        shards: Vec<TenantShardPersistence>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let write = {
+            let mut locked = self.state.lock().unwrap();
+            for shard in shards {
+                let tenant_shard_id = TenantShardId {
+                    tenant_id: TenantId::from_str(shard.tenant_id.as_str())?,
+                    shard_number: ShardNumber(shard.shard_number as u8),
+                    shard_count: ShardCount(shard.shard_count as u8),
+                };
+
+                locked.tenants.insert(tenant_shard_id, shard);
+            }
+            locked.save()
+        };
+
+        write.commit().await?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Reconciler calls this immediately before attaching to a new pageserver, to acquire a unique, monotonically
+    /// advancing generation number.  We also store the NodeId for which the generation was issued, so that in
+    /// [`Self::re_attach`] we can do a bulk UPDATE on the generations for that node.
+    pub(crate) async fn increment_generation(
+        &self,
+        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+        node_id: Option<NodeId>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Generation> {
+        let (write, gen) = {
+            let mut locked = self.state.lock().unwrap();
+            let Some(shard) = locked.tenants.get_mut(&tenant_shard_id) else {
+                anyhow::bail!("Tried to increment generation of unknown shard");
+            };
+
+            // If we're called with a None pageserver, we need only update the generation
+            // record to disassociate it with this pageserver, not actually increment the number, as
+            // the increment is guaranteed to happen the next time this tenant is attached.
+            if node_id.is_some() {
+                shard.generation += 1;
+            }
+
+            shard.generation_pageserver = node_id;
+            let gen = Generation::new(shard.generation);
+            (locked.save(), gen)
+        };
+
+        write.commit().await?;
+        Ok(gen)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn re_attach(
+        &self,
+        node_id: NodeId,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<HashMap<TenantShardId, Generation>> {
+        let (write, result) = {
+            let mut result = HashMap::new();
+            let mut locked = self.state.lock().unwrap();
+            for (tenant_shard_id, shard) in locked.tenants.iter_mut() {
+                if shard.generation_pageserver == Some(node_id) {
+                    shard.generation += 1;
+                    result.insert(*tenant_shard_id, Generation::new(shard.generation));
+                }
+            }
+
+            (locked.save(), result)
+        };
+
+        write.commit().await?;
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    // TODO: when we start shard splitting, we must durably mark the tenant so that
+    // on restart, we know that we must go through recovery (list shards that exist
+    // and pick up where we left off and/or revert to parent shards).
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) async fn begin_shard_split(&self, _tenant_id: TenantId) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        todo!();
+    }
+
+    // TODO: when we finish shard splitting, we must atomically clean up the old shards
+    // and insert the new shards, and clear the splitting marker.
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) async fn complete_shard_split(&self, _tenant_id: TenantId) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        todo!();
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parts of [`crate::tenant_state::TenantState`] that are stored durably
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct TenantShardPersistence {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) tenant_id: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) shard_number: i32,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) shard_count: i32,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) shard_stripe_size: i32,
+
+    // Currently attached pageserver
+    #[serde(rename = "pageserver")]
+    pub(crate) generation_pageserver: Option<NodeId>,
+
+    // Latest generation number: next time we attach, increment this
+    // and use the incremented number when attaching
+    pub(crate) generation: u32,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) placement_policy: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) config: String,
+}
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/reconciler.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/reconciler.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,495 @@
+use crate::persistence::Persistence;
+use crate::service;
+use control_plane::attachment_service::NodeAvailability;
+use pageserver_api::models::{
+    LocationConfig, LocationConfigMode, LocationConfigSecondary, TenantConfig,
+};
+use pageserver_api::shard::{ShardIdentity, TenantShardId};
+use pageserver_client::mgmt_api;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
+use utils::generation::Generation;
+use utils::id::{NodeId, TimelineId};
+use utils::lsn::Lsn;
+
+use crate::compute_hook::ComputeHook;
+use crate::node::Node;
+use crate::tenant_state::{IntentState, ObservedState, ObservedStateLocation};
+
+/// Object with the lifetime of the background reconcile task that is created
+/// for tenants which have a difference between their intent and observed states.
+pub(super) struct Reconciler {
+    /// See [`crate::tenant_state::TenantState`] for the meanings of these fields: they are a snapshot
+    /// of a tenant's state from when we spawned a reconcile task.
+    pub(super) tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+    pub(crate) shard: ShardIdentity,
+    pub(crate) generation: Generation,
+    pub(crate) intent: IntentState,
+    pub(crate) config: TenantConfig,
+    pub(crate) observed: ObservedState,
+
+    pub(crate) service_config: service::Config,
+
+    /// A snapshot of the pageservers as they were when we were asked
+    /// to reconcile.
+    pub(crate) pageservers: Arc<HashMap<NodeId, Node>>,
+
+    /// A hook to notify the running postgres instances when we change the location
+    /// of a tenant
+    pub(crate) compute_hook: Arc<ComputeHook>,
+
+    /// A means to abort background reconciliation: it is essential to
+    /// call this when something changes in the original TenantState that
+    /// will make this reconciliation impossible or unnecessary, for
+    /// example when a pageserver node goes offline, or the PlacementPolicy for
+    /// the tenant is changed.
+    pub(crate) cancel: CancellationToken,
+
+    /// Access to persistent storage for updating generation numbers
+    pub(crate) persistence: Arc<Persistence>,
+}
+
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum ReconcileError {
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Other(#[from] anyhow::Error),
+}
+
+impl Reconciler {
+    async fn location_config(
+        &mut self,
+        node_id: NodeId,
+        config: LocationConfig,
+        flush_ms: Option<Duration>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let node = self
+            .pageservers
+            .get(&node_id)
+            .expect("Pageserver may not be removed while referenced");
+
+        self.observed
+            .locations
+            .insert(node.id, ObservedStateLocation { conf: None });
+
+        tracing::info!("location_config({}) calling: {:?}", node_id, config);
+        let client =
+            mgmt_api::Client::new(node.base_url(), self.service_config.jwt_token.as_deref());
+        client
+            .location_config(self.tenant_shard_id, config.clone(), flush_ms)
+            .await?;
+        tracing::info!("location_config({}) complete: {:?}", node_id, config);
+
+        self.observed
+            .locations
+            .insert(node.id, ObservedStateLocation { conf: Some(config) });
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn maybe_live_migrate(&mut self) -> Result<(), ReconcileError> {
+        let destination = if let Some(node_id) = self.intent.attached {
+            match self.observed.locations.get(&node_id) {
+                Some(conf) => {
+                    // We will do a live migration only if the intended destination is not
+                    // currently in an attached state.
+                    match &conf.conf {
+                        Some(conf) if conf.mode == LocationConfigMode::Secondary => {
+                            // Fall through to do a live migration
+                            node_id
+                        }
+                        None | Some(_) => {
+                            // Attached or uncertain: don't do a live migration, proceed
+                            // with a general-case reconciliation
+                            tracing::info!("maybe_live_migrate: destination is None or attached");
+                            return Ok(());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                None => {
+                    // Our destination is not attached: maybe live migrate if some other
+                    // node is currently attached.  Fall through.
+                    node_id
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // No intent to be attached
+            tracing::info!("maybe_live_migrate: no attached intent");
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+
+        let mut origin = None;
+        for (node_id, state) in &self.observed.locations {
+            if let Some(observed_conf) = &state.conf {
+                if observed_conf.mode == LocationConfigMode::AttachedSingle {
+                    let node = self
+                        .pageservers
+                        .get(node_id)
+                        .expect("Nodes may not be removed while referenced");
+                    // We will only attempt live migration if the origin is not offline: this
+                    // avoids trying to do it while reconciling after responding to an HA failover.
+                    if !matches!(node.availability, NodeAvailability::Offline) {
+                        origin = Some(*node_id);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let Some(origin) = origin else {
+            tracing::info!("maybe_live_migrate: no origin found");
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+
+        // We have an origin and a destination: proceed to do the live migration
+        tracing::info!("Live migrating {}->{}", origin, destination);
+        self.live_migrate(origin, destination).await?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn get_lsns(
+        &self,
+        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+        node_id: &NodeId,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<HashMap<TimelineId, Lsn>> {
+        let node = self
+            .pageservers
+            .get(node_id)
+            .expect("Pageserver may not be removed while referenced");
+
+        let client =
+            mgmt_api::Client::new(node.base_url(), self.service_config.jwt_token.as_deref());
+
+        let timelines = client.timeline_list(&tenant_shard_id).await?;
+        Ok(timelines
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|t| (t.timeline_id, t.last_record_lsn))
+            .collect())
+    }
+
+    async fn secondary_download(&self, tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId, node_id: &NodeId) {
+        let node = self
+            .pageservers
+            .get(node_id)
+            .expect("Pageserver may not be removed while referenced");
+
+        let client =
+            mgmt_api::Client::new(node.base_url(), self.service_config.jwt_token.as_deref());
+
+        match client.tenant_secondary_download(tenant_shard_id).await {
+            Ok(()) => {}
+            Err(_) => {
+                tracing::info!("  (skipping, destination wasn't in secondary mode)")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn await_lsn(
+        &self,
+        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+        pageserver_id: &NodeId,
+        baseline: HashMap<TimelineId, Lsn>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        loop {
+            let latest = match self.get_lsns(tenant_shard_id, pageserver_id).await {
+                Ok(l) => l,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    println!(
+                        "🕑 Can't get LSNs on pageserver {} yet, waiting ({e})",
+                        pageserver_id
+                    );
+                    std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500));
+                    continue;
+                }
+            };
+
+            let mut any_behind: bool = false;
+            for (timeline_id, baseline_lsn) in &baseline {
+                match latest.get(timeline_id) {
+                    Some(latest_lsn) => {
+                        println!("🕑 LSN origin {baseline_lsn} vs destination {latest_lsn}");
+                        if latest_lsn < baseline_lsn {
+                            any_behind = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                        // Expected timeline isn't yet visible on migration destination.
+                        // (IRL we would have to account for timeline deletion, but this
+                        //  is just test helper)
+                        any_behind = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if !any_behind {
+                println!("✅ LSN caught up.  Proceeding...");
+                break;
+            } else {
+                std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn live_migrate(
+        &mut self,
+        origin_ps_id: NodeId,
+        dest_ps_id: NodeId,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        // `maybe_live_migrate` is responsibble for sanity of inputs
+        assert!(origin_ps_id != dest_ps_id);
+
+        fn build_location_config(
+            shard: &ShardIdentity,
+            config: &TenantConfig,
+            mode: LocationConfigMode,
+            generation: Option<Generation>,
+            secondary_conf: Option<LocationConfigSecondary>,
+        ) -> LocationConfig {
+            LocationConfig {
+                mode,
+                generation: generation.map(|g| g.into().unwrap()),
+                secondary_conf,
+                tenant_conf: config.clone(),
+                shard_number: shard.number.0,
+                shard_count: shard.count.0,
+                shard_stripe_size: shard.stripe_size.0,
+            }
+        }
+
+        tracing::info!(
+            "🔁 Switching origin pageserver {} to stale mode",
+            origin_ps_id
+        );
+
+        // FIXME: it is incorrect to use self.generation here, we should use the generation
+        // from the ObservedState of the origin pageserver (it might be older than self.generation)
+        let stale_conf = build_location_config(
+            &self.shard,
+            &self.config,
+            LocationConfigMode::AttachedStale,
+            Some(self.generation),
+            None,
+        );
+        self.location_config(origin_ps_id, stale_conf, Some(Duration::from_secs(10)))
+            .await?;
+
+        let baseline_lsns = Some(self.get_lsns(self.tenant_shard_id, &origin_ps_id).await?);
+
+        // If we are migrating to a destination that has a secondary location, warm it up first
+        if let Some(destination_conf) = self.observed.locations.get(&dest_ps_id) {
+            if let Some(destination_conf) = &destination_conf.conf {
+                if destination_conf.mode == LocationConfigMode::Secondary {
+                    tracing::info!(
+                        "🔁 Downloading latest layers to destination pageserver {}",
+                        dest_ps_id,
+                    );
+                    self.secondary_download(self.tenant_shard_id, &dest_ps_id)
+                        .await;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Increment generation before attaching to new pageserver
+        self.generation = self
+            .persistence
+            .increment_generation(self.tenant_shard_id, Some(dest_ps_id))
+            .await?;
+
+        let dest_conf = build_location_config(
+            &self.shard,
+            &self.config,
+            LocationConfigMode::AttachedMulti,
+            Some(self.generation),
+            None,
+        );
+
+        tracing::info!("🔁 Attaching to pageserver {}", dest_ps_id);
+        self.location_config(dest_ps_id, dest_conf, None).await?;
+
+        if let Some(baseline) = baseline_lsns {
+            tracing::info!("🕑 Waiting for LSN to catch up...");
+            self.await_lsn(self.tenant_shard_id, &dest_ps_id, baseline)
+                .await?;
+        }
+
+        tracing::info!("🔁 Notifying compute to use pageserver {}", dest_ps_id);
+        self.compute_hook
+            .notify(self.tenant_shard_id, dest_ps_id)
+            .await?;
+
+        // Downgrade the origin to secondary.  If the tenant's policy is PlacementPolicy::Single, then
+        // this location will be deleted in the general case reconciliation that runs after this.
+        let origin_secondary_conf = build_location_config(
+            &self.shard,
+            &self.config,
+            LocationConfigMode::Secondary,
+            None,
+            Some(LocationConfigSecondary { warm: true }),
+        );
+        self.location_config(origin_ps_id, origin_secondary_conf.clone(), None)
+            .await?;
+        // TODO: we should also be setting the ObservedState on earlier API calls, in case we fail
+        // partway through.  In fact, all location conf API calls should be in a wrapper that sets
+        // the observed state to None, then runs, then sets it to what we wrote.
+        self.observed.locations.insert(
+            origin_ps_id,
+            ObservedStateLocation {
+                conf: Some(origin_secondary_conf),
+            },
+        );
+
+        println!(
+            "🔁 Switching to AttachedSingle mode on pageserver {}",
+            dest_ps_id
+        );
+        let dest_final_conf = build_location_config(
+            &self.shard,
+            &self.config,
+            LocationConfigMode::AttachedSingle,
+            Some(self.generation),
+            None,
+        );
+        self.location_config(dest_ps_id, dest_final_conf.clone(), None)
+            .await?;
+        self.observed.locations.insert(
+            dest_ps_id,
+            ObservedStateLocation {
+                conf: Some(dest_final_conf),
+            },
+        );
+
+        println!("✅ Migration complete");
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Reconciling a tenant makes API calls to pageservers until the observed state
+    /// matches the intended state.
+    ///
+    /// First we apply special case handling (e.g. for live migrations), and then a
+    /// general case reconciliation where we walk through the intent by pageserver
+    /// and call out to the pageserver to apply the desired state.
+    pub(crate) async fn reconcile(&mut self) -> Result<(), ReconcileError> {
+        // TODO: if any of self.observed is None, call to remote pageservers
+        // to learn correct state.
+
+        // Special case: live migration
+        self.maybe_live_migrate().await?;
+
+        // If the attached pageserver is not attached, do so now.
+        if let Some(node_id) = self.intent.attached {
+            let mut wanted_conf =
+                attached_location_conf(self.generation, &self.shard, &self.config);
+            match self.observed.locations.get(&node_id) {
+                Some(conf) if conf.conf.as_ref() == Some(&wanted_conf) => {
+                    // Nothing to do
+                    tracing::info!("Observed configuration already correct.")
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    // In all cases other than a matching observed configuration, we will
+                    // reconcile this location.  This includes locations with different configurations, as well
+                    // as locations with unknown (None) observed state.
+                    self.generation = self
+                        .persistence
+                        .increment_generation(self.tenant_shard_id, Some(node_id))
+                        .await?;
+                    wanted_conf.generation = self.generation.into();
+                    tracing::info!("Observed configuration requires update.");
+                    self.location_config(node_id, wanted_conf, None).await?;
+                    if let Err(e) = self
+                        .compute_hook
+                        .notify(self.tenant_shard_id, node_id)
+                        .await
+                    {
+                        tracing::warn!(
+                            "Failed to notify compute of newly attached pageserver {node_id}: {e}"
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Configure secondary locations: if these were previously attached this
+        // implicitly downgrades them from attached to secondary.
+        let mut changes = Vec::new();
+        for node_id in &self.intent.secondary {
+            let wanted_conf = secondary_location_conf(&self.shard, &self.config);
+            match self.observed.locations.get(node_id) {
+                Some(conf) if conf.conf.as_ref() == Some(&wanted_conf) => {
+                    // Nothing to do
+                    tracing::info!(%node_id, "Observed configuration already correct.")
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    // In all cases other than a matching observed configuration, we will
+                    // reconcile this location.
+                    tracing::info!(%node_id, "Observed configuration requires update.");
+                    changes.push((*node_id, wanted_conf))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Detach any extraneous pageservers that are no longer referenced
+        // by our intent.
+        let all_pageservers = self.intent.all_pageservers();
+        for node_id in self.observed.locations.keys() {
+            if all_pageservers.contains(node_id) {
+                // We are only detaching pageservers that aren't used at all.
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            changes.push((
+                *node_id,
+                LocationConfig {
+                    mode: LocationConfigMode::Detached,
+                    generation: None,
+                    secondary_conf: None,
+                    shard_number: self.shard.number.0,
+                    shard_count: self.shard.count.0,
+                    shard_stripe_size: self.shard.stripe_size.0,
+                    tenant_conf: self.config.clone(),
+                },
+            ));
+        }
+
+        for (node_id, conf) in changes {
+            self.location_config(node_id, conf, None).await?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn attached_location_conf(
+    generation: Generation,
+    shard: &ShardIdentity,
+    config: &TenantConfig,
+) -> LocationConfig {
+    LocationConfig {
+        mode: LocationConfigMode::AttachedSingle,
+        generation: generation.into(),
+        secondary_conf: None,
+        shard_number: shard.number.0,
+        shard_count: shard.count.0,
+        shard_stripe_size: shard.stripe_size.0,
+        tenant_conf: config.clone(),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn secondary_location_conf(
+    shard: &ShardIdentity,
+    config: &TenantConfig,
+) -> LocationConfig {
+    LocationConfig {
+        mode: LocationConfigMode::Secondary,
+        generation: None,
+        secondary_conf: Some(LocationConfigSecondary { warm: true }),
+        shard_number: shard.number.0,
+        shard_count: shard.count.0,
+        shard_stripe_size: shard.stripe_size.0,
+        tenant_conf: config.clone(),
+    }
+}
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/scheduler.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/scheduler.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
+use utils::{http::error::ApiError, id::NodeId};
+
+use crate::{node::Node, tenant_state::TenantState};
+
+/// Scenarios in which we cannot find a suitable location for a tenant shard
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum ScheduleError {
+    #[error("No pageservers found")]
+    NoPageservers,
+    #[error("No pageserver found matching constraint")]
+    ImpossibleConstraint,
+}
+
+impl From<ScheduleError> for ApiError {
+    fn from(value: ScheduleError) -> Self {
+        ApiError::Conflict(format!("Scheduling error: {}", value))
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Scheduler {
+    tenant_counts: HashMap<NodeId, usize>,
+}
+
+impl Scheduler {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        tenants: &BTreeMap<TenantShardId, TenantState>,
+        nodes: &HashMap<NodeId, Node>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut tenant_counts = HashMap::new();
+        for node_id in nodes.keys() {
+            tenant_counts.insert(*node_id, 0);
+        }
+
+        for tenant in tenants.values() {
+            if let Some(ps) = tenant.intent.attached {
+                let entry = tenant_counts.entry(ps).or_insert(0);
+                *entry += 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (node_id, node) in nodes {
+            if !node.may_schedule() {
+                tenant_counts.remove(node_id);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Self { tenant_counts }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn schedule_shard(
+        &mut self,
+        hard_exclude: &[NodeId],
+    ) -> Result<NodeId, ScheduleError> {
+        if self.tenant_counts.is_empty() {
+            return Err(ScheduleError::NoPageservers);
+        }
+
+        let mut tenant_counts: Vec<(NodeId, usize)> = self
+            .tenant_counts
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|(k, v)| {
+                if hard_exclude.contains(k) {
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    Some((*k, *v))
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        // Sort by tenant count.  Nodes with the same tenant count are sorted by ID.
+        tenant_counts.sort_by_key(|i| (i.1, i.0));
+
+        if tenant_counts.is_empty() {
+            // After applying constraints, no pageservers were left
+            return Err(ScheduleError::ImpossibleConstraint);
+        }
+
+        for (node_id, count) in &tenant_counts {
+            tracing::info!("tenant_counts[{node_id}]={count}");
+        }
+
+        let node_id = tenant_counts.first().unwrap().0;
+        tracing::info!("scheduler selected node {node_id}");
+        *self.tenant_counts.get_mut(&node_id).unwrap() += 1;
+        Ok(node_id)
+    }
+}
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/service.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/service.rs
--- a/control_plane/attachment_service/src/tenant_state.rs
+++ b/control_plane/attachment_service/src/tenant_state.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
+use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
+
+use control_plane::attachment_service::NodeAvailability;
+use pageserver_api::{
+    models::{LocationConfig, LocationConfigMode, TenantConfig},
+    shard::{ShardIdentity, TenantShardId},
+};
+use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
+use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
+use utils::{
+    generation::Generation,
+    id::NodeId,
+    seqwait::{SeqWait, SeqWaitError},
+};
+
+use crate::{
+    compute_hook::ComputeHook,
+    node::Node,
+    persistence::Persistence,
+    reconciler::{attached_location_conf, secondary_location_conf, ReconcileError, Reconciler},
+    scheduler::{ScheduleError, Scheduler},
+    service, PlacementPolicy, Sequence,
+};
+
+pub(crate) struct TenantState {
+    pub(crate) tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+
+    pub(crate) shard: ShardIdentity,
+
+    // Runtime only: sequence used to coordinate when updating this object while
+    // with background reconcilers may be running.  A reconciler runs to a particular
+    // sequence.
+    pub(crate) sequence: Sequence,
+
+    // Latest generation number: next time we attach, increment this
+    // and use the incremented number when attaching
+    pub(crate) generation: Generation,
+
+    // High level description of how the tenant should be set up.  Provided
+    // externally.
+    pub(crate) policy: PlacementPolicy,
+
+    // Low level description of exactly which pageservers should fulfil
+    // which role.  Generated by `Self::schedule`.
+    pub(crate) intent: IntentState,
+
+    // Low level description of how the tenant is configured on pageservers:
+    // if this does not match `Self::intent` then the tenant needs reconciliation
+    // with `Self::reconcile`.
+    pub(crate) observed: ObservedState,
+
+    // Tenant configuration, passed through opaquely to the pageserver.  Identical
+    // for all shards in a tenant.
+    pub(crate) config: TenantConfig,
+
+    /// If a reconcile task is currently in flight, it may be joined here (it is
+    /// only safe to join if either the result has been received or the reconciler's
+    /// cancellation token has been fired)
+    pub(crate) reconciler: Option<ReconcilerHandle>,
+
+    /// Optionally wait for reconciliation to complete up to a particular
+    /// sequence number.
+    pub(crate) waiter: std::sync::Arc<SeqWait<Sequence, Sequence>>,
+
+    /// Indicates sequence number for which we have encountered an error reconciling.  If
+    /// this advances ahead of [`Self::waiter`] then a reconciliation error has occurred,
+    /// and callers should stop waiting for `waiter` and propagate the error.
+    pub(crate) error_waiter: std::sync::Arc<SeqWait<Sequence, Sequence>>,
+
+    /// The most recent error from a reconcile on this tenant
+    /// TODO: generalize to an array of recent events
+    /// TOOD: use a ArcSwap instead of mutex for faster reads?
+    pub(crate) last_error: std::sync::Arc<std::sync::Mutex<String>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct IntentState {
+    pub(crate) attached: Option<NodeId>,
+    pub(crate) secondary: Vec<NodeId>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct ObservedState {
+    pub(crate) locations: HashMap<NodeId, ObservedStateLocation>,
+}
+
+/// Our latest knowledge of how this tenant is configured in the outside world.
+///
+/// Meaning:
+///     * No instance of this type exists for a node: we are certain that we have nothing configured on that
+///       node for this shard.
+///     * Instance exists with conf==None: we *might* have some state on that node, but we don't know
+///       what it is (e.g. we failed partway through configuring it)
+///     * Instance exists with conf==Some: this tells us what we last successfully configured on this node,
+///       and that configuration will still be present unless something external interfered.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct ObservedStateLocation {
+    /// If None, it means we do not know the status of this shard's location on this node, but
+    /// we know that we might have some state on this node.
+    pub(crate) conf: Option<LocationConfig>,
+}
+pub(crate) struct ReconcilerWaiter {
+    // For observability purposes, remember the ID of the shard we're
+    // waiting for.
+    pub(crate) tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+
+    seq_wait: std::sync::Arc<SeqWait<Sequence, Sequence>>,
+    error_seq_wait: std::sync::Arc<SeqWait<Sequence, Sequence>>,
+    error: std::sync::Arc<std::sync::Mutex<String>>,
+    seq: Sequence,
+}
+
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum ReconcileWaitError {
+    #[error("Timeout waiting for shard {0}")]
+    Timeout(TenantShardId),
+    #[error("shutting down")]
+    Shutdown,
+    #[error("Reconcile error on shard {0}: {1}")]
+    Failed(TenantShardId, String),
+}
+
+impl ReconcilerWaiter {
+    pub(crate) async fn wait_timeout(&self, timeout: Duration) -> Result<(), ReconcileWaitError> {
+        tokio::select! {
+            result = self.seq_wait.wait_for_timeout(self.seq, timeout)=> {
+                result.map_err(|e| match e {
+                    SeqWaitError::Timeout => ReconcileWaitError::Timeout(self.tenant_shard_id),
+                    SeqWaitError::Shutdown => ReconcileWaitError::Shutdown
+                })?;
+            },
+            result = self.error_seq_wait.wait_for(self.seq) => {
+                result.map_err(|e| match e {
+                    SeqWaitError::Shutdown => ReconcileWaitError::Shutdown,
+                    SeqWaitError::Timeout => unreachable!()
+                })?;
+
+                return Err(ReconcileWaitError::Failed(self.tenant_shard_id, self.error.lock().unwrap().clone()))
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Having spawned a reconciler task, the tenant shard's state will carry enough
+/// information to optionally cancel & await it later.
+pub(crate) struct ReconcilerHandle {
+    sequence: Sequence,
+    handle: JoinHandle<()>,
+    cancel: CancellationToken,
+}
+
+/// When a reconcile task completes, it sends this result object
+/// to be applied to the primary TenantState.
+pub(crate) struct ReconcileResult {
+    pub(crate) sequence: Sequence,
+    /// On errors, `observed` should be treated as an incompleted description
+    /// of state (i.e. any nodes present in the result should override nodes
+    /// present in the parent tenant state, but any unmentioned nodes should
+    /// not be removed from parent tenant state)
+    pub(crate) result: Result<(), ReconcileError>,
+
+    pub(crate) tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+    pub(crate) generation: Generation,
+    pub(crate) observed: ObservedState,
+}
+
+impl IntentState {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            attached: None,
+            secondary: vec![],
+        }
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn all_pageservers(&self) -> Vec<NodeId> {
+        let mut result = Vec::new();
+        if let Some(p) = self.attached {
+            result.push(p)
+        }
+
+        result.extend(self.secondary.iter().copied());
+
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// When a node goes offline, we update intents to avoid using it
+    /// as their attached pageserver.
+    ///
+    /// Returns true if a change was made
+    pub(crate) fn notify_offline(&mut self, node_id: NodeId) -> bool {
+        if self.attached == Some(node_id) {
+            self.attached = None;
+            self.secondary.push(node_id);
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ObservedState {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            locations: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TenantState {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+        shard: ShardIdentity,
+        policy: PlacementPolicy,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            tenant_shard_id,
+            policy,
+            intent: IntentState::default(),
+            generation: Generation::new(0),
+            shard,
+            observed: ObservedState::default(),
+            config: TenantConfig::default(),
+            reconciler: None,
+            sequence: Sequence(1),
+            waiter: Arc::new(SeqWait::new(Sequence(0))),
+            error_waiter: Arc::new(SeqWait::new(Sequence(0))),
+            last_error: Arc::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// For use on startup when learning state from pageservers: generate my [`IntentState`] from my
+    /// [`ObservedState`], even if it violates my [`PlacementPolicy`].  Call [`Self::schedule`] next,
+    /// to get an intent state that complies with placement policy.  The overall goal is to do scheduling
+    /// in a way that makes use of any configured locations that already exist in the outside world.
+    pub(crate) fn intent_from_observed(&mut self) {
+        // Choose an attached location by filtering observed locations, and then sorting to get the highest
+        // generation
+        let mut attached_locs = self
+            .observed
+            .locations
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|(node_id, l)| {
+                if let Some(conf) = &l.conf {
+                    if conf.mode == LocationConfigMode::AttachedMulti
+                        || conf.mode == LocationConfigMode::AttachedSingle
+                        || conf.mode == LocationConfigMode::AttachedStale
+                    {
+                        Some((node_id, conf.generation))
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        attached_locs.sort_by_key(|i| i.1);
+        if let Some((node_id, _gen)) = attached_locs.into_iter().last() {
+            self.intent.attached = Some(*node_id);
+        }
+
+        // All remaining observed locations generate secondary intents.  This includes None
+        // observations, as these may well have some local content on disk that is usable (this
+        // is an edge case that might occur if we restarted during a migration or other change)
+        self.observed.locations.keys().for_each(|node_id| {
+            if Some(*node_id) != self.intent.attached {
+                self.intent.secondary.push(*node_id);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn schedule(&mut self, scheduler: &mut Scheduler) -> Result<(), ScheduleError> {
+        // TODO: before scheduling new nodes, check if any existing content in
+        // self.intent refers to pageservers that are offline, and pick other
+        // pageservers if so.
+
+        // Build the set of pageservers already in use by this tenant, to avoid scheduling
+        // more work on the same pageservers we're already using.
+        let mut used_pageservers = self.intent.all_pageservers();
+        let mut modified = false;
+
+        use PlacementPolicy::*;
+        match self.policy {
+            Single => {
+                // Should have exactly one attached, and zero secondaries
+                if self.intent.attached.is_none() {
+                    let node_id = scheduler.schedule_shard(&used_pageservers)?;
+                    self.intent.attached = Some(node_id);
+                    used_pageservers.push(node_id);
+                    modified = true;
+                }
+                if !self.intent.secondary.is_empty() {
+                    self.intent.secondary.clear();
+                    modified = true;
+                }
+            }
+            Double(secondary_count) => {
+                // Should have exactly one attached, and N secondaries
+                if self.intent.attached.is_none() {
+                    let node_id = scheduler.schedule_shard(&used_pageservers)?;
+                    self.intent.attached = Some(node_id);
+                    used_pageservers.push(node_id);
+                    modified = true;
+                }
+
+                while self.intent.secondary.len() < secondary_count {
+                    let node_id = scheduler.schedule_shard(&used_pageservers)?;
+                    self.intent.secondary.push(node_id);
+                    used_pageservers.push(node_id);
+                    modified = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if modified {
+            self.sequence.0 += 1;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn dirty(&self) -> bool {
+        if let Some(node_id) = self.intent.attached {
+            let wanted_conf = attached_location_conf(self.generation, &self.shard, &self.config);
+            match self.observed.locations.get(&node_id) {
+                Some(conf) if conf.conf.as_ref() == Some(&wanted_conf) => {}
+                Some(_) | None => {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for node_id in &self.intent.secondary {
+            let wanted_conf = secondary_location_conf(&self.shard, &self.config);
+            match self.observed.locations.get(node_id) {
+                Some(conf) if conf.conf.as_ref() == Some(&wanted_conf) => {}
+                Some(_) | None => {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        false
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn maybe_reconcile(
+        &mut self,
+        result_tx: tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender<ReconcileResult>,
+        pageservers: &Arc<HashMap<NodeId, Node>>,
+        compute_hook: &Arc<ComputeHook>,
+        service_config: &service::Config,
+        persistence: &Arc<Persistence>,
+    ) -> Option<ReconcilerWaiter> {
+        // If there are any ambiguous observed states, and the nodes they refer to are available,
+        // we should reconcile to clean them up.
+        let mut dirty_observed = false;
+        for (node_id, observed_loc) in &self.observed.locations {
+            let node = pageservers
+                .get(node_id)
+                .expect("Nodes may not be removed while referenced");
+            if observed_loc.conf.is_none()
+                && !matches!(node.availability, NodeAvailability::Offline)
+            {
+                dirty_observed = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !self.dirty() && !dirty_observed {
+            tracing::info!("Not dirty, no reconciliation needed.");
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        // Reconcile already in flight for the current sequence?
+        if let Some(handle) = &self.reconciler {
+            if handle.sequence == self.sequence {
+                return Some(ReconcilerWaiter {
+                    tenant_shard_id: self.tenant_shard_id,
+                    seq_wait: self.waiter.clone(),
+                    error_seq_wait: self.error_waiter.clone(),
+                    error: self.last_error.clone(),
+                    seq: self.sequence,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Reconcile in flight for a stale sequence?  Our sequence's task will wait for it before
+        // doing our sequence's work.
+        let old_handle = self.reconciler.take();
+
+        let cancel = CancellationToken::new();
+        let mut reconciler = Reconciler {
+            tenant_shard_id: self.tenant_shard_id,
+            shard: self.shard,
+            generation: self.generation,
+            intent: self.intent.clone(),
+            config: self.config.clone(),
+            observed: self.observed.clone(),
+            pageservers: pageservers.clone(),
+            compute_hook: compute_hook.clone(),
+            service_config: service_config.clone(),
+            cancel: cancel.clone(),
+            persistence: persistence.clone(),
+        };
+
+        let reconcile_seq = self.sequence;
+
+        tracing::info!("Spawning Reconciler for sequence {}", self.sequence);
+        let join_handle = tokio::task::spawn(async move {
+            // Wait for any previous reconcile task to complete before we start
+            if let Some(old_handle) = old_handle {
+                old_handle.cancel.cancel();
+                if let Err(e) = old_handle.handle.await {
+                    // We can't do much with this other than log it: the task is done, so
+                    // we may proceed with our work.
+                    tracing::error!("Unexpected join error waiting for reconcile task: {e}");
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Early check for cancellation before doing any work
+            // TODO: wrap all remote API operations in cancellation check
+            // as well.
+            if reconciler.cancel.is_cancelled() {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            let result = reconciler.reconcile().await;
+            result_tx
+                .send(ReconcileResult {
+                    sequence: reconcile_seq,
+                    result,
+                    tenant_shard_id: reconciler.tenant_shard_id,
+                    generation: reconciler.generation,
+                    observed: reconciler.observed,
+                })
+                .ok();
+        });
+
+        self.reconciler = Some(ReconcilerHandle {
+            sequence: self.sequence,
+            handle: join_handle,
+            cancel,
+        });
+
+        Some(ReconcilerWaiter {
+            tenant_shard_id: self.tenant_shard_id,
+            seq_wait: self.waiter.clone(),
+            error_seq_wait: self.error_waiter.clone(),
+            error: self.last_error.clone(),
+            seq: self.sequence,
+        })
+    }
+}
--- a/control_plane/src/attachment_service.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/attachment_service.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,27 @@
 use crate::{background_process, local_env::LocalEnv};
-use anyhow::anyhow;
 use camino::Utf8PathBuf;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{path::PathBuf, process::Child};
-use utils::id::{NodeId, TenantId};
+use hyper::Method;
+use pageserver_api::{
+    models::{ShardParameters, TenantCreateRequest, TimelineCreateRequest, TimelineInfo},
+    shard::TenantShardId,
+};
+use pageserver_client::mgmt_api::ResponseErrorMessageExt;
+use postgres_backend::AuthType;
+use postgres_connection::parse_host_port;
+use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::{path::PathBuf, process::Child, str::FromStr};
+use tracing::instrument;
+use utils::{
+    auth::{Claims, Scope},
+    id::{NodeId, TenantId},
+};

 pub struct AttachmentService {
    env: LocalEnv,
    listen: String,
    path: PathBuf,
+    jwt_token: Option<String>,
+    public_key_path: Option<Utf8PathBuf>,
    client: reqwest::Client,
 }

@@ -16,7 +29,7 @@ const COMMAND: &str = "attachment_service";

 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct AttachHookRequest {
-    pub tenant_id: TenantId,
+    pub tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
    pub node_id: Option<NodeId>,
 }

@@ -27,7 +40,7 @@ pub struct AttachHookResponse {

 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct InspectRequest {
-    pub tenant_id: TenantId,
+    pub tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
 }

 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -35,6 +48,125 @@ pub struct InspectResponse {
    pub attachment: Option<(u32, NodeId)>,
 }

+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TenantCreateResponseShard {
+    pub node_id: NodeId,
+    pub generation: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TenantCreateResponse {
+    pub shards: Vec<TenantCreateResponseShard>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct NodeRegisterRequest {
+    pub node_id: NodeId,
+
+    pub listen_pg_addr: String,
+    pub listen_pg_port: u16,
+
+    pub listen_http_addr: String,
+    pub listen_http_port: u16,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct NodeConfigureRequest {
+    pub node_id: NodeId,
+
+    pub availability: Option<NodeAvailability>,
+    pub scheduling: Option<NodeSchedulingPolicy>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
+pub struct TenantLocateResponseShard {
+    pub shard_id: TenantShardId,
+    pub node_id: NodeId,
+
+    pub listen_pg_addr: String,
+    pub listen_pg_port: u16,
+
+    pub listen_http_addr: String,
+    pub listen_http_port: u16,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TenantLocateResponse {
+    pub shards: Vec<TenantLocateResponseShard>,
+    pub shard_params: ShardParameters,
+}
+
+/// Explicitly migrating a particular shard is a low level operation
+/// TODO: higher level "Reschedule tenant" operation where the request
+/// specifies some constraints, e.g. asking it to get off particular node(s)
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
+pub struct TenantShardMigrateRequest {
+    pub tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+    pub node_id: NodeId,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum NodeAvailability {
+    // Normal, happy state
+    Active,
+    // Offline: Tenants shouldn't try to attach here, but they may assume that their
+    // secondary locations on this node still exist.  Newly added nodes are in this
+    // state until we successfully contact them.
+    Offline,
+}
+
+impl FromStr for NodeAvailability {
+    type Err = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match s {
+            "active" => Ok(Self::Active),
+            "offline" => Ok(Self::Offline),
+            _ => Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Unknown availability state '{s}'")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// FIXME: this is a duplicate of the type in the attachment_service crate, because the
+/// type needs to be defined with diesel traits in there.
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum NodeSchedulingPolicy {
+    Active,
+    Filling,
+    Pause,
+    Draining,
+}
+
+impl FromStr for NodeSchedulingPolicy {
+    type Err = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match s {
+            "active" => Ok(Self::Active),
+            "filling" => Ok(Self::Filling),
+            "pause" => Ok(Self::Pause),
+            "draining" => Ok(Self::Draining),
+            _ => Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Unknown scheduling state '{s}'")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<NodeSchedulingPolicy> for String {
+    fn from(value: NodeSchedulingPolicy) -> String {
+        use NodeSchedulingPolicy::*;
+        match value {
+            Active => "active",
+            Filling => "filling",
+            Pause => "pause",
+            Draining => "draining",
+        }
+        .to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
+pub struct TenantShardMigrateResponse {}
+
 impl AttachmentService {
    pub fn from_env(env: &LocalEnv) -> Self {
        let path = env.base_data_dir.join("attachments.json");
@@ -49,10 +181,34 @@ impl AttachmentService {
            listen_url.port().unwrap()
        );

+        // Assume all pageservers have symmetric auth configuration: this service
+        // expects to use one JWT token to talk to all of them.
+        let ps_conf = env
+            .pageservers
+            .first()
+            .expect("Config is validated to contain at least one pageserver");
+        let (jwt_token, public_key_path) = match ps_conf.http_auth_type {
+            AuthType::Trust => (None, None),
+            AuthType::NeonJWT => {
+                let jwt_token = env
+                    .generate_auth_token(&Claims::new(None, Scope::PageServerApi))
+                    .unwrap();
+
+                // If pageserver auth is enabled, this implicitly enables auth for this service,
+                // using the same credentials.
+                let public_key_path =
+                    camino::Utf8PathBuf::try_from(env.base_data_dir.join("auth_public_key.pem"))
+                        .unwrap();
+                (Some(jwt_token), Some(public_key_path))
+            }
+        };
+
        Self {
            env: env.clone(),
            path,
            listen,
+            jwt_token,
+            public_key_path,
            client: reqwest::ClientBuilder::new()
                .build()
                .expect("Failed to construct http client"),
@@ -67,72 +223,199 @@ impl AttachmentService {
    pub async fn start(&self) -> anyhow::Result<Child> {
        let path_str = self.path.to_string_lossy();

-        background_process::start_process(
+        let mut args = vec!["-l", &self.listen, "-p", &path_str]
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        if let Some(jwt_token) = &self.jwt_token {
+            args.push(format!("--jwt-token={jwt_token}"));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(public_key_path) = &self.public_key_path {
+            args.push(format!("--public-key={public_key_path}"));
+        }
+
+        let result = background_process::start_process(
            COMMAND,
            &self.env.base_data_dir,
            &self.env.attachment_service_bin(),
-            ["-l", &self.listen, "-p", &path_str],
-            [],
+            args,
+            [(
+                "NEON_REPO_DIR".to_string(),
+                self.env.base_data_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            )],
            background_process::InitialPidFile::Create(self.pid_file()),
-            // TODO: a real status check
-            || async move { anyhow::Ok(true) },
+            || async {
+                match self.status().await {
+                    Ok(_) => Ok(true),
+                    Err(_) => Ok(false),
+                }
+            },
        )
-        .await
+        .await;
+
+        for ps_conf in &self.env.pageservers {
+            let (pg_host, pg_port) =
+                parse_host_port(&ps_conf.listen_pg_addr).expect("Unable to parse listen_pg_addr");
+            let (http_host, http_port) = parse_host_port(&ps_conf.listen_http_addr)
+                .expect("Unable to parse listen_http_addr");
+            self.node_register(NodeRegisterRequest {
+                node_id: ps_conf.id,
+                listen_pg_addr: pg_host.to_string(),
+                listen_pg_port: pg_port.unwrap_or(5432),
+                listen_http_addr: http_host.to_string(),
+                listen_http_port: http_port.unwrap_or(80),
+            })
+            .await?;
+        }
+
+        result
    }

    pub fn stop(&self, immediate: bool) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        background_process::stop_process(immediate, COMMAND, &self.pid_file())
    }
-
-    /// Call into the attach_hook API, for use before handing out attachments to pageservers
-    pub async fn attach_hook(
+    /// Simple HTTP request wrapper for calling into attachment service
+    async fn dispatch<RQ, RS>(
        &self,
-        tenant_id: TenantId,
-        pageserver_id: NodeId,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<u32>> {
-        use hyper::StatusCode;
-
+        method: hyper::Method,
+        path: String,
+        body: Option<RQ>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<RS>
+    where
+        RQ: Serialize + Sized,
+        RS: DeserializeOwned + Sized,
+    {
        let url = self
            .env
            .control_plane_api
            .clone()
            .unwrap()
-            .join("attach-hook")
+            .join(&path)
            .unwrap();

+        let mut builder = self.client.request(method, url);
+        if let Some(body) = body {
+            builder = builder.json(&body)
+        }
+        if let Some(jwt_token) = &self.jwt_token {
+            builder = builder.header(
+                reqwest::header::AUTHORIZATION,
+                format!("Bearer {jwt_token}"),
+            );
+        }
+
+        let response = builder.send().await?;
+        let response = response.error_from_body().await?;
+
+        Ok(response
+            .json()
+            .await
+            .map_err(pageserver_client::mgmt_api::Error::ReceiveBody)?)
+    }
+
+    /// Call into the attach_hook API, for use before handing out attachments to pageservers
+    #[instrument(skip(self))]
+    pub async fn attach_hook(
+        &self,
+        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+        pageserver_id: NodeId,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<u32>> {
        let request = AttachHookRequest {
-            tenant_id,
+            tenant_shard_id,
            node_id: Some(pageserver_id),
        };

-        let response = self.client.post(url).json(&request).send().await?;
-        if response.status() != StatusCode::OK {
-            return Err(anyhow!("Unexpected status {}", response.status()));
-        }
+        let response = self
+            .dispatch::<_, AttachHookResponse>(
+                Method::POST,
+                "attach-hook".to_string(),
+                Some(request),
+            )
+            .await?;

-        let response = response.json::<AttachHookResponse>().await?;
        Ok(response.gen)
    }

-    pub async fn inspect(&self, tenant_id: TenantId) -> anyhow::Result<Option<(u32, NodeId)>> {
-        use hyper::StatusCode;
+    #[instrument(skip(self))]
+    pub async fn inspect(
+        &self,
+        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<(u32, NodeId)>> {
+        let request = InspectRequest { tenant_shard_id };

-        let url = self
-            .env
-            .control_plane_api
-            .clone()
-            .unwrap()
-            .join("inspect")
-            .unwrap();
+        let response = self
+            .dispatch::<_, InspectResponse>(Method::POST, "inspect".to_string(), Some(request))
+            .await?;

-        let request = InspectRequest { tenant_id };
-
-        let response = self.client.post(url).json(&request).send().await?;
-        if response.status() != StatusCode::OK {
-            return Err(anyhow!("Unexpected status {}", response.status()));
-        }
-
-        let response = response.json::<InspectResponse>().await?;
        Ok(response.attachment)
    }
+
+    #[instrument(skip(self))]
+    pub async fn tenant_create(
+        &self,
+        req: TenantCreateRequest,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<TenantCreateResponse> {
+        self.dispatch(Method::POST, "tenant".to_string(), Some(req))
+            .await
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(skip(self))]
+    pub async fn tenant_locate(&self, tenant_id: TenantId) -> anyhow::Result<TenantLocateResponse> {
+        self.dispatch::<(), _>(Method::GET, format!("tenant/{tenant_id}/locate"), None)
+            .await
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(skip(self))]
+    pub async fn tenant_migrate(
+        &self,
+        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+        node_id: NodeId,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<TenantShardMigrateResponse> {
+        self.dispatch(
+            Method::PUT,
+            format!("tenant/{tenant_shard_id}/migrate"),
+            Some(TenantShardMigrateRequest {
+                tenant_shard_id,
+                node_id,
+            }),
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(skip_all, fields(node_id=%req.node_id))]
+    pub async fn node_register(&self, req: NodeRegisterRequest) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        self.dispatch::<_, ()>(Method::POST, "node".to_string(), Some(req))
+            .await
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(skip_all, fields(node_id=%req.node_id))]
+    pub async fn node_configure(&self, req: NodeConfigureRequest) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        self.dispatch::<_, ()>(
+            Method::PUT,
+            format!("node/{}/config", req.node_id),
+            Some(req),
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(skip(self))]
+    pub async fn status(&self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        self.dispatch::<(), ()>(Method::GET, "status".to_string(), None)
+            .await
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(skip_all, fields(%tenant_id, timeline_id=%req.new_timeline_id))]
+    pub async fn tenant_timeline_create(
+        &self,
+        tenant_id: TenantId,
+        req: TimelineCreateRequest,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<TimelineInfo> {
+        self.dispatch(
+            Method::POST,
+            format!("tenant/{tenant_id}/timeline"),
+            Some(req),
+        )
+        .await
+    }
 }
--- a/control_plane/src/bin/attachment_service.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/bin/attachment_service.rs
@@ -1,337 +0,0 @@
-/// The attachment service mimics the aspects of the control plane API
-/// that are required for a pageserver to operate.
-///
-/// This enables running & testing pageservers without a full-blown
-/// deployment of the Neon cloud platform.
-///
-use anyhow::anyhow;
-use clap::Parser;
-use hex::FromHex;
-use hyper::StatusCode;
-use hyper::{Body, Request, Response};
-use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
-use utils::http::endpoint::request_span;
-use utils::logging::{self, LogFormat};
-use utils::signals::{ShutdownSignals, Signal};
-
-use utils::{
-    http::{
-        endpoint::{self},
-        error::ApiError,
-        json::{json_request, json_response},
-        RequestExt, RouterBuilder,
-    },
-    id::{NodeId, TenantId},
-    tcp_listener,
-};
-
-use pageserver_api::control_api::{
-    ReAttachRequest, ReAttachResponse, ReAttachResponseTenant, ValidateRequest, ValidateResponse,
-    ValidateResponseTenant,
-};
-
-use control_plane::attachment_service::{
-    AttachHookRequest, AttachHookResponse, InspectRequest, InspectResponse,
-};
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
-#[command(arg_required_else_help(true))]
-struct Cli {
-    /// Host and port to listen on, like `127.0.0.1:1234`
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    listen: std::net::SocketAddr,
-
-    /// Path to the .json file to store state (will be created if it doesn't exist)
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    path: PathBuf,
-}
-
-// The persistent state of each Tenant
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
-struct TenantState {
-    // Currently attached pageserver
-    pageserver: Option<NodeId>,
-
-    // Latest generation number: next time we attach, increment this
-    // and use the incremented number when attaching
-    generation: u32,
-}
-
-fn to_hex_map<S, V>(input: &HashMap<TenantId, V>, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-where
-    S: serde::Serializer,
-    V: Clone + Serialize,
-{
-    let transformed = input.iter().map(|(k, v)| (hex::encode(k), v.clone()));
-
-    transformed
-        .collect::<HashMap<String, V>>()
-        .serialize(serializer)
-}
-
-fn from_hex_map<'de, D, V>(deserializer: D) -> Result<HashMap<TenantId, V>, D::Error>
-where
-    D: serde::de::Deserializer<'de>,
-    V: Deserialize<'de>,
-{
-    let hex_map = HashMap::<String, V>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-    hex_map
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|(k, v)| {
-            TenantId::from_hex(k)
-                .map(|k| (k, v))
-                .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-// Top level state available to all HTTP handlers
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistentState {
-    #[serde(serialize_with = "to_hex_map", deserialize_with = "from_hex_map")]
-    tenants: HashMap<TenantId, TenantState>,
-
-    #[serde(skip)]
-    path: PathBuf,
-}
-
-impl PersistentState {
-    async fn save(&self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let bytes = serde_json::to_vec(self)?;
-        tokio::fs::write(&self.path, &bytes).await?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn load(path: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let bytes = tokio::fs::read(path).await?;
-        let mut decoded = serde_json::from_slice::<Self>(&bytes)?;
-        decoded.path = path.to_owned();
-        Ok(decoded)
-    }
-
-    async fn load_or_new(path: &Path) -> Self {
-        match Self::load(path).await {
-            Ok(s) => {
-                tracing::info!("Loaded state file at {}", path.display());
-                s
-            }
-            Err(e)
-                if e.downcast_ref::<std::io::Error>()
-                    .map(|e| e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound)
-                    .unwrap_or(false) =>
-            {
-                tracing::info!("Will create state file at {}", path.display());
-                Self {
-                    tenants: HashMap::new(),
-                    path: path.to_owned(),
-                }
-            }
-            Err(e) => {
-                panic!("Failed to load state from '{}': {e:#} (maybe your .neon/ dir was written by an older version?)", path.display())
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// State available to HTTP request handlers
-#[derive(Clone)]
-struct State {
-    inner: Arc<tokio::sync::RwLock<PersistentState>>,
-}
-
-impl State {
-    fn new(persistent_state: PersistentState) -> State {
-        Self {
-            inner: Arc::new(tokio::sync::RwLock::new(persistent_state)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[inline(always)]
-fn get_state(request: &Request<Body>) -> &State {
-    request
-        .data::<Arc<State>>()
-        .expect("unknown state type")
-        .as_ref()
-}
-
-/// Pageserver calls into this on startup, to learn which tenants it should attach
-async fn handle_re_attach(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    let reattach_req = json_request::<ReAttachRequest>(&mut req).await?;
-
-    let state = get_state(&req).inner.clone();
-    let mut locked = state.write().await;
-
-    let mut response = ReAttachResponse {
-        tenants: Vec::new(),
-    };
-    for (t, state) in &mut locked.tenants {
-        if state.pageserver == Some(reattach_req.node_id) {
-            state.generation += 1;
-            response.tenants.push(ReAttachResponseTenant {
-                // TODO(sharding): make this shard-aware
-                id: TenantShardId::unsharded(*t),
-                gen: state.generation,
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
-    locked.save().await.map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;
-
-    json_response(StatusCode::OK, response)
-}
-
-/// Pageserver calls into this before doing deletions, to confirm that it still
-/// holds the latest generation for the tenants with deletions enqueued
-async fn handle_validate(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    let validate_req = json_request::<ValidateRequest>(&mut req).await?;
-
-    let locked = get_state(&req).inner.read().await;
-
-    let mut response = ValidateResponse {
-        tenants: Vec::new(),
-    };
-
-    for req_tenant in validate_req.tenants {
-        // TODO(sharding): make this shard-aware
-        if let Some(tenant_state) = locked.tenants.get(&req_tenant.id.tenant_id) {
-            let valid = tenant_state.generation == req_tenant.gen;
-            tracing::info!(
-                "handle_validate: {}(gen {}): valid={valid} (latest {})",
-                req_tenant.id,
-                req_tenant.gen,
-                tenant_state.generation
-            );
-            response.tenants.push(ValidateResponseTenant {
-                id: req_tenant.id,
-                valid,
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
-    json_response(StatusCode::OK, response)
-}
-/// Call into this before attaching a tenant to a pageserver, to acquire a generation number
-/// (in the real control plane this is unnecessary, because the same program is managing
-///  generation numbers and doing attachments).
-async fn handle_attach_hook(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    let attach_req = json_request::<AttachHookRequest>(&mut req).await?;
-
-    let state = get_state(&req).inner.clone();
-    let mut locked = state.write().await;
-
-    let tenant_state = locked
-        .tenants
-        .entry(attach_req.tenant_id)
-        .or_insert_with(|| TenantState {
-            pageserver: attach_req.node_id,
-            generation: 0,
-        });
-
-    if let Some(attaching_pageserver) = attach_req.node_id.as_ref() {
-        tenant_state.generation += 1;
-        tracing::info!(
-            tenant_id = %attach_req.tenant_id,
-            ps_id = %attaching_pageserver,
-            generation = %tenant_state.generation,
-            "issuing",
-        );
-    } else if let Some(ps_id) = tenant_state.pageserver {
-        tracing::info!(
-            tenant_id = %attach_req.tenant_id,
-            %ps_id,
-            generation = %tenant_state.generation,
-            "dropping",
-        );
-    } else {
-        tracing::info!(
-            tenant_id = %attach_req.tenant_id,
-            "no-op: tenant already has no pageserver");
-    }
-    tenant_state.pageserver = attach_req.node_id;
-    let generation = tenant_state.generation;
-
-    tracing::info!(
-        "handle_attach_hook: tenant {} set generation {}, pageserver {}",
-        attach_req.tenant_id,
-        tenant_state.generation,
-        attach_req.node_id.unwrap_or(utils::id::NodeId(0xfffffff))
-    );
-
-    locked.save().await.map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;
-
-    json_response(
-        StatusCode::OK,
-        AttachHookResponse {
-            gen: attach_req.node_id.map(|_| generation),
-        },
-    )
-}
-
-async fn handle_inspect(mut req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    let inspect_req = json_request::<InspectRequest>(&mut req).await?;
-
-    let state = get_state(&req).inner.clone();
-    let locked = state.write().await;
-    let tenant_state = locked.tenants.get(&inspect_req.tenant_id);
-
-    json_response(
-        StatusCode::OK,
-        InspectResponse {
-            attachment: tenant_state.and_then(|s| s.pageserver.map(|ps| (s.generation, ps))),
-        },
-    )
-}
-
-fn make_router(persistent_state: PersistentState) -> RouterBuilder<hyper::Body, ApiError> {
-    endpoint::make_router()
-        .data(Arc::new(State::new(persistent_state)))
-        .post("/re-attach", |r| request_span(r, handle_re_attach))
-        .post("/validate", |r| request_span(r, handle_validate))
-        .post("/attach-hook", |r| request_span(r, handle_attach_hook))
-        .post("/inspect", |r| request_span(r, handle_inspect))
-}
-
-#[tokio::main]
-async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    logging::init(
-        LogFormat::Plain,
-        logging::TracingErrorLayerEnablement::Disabled,
-        logging::Output::Stdout,
-    )?;
-
-    let args = Cli::parse();
-    tracing::info!(
-        "Starting, state at {}, listening on {}",
-        args.path.to_string_lossy(),
-        args.listen
-    );
-
-    let persistent_state = PersistentState::load_or_new(&args.path).await;
-
-    let http_listener = tcp_listener::bind(args.listen)?;
-    let router = make_router(persistent_state)
-        .build()
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err))?;
-    let service = utils::http::RouterService::new(router).unwrap();
-    let server = hyper::Server::from_tcp(http_listener)?.serve(service);
-
-    tracing::info!("Serving on {0}", args.listen);
-
-    tokio::task::spawn(server);
-
-    ShutdownSignals::handle(|signal| match signal {
-        Signal::Interrupt | Signal::Terminate | Signal::Quit => {
-            tracing::info!("Got {}. Terminating", signal.name());
-            // We're just a test helper: no graceful shutdown.
-            std::process::exit(0);
-        }
-    })?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
--- a/control_plane/src/bin/neon_local.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/bin/neon_local.rs
@@ -6,21 +6,26 @@
 //! rely on `neon_local` to set up the environment for each test.
 //!
 use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
-use clap::{value_parser, Arg, ArgAction, ArgMatches, Command};
+use clap::{value_parser, Arg, ArgAction, ArgMatches, Command, ValueEnum};
 use compute_api::spec::ComputeMode;
-use control_plane::attachment_service::AttachmentService;
+use control_plane::attachment_service::{
+    AttachmentService, NodeAvailability, NodeConfigureRequest, NodeSchedulingPolicy,
+};
 use control_plane::endpoint::ComputeControlPlane;
-use control_plane::local_env::LocalEnv;
+use control_plane::local_env::{InitForceMode, LocalEnv};
 use control_plane::pageserver::{PageServerNode, PAGESERVER_REMOTE_STORAGE_DIR};
 use control_plane::safekeeper::SafekeeperNode;
-use control_plane::tenant_migration::migrate_tenant;
 use control_plane::{broker, local_env};
-use pageserver_api::models::TimelineInfo;
+use pageserver_api::models::{
+    ShardParameters, TenantCreateRequest, TimelineCreateRequest, TimelineInfo,
+};
+use pageserver_api::shard::{ShardCount, ShardStripeSize, TenantShardId};
 use pageserver_api::{
    DEFAULT_HTTP_LISTEN_PORT as DEFAULT_PAGESERVER_HTTP_PORT,
    DEFAULT_PG_LISTEN_PORT as DEFAULT_PAGESERVER_PG_PORT,
 };
 use postgres_backend::AuthType;
+use postgres_connection::parse_host_port;
 use safekeeper_api::{
    DEFAULT_HTTP_LISTEN_PORT as DEFAULT_SAFEKEEPER_HTTP_PORT,
    DEFAULT_PG_LISTEN_PORT as DEFAULT_SAFEKEEPER_PG_PORT,
@@ -30,6 +35,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::process::exit;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 use storage_broker::DEFAULT_LISTEN_ADDR as DEFAULT_BROKER_ADDR;
+use url::Host;
 use utils::{
    auth::{Claims, Scope},
    id::{NodeId, TenantId, TenantTimelineId, TimelineId},
@@ -276,10 +282,10 @@ fn print_timeline(
 /// Connects to the pageserver to query this information.
 async fn get_timeline_infos(
    env: &local_env::LocalEnv,
-    tenant_id: &TenantId,
+    tenant_shard_id: &TenantShardId,
 ) -> Result<HashMap<TimelineId, TimelineInfo>> {
    Ok(get_default_pageserver(env)
-        .timeline_list(tenant_id)
+        .timeline_list(tenant_shard_id)
        .await?
        .into_iter()
        .map(|timeline_info| (timeline_info.timeline_id, timeline_info))
@@ -297,6 +303,20 @@ fn get_tenant_id(sub_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> anyhow::R
    }
 }

+// Helper function to parse --tenant_id option, for commands that accept a shard suffix
+fn get_tenant_shard_id(
+    sub_match: &ArgMatches,
+    env: &local_env::LocalEnv,
+) -> anyhow::Result<TenantShardId> {
+    if let Some(tenant_id_from_arguments) = parse_tenant_shard_id(sub_match).transpose() {
+        tenant_id_from_arguments
+    } else if let Some(default_id) = env.default_tenant_id {
+        Ok(TenantShardId::unsharded(default_id))
+    } else {
+        anyhow::bail!("No tenant shard id. Use --tenant-id, or set a default tenant");
+    }
+}
+
 fn parse_tenant_id(sub_match: &ArgMatches) -> anyhow::Result<Option<TenantId>> {
    sub_match
        .get_one::<String>("tenant-id")
@@ -305,6 +325,14 @@ fn parse_tenant_id(sub_match: &ArgMatches) -> anyhow::Result<Option<TenantId>> {
        .context("Failed to parse tenant id from the argument string")
 }

+fn parse_tenant_shard_id(sub_match: &ArgMatches) -> anyhow::Result<Option<TenantShardId>> {
+    sub_match
+        .get_one::<String>("tenant-id")
+        .map(|id_str| TenantShardId::from_str(id_str))
+        .transpose()
+        .context("Failed to parse tenant shard id from the argument string")
+}
+
 fn parse_timeline_id(sub_match: &ArgMatches) -> anyhow::Result<Option<TimelineId>> {
    sub_match
        .get_one::<String>("timeline-id")
@@ -338,7 +366,7 @@ fn handle_init(init_match: &ArgMatches) -> anyhow::Result<LocalEnv> {

    let mut env =
        LocalEnv::parse_config(&toml_file).context("Failed to create neon configuration")?;
-    let force = init_match.get_flag("force");
+    let force = init_match.get_one("force").expect("we set a default value");
    env.init(pg_version, force)
        .context("Failed to initialize neon repository")?;

@@ -393,47 +421,68 @@ async fn handle_tenant(
        Some(("create", create_match)) => {
            let tenant_conf: HashMap<_, _> = create_match
                .get_many::<String>("config")
-                .map(|vals| vals.flat_map(|c| c.split_once(':')).collect())
+                .map(|vals: clap::parser::ValuesRef<'_, String>| {
+                    vals.flat_map(|c| c.split_once(':')).collect()
+                })
                .unwrap_or_default();

+            let shard_count: u8 = create_match
+                .get_one::<u8>("shard-count")
+                .cloned()
+                .unwrap_or(0);
+
+            let shard_stripe_size: Option<u32> =
+                create_match.get_one::<u32>("shard-stripe-size").cloned();
+
+            let tenant_conf = PageServerNode::parse_config(tenant_conf)?;
+
            // If tenant ID was not specified, generate one
            let tenant_id = parse_tenant_id(create_match)?.unwrap_or_else(TenantId::generate);

-            let generation = if env.control_plane_api.is_some() {
-                // We must register the tenant with the attachment service, so
-                // that when the pageserver restarts, it will be re-attached.
-                let attachment_service = AttachmentService::from_env(env);
-                attachment_service
-                    .attach_hook(tenant_id, pageserver.conf.id)
-                    .await?
-            } else {
-                None
-            };
-
-            pageserver
-                .tenant_create(tenant_id, generation, tenant_conf)
+            // We must register the tenant with the attachment service, so
+            // that when the pageserver restarts, it will be re-attached.
+            let attachment_service = AttachmentService::from_env(env);
+            attachment_service
+                .tenant_create(TenantCreateRequest {
+                    // Note that ::unsharded here isn't actually because the tenant is unsharded, its because the
+                    // attachment service expecfs a shard-naive tenant_id in this attribute, and the TenantCreateRequest
+                    // type is used both in attachment service (for creating tenants) and in pageserver (for creating shards)
+                    new_tenant_id: TenantShardId::unsharded(tenant_id),
+                    generation: None,
+                    shard_parameters: ShardParameters {
+                        count: ShardCount(shard_count),
+                        stripe_size: shard_stripe_size
+                            .map(ShardStripeSize)
+                            .unwrap_or(ShardParameters::DEFAULT_STRIPE_SIZE),
+                    },
+                    config: tenant_conf,
+                })
                .await?;
            println!("tenant {tenant_id} successfully created on the pageserver");

            // Create an initial timeline for the new tenant
-            let new_timeline_id = parse_timeline_id(create_match)?;
+            let new_timeline_id =
+                parse_timeline_id(create_match)?.unwrap_or(TimelineId::generate());
            let pg_version = create_match
                .get_one::<u32>("pg-version")
                .copied()
                .context("Failed to parse postgres version from the argument string")?;

-            let timeline_info = pageserver
-                .timeline_create(
+            // FIXME: passing None for ancestor_start_lsn is not kosher in a sharded world: we can't have
+            // different shards picking different start lsns.  Maybe we have to teach attachment service
+            // to let shard 0 branch first and then propagate the chosen LSN to other shards.
+            attachment_service
+                .tenant_timeline_create(
                    tenant_id,
-                    new_timeline_id,
-                    None,
-                    None,
-                    Some(pg_version),
-                    None,
+                    TimelineCreateRequest {
+                        new_timeline_id,
+                        ancestor_timeline_id: None,
+                        ancestor_start_lsn: None,
+                        existing_initdb_timeline_id: None,
+                        pg_version: Some(pg_version),
+                    },
                )
                .await?;
-            let new_timeline_id = timeline_info.timeline_id;
-            let last_record_lsn = timeline_info.last_record_lsn;

            env.register_branch_mapping(
                DEFAULT_BRANCH_NAME.to_string(),
@@ -441,9 +490,7 @@ async fn handle_tenant(
                new_timeline_id,
            )?;

-            println!(
-                "Created an initial timeline '{new_timeline_id}' at Lsn {last_record_lsn} for tenant: {tenant_id}",
-            );
+            println!("Created an initial timeline '{new_timeline_id}' for tenant: {tenant_id}",);

            if create_match.get_flag("set-default") {
                println!("Setting tenant {tenant_id} as a default one");
@@ -470,14 +517,64 @@ async fn handle_tenant(
            println!("tenant {tenant_id} successfully configured on the pageserver");
        }
        Some(("migrate", matches)) => {
-            let tenant_id = get_tenant_id(matches, env)?;
+            let tenant_shard_id = get_tenant_shard_id(matches, env)?;
            let new_pageserver = get_pageserver(env, matches)?;
            let new_pageserver_id = new_pageserver.conf.id;

-            migrate_tenant(env, tenant_id, new_pageserver).await?;
-            println!("tenant {tenant_id} migrated to {}", new_pageserver_id);
-        }
+            let attachment_service = AttachmentService::from_env(env);
+            attachment_service
+                .tenant_migrate(tenant_shard_id, new_pageserver_id)
+                .await?;

+            println!("tenant {tenant_shard_id} migrated to {}", new_pageserver_id);
+        }
+        Some(("status", matches)) => {
+            let tenant_id = get_tenant_id(matches, env)?;
+
+            let mut shard_table = comfy_table::Table::new();
+            shard_table.set_header(["Shard", "Pageserver", "Physical Size"]);
+
+            let mut tenant_synthetic_size = None;
+
+            let attachment_service = AttachmentService::from_env(env);
+            for shard in attachment_service.tenant_locate(tenant_id).await?.shards {
+                let pageserver =
+                    PageServerNode::from_env(env, env.get_pageserver_conf(shard.node_id)?);
+
+                let size = pageserver
+                    .http_client
+                    .tenant_details(shard.shard_id)
+                    .await?
+                    .tenant_info
+                    .current_physical_size
+                    .unwrap();
+
+                shard_table.add_row([
+                    format!("{}", shard.shard_id.shard_slug()),
+                    format!("{}", shard.node_id.0),
+                    format!("{} MiB", size / (1024 * 1024)),
+                ]);
+
+                if shard.shard_id.is_zero() {
+                    tenant_synthetic_size =
+                        Some(pageserver.tenant_synthetic_size(shard.shard_id).await?);
+                }
+            }
+
+            let Some(synthetic_size) = tenant_synthetic_size else {
+                bail!("Shard 0 not found")
+            };
+
+            let mut tenant_table = comfy_table::Table::new();
+            tenant_table.add_row(["Tenant ID".to_string(), tenant_id.to_string()]);
+            tenant_table.add_row([
+                "Synthetic size".to_string(),
+                format!("{} MiB", synthetic_size.size.unwrap_or(0) / (1024 * 1024)),
+            ]);
+
+            println!("{tenant_table}");
+            println!("{shard_table}");
+        }
        Some((sub_name, _)) => bail!("Unexpected tenant subcommand '{}'", sub_name),
        None => bail!("no tenant subcommand provided"),
    }
@@ -489,8 +586,10 @@ async fn handle_timeline(timeline_match: &ArgMatches, env: &mut local_env::Local

    match timeline_match.subcommand() {
        Some(("list", list_match)) => {
-            let tenant_id = get_tenant_id(list_match, env)?;
-            let timelines = pageserver.timeline_list(&tenant_id).await?;
+            // TODO(sharding): this command shouldn't have to specify a shard ID: we should ask the attachment service
+            // where shard 0 is attached, and query there.
+            let tenant_shard_id = get_tenant_shard_id(list_match, env)?;
+            let timelines = pageserver.timeline_list(&tenant_shard_id).await?;
            print_timelines_tree(timelines, env.timeline_name_mappings())?;
        }
        Some(("create", create_match)) => {
@@ -505,18 +604,19 @@ async fn handle_timeline(timeline_match: &ArgMatches, env: &mut local_env::Local
                .context("Failed to parse postgres version from the argument string")?;

            let new_timeline_id_opt = parse_timeline_id(create_match)?;
+            let new_timeline_id = new_timeline_id_opt.unwrap_or(TimelineId::generate());

-            let timeline_info = pageserver
-                .timeline_create(
-                    tenant_id,
-                    new_timeline_id_opt,
-                    None,
-                    None,
-                    Some(pg_version),
-                    None,
-                )
+            let attachment_service = AttachmentService::from_env(env);
+            let create_req = TimelineCreateRequest {
+                new_timeline_id,
+                ancestor_timeline_id: None,
+                existing_initdb_timeline_id: None,
+                ancestor_start_lsn: None,
+                pg_version: Some(pg_version),
+            };
+            let timeline_info = attachment_service
+                .tenant_timeline_create(tenant_id, create_req)
                .await?;
-            let new_timeline_id = timeline_info.timeline_id;

            let last_record_lsn = timeline_info.last_record_lsn;
            env.register_branch_mapping(new_branch_name.to_string(), tenant_id, new_timeline_id)?;
@@ -574,7 +674,6 @@ async fn handle_timeline(timeline_match: &ArgMatches, env: &mut local_env::Local
                None,
                pg_version,
                ComputeMode::Primary,
-                DEFAULT_PAGESERVER_ID,
            )?;
            println!("Done");
        }
@@ -598,17 +697,18 @@ async fn handle_timeline(timeline_match: &ArgMatches, env: &mut local_env::Local
                .map(|lsn_str| Lsn::from_str(lsn_str))
                .transpose()
                .context("Failed to parse ancestor start Lsn from the request")?;
-            let timeline_info = pageserver
-                .timeline_create(
-                    tenant_id,
-                    None,
-                    start_lsn,
-                    Some(ancestor_timeline_id),
-                    None,
-                    None,
-                )
+            let new_timeline_id = TimelineId::generate();
+            let attachment_service = AttachmentService::from_env(env);
+            let create_req = TimelineCreateRequest {
+                new_timeline_id,
+                ancestor_timeline_id: Some(ancestor_timeline_id),
+                existing_initdb_timeline_id: None,
+                ancestor_start_lsn: start_lsn,
+                pg_version: None,
+            };
+            let timeline_info = attachment_service
+                .tenant_timeline_create(tenant_id, create_req)
                .await?;
-            let new_timeline_id = timeline_info.timeline_id;

            let last_record_lsn = timeline_info.last_record_lsn;

@@ -635,8 +735,10 @@ async fn handle_endpoint(ep_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> Re

    match sub_name {
        "list" => {
-            let tenant_id = get_tenant_id(sub_args, env)?;
-            let timeline_infos = get_timeline_infos(env, &tenant_id)
+            // TODO(sharding): this command shouldn't have to specify a shard ID: we should ask the attachment service
+            // where shard 0 is attached, and query there.
+            let tenant_shard_id = get_tenant_shard_id(sub_args, env)?;
+            let timeline_infos = get_timeline_infos(env, &tenant_shard_id)
                .await
                .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                    eprintln!("Failed to load timeline info: {}", e);
@@ -661,7 +763,7 @@ async fn handle_endpoint(ep_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> Re
            for (endpoint_id, endpoint) in cplane
                .endpoints
                .iter()
-                .filter(|(_, endpoint)| endpoint.tenant_id == tenant_id)
+                .filter(|(_, endpoint)| endpoint.tenant_id == tenant_shard_id.tenant_id)
            {
                let lsn_str = match endpoint.mode {
                    ComputeMode::Static(lsn) => {
@@ -680,7 +782,10 @@ async fn handle_endpoint(ep_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> Re
                };

                let branch_name = timeline_name_mappings
-                    .get(&TenantTimelineId::new(tenant_id, endpoint.timeline_id))
+                    .get(&TenantTimelineId::new(
+                        tenant_shard_id.tenant_id,
+                        endpoint.timeline_id,
+                    ))
                    .map(|name| name.as_str())
                    .unwrap_or("?");

@@ -728,13 +833,6 @@ async fn handle_endpoint(ep_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> Re
                .copied()
                .unwrap_or(false);

-            let pageserver_id =
-                if let Some(id_str) = sub_args.get_one::<String>("endpoint-pageserver-id") {
-                    NodeId(id_str.parse().context("while parsing pageserver id")?)
-                } else {
-                    DEFAULT_PAGESERVER_ID
-                };
-
            let mode = match (lsn, hot_standby) {
                (Some(lsn), false) => ComputeMode::Static(lsn),
                (None, true) => ComputeMode::Replica,
@@ -762,7 +860,6 @@ async fn handle_endpoint(ep_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> Re
                http_port,
                pg_version,
                mode,
-                pageserver_id,
            )?;
        }
        "start" => {
@@ -772,9 +869,11 @@ async fn handle_endpoint(ep_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> Re

            let pageserver_id =
                if let Some(id_str) = sub_args.get_one::<String>("endpoint-pageserver-id") {
-                    NodeId(id_str.parse().context("while parsing pageserver id")?)
+                    Some(NodeId(
+                        id_str.parse().context("while parsing pageserver id")?,
+                    ))
                } else {
-                    DEFAULT_PAGESERVER_ID
+                    None
                };

            let remote_ext_config = sub_args.get_one::<String>("remote-ext-config");
@@ -805,7 +904,38 @@ async fn handle_endpoint(ep_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> Re
                endpoint.timeline_id,
            )?;

-            let ps_conf = env.get_pageserver_conf(pageserver_id)?;
+            let (pageservers, stripe_size) = if let Some(pageserver_id) = pageserver_id {
+                let conf = env.get_pageserver_conf(pageserver_id).unwrap();
+                let parsed = parse_host_port(&conf.listen_pg_addr).expect("Bad config");
+                (
+                    vec![(parsed.0, parsed.1.unwrap_or(5432))],
+                    // If caller is telling us what pageserver to use, this is not a tenant which is
+                    // full managed by attachment service, therefore not sharded.
+                    ShardParameters::DEFAULT_STRIPE_SIZE,
+                )
+            } else {
+                // Look up the currently attached location of the tenant, and its striping metadata,
+                // to pass these on to postgres.
+                let attachment_service = AttachmentService::from_env(env);
+                let locate_result = attachment_service.tenant_locate(endpoint.tenant_id).await?;
+                let pageservers = locate_result
+                    .shards
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|shard| {
+                        (
+                            Host::parse(&shard.listen_pg_addr)
+                                .expect("Attachment service reported bad hostname"),
+                            shard.listen_pg_port,
+                        )
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                let stripe_size = locate_result.shard_params.stripe_size;
+
+                (pageservers, stripe_size)
+            };
+            assert!(!pageservers.is_empty());
+
+            let ps_conf = env.get_pageserver_conf(DEFAULT_PAGESERVER_ID)?;
            let auth_token = if matches!(ps_conf.pg_auth_type, AuthType::NeonJWT) {
                let claims = Claims::new(Some(endpoint.tenant_id), Scope::Tenant);

@@ -816,7 +946,13 @@ async fn handle_endpoint(ep_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> Re

            println!("Starting existing endpoint {endpoint_id}...");
            endpoint
-                .start(&auth_token, safekeepers, remote_ext_config)
+                .start(
+                    &auth_token,
+                    safekeepers,
+                    pageservers,
+                    remote_ext_config,
+                    stripe_size.0 as usize,
+                )
                .await?;
        }
        "reconfigure" => {
@@ -827,15 +963,31 @@ async fn handle_endpoint(ep_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) -> Re
                .endpoints
                .get(endpoint_id.as_str())
                .with_context(|| format!("postgres endpoint {endpoint_id} is not found"))?;
-            let pageserver_id =
+            let pageservers =
                if let Some(id_str) = sub_args.get_one::<String>("endpoint-pageserver-id") {
-                    Some(NodeId(
-                        id_str.parse().context("while parsing pageserver id")?,
-                    ))
+                    let ps_id = NodeId(id_str.parse().context("while parsing pageserver id")?);
+                    let pageserver = PageServerNode::from_env(env, env.get_pageserver_conf(ps_id)?);
+                    vec![(
+                        pageserver.pg_connection_config.host().clone(),
+                        pageserver.pg_connection_config.port(),
+                    )]
                } else {
-                    None
+                    let attachment_service = AttachmentService::from_env(env);
+                    attachment_service
+                        .tenant_locate(endpoint.tenant_id)
+                        .await?
+                        .shards
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .map(|shard| {
+                            (
+                                Host::parse(&shard.listen_pg_addr)
+                                    .expect("Attachment service reported malformed host"),
+                                shard.listen_pg_port,
+                            )
+                        })
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                };
-            endpoint.reconfigure(pageserver_id).await?;
+            endpoint.reconfigure(pageservers).await?;
        }
        "stop" => {
            let endpoint_id = sub_args
@@ -959,6 +1111,21 @@ async fn handle_pageserver(sub_match: &ArgMatches, env: &local_env::LocalEnv) ->
            }
        }

+        Some(("set-state", subcommand_args)) => {
+            let pageserver = get_pageserver(env, subcommand_args)?;
+            let scheduling = subcommand_args.get_one("scheduling");
+            let availability = subcommand_args.get_one("availability");
+
+            let attachment_service = AttachmentService::from_env(env);
+            attachment_service
+                .node_configure(NodeConfigureRequest {
+                    node_id: pageserver.conf.id,
+                    scheduling: scheduling.cloned(),
+                    availability: availability.cloned(),
+                })
+                .await?;
+        }
+
        Some(("status", subcommand_args)) => {
            match get_pageserver(env, subcommand_args)?.check_status().await {
                Ok(_) => println!("Page server is up and running"),
@@ -1266,9 +1433,15 @@ fn cli() -> Command {
        .required(false);

    let force_arg = Arg::new("force")
-        .value_parser(value_parser!(bool))
+        .value_parser(value_parser!(InitForceMode))
        .long("force")
-        .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+        .default_value(
+            InitForceMode::MustNotExist
+                .to_possible_value()
+                .unwrap()
+                .get_name()
+                .to_owned(),
+        )
        .help("Force initialization even if the repository is not empty")
        .required(false);

@@ -1352,6 +1525,8 @@ fn cli() -> Command {
                .arg(pg_version_arg.clone())
                .arg(Arg::new("set-default").long("set-default").action(ArgAction::SetTrue).required(false)
                    .help("Use this tenant in future CLI commands where tenant_id is needed, but not specified"))
+                .arg(Arg::new("shard-count").value_parser(value_parser!(u8)).long("shard-count").action(ArgAction::Set).help("Number of shards in the new tenant (default 1)"))
+                .arg(Arg::new("shard-stripe-size").value_parser(value_parser!(u32)).long("shard-stripe-size").action(ArgAction::Set).help("Sharding stripe size in pages"))
                )
            .subcommand(Command::new("set-default").arg(tenant_id_arg.clone().required(true))
                .about("Set a particular tenant as default in future CLI commands where tenant_id is needed, but not specified"))
@@ -1362,6 +1537,9 @@ fn cli() -> Command {
                .about("Migrate a tenant from one pageserver to another")
                .arg(tenant_id_arg.clone())
                .arg(pageserver_id_arg.clone()))
+            .subcommand(Command::new("status")
+                .about("Human readable summary of the tenant's shards and attachment locations")
+                .arg(tenant_id_arg.clone()))
        )
        .subcommand(
            Command::new("pageserver")
@@ -1381,6 +1559,12 @@ fn cli() -> Command {
                    .about("Restart local pageserver")
                    .arg(pageserver_config_args.clone())
                )
+                .subcommand(Command::new("set-state")
+                    .arg(Arg::new("availability").value_parser(value_parser!(NodeAvailability)).long("availability").action(ArgAction::Set).help("Availability state: offline,active"))
+                    .arg(Arg::new("scheduling").value_parser(value_parser!(NodeSchedulingPolicy)).long("scheduling").action(ArgAction::Set).help("Scheduling state: draining,pause,filling,active"))
+                    .about("Set scheduling or availability state of pageserver node")
+                    .arg(pageserver_config_args.clone())
+                )
        )
        .subcommand(
            Command::new("attachment_service")
--- a/control_plane/src/endpoint.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/endpoint.rs
@@ -46,11 +46,14 @@ use std::time::Duration;

 use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
 use compute_api::spec::RemoteExtSpec;
+use nix::sys::signal::kill;
+use nix::sys::signal::Signal;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use url::Host;
 use utils::id::{NodeId, TenantId, TimelineId};

+use crate::attachment_service::AttachmentService;
 use crate::local_env::LocalEnv;
-use crate::pageserver::PageServerNode;
 use crate::postgresql_conf::PostgresConf;

 use compute_api::responses::{ComputeState, ComputeStatus};
@@ -67,7 +70,6 @@ pub struct EndpointConf {
    http_port: u16,
    pg_version: u32,
    skip_pg_catalog_updates: bool,
-    pageserver_id: NodeId,
 }

 //
@@ -119,19 +121,14 @@ impl ComputeControlPlane {
        http_port: Option<u16>,
        pg_version: u32,
        mode: ComputeMode,
-        pageserver_id: NodeId,
    ) -> Result<Arc<Endpoint>> {
        let pg_port = pg_port.unwrap_or_else(|| self.get_port());
        let http_port = http_port.unwrap_or_else(|| self.get_port() + 1);
-        let pageserver =
-            PageServerNode::from_env(&self.env, self.env.get_pageserver_conf(pageserver_id)?);
-
        let ep = Arc::new(Endpoint {
            endpoint_id: endpoint_id.to_owned(),
            pg_address: SocketAddr::new("127.0.0.1".parse().unwrap(), pg_port),
            http_address: SocketAddr::new("127.0.0.1".parse().unwrap(), http_port),
            env: self.env.clone(),
-            pageserver,
            timeline_id,
            mode,
            tenant_id,
@@ -157,7 +154,6 @@ impl ComputeControlPlane {
                pg_port,
                pg_version,
                skip_pg_catalog_updates: true,
-                pageserver_id,
            })?,
        )?;
        std::fs::write(
@@ -216,7 +212,6 @@ pub struct Endpoint {
    // These are not part of the endpoint as such, but the environment
    // the endpoint runs in.
    pub env: LocalEnv,
-    pageserver: PageServerNode,

    // Optimizations
    skip_pg_catalog_updates: bool,
@@ -239,15 +234,11 @@ impl Endpoint {
        let conf: EndpointConf =
            serde_json::from_slice(&std::fs::read(entry.path().join("endpoint.json"))?)?;

-        let pageserver =
-            PageServerNode::from_env(env, env.get_pageserver_conf(conf.pageserver_id)?);
-
        Ok(Endpoint {
            pg_address: SocketAddr::new("127.0.0.1".parse().unwrap(), conf.pg_port),
            http_address: SocketAddr::new("127.0.0.1".parse().unwrap(), conf.http_port),
            endpoint_id,
            env: env.clone(),
-            pageserver,
            timeline_id: conf.timeline_id,
            mode: conf.mode,
            tenant_id: conf.tenant_id,
@@ -439,11 +430,14 @@ impl Endpoint {
        Ok(())
    }

-    fn wait_for_compute_ctl_to_exit(&self) -> Result<()> {
+    fn wait_for_compute_ctl_to_exit(&self, send_sigterm: bool) -> Result<()> {
        // TODO use background_process::stop_process instead
        let pidfile_path = self.endpoint_path().join("compute_ctl.pid");
        let pid: u32 = std::fs::read_to_string(pidfile_path)?.parse()?;
        let pid = nix::unistd::Pid::from_raw(pid as i32);
+        if send_sigterm {
+            kill(pid, Signal::SIGTERM).ok();
+        }
        crate::background_process::wait_until_stopped("compute_ctl", pid)?;
        Ok(())
    }
@@ -464,11 +458,21 @@ impl Endpoint {
        }
    }

+    fn build_pageserver_connstr(pageservers: &[(Host, u16)]) -> String {
+        pageservers
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(host, port)| format!("postgresql://no_user@{host}:{port}"))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join(",")
+    }
+
    pub async fn start(
        &self,
        auth_token: &Option<String>,
        safekeepers: Vec<NodeId>,
+        pageservers: Vec<(Host, u16)>,
        remote_ext_config: Option<&String>,
+        shard_stripe_size: usize,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        if self.status() == "running" {
            anyhow::bail!("The endpoint is already running");
@@ -482,13 +486,9 @@ impl Endpoint {
            std::fs::remove_dir_all(self.pgdata())?;
        }

-        let pageserver_connstring = {
-            let config = &self.pageserver.pg_connection_config;
-            let (host, port) = (config.host(), config.port());
+        let pageserver_connstring = Self::build_pageserver_connstr(&pageservers);
+        assert!(!pageserver_connstring.is_empty());

-            // NOTE: avoid spaces in connection string, because it is less error prone if we forward it somewhere.
-            format!("postgresql://no_user@{host}:{port}")
-        };
        let mut safekeeper_connstrings = Vec::new();
        if self.mode == ComputeMode::Primary {
            for sk_id in safekeepers {
@@ -537,6 +537,8 @@ impl Endpoint {
            safekeeper_connstrings,
            storage_auth_token: auth_token.clone(),
            remote_extensions,
+            pgbouncer_settings: None,
+            shard_stripe_size: Some(shard_stripe_size),
        };
        let spec_path = self.endpoint_path().join("spec.json");
        std::fs::write(spec_path, serde_json::to_string_pretty(&spec)?)?;
@@ -659,7 +661,7 @@ impl Endpoint {
        }
    }

-    pub async fn reconfigure(&self, pageserver_id: Option<NodeId>) -> Result<()> {
+    pub async fn reconfigure(&self, mut pageservers: Vec<(Host, u16)>) -> Result<()> {
        let mut spec: ComputeSpec = {
            let spec_path = self.endpoint_path().join("spec.json");
            let file = std::fs::File::open(spec_path)?;
@@ -669,25 +671,27 @@ impl Endpoint {
        let postgresql_conf = self.read_postgresql_conf()?;
        spec.cluster.postgresql_conf = Some(postgresql_conf);

-        if let Some(pageserver_id) = pageserver_id {
-            let endpoint_config_path = self.endpoint_path().join("endpoint.json");
-            let mut endpoint_conf: EndpointConf = {
-                let file = std::fs::File::open(&endpoint_config_path)?;
-                serde_json::from_reader(file)?
-            };
-            endpoint_conf.pageserver_id = pageserver_id;
-            std::fs::write(
-                endpoint_config_path,
-                serde_json::to_string_pretty(&endpoint_conf)?,
-            )?;
-
-            let pageserver =
-                PageServerNode::from_env(&self.env, self.env.get_pageserver_conf(pageserver_id)?);
-            let ps_http_conf = &pageserver.pg_connection_config;
-            let (host, port) = (ps_http_conf.host(), ps_http_conf.port());
-            spec.pageserver_connstring = Some(format!("postgresql://no_user@{host}:{port}"));
+        // If we weren't given explicit pageservers, query the attachment service
+        if pageservers.is_empty() {
+            let attachment_service = AttachmentService::from_env(&self.env);
+            let locate_result = attachment_service.tenant_locate(self.tenant_id).await?;
+            pageservers = locate_result
+                .shards
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|shard| {
+                    (
+                        Host::parse(&shard.listen_pg_addr)
+                            .expect("Attachment service reported bad hostname"),
+                        shard.listen_pg_port,
+                    )
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        }

+        let pageserver_connstr = Self::build_pageserver_connstr(&pageservers);
+        assert!(!pageserver_connstr.is_empty());
+        spec.pageserver_connstring = Some(pageserver_connstr);
+
        let client = reqwest::Client::new();
        let response = client
            .post(format!(
@@ -732,10 +736,15 @@ impl Endpoint {
            &None,
        )?;

-        // Also wait for the compute_ctl process to die. It might have some cleanup
-        // work to do after postgres stops, like syncing safekeepers, etc.
+        // Also wait for the compute_ctl process to die. It might have some
+        // cleanup work to do after postgres stops, like syncing safekeepers,
+        // etc.
        //
-        self.wait_for_compute_ctl_to_exit()?;
+        // If destroying, send it SIGTERM before waiting. Sometimes we do *not*
+        // want this cleanup: tests intentionally do stop when majority of
+        // safekeepers is down, so sync-safekeepers would hang otherwise. This
+        // could be a separate flag though.
+        self.wait_for_compute_ctl_to_exit(destroy)?;
        if destroy {
            println!(
                "Destroying postgres data directory '{}'",
--- a/control_plane/src/lib.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,4 +14,3 @@ pub mod local_env;
 pub mod pageserver;
 pub mod postgresql_conf;
 pub mod safekeeper;
-pub mod tenant_migration;
--- a/control_plane/src/local_env.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/local_env.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@

 use anyhow::{bail, ensure, Context};

+use clap::ValueEnum;
 use postgres_backend::AuthType;
 use reqwest::Url;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -162,6 +163,31 @@ impl Default for SafekeeperConf {
    }
 }

+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum InitForceMode {
+    MustNotExist,
+    EmptyDirOk,
+    RemoveAllContents,
+}
+
+impl ValueEnum for InitForceMode {
+    fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self] {
+        &[
+            Self::MustNotExist,
+            Self::EmptyDirOk,
+            Self::RemoveAllContents,
+        ]
+    }
+
+    fn to_possible_value(&self) -> Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue> {
+        Some(clap::builder::PossibleValue::new(match self {
+            InitForceMode::MustNotExist => "must-not-exist",
+            InitForceMode::EmptyDirOk => "empty-dir-ok",
+            InitForceMode::RemoveAllContents => "remove-all-contents",
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
 impl SafekeeperConf {
    /// Compute is served by port on which only tenant scoped tokens allowed, if
    /// it is configured.
@@ -225,7 +251,13 @@ impl LocalEnv {
        if let Some(conf) = self.pageservers.iter().find(|node| node.id == id) {
            Ok(conf)
        } else {
-            bail!("could not find pageserver {id}")
+            let have_ids = self
+                .pageservers
+                .iter()
+                .map(|node| format!("{}:{}", node.id, node.listen_http_addr))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            let joined = have_ids.join(",");
+            bail!("could not find pageserver {id}, have ids {joined}")
        }
    }

@@ -384,7 +416,7 @@ impl LocalEnv {
    //
    // Initialize a new Neon repository
    //
-    pub fn init(&mut self, pg_version: u32, force: bool) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    pub fn init(&mut self, pg_version: u32, force: &InitForceMode) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        // check if config already exists
        let base_path = &self.base_data_dir;
        ensure!(
@@ -393,25 +425,34 @@ impl LocalEnv {
        );

        if base_path.exists() {
-            if force {
-                println!("removing all contents of '{}'", base_path.display());
-                // instead of directly calling `remove_dir_all`, we keep the original dir but removing
-                // all contents inside. This helps if the developer symbol links another directory (i.e.,
-                // S3 local SSD) to the `.neon` base directory.
-                for entry in std::fs::read_dir(base_path)? {
-                    let entry = entry?;
-                    let path = entry.path();
-                    if path.is_dir() {
-                        fs::remove_dir_all(&path)?;
-                    } else {
-                        fs::remove_file(&path)?;
+            match force {
+                InitForceMode::MustNotExist => {
+                    bail!(
+                        "directory '{}' already exists. Perhaps already initialized?",
+                        base_path.display()
+                    );
+                }
+                InitForceMode::EmptyDirOk => {
+                    if let Some(res) = std::fs::read_dir(base_path)?.next() {
+                        res.context("check if directory is empty")?;
+                        anyhow::bail!("directory not empty: {base_path:?}");
+                    }
+                }
+                InitForceMode::RemoveAllContents => {
+                    println!("removing all contents of '{}'", base_path.display());
+                    // instead of directly calling `remove_dir_all`, we keep the original dir but removing
+                    // all contents inside. This helps if the developer symbol links another directory (i.e.,
+                    // S3 local SSD) to the `.neon` base directory.
+                    for entry in std::fs::read_dir(base_path)? {
+                        let entry = entry?;
+                        let path = entry.path();
+                        if path.is_dir() {
+                            fs::remove_dir_all(&path)?;
+                        } else {
+                            fs::remove_file(&path)?;
+                        }
                    }
                }
-            } else {
-                bail!(
-                    "directory '{}' already exists. Perhaps already initialized? (Hint: use --force to remove all contents)",
-                    base_path.display()
-                );
            }
        }

--- a/control_plane/src/pageserver.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/pageserver.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 use anyhow::{bail, Context};
 use camino::Utf8PathBuf;
 use futures::SinkExt;
-use pageserver_api::models::{self, LocationConfig, TenantInfo, TimelineInfo};
+use pageserver_api::models::{
+    self, LocationConfig, ShardParameters, TenantHistorySize, TenantInfo, TimelineInfo,
+};
 use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
 use pageserver_client::mgmt_api;
 use postgres_backend::AuthType;
@@ -106,6 +108,16 @@ impl PageServerNode {
                "control_plane_api='{}'",
                control_plane_api.as_str()
            ));
+
+            // Attachment service uses the same auth as pageserver: if JWT is enabled
+            // for us, we will also need it to talk to them.
+            if matches!(self.conf.http_auth_type, AuthType::NeonJWT) {
+                let jwt_token = self
+                    .env
+                    .generate_auth_token(&Claims::new(None, Scope::PageServerApi))
+                    .unwrap();
+                overrides.push(format!("control_plane_api_token='{}'", jwt_token));
+            }
        }

        if !cli_overrides
@@ -301,16 +313,8 @@ impl PageServerNode {
    pub async fn tenant_list(&self) -> mgmt_api::Result<Vec<TenantInfo>> {
        self.http_client.list_tenants().await
    }
-
-    pub async fn tenant_create(
-        &self,
-        new_tenant_id: TenantId,
-        generation: Option<u32>,
-        settings: HashMap<&str, &str>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<TenantId> {
-        let mut settings = settings.clone();
-
-        let config = models::TenantConfig {
+    pub fn parse_config(mut settings: HashMap<&str, &str>) -> anyhow::Result<models::TenantConfig> {
+        let result = models::TenantConfig {
            checkpoint_distance: settings
                .remove("checkpoint_distance")
                .map(|x| x.parse::<u64>())
@@ -371,11 +375,26 @@ impl PageServerNode {
                .context("Failed to parse 'gc_feedback' as bool")?,
            heatmap_period: settings.remove("heatmap_period").map(|x| x.to_string()),
        };
+        if !settings.is_empty() {
+            bail!("Unrecognized tenant settings: {settings:?}")
+        } else {
+            Ok(result)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn tenant_create(
+        &self,
+        new_tenant_id: TenantId,
+        generation: Option<u32>,
+        settings: HashMap<&str, &str>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<TenantId> {
+        let config = Self::parse_config(settings.clone())?;

        let request = models::TenantCreateRequest {
            new_tenant_id: TenantShardId::unsharded(new_tenant_id),
            generation,
            config,
+            shard_parameters: ShardParameters::default(),
        };
        if !settings.is_empty() {
            bail!("Unrecognized tenant settings: {settings:?}")
@@ -471,31 +490,39 @@ impl PageServerNode {

    pub async fn location_config(
        &self,
-        tenant_id: TenantId,
+        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
        config: LocationConfig,
        flush_ms: Option<Duration>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        Ok(self
            .http_client
-            .location_config(tenant_id, config, flush_ms)
+            .location_config(tenant_shard_id, config, flush_ms)
            .await?)
    }

-    pub async fn timeline_list(&self, tenant_id: &TenantId) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<TimelineInfo>> {
-        Ok(self.http_client.list_timelines(*tenant_id).await?)
+    pub async fn timeline_list(
+        &self,
+        tenant_shard_id: &TenantShardId,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<TimelineInfo>> {
+        Ok(self.http_client.list_timelines(*tenant_shard_id).await?)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn tenant_secondary_download(&self, tenant_id: &TenantShardId) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        Ok(self
+            .http_client
+            .tenant_secondary_download(*tenant_id)
+            .await?)
    }

    pub async fn timeline_create(
        &self,
-        tenant_id: TenantId,
-        new_timeline_id: Option<TimelineId>,
+        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+        new_timeline_id: TimelineId,
        ancestor_start_lsn: Option<Lsn>,
        ancestor_timeline_id: Option<TimelineId>,
        pg_version: Option<u32>,
        existing_initdb_timeline_id: Option<TimelineId>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<TimelineInfo> {
-        // If timeline ID was not specified, generate one
-        let new_timeline_id = new_timeline_id.unwrap_or(TimelineId::generate());
        let req = models::TimelineCreateRequest {
            new_timeline_id,
            ancestor_start_lsn,
@@ -503,7 +530,10 @@ impl PageServerNode {
            pg_version,
            existing_initdb_timeline_id,
        };
-        Ok(self.http_client.timeline_create(tenant_id, &req).await?)
+        Ok(self
+            .http_client
+            .timeline_create(tenant_shard_id, &req)
+            .await?)
    }

    /// Import a basebackup prepared using either:
@@ -581,4 +611,14 @@ impl PageServerNode {

        Ok(())
    }
+
+    pub async fn tenant_synthetic_size(
+        &self,
+        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<TenantHistorySize> {
+        Ok(self
+            .http_client
+            .tenant_synthetic_size(tenant_shard_id)
+            .await?)
+    }
 }
--- a/control_plane/src/tenant_migration.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/tenant_migration.rs
@@ -1,205 +0,0 @@
-//!
-//! Functionality for migrating tenants across pageservers: unlike most of neon_local, this code
-//! isn't scoped to a particular physical service, as it needs to update compute endpoints to
-//! point to the new pageserver.
-//!
-use crate::local_env::LocalEnv;
-use crate::{
-    attachment_service::AttachmentService, endpoint::ComputeControlPlane,
-    pageserver::PageServerNode,
-};
-use pageserver_api::models::{
-    LocationConfig, LocationConfigMode, LocationConfigSecondary, TenantConfig,
-};
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::time::Duration;
-use utils::{
-    id::{TenantId, TimelineId},
-    lsn::Lsn,
-};
-
-/// Given an attached pageserver, retrieve the LSN for all timelines
-async fn get_lsns(
-    tenant_id: TenantId,
-    pageserver: &PageServerNode,
-) -> anyhow::Result<HashMap<TimelineId, Lsn>> {
-    let timelines = pageserver.timeline_list(&tenant_id).await?;
-    Ok(timelines
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|t| (t.timeline_id, t.last_record_lsn))
-        .collect())
-}
-
-/// Wait for the timeline LSNs on `pageserver` to catch up with or overtake
-/// `baseline`.
-async fn await_lsn(
-    tenant_id: TenantId,
-    pageserver: &PageServerNode,
-    baseline: HashMap<TimelineId, Lsn>,
-) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    loop {
-        let latest = match get_lsns(tenant_id, pageserver).await {
-            Ok(l) => l,
-            Err(e) => {
-                println!(
-                    "🕑 Can't get LSNs on pageserver {} yet, waiting ({e})",
-                    pageserver.conf.id
-                );
-                std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500));
-                continue;
-            }
-        };
-
-        let mut any_behind: bool = false;
-        for (timeline_id, baseline_lsn) in &baseline {
-            match latest.get(timeline_id) {
-                Some(latest_lsn) => {
-                    println!("🕑 LSN origin {baseline_lsn} vs destination {latest_lsn}");
-                    if latest_lsn < baseline_lsn {
-                        any_behind = true;
-                    }
-                }
-                None => {
-                    // Expected timeline isn't yet visible on migration destination.
-                    // (IRL we would have to account for timeline deletion, but this
-                    //  is just test helper)
-                    any_behind = true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if !any_behind {
-            println!("✅ LSN caught up.  Proceeding...");
-            break;
-        } else {
-            std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500));
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// This function spans multiple services, to demonstrate live migration of a tenant
-/// between pageservers:
-///  - Coordinate attach/secondary/detach on pageservers
-///  - call into attachment_service for generations
-///  - reconfigure compute endpoints to point to new attached pageserver
-pub async fn migrate_tenant(
-    env: &LocalEnv,
-    tenant_id: TenantId,
-    dest_ps: PageServerNode,
-) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    // Get a new generation
-    let attachment_service = AttachmentService::from_env(env);
-
-    fn build_location_config(
-        mode: LocationConfigMode,
-        generation: Option<u32>,
-        secondary_conf: Option<LocationConfigSecondary>,
-    ) -> LocationConfig {
-        LocationConfig {
-            mode,
-            generation,
-            secondary_conf,
-            tenant_conf: TenantConfig::default(),
-            shard_number: 0,
-            shard_count: 0,
-            shard_stripe_size: 0,
-        }
-    }
-
-    let previous = attachment_service.inspect(tenant_id).await?;
-    let mut baseline_lsns = None;
-    if let Some((generation, origin_ps_id)) = &previous {
-        let origin_ps = PageServerNode::from_env(env, env.get_pageserver_conf(*origin_ps_id)?);
-
-        if origin_ps_id == &dest_ps.conf.id {
-            println!("🔁 Already attached to {origin_ps_id}, freshening...");
-            let gen = attachment_service
-                .attach_hook(tenant_id, dest_ps.conf.id)
-                .await?;
-            let dest_conf = build_location_config(LocationConfigMode::AttachedSingle, gen, None);
-            dest_ps.location_config(tenant_id, dest_conf, None).await?;
-            println!("✅ Migration complete");
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        println!("🔁 Switching origin pageserver {origin_ps_id} to stale mode");
-
-        let stale_conf =
-            build_location_config(LocationConfigMode::AttachedStale, Some(*generation), None);
-        origin_ps
-            .location_config(tenant_id, stale_conf, Some(Duration::from_secs(10)))
-            .await?;
-
-        baseline_lsns = Some(get_lsns(tenant_id, &origin_ps).await?);
-    }
-
-    let gen = attachment_service
-        .attach_hook(tenant_id, dest_ps.conf.id)
-        .await?;
-    let dest_conf = build_location_config(LocationConfigMode::AttachedMulti, gen, None);
-
-    println!("🔁 Attaching to pageserver {}", dest_ps.conf.id);
-    dest_ps.location_config(tenant_id, dest_conf, None).await?;
-
-    if let Some(baseline) = baseline_lsns {
-        println!("🕑 Waiting for LSN to catch up...");
-        await_lsn(tenant_id, &dest_ps, baseline).await?;
-    }
-
-    let cplane = ComputeControlPlane::load(env.clone())?;
-    for (endpoint_name, endpoint) in &cplane.endpoints {
-        if endpoint.tenant_id == tenant_id {
-            println!(
-                "🔁 Reconfiguring endpoint {} to use pageserver {}",
-                endpoint_name, dest_ps.conf.id
-            );
-            endpoint.reconfigure(Some(dest_ps.conf.id)).await?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    for other_ps_conf in &env.pageservers {
-        if other_ps_conf.id == dest_ps.conf.id {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        let other_ps = PageServerNode::from_env(env, other_ps_conf);
-        let other_ps_tenants = other_ps.tenant_list().await?;
-
-        // Check if this tenant is attached
-        let found = other_ps_tenants
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|t| t.id)
-            .any(|i| i.tenant_id == tenant_id);
-        if !found {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // Downgrade to a secondary location
-        let secondary_conf = build_location_config(
-            LocationConfigMode::Secondary,
-            None,
-            Some(LocationConfigSecondary { warm: true }),
-        );
-
-        println!(
-            "💤 Switching to secondary mode on pageserver {}",
-            other_ps.conf.id
-        );
-        other_ps
-            .location_config(tenant_id, secondary_conf, None)
-            .await?;
-    }
-
-    println!(
-        "🔁 Switching to AttachedSingle mode on pageserver {}",
-        dest_ps.conf.id
-    );
-    let dest_conf = build_location_config(LocationConfigMode::AttachedSingle, gen, None);
-    dest_ps.location_config(tenant_id, dest_conf, None).await?;
-
-    println!("✅ Migration complete");
-
-    Ok(())
-}
--- a/deny.toml
+++ b/deny.toml
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ allow = [
    "Artistic-2.0",
    "BSD-2-Clause",
    "BSD-3-Clause",
+    "CC0-1.0",
    "ISC",
    "MIT",
    "MPL-2.0",
--- a/docs/rfcs/030-vectored-timeline-get.md
+++ b/docs/rfcs/030-vectored-timeline-get.md
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+# Vectored Timeline Get
+
+Created on: 2024-01-02
+Author: Christian Schwarz
+
+# Summary
+
+A brief RFC / GitHub Epic describing a vectored version of the `Timeline::get` method that is at the heart of Pageserver.
+
+# Motivation
+
+During basebackup, we issue many `Timeline::get` calls for SLRU pages that are *adjacent* in key space.
+For an example, see
+https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/5c88213eaf1b1e29c610a078d0b380f69ed49a7e/pageserver/src/basebackup.rs#L281-L302.
+
+Each of these `Timeline::get` calls must traverse the layer map to gather reconstruct data (`Timeline::get_reconstruct_data`) for the requested page number (`blknum` in the example).
+For each layer visited by layer map traversal, we do a `DiskBtree` point lookup.
+If it's negative (no entry), we resume layer map traversal.
+If it's positive, we collect the result in our reconstruct data bag.
+If the reconstruct data bag contents suffice to reconstruct the page, we're done with `get_reconstruct_data` and move on to walredo.
+Otherwise, we resume layer map traversal.
+
+Doing this many `Timeline::get` calls is quite inefficient because:
+
+1. We do the layer map traversal repeatedly, even if, e.g., all the data sits in the same image layer at the bottom of the stack.
+2. We may visit many DiskBtree inner pages multiple times for point lookup of different keys.
+   This is likely particularly bad for L0s which span the whole key space and hence must be visited by layer map traversal, but
+   may not contain the data we're looking for.
+3. Anecdotally, keys adjacent in keyspace and written simultaneously also end up physically adjacent in the layer files [^1].
+   So, to provide the reconstruct data for N adjacent keys, we would actually only _need_ to issue a single large read to the filesystem, instead of the N reads we currently do.
+   The filesystem, in turn, ideally stores the layer file physically contiguously, so our large read will turn into one IOP toward the disk.
+
+[^1]: https://www.notion.so/neondatabase/Christian-Investigation-Slow-Basebackups-Early-2023-12-34ea5c7dcdc1485d9ac3731da4d2a6fc?pvs=4#15ee4e143392461fa64590679c8f54c9
+
+# Solution
+
+We should have a vectored aka batched aka scatter-gather style alternative API for `Timeline::get`. Having such an API  unlocks:
+
+* more efficient basebackup
+* batched IO during compaction (useful for strides of unchanged pages)
+* page_service: expose vectored get_page_at_lsn for compute (=> good for seqscan / prefetch)
+  * if [on-demand SLRU downloads](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/pull/6151) land before vectored Timeline::get, on-demand SLRU downloads will still benefit from this API
+
+# DoD
+
+There is a new variant of `Timeline::get`, called `Timeline::get_vectored`.
+It takes as arguments an `lsn: Lsn` and a `src: &[KeyVec]` where `struct KeyVec { base: Key, count: usize }`.
+
+It is up to the implementor to figure out a suitable and efficient way to return the reconstructed page images.
+It is sufficient to simply return a `Vec<Bytes>`, but, likely more efficient solutions can be found after studying all the callers of `Timeline::get`.
+
+Functionally, the behavior of `Timeline::get_vectored` is equivalent to
+
+```rust
+let mut keys_iter: impl Iterator<Item=Key>
+  = src.map(|KeyVec{ base, count }| (base..base+count)).flatten();
+let mut out = Vec::new();
+for key in keys_iter {
+    let data = Timeline::get(key, lsn)?;
+    out.push(data);
+}
+return out;
+```
+
+However, unlike above, an ideal solution will
+
+* Visit each `struct Layer` at most once.
+* For each visited layer, call `Layer::get_value_reconstruct_data` at most once.
+  * This means, read each `DiskBtree` page at most once.
+* Facilitate merging of the reads we issue to the OS and eventually NVMe.
+
+Each of these items above represents a signficant amount of work.
+
+## Performance
+
+Ideally, the **base performance** of a vectored get of a single page should be identical to the current `Timeline::get`.
+A reasonable constant overhead over current `Timeline::get` is acceptable.
+
+The performance improvement for the vectored use case is demonstrated in some way, e.g., using the `pagebench` basebackup benchmark against a tenant with a lot of SLRU segments.
+
+# Implementation
+
+High-level set of tasks / changes to be made:
+
+- **Get clarity on API**:
+  - Define naive `Timeline::get_vectored` implementation & adopt it across pageserver.
+  - The tricky thing here will be the return type (e.g. `Vec<Bytes>` vs `impl Stream`).
+  - Start with something simple to explore the different usages of the API.
+    Then iterate with peers until we have something that is good enough.
+- **Vectored Layer Map traversal**
+  - Vectored `LayerMap::search` (take 1 LSN and N `Key`s instead of just 1 LSN and 1 `Key`)
+  - Refactor `Timeline::get_reconstruct_data` to hold & return state for N `Key`s instead of 1
+    - The slightly tricky part here is what to do about `cont_lsn` [after we've found some reconstruct data for some keys](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/d066dad84b076daf3781cdf9a692098889d3974e/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline.rs#L2378-L2385)
+      but need more.
+      Likely we'll need to keep track of `cont_lsn` per key and continue next iteration at `max(cont_lsn)` of all keys that still need data.
+- **Vectored `Layer::get_value_reconstruct_data` / `DiskBtree`**
+  - Current code calls it [here](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/d066dad84b076daf3781cdf9a692098889d3974e/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline.rs#L2378-L2384).
+  - Delta layers use `DiskBtreeReader::visit()` to collect the `(offset,len)` pairs for delta record blobs to load.
+  - Image layers use `DiskBtreeReader::get` to get the offset of the image blob to load. Underneath, that's just a `::visit()` call.
+  - What needs to happen to `DiskBtree::visit()`?
+    * Minimally
+      * take a single `KeyVec` instead of a single `Key` as argument, i.e., take a single contiguous key range to visit.
+      * Change the visit code to to invoke the callback for all values in the `KeyVec`'s key range
+      * This should be good enough for what we've seen when investigating basebackup slowness, because there, the key ranges are contiguous.
+    * Ideally:
+      * Take a `&[KeyVec]`, sort it;
+      * during Btree traversal, peek at the next `KeyVec` range to determine whether we need to descend or back out.
+      * NB: this should be a straight-forward extension of the minimal solution above, as we'll already be checking for "is there more key range in the requested `KeyVec`".
+- **Facilitate merging of the reads we issue to the OS and eventually NVMe.**
+  - The `DiskBtree::visit` produces a set of offsets which we then read from a `VirtualFile` [here](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/292281c9dfb24152b728b1a846cc45105dac7fe0/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer/delta_layer.rs#L772-L804)
+    - [Delta layer reads](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/292281c9dfb24152b728b1a846cc45105dac7fe0/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer/delta_layer.rs#L772-L804)
+      - We hit (and rely) on `PageCache` and `VirtualFile here (not great under pressure)
+    - [Image layer reads](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/292281c9dfb24152b728b1a846cc45105dac7fe0/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer/image_layer.rs#L429-L435)
+  - What needs to happen is the **vectorization of the `blob_io` interface and then the `VirtualFile` API**.
+  - That is tricky because
+    - the `VirtualFile` API, which sits underneath `blob_io`, is being touched by ongoing [io_uring work](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/pull/5824)
+    - there's the question how IO buffers will be managed; currently this area relies heavily on `PageCache`, but there's controversy around the future of `PageCache`.
+      - The guiding principle here should be to avoid coupling this work to the `PageCache`.
+      - I.e., treat `PageCache` as an extra hop in the I/O chain, rather than as an integral part of buffer management.
+
+
+Let's see how we can improve by doing the first three items in above list first, then revisit.
+
+## Rollout / Feature Flags
+
+No feature flags are required for this epic.
+
+At the end of this epic, `Timeline::get` forwards to `Timeline::get_vectored`, i.e., it's an all-or-nothing type of change.
+
+It is encouraged to deliver this feature incrementally, i.e., do many small PRs over multiple weeks.
+That will help isolate performance regressions across weekly releases.
+
+# Interaction With Sharding
+
+[Sharding](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/pull/5432) splits up the key space, see functions `is_key_local` / `key_to_shard_number`.
+
+Just as with `Timeline::get`, callers of `Timeline::get_vectored` are responsible for ensuring that they only ask for blocks of the given `struct Timeline`'s shard.
+
+Given that this is already the case, there shouldn't be significant interaction/interference with sharding.
+
+However, let's have a safety check for this constraint (error or assertion) because there are currently few affordances at the higher layers of Pageserver for sharding<=>keyspace interaction.
+For example, `KeySpace` is not broken up by shard stripe, so if someone naively converted the compaction code to issue a vectored get for a keyspace range it would violate this constraint.
--- a/docs/sourcetree.md
+++ b/docs/sourcetree.md
@@ -129,13 +129,13 @@ Run `poetry shell` to activate the virtual environment.
 Alternatively, use `poetry run` to run a single command in the venv, e.g. `poetry run pytest`.

 ### Obligatory checks
-We force code formatting via `black`, `ruff`, and type hints via `mypy`.
+We force code formatting via `ruff`, and type hints via `mypy`.
 Run the following commands in the repository's root (next to `pyproject.toml`):

 ```bash
-poetry run black .  # All code is reformatted
-poetry run ruff .  # Python linter
-poetry run mypy .  # Ensure there are no typing errors
+poetry run ruff format . # All code is reformatted
+poetry run ruff check .  # Python linter
+poetry run mypy .        # Ensure there are no typing errors
 ```

 **WARNING**: do not run `mypy` from a directory other than the root of the repository.
--- a/libs/compute_api/src/spec.rs
+++ b/libs/compute_api/src/spec.rs
@@ -73,6 +73,12 @@ pub struct ComputeSpec {

    // information about available remote extensions
    pub remote_extensions: Option<RemoteExtSpec>,
+
+    pub pgbouncer_settings: Option<HashMap<String, String>>,
+
+    // Stripe size for pageserver sharding, in pages
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub shard_stripe_size: Option<usize>,
 }

 /// Feature flag to signal `compute_ctl` to enable certain experimental functionality.
@@ -80,10 +86,13 @@ pub struct ComputeSpec {
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
 pub enum ComputeFeature {
    // XXX: Add more feature flags here.
+    /// Enable the experimental activity monitor logic, which uses `pg_stat_database` to
+    /// track short-lived connections as user activity.
+    ActivityMonitorExperimental,

-    // This is a special feature flag that is used to represent unknown feature flags.
-    // Basically all unknown to enum flags are represented as this one. See unit test
-    // `parse_unknown_features()` for more details.
+    /// This is a special feature flag that is used to represent unknown feature flags.
+    /// Basically all unknown to enum flags are represented as this one. See unit test
+    /// `parse_unknown_features()` for more details.
    #[serde(other)]
    UnknownFeature,
 }
@@ -280,4 +289,23 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(spec.features.contains(&ComputeFeature::UnknownFeature));
        assert_eq!(spec.features, vec![ComputeFeature::UnknownFeature; 2]);
    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_known_features() {
+        // Test that we can properly parse known feature flags.
+        let file = File::open("tests/cluster_spec.json").unwrap();
+        let mut json: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_reader(file).unwrap();
+        let ob = json.as_object_mut().unwrap();
+
+        // Add known feature flags.
+        let features = vec!["activity_monitor_experimental"];
+        ob.insert("features".into(), features.into());
+
+        let spec: ComputeSpec = serde_json::from_value(json).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            spec.features,
+            vec![ComputeFeature::ActivityMonitorExperimental]
+        );
+    }
 }
--- a/libs/compute_api/tests/cluster_spec.json
+++ b/libs/compute_api/tests/cluster_spec.json
@@ -243,5 +243,9 @@
        "public_extensions": [
          "postgis"
        ]
+      },
+      "pgbouncer_settings": {
+        "default_pool_size": "42",
+        "pool_mode": "session"
      }
 }
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/Cargo.toml
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/Cargo.toml
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ strum.workspace = true
 strum_macros.workspace = true
 hex.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
+humantime-serde.workspace = true

 workspace_hack.workspace = true

--- a/libs/pageserver_api/src/key.rs
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/src/key.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ use byteorder::{ByteOrder, BE};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::fmt;

+use crate::reltag::{BlockNumber, RelTag};
+
 /// Key used in the Repository kv-store.
 ///
 /// The Repository treats this as an opaque struct, but see the code in pgdatadir_mapping.rs
@@ -141,8 +143,25 @@ impl Key {
    }
 }

+#[inline(always)]
 pub fn is_rel_block_key(key: &Key) -> bool {
-    key.field1 == 0x00 && key.field4 != 0
+    key.field1 == 0x00 && key.field4 != 0 && key.field6 != 0xffffffff
+}
+
+/// Guaranteed to return `Ok()` if [[is_rel_block_key]] returns `true` for `key`.
+pub fn key_to_rel_block(key: Key) -> anyhow::Result<(RelTag, BlockNumber)> {
+    Ok(match key.field1 {
+        0x00 => (
+            RelTag {
+                spcnode: key.field2,
+                dbnode: key.field3,
+                relnode: key.field4,
+                forknum: key.field5,
+            },
+            key.field6,
+        ),
+        _ => anyhow::bail!("unexpected value kind 0x{:02x}", key.field1),
+    })
 }

 impl std::str::FromStr for Key {
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/src/keyspace.rs
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/src/keyspace.rs
@@ -114,16 +114,21 @@ impl KeySpaceAccum {
        }
    }

+    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn add_key(&mut self, key: Key) {
        self.add_range(singleton_range(key))
    }

+    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn add_range(&mut self, range: Range<Key>) {
        match self.accum.as_mut() {
            Some(accum) => {
                if range.start == accum.end {
                    accum.end = range.end;
                } else {
+                    // TODO: to efficiently support small sharding stripe sizes, we should avoid starting
+                    // a new range here if the skipped region was all keys that don't belong on this shard.
+                    // (https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/issues/6247)
                    assert!(range.start > accum.end);
                    self.ranges.push(accum.clone());
                    *accum = range;
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/src/models.rs
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/src/models.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ pub mod partitioning;

 use std::{
    collections::HashMap,
-    io::Read,
+    io::{BufRead, Read},
    num::{NonZeroU64, NonZeroUsize},
-    time::SystemTime,
+    time::{Duration, SystemTime},
 };

 use byteorder::{BigEndian, ReadBytesExt};
@@ -18,7 +18,10 @@ use utils::{
    lsn::Lsn,
 };

-use crate::{reltag::RelTag, shard::TenantShardId};
+use crate::{
+    reltag::RelTag,
+    shard::{ShardCount, ShardStripeSize, TenantShardId},
+};
 use anyhow::bail;
 use bytes::{Buf, BufMut, Bytes, BytesMut};

@@ -188,6 +191,31 @@ pub struct TimelineCreateRequest {
    pub pg_version: Option<u32>,
 }

+/// Parameters that apply to all shards in a tenant.  Used during tenant creation.
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct ShardParameters {
+    pub count: ShardCount,
+    pub stripe_size: ShardStripeSize,
+}
+
+impl ShardParameters {
+    pub const DEFAULT_STRIPE_SIZE: ShardStripeSize = ShardStripeSize(256 * 1024 / 8);
+
+    pub fn is_unsharded(&self) -> bool {
+        self.count == ShardCount(0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for ShardParameters {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            count: ShardCount(0),
+            stripe_size: Self::DEFAULT_STRIPE_SIZE,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
 #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
 pub struct TenantCreateRequest {
@@ -195,6 +223,12 @@ pub struct TenantCreateRequest {
    #[serde(default)]
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub generation: Option<u32>,
+
+    // If omitted, create a single shard with TenantShardId::unsharded()
+    #[serde(default)]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "ShardParameters::is_unsharded")]
+    pub shard_parameters: ShardParameters,
+
    #[serde(flatten)]
    pub config: TenantConfig, // as we have a flattened field, we should reject all unknown fields in it
 }
@@ -217,7 +251,7 @@ impl std::ops::Deref for TenantCreateRequest {

 /// An alternative representation of `pageserver::tenant::TenantConf` with
 /// simpler types.
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct TenantConfig {
    pub checkpoint_distance: Option<u64>,
    pub checkpoint_timeout: Option<String>,
@@ -232,21 +266,41 @@ pub struct TenantConfig {
    pub lagging_wal_timeout: Option<String>,
    pub max_lsn_wal_lag: Option<NonZeroU64>,
    pub trace_read_requests: Option<bool>,
-    // We defer the parsing of the eviction_policy field to the request handler.
-    // Otherwise we'd have to move the types for eviction policy into this package.
-    // We might do that once the eviction feature has stabilizied.
-    // For now, this field is not even documented in the openapi_spec.yml.
-    pub eviction_policy: Option<serde_json::Value>,
+    pub eviction_policy: Option<EvictionPolicy>,
    pub min_resident_size_override: Option<u64>,
    pub evictions_low_residence_duration_metric_threshold: Option<String>,
    pub gc_feedback: Option<bool>,
    pub heatmap_period: Option<String>,
 }

+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind")]
+pub enum EvictionPolicy {
+    NoEviction,
+    LayerAccessThreshold(EvictionPolicyLayerAccessThreshold),
+}
+
+impl EvictionPolicy {
+    pub fn discriminant_str(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            EvictionPolicy::NoEviction => "NoEviction",
+            EvictionPolicy::LayerAccessThreshold(_) => "LayerAccessThreshold",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct EvictionPolicyLayerAccessThreshold {
+    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
+    pub period: Duration,
+    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
+    pub threshold: Duration,
+}
+
 /// A flattened analog of a `pagesever::tenant::LocationMode`, which
 /// lists out all possible states (and the virtual "Detached" state)
 /// in a flat form rather than using rust-style enums.
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub enum LocationConfigMode {
    AttachedSingle,
    AttachedMulti,
@@ -255,19 +309,21 @@ pub enum LocationConfigMode {
    Detached,
 }

-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct LocationConfigSecondary {
    pub warm: bool,
 }

 /// An alternative representation of `pageserver::tenant::LocationConf`,
 /// for use in external-facing APIs.
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct LocationConfig {
    pub mode: LocationConfigMode,
    /// If attaching, in what generation?
    #[serde(default)]
    pub generation: Option<u32>,
+
+    // If requesting mode `Secondary`, configuration for that.
    #[serde(default)]
    pub secondary_conf: Option<LocationConfigSecondary>,

@@ -280,11 +336,17 @@ pub struct LocationConfig {
    #[serde(default)]
    pub shard_stripe_size: u32,

-    // If requesting mode `Secondary`, configuration for that.
-    // Custom storage configuration for the tenant, if any
+    // This configuration only affects attached mode, but should be provided irrespective
+    // of the mode, as a secondary location might transition on startup if the response
+    // to the `/re-attach` control plane API requests it.
    pub tenant_conf: TenantConfig,
 }

+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct LocationConfigListResponse {
+    pub tenant_shards: Vec<(TenantShardId, Option<LocationConfig>)>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(transparent)]
 pub struct TenantCreateResponse(pub TenantId);
@@ -297,7 +359,7 @@ pub struct StatusResponse {
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
 #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
 pub struct TenantLocationConfigRequest {
-    pub tenant_id: TenantId,
+    pub tenant_id: TenantShardId,
    #[serde(flatten)]
    pub config: LocationConfig, // as we have a flattened field, we should reject all unknown fields in it
 }
@@ -368,6 +430,8 @@ pub struct TenantInfo {
    /// If a layer is present in both local FS and S3, it counts only once.
    pub current_physical_size: Option<u64>, // physical size is only included in `tenant_status` endpoint
    pub attachment_status: TenantAttachmentStatus,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub generation: Option<u32>,
 }

 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
@@ -557,19 +621,6 @@ pub enum DownloadRemoteLayersTaskState {
    ShutDown,
 }

-pub type ConfigureFailpointsRequest = Vec<FailpointConfig>;
-
-/// Information for configuring a single fail point
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct FailpointConfig {
-    /// Name of the fail point
-    pub name: String,
-    /// List of actions to take, using the format described in `fail::cfg`
-    ///
-    /// We also support `actions = "exit"` to cause the fail point to immediately exit.
-    pub actions: String,
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct TimelineGcRequest {
    pub gc_horizon: Option<u64>,
@@ -671,6 +722,17 @@ pub struct PagestreamDbSizeResponse {
    pub db_size: i64,
 }

+// This is a cut-down version of TenantHistorySize from the pageserver crate, omitting fields
+// that require pageserver-internal types.  It is sufficient to get the total size.
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
+pub struct TenantHistorySize {
+    pub id: TenantId,
+    /// Size is a mixture of WAL and logical size, so the unit is bytes.
+    ///
+    /// Will be none if `?inputs_only=true` was given.
+    pub size: Option<u64>,
+}
+
 impl PagestreamFeMessage {
    pub fn serialize(&self) -> Bytes {
        let mut bytes = BytesMut::new();
@@ -826,9 +888,10 @@ impl PagestreamBeMessage {
                    PagestreamBeMessage::GetPage(PagestreamGetPageResponse { page: page.into() })
                }
                Tag::Error => {
-                    let buf = buf.get_ref();
-                    let cstr = std::ffi::CStr::from_bytes_until_nul(buf)?;
-                    let rust_str = cstr.to_str()?;
+                    let mut msg = Vec::new();
+                    buf.read_until(0, &mut msg)?;
+                    let cstring = std::ffi::CString::from_vec_with_nul(msg)?;
+                    let rust_str = cstring.to_str()?;
                    PagestreamBeMessage::Error(PagestreamErrorResponse {
                        message: rust_str.to_owned(),
                    })
@@ -922,6 +985,7 @@ mod tests {
            state: TenantState::Active,
            current_physical_size: Some(42),
            attachment_status: TenantAttachmentStatus::Attached,
+            generation: None,
        };
        let expected_active = json!({
            "id": original_active.id.to_string(),
@@ -942,6 +1006,7 @@ mod tests {
            },
            current_physical_size: Some(42),
            attachment_status: TenantAttachmentStatus::Attached,
+            generation: None,
        };
        let expected_broken = json!({
            "id": original_broken.id.to_string(),
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/src/reltag.rs
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/src/reltag.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ pub struct RelTag {
    pub relnode: Oid,
 }

+/// Block number within a relation or SLRU. This matches PostgreSQL's BlockNumber type.
+pub type BlockNumber = u32;
+
 impl PartialOrd for RelTag {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
        Some(self.cmp(other))
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/src/shard.rs
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/src/shard.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use std::{ops::RangeInclusive, str::FromStr};

-use crate::key::{is_rel_block_key, Key};
+use crate::{
+    key::{is_rel_block_key, Key},
+    models::ShardParameters,
+};
 use hex::FromHex;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use thiserror;
@@ -81,6 +84,16 @@ impl TenantShardId {
    pub fn is_zero(&self) -> bool {
        self.shard_number == ShardNumber(0)
    }
+
+    pub fn is_unsharded(&self) -> bool {
+        self.shard_number == ShardNumber(0) && self.shard_count == ShardCount(0)
+    }
+    pub fn to_index(&self) -> ShardIndex {
+        ShardIndex {
+            shard_number: self.shard_number,
+            shard_count: self.shard_count,
+        }
+    }
 }

 /// Formatting helper
@@ -159,7 +172,7 @@ impl From<[u8; 18]> for TenantShardId {
 /// shard we're dealing with, but do not need to know the full ShardIdentity (because
 /// we won't be doing any page->shard mapping), and do not need to know the fully qualified
 /// TenantShardId.
-#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Copy)]
+#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Copy, Hash)]
 pub struct ShardIndex {
    pub shard_number: ShardNumber,
    pub shard_count: ShardCount,
@@ -329,7 +342,7 @@ const DEFAULT_STRIPE_SIZE: ShardStripeSize = ShardStripeSize(256 * 1024 / 8);
 pub struct ShardIdentity {
    pub number: ShardNumber,
    pub count: ShardCount,
-    stripe_size: ShardStripeSize,
+    pub stripe_size: ShardStripeSize,
    layout: ShardLayout,
 }

@@ -399,6 +412,17 @@ impl ShardIdentity {
        }
    }

+    /// For use when creating ShardIdentity instances for new shards, where a creation request
+    /// specifies the ShardParameters that apply to all shards.
+    pub fn from_params(number: ShardNumber, params: &ShardParameters) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            number,
+            count: params.count,
+            layout: LAYOUT_V1,
+            stripe_size: params.stripe_size,
+        }
+    }
+
    fn is_broken(&self) -> bool {
        self.layout == LAYOUT_BROKEN
    }
@@ -418,6 +442,21 @@ impl ShardIdentity {
        }
    }

+    /// Return true if the key should be discarded if found in this shard's
+    /// data store, e.g. during compaction after a split
+    pub fn is_key_disposable(&self, key: &Key) -> bool {
+        if key_is_shard0(key) {
+            // Q: Why can't we dispose of shard0 content if we're not shard 0?
+            // A: because the WAL ingestion logic currently ingests some shard 0
+            //    content on all shards, even though it's only read on shard 0.  If we
+            //    dropped it, then subsequent WAL ingest to these keys would encounter
+            //    an error.
+            false
+        } else {
+            !self.is_key_local(key)
+        }
+    }
+
    pub fn shard_slug(&self) -> String {
        if self.count > ShardCount(0) {
            format!("-{:02x}{:02x}", self.number.0, self.count.0)
@@ -511,12 +550,7 @@ fn key_is_shard0(key: &Key) -> bool {
    // relation pages are distributed to shards other than shard zero. Everything else gets
    // stored on shard 0.  This guarantees that shard 0 can independently serve basebackup
    // requests, and any request other than those for particular blocks in relations.
-    //
-    // In this condition:
-    // - is_rel_block_key includes only relations, i.e. excludes SLRU data and
-    // all metadata.
-    // - field6 is set to -1 for relation size pages.
-    !(is_rel_block_key(key) && key.field6 != 0xffffffff)
+    !is_rel_block_key(key)
 }

 /// Provide the same result as the function in postgres `hashfn.h` with the same name
--- a/libs/postgres_backend/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/postgres_backend/src/lib.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,12 @@ pub enum QueryError {
    /// We were instructed to shutdown while processing the query
    #[error("Shutting down")]
    Shutdown,
+    /// Query handler indicated that client should reconnect
+    #[error("Server requested reconnect")]
+    Reconnect,
+    /// Query named an entity that was not found
+    #[error("Not found: {0}")]
+    NotFound(std::borrow::Cow<'static, str>),
    /// Authentication failure
    #[error("Unauthorized: {0}")]
    Unauthorized(std::borrow::Cow<'static, str>),
@@ -54,9 +60,9 @@ impl From<io::Error> for QueryError {
 impl QueryError {
    pub fn pg_error_code(&self) -> &'static [u8; 5] {
        match self {
-            Self::Disconnected(_) | Self::SimulatedConnectionError => b"08006", // connection failure
+            Self::Disconnected(_) | Self::SimulatedConnectionError | Self::Reconnect => b"08006", // connection failure
            Self::Shutdown => SQLSTATE_ADMIN_SHUTDOWN,
-            Self::Unauthorized(_) => SQLSTATE_INTERNAL_ERROR,
+            Self::Unauthorized(_) | Self::NotFound(_) => SQLSTATE_INTERNAL_ERROR,
            Self::Other(_) => SQLSTATE_INTERNAL_ERROR, // internal error
        }
    }
@@ -425,6 +431,11 @@ impl<IO: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> PostgresBackend<IO> {
                info!("Stopped due to shutdown");
                Ok(())
            }
+            Err(QueryError::Reconnect) => {
+                // Dropping out of this loop implicitly disconnects
+                info!("Stopped due to handler reconnect request");
+                Ok(())
+            }
            Err(QueryError::Disconnected(e)) => {
                info!("Disconnected ({e:#})");
                // Disconnection is not an error: we just use it that way internally to drop
@@ -974,7 +985,9 @@ impl<'a, IO: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> AsyncWrite for CopyDataWriter<'a, I
 pub fn short_error(e: &QueryError) -> String {
    match e {
        QueryError::Disconnected(connection_error) => connection_error.to_string(),
+        QueryError::Reconnect => "reconnect".to_string(),
        QueryError::Shutdown => "shutdown".to_string(),
+        QueryError::NotFound(_) => "not found".to_string(),
        QueryError::Unauthorized(_e) => "JWT authentication error".to_string(),
        QueryError::SimulatedConnectionError => "simulated connection error".to_string(),
        QueryError::Other(e) => format!("{e:#}"),
@@ -996,9 +1009,15 @@ fn log_query_error(query: &str, e: &QueryError) {
        QueryError::SimulatedConnectionError => {
            error!("query handler for query '{query}' failed due to a simulated connection error")
        }
+        QueryError::Reconnect => {
+            info!("query handler for '{query}' requested client to reconnect")
+        }
        QueryError::Shutdown => {
            info!("query handler for '{query}' cancelled during tenant shutdown")
        }
+        QueryError::NotFound(reason) => {
+            info!("query handler for '{query}' entity not found: {reason}")
+        }
        QueryError::Unauthorized(e) => {
            warn!("query handler for '{query}' failed with authentication error: {e}");
        }
--- a/libs/postgres_ffi/src/xlog_utils.rs
+++ b/libs/postgres_ffi/src/xlog_utils.rs
@@ -329,8 +329,8 @@ impl CheckPoint {
    ///
    /// Returns 'true' if the XID was updated.
    pub fn update_next_xid(&mut self, xid: u32) -> bool {
-        // nextXid should nw greater than any XID in WAL, so increment provided XID and check for wraparround.
-        let mut new_xid = std::cmp::max(xid + 1, pg_constants::FIRST_NORMAL_TRANSACTION_ID);
+        // nextXid should be greater than any XID in WAL, so increment provided XID and check for wraparround.
+        let mut new_xid = std::cmp::max(xid.wrapping_add(1), pg_constants::FIRST_NORMAL_TRANSACTION_ID);
        // To reduce number of metadata checkpoints, we forward align XID on XID_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL.
        // XID_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL should not be larger than BLCKSZ*CLOG_XACTS_PER_BYTE
        new_xid =
--- a/libs/remote_storage/src/azure_blob.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/src/azure_blob.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::env;
 use std::num::NonZeroU32;
 use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;

 use super::REMOTE_STORAGE_PREFIX_SEPARATOR;
 use anyhow::Result;
@@ -13,12 +15,14 @@ use azure_core::request_options::{MaxResults, Metadata, Range};
 use azure_core::RetryOptions;
 use azure_identity::DefaultAzureCredential;
 use azure_storage::StorageCredentials;
+use azure_storage_blobs::blob::CopyStatus;
 use azure_storage_blobs::prelude::ClientBuilder;
 use azure_storage_blobs::{blob::operations::GetBlobBuilder, prelude::ContainerClient};
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use futures::stream::Stream;
 use futures_util::StreamExt;
-use http_types::StatusCode;
+use http_types::{StatusCode, Url};
+use tokio::time::Instant;
 use tracing::debug;

 use crate::s3_bucket::RequestKind;
@@ -117,6 +121,8 @@ impl AzureBlobStorage {
    ) -> Result<Download, DownloadError> {
        let mut response = builder.into_stream();

+        let mut etag = None;
+        let mut last_modified = None;
        let mut metadata = HashMap::new();
        // TODO give proper streaming response instead of buffering into RAM
        // https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/issues/5563
@@ -124,6 +130,13 @@ impl AzureBlobStorage {
        let mut bufs = Vec::new();
        while let Some(part) = response.next().await {
            let part = part.map_err(to_download_error)?;
+            let etag_str: &str = part.blob.properties.etag.as_ref();
+            if etag.is_none() {
+                etag = Some(etag.unwrap_or_else(|| etag_str.to_owned()));
+            }
+            if last_modified.is_none() {
+                last_modified = Some(part.blob.properties.last_modified.into());
+            }
            if let Some(blob_meta) = part.blob.metadata {
                metadata.extend(blob_meta.iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.to_owned(), v.to_owned())));
            }
@@ -136,6 +149,8 @@ impl AzureBlobStorage {
        }
        Ok(Download {
            download_stream: Box::pin(futures::stream::iter(bufs.into_iter().map(Ok))),
+            etag,
+            last_modified,
            metadata: Some(StorageMetadata(metadata)),
        })
    }
@@ -311,6 +326,51 @@ impl RemoteStorage for AzureBlobStorage {
        }
        Ok(())
    }
+
+    async fn copy(&self, from: &RemotePath, to: &RemotePath) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let _permit = self.permit(RequestKind::Copy).await;
+        let blob_client = self.client.blob_client(self.relative_path_to_name(to));
+
+        let source_url = format!(
+            "{}/{}",
+            self.client.url()?,
+            self.relative_path_to_name(from)
+        );
+        let builder = blob_client.copy(Url::from_str(&source_url)?);
+
+        let result = builder.into_future().await?;
+
+        let mut copy_status = result.copy_status;
+        let start_time = Instant::now();
+        const MAX_WAIT_TIME: Duration = Duration::from_secs(60);
+        loop {
+            match copy_status {
+                CopyStatus::Aborted => {
+                    anyhow::bail!("Received abort for copy from {from} to {to}.");
+                }
+                CopyStatus::Failed => {
+                    anyhow::bail!("Received failure response for copy from {from} to {to}.");
+                }
+                CopyStatus::Success => return Ok(()),
+                CopyStatus::Pending => (),
+            }
+            // The copy is taking longer. Waiting a second and then re-trying.
+            // TODO estimate time based on copy_progress and adjust time based on that
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(1000)).await;
+            let properties = blob_client.get_properties().into_future().await?;
+            let Some(status) = properties.blob.properties.copy_status else {
+                tracing::warn!("copy_status for copy is None!, from={from}, to={to}");
+                return Ok(());
+            };
+            if start_time.elapsed() > MAX_WAIT_TIME {
+                anyhow::bail!("Copy from from {from} to {to} took longer than limit MAX_WAIT_TIME={}s. copy_pogress={:?}.",
+                    MAX_WAIT_TIME.as_secs_f32(),
+                    properties.blob.properties.copy_progress,
+                );
+            }
+            copy_status = status;
+        }
+    }
 }

 pin_project_lite::pin_project! {
--- a/libs/remote_storage/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ mod local_fs;
 mod s3_bucket;
 mod simulate_failures;

-use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt::Debug, num::NonZeroUsize, pin::Pin, sync::Arc};
+use std::{
+    collections::HashMap, fmt::Debug, num::NonZeroUsize, pin::Pin, sync::Arc, time::SystemTime,
+};

 use anyhow::{bail, Context};
 use camino::{Utf8Path, Utf8PathBuf};
@@ -205,10 +207,18 @@ pub trait RemoteStorage: Send + Sync + 'static {
    async fn delete(&self, path: &RemotePath) -> anyhow::Result<()>;

    async fn delete_objects<'a>(&self, paths: &'a [RemotePath]) -> anyhow::Result<()>;
+
+    /// Copy a remote object inside a bucket from one path to another.
+    async fn copy(&self, from: &RemotePath, to: &RemotePath) -> anyhow::Result<()>;
 }

+pub type DownloadStream = Pin<Box<dyn Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>> + Unpin + Send + Sync>>;
 pub struct Download {
-    pub download_stream: Pin<Box<dyn Stream<Item = std::io::Result<Bytes>> + Unpin + Send + Sync>>,
+    pub download_stream: DownloadStream,
+    /// The last time the file was modified (`last-modified` HTTP header)
+    pub last_modified: Option<SystemTime>,
+    /// A way to identify this specific version of the resource (`etag` HTTP header)
+    pub etag: Option<String>,
    /// Extra key-value data, associated with the current remote file.
    pub metadata: Option<StorageMetadata>,
 }
@@ -367,6 +377,15 @@ impl GenericRemoteStorage {
            Self::Unreliable(s) => s.delete_objects(paths).await,
        }
    }
+
+    pub async fn copy_object(&self, from: &RemotePath, to: &RemotePath) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::LocalFs(s) => s.copy(from, to).await,
+            Self::AwsS3(s) => s.copy(from, to).await,
+            Self::AzureBlob(s) => s.copy(from, to).await,
+            Self::Unreliable(s) => s.copy(from, to).await,
+        }
+    }
 }

 impl GenericRemoteStorage {
@@ -653,6 +672,7 @@ impl ConcurrencyLimiter {
            RequestKind::Put => &self.write,
            RequestKind::List => &self.read,
            RequestKind::Delete => &self.write,
+            RequestKind::Copy => &self.write,
        }
    }

--- a/libs/remote_storage/src/local_fs.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/src/local_fs.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use tokio_util::io::ReaderStream;
 use tracing::*;
 use utils::{crashsafe::path_with_suffix_extension, fs_ext::is_directory_empty};

-use crate::{Download, DownloadError, Listing, ListingMode, RemotePath};
+use crate::{Download, DownloadError, DownloadStream, Listing, ListingMode, RemotePath};

 use super::{RemoteStorage, StorageMetadata};

@@ -331,6 +331,8 @@ impl RemoteStorage for LocalFs {
                .map_err(DownloadError::Other)?;
            Ok(Download {
                metadata,
+                last_modified: None,
+                etag: None,
                download_stream: Box::pin(source),
            })
        } else {
@@ -372,17 +374,17 @@ impl RemoteStorage for LocalFs {
                .await
                .map_err(DownloadError::Other)?;

-            Ok(match end_exclusive {
-                Some(end_exclusive) => Download {
-                    metadata,
-                    download_stream: Box::pin(ReaderStream::new(
-                        source.take(end_exclusive - start_inclusive),
-                    )),
-                },
-                None => Download {
-                    metadata,
-                    download_stream: Box::pin(ReaderStream::new(source)),
-                },
+            let download_stream: DownloadStream = match end_exclusive {
+                Some(end_exclusive) => Box::pin(ReaderStream::new(
+                    source.take(end_exclusive - start_inclusive),
+                )),
+                None => Box::pin(ReaderStream::new(source)),
+            };
+            Ok(Download {
+                metadata,
+                last_modified: None,
+                etag: None,
+                download_stream,
            })
        } else {
            Err(DownloadError::NotFound)
@@ -407,6 +409,20 @@ impl RemoteStorage for LocalFs {
        }
        Ok(())
    }
+
+    async fn copy(&self, from: &RemotePath, to: &RemotePath) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let from_path = from.with_base(&self.storage_root);
+        let to_path = to.with_base(&self.storage_root);
+        create_target_directory(&to_path).await?;
+        fs::copy(&from_path, &to_path).await.with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "Failed to copy file from '{from_path}' to '{to_path}'",
+                from_path = from_path,
+                to_path = to_path
+            )
+        })?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }

 fn storage_metadata_path(original_path: &Utf8Path) -> Utf8PathBuf {
--- a/libs/remote_storage/src/s3_bucket.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/src/s3_bucket.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ use aws_config::{
    environment::credentials::EnvironmentVariableCredentialsProvider,
    imds::credentials::ImdsCredentialsProvider,
    meta::credentials::CredentialsProviderChain,
+    profile::ProfileFileCredentialsProvider,
    provider_config::ProviderConfig,
    retry::{RetryConfigBuilder, RetryMode},
    web_identity_token::WebIdentityTokenCredentialsProvider,
@@ -74,20 +75,29 @@ impl S3Bucket {

        let region = Some(Region::new(aws_config.bucket_region.clone()));

+        let provider_conf = ProviderConfig::without_region().with_region(region.clone());
+
        let credentials_provider = {
            // uses "AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID", "AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"
            CredentialsProviderChain::first_try(
                "env",
                EnvironmentVariableCredentialsProvider::new(),
            )
+            // uses "AWS_PROFILE" / `aws sso login --profile <profile>`
+            .or_else(
+                "profile-sso",
+                ProfileFileCredentialsProvider::builder()
+                    .configure(&provider_conf)
+                    .build(),
+            )
            // uses "AWS_WEB_IDENTITY_TOKEN_FILE", "AWS_ROLE_ARN", "AWS_ROLE_SESSION_NAME"
            // needed to access remote extensions bucket
-            .or_else("token", {
-                let provider_conf = ProviderConfig::without_region().with_region(region.clone());
+            .or_else(
+                "token",
                WebIdentityTokenCredentialsProvider::builder()
                    .configure(&provider_conf)
-                    .build()
-            })
+                    .build(),
+            )
            // uses imds v2
            .or_else("imds", ImdsCredentialsProvider::builder().build())
        };
@@ -218,17 +228,11 @@ impl S3Bucket {

        let started_at = ScopeGuard::into_inner(started_at);

-        if get_object.is_err() {
-            metrics::BUCKET_METRICS.req_seconds.observe_elapsed(
-                kind,
-                AttemptOutcome::Err,
-                started_at,
-            );
-        }
-
        match get_object {
            Ok(object_output) => {
                let metadata = object_output.metadata().cloned().map(StorageMetadata);
+                let etag = object_output.e_tag.clone();
+                let last_modified = object_output.last_modified.and_then(|t| t.try_into().ok());

                let body = object_output.body;
                let body = ByteStreamAsStream::from(body);
@@ -237,15 +241,33 @@ impl S3Bucket {

                Ok(Download {
                    metadata,
+                    etag,
+                    last_modified,
                    download_stream: Box::pin(body),
                })
            }
            Err(SdkError::ServiceError(e)) if matches!(e.err(), GetObjectError::NoSuchKey(_)) => {
+                // Count this in the AttemptOutcome::Ok bucket, because 404 is not
+                // an error: we expect to sometimes fetch an object and find it missing,
+                // e.g. when probing for timeline indices.
+                metrics::BUCKET_METRICS.req_seconds.observe_elapsed(
+                    kind,
+                    AttemptOutcome::Ok,
+                    started_at,
+                );
                Err(DownloadError::NotFound)
            }
-            Err(e) => Err(DownloadError::Other(
-                anyhow::Error::new(e).context("download s3 object"),
-            )),
+            Err(e) => {
+                metrics::BUCKET_METRICS.req_seconds.observe_elapsed(
+                    kind,
+                    AttemptOutcome::Err,
+                    started_at,
+                );
+
+                Err(DownloadError::Other(
+                    anyhow::Error::new(e).context("download s3 object"),
+                ))
+            }
        }
    }
 }
@@ -471,6 +493,38 @@ impl RemoteStorage for S3Bucket {
        Ok(())
    }

+    async fn copy(&self, from: &RemotePath, to: &RemotePath) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let kind = RequestKind::Copy;
+        let _guard = self.permit(kind).await;
+
+        let started_at = start_measuring_requests(kind);
+
+        // we need to specify bucket_name as a prefix
+        let copy_source = format!(
+            "{}/{}",
+            self.bucket_name,
+            self.relative_path_to_s3_object(from)
+        );
+
+        let res = self
+            .client
+            .copy_object()
+            .bucket(self.bucket_name.clone())
+            .key(self.relative_path_to_s3_object(to))
+            .copy_source(copy_source)
+            .send()
+            .await;
+
+        let started_at = ScopeGuard::into_inner(started_at);
+        metrics::BUCKET_METRICS
+            .req_seconds
+            .observe_elapsed(kind, &res, started_at);
+
+        res?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
    async fn download(&self, from: &RemotePath) -> Result<Download, DownloadError> {
        // if prefix is not none then download file `prefix/from`
        // if prefix is none then download file `from`
--- a/libs/remote_storage/src/s3_bucket/metrics.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/src/s3_bucket/metrics.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ pub(crate) enum RequestKind {
    Put = 1,
    Delete = 2,
    List = 3,
+    Copy = 4,
 }

 use RequestKind::*;
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ impl RequestKind {
            Put => "put_object",
            Delete => "delete_object",
            List => "list_objects",
+            Copy => "copy_object",
        }
    }
    const fn as_index(&self) -> usize {
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ impl RequestKind {
    }
 }

-pub(super) struct RequestTyped<C>([C; 4]);
+pub(super) struct RequestTyped<C>([C; 5]);

 impl<C> RequestTyped<C> {
    pub(super) fn get(&self, kind: RequestKind) -> &C {
@@ -38,8 +40,8 @@ impl<C> RequestTyped<C> {

    fn build_with(mut f: impl FnMut(RequestKind) -> C) -> Self {
        use RequestKind::*;
-        let mut it = [Get, Put, Delete, List].into_iter();
-        let arr = std::array::from_fn::<C, 4, _>(|index| {
+        let mut it = [Get, Put, Delete, List, Copy].into_iter();
+        let arr = std::array::from_fn::<C, 5, _>(|index| {
            let next = it.next().unwrap();
            assert_eq!(index, next.as_index());
            f(next)
--- a/libs/remote_storage/src/simulate_failures.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/src/simulate_failures.rs
@@ -162,4 +162,11 @@ impl RemoteStorage for UnreliableWrapper {
        }
        Ok(())
    }
+
+    async fn copy(&self, from: &RemotePath, to: &RemotePath) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        // copy is equivalent to download + upload
+        self.attempt(RemoteOp::Download(from.clone()))?;
+        self.attempt(RemoteOp::Upload(to.clone()))?;
+        self.inner.copy_object(from, to).await
+    }
 }
--- a/libs/remote_storage/tests/common/tests.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/tests/common/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+use anyhow::Context;
+use camino::Utf8Path;
+use remote_storage::RemotePath;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use test_context::test_context;
+use tracing::debug;
+
+use crate::common::{download_to_vec, upload_stream, wrap_stream};
+
+use super::{
+    MaybeEnabledStorage, MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs, MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs,
+};
+
+/// Tests that S3 client can list all prefixes, even if the response come paginated and requires multiple S3 queries.
+/// Uses real S3 and requires [`ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME`] and related S3 cred env vars specified.
+/// See the client creation in [`create_s3_client`] for details on the required env vars.
+/// If real S3 tests are disabled, the test passes, skipping any real test run: currently, there's no way to mark the test ignored in runtime with the
+/// deafult test framework, see https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/68007 for details.
+///
+/// First, the test creates a set of S3 objects with keys `/${random_prefix_part}/${base_prefix_str}/sub_prefix_${i}/blob_${i}` in [`upload_remote_data`]
+/// where
+/// * `random_prefix_part` is set for the entire S3 client during the S3 client creation in [`create_s3_client`], to avoid multiple test runs interference
+/// * `base_prefix_str` is a common prefix to use in the client requests: we would want to ensure that the client is able to list nested prefixes inside the bucket
+///
+/// Then, verifies that the client does return correct prefixes when queried:
+/// * with no prefix, it lists everything after its `${random_prefix_part}/` — that should be `${base_prefix_str}` value only
+/// * with `${base_prefix_str}/` prefix, it lists every `sub_prefix_${i}`
+///
+/// With the real S3 enabled and `#[cfg(test)]` Rust configuration used, the S3 client test adds a `max-keys` param to limit the response keys.
+/// This way, we are able to test the pagination implicitly, by ensuring all results are returned from the remote storage and avoid uploading too many blobs to S3,
+/// since current default AWS S3 pagination limit is 1000.
+/// (see https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_ListObjectsV2.html#API_ListObjectsV2_RequestSyntax)
+///
+/// Lastly, the test attempts to clean up and remove all uploaded S3 files.
+/// If any errors appear during the clean up, they get logged, but the test is not failed or stopped until clean up is finished.
+#[test_context(MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn pagination_should_work(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let ctx = match ctx {
+        MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
+        MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs::Disabled => return Ok(()),
+        MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs::UploadsFailed(e, _) => {
+            anyhow::bail!("S3 init failed: {e:?}")
+        }
+    };
+
+    let test_client = Arc::clone(&ctx.enabled.client);
+    let expected_remote_prefixes = ctx.remote_prefixes.clone();
+
+    let base_prefix = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(ctx.enabled.base_prefix))
+        .context("common_prefix construction")?;
+    let root_remote_prefixes = test_client
+        .list_prefixes(None)
+        .await
+        .context("client list root prefixes failure")?
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(
+        root_remote_prefixes, HashSet::from([base_prefix.clone()]),
+        "remote storage root prefixes list mismatches with the uploads. Returned prefixes: {root_remote_prefixes:?}"
+    );
+
+    let nested_remote_prefixes = test_client
+        .list_prefixes(Some(&base_prefix))
+        .await
+        .context("client list nested prefixes failure")?
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    let remote_only_prefixes = nested_remote_prefixes
+        .difference(&expected_remote_prefixes)
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    let missing_uploaded_prefixes = expected_remote_prefixes
+        .difference(&nested_remote_prefixes)
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(
+        remote_only_prefixes.len() + missing_uploaded_prefixes.len(), 0,
+        "remote storage nested prefixes list mismatches with the uploads. Remote only prefixes: {remote_only_prefixes:?}, missing uploaded prefixes: {missing_uploaded_prefixes:?}",
+    );
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Tests that S3 client can list all files in a folder, even if the response comes paginated and requirees multiple S3 queries.
+/// Uses real S3 and requires [`ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME`] and related S3 cred env vars specified. Test will skip real code and pass if env vars not set.
+/// See `s3_pagination_should_work` for more information.
+///
+/// First, create a set of S3 objects with keys `random_prefix/folder{j}/blob_{i}.txt` in [`upload_remote_data`]
+/// Then performs the following queries:
+///    1. `list_files(None)`. This should return all files `random_prefix/folder{j}/blob_{i}.txt`
+///    2. `list_files("folder1")`.  This  should return all files `random_prefix/folder1/blob_{i}.txt`
+#[test_context(MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn list_files_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let ctx = match ctx {
+        MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
+        MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs::Disabled => return Ok(()),
+        MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs::UploadsFailed(e, _) => {
+            anyhow::bail!("S3 init failed: {e:?}")
+        }
+    };
+    let test_client = Arc::clone(&ctx.enabled.client);
+    let base_prefix =
+        RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new("folder1")).context("common_prefix construction")?;
+    let root_files = test_client
+        .list_files(None)
+        .await
+        .context("client list root files failure")?
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(
+        root_files,
+        ctx.remote_blobs.clone(),
+        "remote storage list_files on root mismatches with the uploads."
+    );
+    let nested_remote_files = test_client
+        .list_files(Some(&base_prefix))
+        .await
+        .context("client list nested files failure")?
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    let trim_remote_blobs: HashSet<_> = ctx
+        .remote_blobs
+        .iter()
+        .map(|x| x.get_path())
+        .filter(|x| x.starts_with("folder1"))
+        .map(|x| RemotePath::new(x).expect("must be valid path"))
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        nested_remote_files, trim_remote_blobs,
+        "remote storage list_files on subdirrectory mismatches with the uploads."
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test_context(MaybeEnabledStorage)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn delete_non_exising_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledStorage) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let ctx = match ctx {
+        MaybeEnabledStorage::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
+        MaybeEnabledStorage::Disabled => return Ok(()),
+    };
+
+    let path = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(
+        format!("{}/for_sure_there_is_nothing_there_really", ctx.base_prefix).as_str(),
+    ))
+    .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
+
+    ctx.client.delete(&path).await.expect("should succeed");
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test_context(MaybeEnabledStorage)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn delete_objects_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledStorage) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let ctx = match ctx {
+        MaybeEnabledStorage::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
+        MaybeEnabledStorage::Disabled => return Ok(()),
+    };
+
+    let path1 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path1", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
+        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
+
+    let path2 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path2", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
+        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
+
+    let path3 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path3", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
+        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
+
+    let (data, len) = upload_stream("remote blob data1".as_bytes().into());
+    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path1, None).await?;
+
+    let (data, len) = upload_stream("remote blob data2".as_bytes().into());
+    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path2, None).await?;
+
+    let (data, len) = upload_stream("remote blob data3".as_bytes().into());
+    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path3, None).await?;
+
+    ctx.client.delete_objects(&[path1, path2]).await?;
+
+    let prefixes = ctx.client.list_prefixes(None).await?;
+
+    assert_eq!(prefixes.len(), 1);
+
+    ctx.client.delete_objects(&[path3]).await?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test_context(MaybeEnabledStorage)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn upload_download_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledStorage) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let MaybeEnabledStorage::Enabled(ctx) = ctx else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    let path = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/file", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
+        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
+
+    let orig = bytes::Bytes::from_static("remote blob data here".as_bytes());
+
+    let (data, len) = wrap_stream(orig.clone());
+
+    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path, None).await?;
+
+    // Normal download request
+    let dl = ctx.client.download(&path).await?;
+    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
+    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig);
+
+    // Full range (end specified)
+    let dl = ctx
+        .client
+        .download_byte_range(&path, 0, Some(len as u64))
+        .await?;
+    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
+    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig);
+
+    // partial range (end specified)
+    let dl = ctx.client.download_byte_range(&path, 4, Some(10)).await?;
+    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
+    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig[4..10]);
+
+    // partial range (end beyond real end)
+    let dl = ctx
+        .client
+        .download_byte_range(&path, 8, Some(len as u64 * 100))
+        .await?;
+    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
+    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig[8..]);
+
+    // Partial range (end unspecified)
+    let dl = ctx.client.download_byte_range(&path, 4, None).await?;
+    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
+    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig[4..]);
+
+    // Full range (end unspecified)
+    let dl = ctx.client.download_byte_range(&path, 0, None).await?;
+    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
+    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig);
+
+    debug!("Cleanup: deleting file at path {path:?}");
+    ctx.client
+        .delete(&path)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("{path:?} removal"))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test_context(MaybeEnabledStorage)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn copy_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledStorage) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let MaybeEnabledStorage::Enabled(ctx) = ctx else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    let path = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(
+        format!("{}/file_to_copy", ctx.base_prefix).as_str(),
+    ))
+    .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
+    let path_dest = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(
+        format!("{}/file_dest", ctx.base_prefix).as_str(),
+    ))
+    .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
+
+    let orig = bytes::Bytes::from_static("remote blob data content".as_bytes());
+
+    let (data, len) = wrap_stream(orig.clone());
+
+    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path, None).await?;
+
+    // Normal download request
+    ctx.client.copy_object(&path, &path_dest).await?;
+
+    let dl = ctx.client.download(&path_dest).await?;
+    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
+    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig);
+
+    debug!("Cleanup: deleting file at path {path:?}");
+    ctx.client
+        .delete_objects(&[path.clone(), path_dest.clone()])
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("{path:?} removal"))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
--- a/libs/remote_storage/tests/test_real_azure.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/tests/test_real_azure.rs
@@ -6,263 +6,23 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::UNIX_EPOCH;

 use anyhow::Context;
-use camino::Utf8Path;
 use remote_storage::{
    AzureConfig, GenericRemoteStorage, RemotePath, RemoteStorageConfig, RemoteStorageKind,
 };
-use test_context::{test_context, AsyncTestContext};
-use tracing::{debug, info};
+use test_context::AsyncTestContext;
+use tracing::info;

 mod common;

-use common::{
-    cleanup, download_to_vec, ensure_logging_ready, upload_remote_data, upload_simple_remote_data,
-    upload_stream, wrap_stream,
-};
+#[path = "common/tests.rs"]
+mod tests_azure;
+
+use common::{cleanup, ensure_logging_ready, upload_remote_data, upload_simple_remote_data};

 const ENABLE_REAL_AZURE_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME: &str = "ENABLE_REAL_AZURE_REMOTE_STORAGE";

 const BASE_PREFIX: &str = "test";

-/// Tests that the Azure client can list all prefixes, even if the response comes paginated and requires multiple HTTP queries.
-/// Uses real Azure and requires [`ENABLE_REAL_AZURE_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME`] and related Azure cred env vars specified.
-/// See the client creation in [`create_azure_client`] for details on the required env vars.
-/// If real Azure tests are disabled, the test passes, skipping any real test run: currently, there's no way to mark the test ignored in runtime with the
-/// deafult test framework, see https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/68007 for details.
-///
-/// First, the test creates a set of Azure blobs with keys `/${random_prefix_part}/${base_prefix_str}/sub_prefix_${i}/blob_${i}` in [`upload_remote_data`]
-/// where
-/// * `random_prefix_part` is set for the entire Azure client during the Azure client creation in [`create_azure_client`], to avoid multiple test runs interference
-/// * `base_prefix_str` is a common prefix to use in the client requests: we would want to ensure that the client is able to list nested prefixes inside the bucket
-///
-/// Then, verifies that the client does return correct prefixes when queried:
-/// * with no prefix, it lists everything after its `${random_prefix_part}/` — that should be `${base_prefix_str}` value only
-/// * with `${base_prefix_str}/` prefix, it lists every `sub_prefix_${i}`
-///
-/// With the real Azure enabled and `#[cfg(test)]` Rust configuration used, the Azure client test adds a `max-keys` param to limit the response keys.
-/// This way, we are able to test the pagination implicitly, by ensuring all results are returned from the remote storage and avoid uploading too many blobs to Azure.
-///
-/// Lastly, the test attempts to clean up and remove all uploaded Azure files.
-/// If any errors appear during the clean up, they get logged, but the test is not failed or stopped until clean up is finished.
-#[test_context(MaybeEnabledAzureWithTestBlobs)]
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn azure_pagination_should_work(
-    ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledAzureWithTestBlobs,
-) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let ctx = match ctx {
-        MaybeEnabledAzureWithTestBlobs::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
-        MaybeEnabledAzureWithTestBlobs::Disabled => return Ok(()),
-        MaybeEnabledAzureWithTestBlobs::UploadsFailed(e, _) => {
-            anyhow::bail!("Azure init failed: {e:?}")
-        }
-    };
-
-    let test_client = Arc::clone(&ctx.enabled.client);
-    let expected_remote_prefixes = ctx.remote_prefixes.clone();
-
-    let base_prefix = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(ctx.enabled.base_prefix))
-        .context("common_prefix construction")?;
-    let root_remote_prefixes = test_client
-        .list_prefixes(None)
-        .await
-        .context("client list root prefixes failure")?
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    assert_eq!(
-        root_remote_prefixes, HashSet::from([base_prefix.clone()]),
-        "remote storage root prefixes list mismatches with the uploads. Returned prefixes: {root_remote_prefixes:?}"
-    );
-
-    let nested_remote_prefixes = test_client
-        .list_prefixes(Some(&base_prefix))
-        .await
-        .context("client list nested prefixes failure")?
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    let remote_only_prefixes = nested_remote_prefixes
-        .difference(&expected_remote_prefixes)
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    let missing_uploaded_prefixes = expected_remote_prefixes
-        .difference(&nested_remote_prefixes)
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    assert_eq!(
-        remote_only_prefixes.len() + missing_uploaded_prefixes.len(), 0,
-        "remote storage nested prefixes list mismatches with the uploads. Remote only prefixes: {remote_only_prefixes:?}, missing uploaded prefixes: {missing_uploaded_prefixes:?}",
-    );
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Tests that Azure client can list all files in a folder, even if the response comes paginated and requirees multiple Azure queries.
-/// Uses real Azure and requires [`ENABLE_REAL_AZURE_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME`] and related Azure cred env vars specified. Test will skip real code and pass if env vars not set.
-/// See `Azure_pagination_should_work` for more information.
-///
-/// First, create a set of Azure objects with keys `random_prefix/folder{j}/blob_{i}.txt` in [`upload_remote_data`]
-/// Then performs the following queries:
-///    1. `list_files(None)`. This should return all files `random_prefix/folder{j}/blob_{i}.txt`
-///    2. `list_files("folder1")`.  This  should return all files `random_prefix/folder1/blob_{i}.txt`
-#[test_context(MaybeEnabledAzureWithSimpleTestBlobs)]
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn azure_list_files_works(
-    ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledAzureWithSimpleTestBlobs,
-) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let ctx = match ctx {
-        MaybeEnabledAzureWithSimpleTestBlobs::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
-        MaybeEnabledAzureWithSimpleTestBlobs::Disabled => return Ok(()),
-        MaybeEnabledAzureWithSimpleTestBlobs::UploadsFailed(e, _) => {
-            anyhow::bail!("Azure init failed: {e:?}")
-        }
-    };
-    let test_client = Arc::clone(&ctx.enabled.client);
-    let base_prefix =
-        RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new("folder1")).context("common_prefix construction")?;
-    let root_files = test_client
-        .list_files(None)
-        .await
-        .context("client list root files failure")?
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    assert_eq!(
-        root_files,
-        ctx.remote_blobs.clone(),
-        "remote storage list_files on root mismatches with the uploads."
-    );
-    let nested_remote_files = test_client
-        .list_files(Some(&base_prefix))
-        .await
-        .context("client list nested files failure")?
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    let trim_remote_blobs: HashSet<_> = ctx
-        .remote_blobs
-        .iter()
-        .map(|x| x.get_path())
-        .filter(|x| x.starts_with("folder1"))
-        .map(|x| RemotePath::new(x).expect("must be valid path"))
-        .collect();
-    assert_eq!(
-        nested_remote_files, trim_remote_blobs,
-        "remote storage list_files on subdirrectory mismatches with the uploads."
-    );
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[test_context(MaybeEnabledAzure)]
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn azure_delete_non_exising_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledAzure) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let ctx = match ctx {
-        MaybeEnabledAzure::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
-        MaybeEnabledAzure::Disabled => return Ok(()),
-    };
-
-    let path = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(
-        format!("{}/for_sure_there_is_nothing_there_really", ctx.base_prefix).as_str(),
-    ))
-    .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-
-    ctx.client.delete(&path).await.expect("should succeed");
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[test_context(MaybeEnabledAzure)]
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn azure_delete_objects_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledAzure) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let ctx = match ctx {
-        MaybeEnabledAzure::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
-        MaybeEnabledAzure::Disabled => return Ok(()),
-    };
-
-    let path1 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path1", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
-        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-
-    let path2 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path2", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
-        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-
-    let path3 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path3", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
-        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-
-    let (data, len) = upload_stream("remote blob data1".as_bytes().into());
-    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path1, None).await?;
-
-    let (data, len) = upload_stream("remote blob data2".as_bytes().into());
-    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path2, None).await?;
-
-    let (data, len) = upload_stream("remote blob data3".as_bytes().into());
-    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path3, None).await?;
-
-    ctx.client.delete_objects(&[path1, path2]).await?;
-
-    let prefixes = ctx.client.list_prefixes(None).await?;
-
-    assert_eq!(prefixes.len(), 1);
-
-    ctx.client.delete_objects(&[path3]).await?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[test_context(MaybeEnabledAzure)]
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn azure_upload_download_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledAzure) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let MaybeEnabledAzure::Enabled(ctx) = ctx else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
-
-    let path = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/file", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
-        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-
-    let orig = bytes::Bytes::from_static("remote blob data here".as_bytes());
-
-    let (data, len) = wrap_stream(orig.clone());
-
-    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path, None).await?;
-
-    // Normal download request
-    let dl = ctx.client.download(&path).await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig);
-
-    // Full range (end specified)
-    let dl = ctx
-        .client
-        .download_byte_range(&path, 0, Some(len as u64))
-        .await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig);
-
-    // partial range (end specified)
-    let dl = ctx.client.download_byte_range(&path, 4, Some(10)).await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig[4..10]);
-
-    // partial range (end beyond real end)
-    let dl = ctx
-        .client
-        .download_byte_range(&path, 8, Some(len as u64 * 100))
-        .await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig[8..]);
-
-    // Partial range (end unspecified)
-    let dl = ctx.client.download_byte_range(&path, 4, None).await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig[4..]);
-
-    // Full range (end unspecified)
-    let dl = ctx.client.download_byte_range(&path, 0, None).await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig);
-
-    debug!("Cleanup: deleting file at path {path:?}");
-    ctx.client
-        .delete(&path)
-        .await
-        .with_context(|| format!("{path:?} removal"))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 struct EnabledAzure {
    client: Arc<GenericRemoteStorage>,
    base_prefix: &'static str,
@@ -281,13 +41,13 @@ impl EnabledAzure {
    }
 }

-enum MaybeEnabledAzure {
+enum MaybeEnabledStorage {
    Enabled(EnabledAzure),
    Disabled,
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledAzure {
+impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorage {
    async fn setup() -> Self {
        ensure_logging_ready();

@@ -303,7 +63,7 @@ impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledAzure {
    }
 }

-enum MaybeEnabledAzureWithTestBlobs {
+enum MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs {
    Enabled(AzureWithTestBlobs),
    Disabled,
    UploadsFailed(anyhow::Error, AzureWithTestBlobs),
@@ -316,7 +76,7 @@ struct AzureWithTestBlobs {
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledAzureWithTestBlobs {
+impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs {
    async fn setup() -> Self {
        ensure_logging_ready();
        if env::var(ENABLE_REAL_AZURE_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME).is_err() {
@@ -367,7 +127,7 @@ impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledAzureWithTestBlobs {
 // However, they are not idential. The list_prefixes function is concerned with listing prefixes,
 // whereas the list_files function is concerned with listing files.
 // See `RemoteStorage::list_files` documentation for more details
-enum MaybeEnabledAzureWithSimpleTestBlobs {
+enum MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs {
    Enabled(AzureWithSimpleTestBlobs),
    Disabled,
    UploadsFailed(anyhow::Error, AzureWithSimpleTestBlobs),
@@ -378,7 +138,7 @@ struct AzureWithSimpleTestBlobs {
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledAzureWithSimpleTestBlobs {
+impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs {
    async fn setup() -> Self {
        ensure_logging_ready();
        if env::var(ENABLE_REAL_AZURE_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME).is_err() {
--- a/libs/remote_storage/tests/test_real_s3.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/tests/test_real_s3.rs
@@ -6,259 +6,23 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::UNIX_EPOCH;

 use anyhow::Context;
-use camino::Utf8Path;
 use remote_storage::{
    GenericRemoteStorage, RemotePath, RemoteStorageConfig, RemoteStorageKind, S3Config,
 };
-use test_context::{test_context, AsyncTestContext};
-use tracing::{debug, info};
+use test_context::AsyncTestContext;
+use tracing::info;

 mod common;

-use common::{
-    cleanup, download_to_vec, ensure_logging_ready, upload_remote_data, upload_simple_remote_data,
-    upload_stream, wrap_stream,
-};
+#[path = "common/tests.rs"]
+mod tests_s3;
+
+use common::{cleanup, ensure_logging_ready, upload_remote_data, upload_simple_remote_data};

 const ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME: &str = "ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE";

 const BASE_PREFIX: &str = "test";

-/// Tests that S3 client can list all prefixes, even if the response come paginated and requires multiple S3 queries.
-/// Uses real S3 and requires [`ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME`] and related S3 cred env vars specified.
-/// See the client creation in [`create_s3_client`] for details on the required env vars.
-/// If real S3 tests are disabled, the test passes, skipping any real test run: currently, there's no way to mark the test ignored in runtime with the
-/// deafult test framework, see https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/68007 for details.
-///
-/// First, the test creates a set of S3 objects with keys `/${random_prefix_part}/${base_prefix_str}/sub_prefix_${i}/blob_${i}` in [`upload_remote_data`]
-/// where
-/// * `random_prefix_part` is set for the entire S3 client during the S3 client creation in [`create_s3_client`], to avoid multiple test runs interference
-/// * `base_prefix_str` is a common prefix to use in the client requests: we would want to ensure that the client is able to list nested prefixes inside the bucket
-///
-/// Then, verifies that the client does return correct prefixes when queried:
-/// * with no prefix, it lists everything after its `${random_prefix_part}/` — that should be `${base_prefix_str}` value only
-/// * with `${base_prefix_str}/` prefix, it lists every `sub_prefix_${i}`
-///
-/// With the real S3 enabled and `#[cfg(test)]` Rust configuration used, the S3 client test adds a `max-keys` param to limit the response keys.
-/// This way, we are able to test the pagination implicitly, by ensuring all results are returned from the remote storage and avoid uploading too many blobs to S3,
-/// since current default AWS S3 pagination limit is 1000.
-/// (see https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_ListObjectsV2.html#API_ListObjectsV2_RequestSyntax)
-///
-/// Lastly, the test attempts to clean up and remove all uploaded S3 files.
-/// If any errors appear during the clean up, they get logged, but the test is not failed or stopped until clean up is finished.
-#[test_context(MaybeEnabledS3WithTestBlobs)]
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn s3_pagination_should_work(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledS3WithTestBlobs) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let ctx = match ctx {
-        MaybeEnabledS3WithTestBlobs::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
-        MaybeEnabledS3WithTestBlobs::Disabled => return Ok(()),
-        MaybeEnabledS3WithTestBlobs::UploadsFailed(e, _) => anyhow::bail!("S3 init failed: {e:?}"),
-    };
-
-    let test_client = Arc::clone(&ctx.enabled.client);
-    let expected_remote_prefixes = ctx.remote_prefixes.clone();
-
-    let base_prefix = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(ctx.enabled.base_prefix))
-        .context("common_prefix construction")?;
-    let root_remote_prefixes = test_client
-        .list_prefixes(None)
-        .await
-        .context("client list root prefixes failure")?
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    assert_eq!(
-        root_remote_prefixes, HashSet::from([base_prefix.clone()]),
-        "remote storage root prefixes list mismatches with the uploads. Returned prefixes: {root_remote_prefixes:?}"
-    );
-
-    let nested_remote_prefixes = test_client
-        .list_prefixes(Some(&base_prefix))
-        .await
-        .context("client list nested prefixes failure")?
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    let remote_only_prefixes = nested_remote_prefixes
-        .difference(&expected_remote_prefixes)
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    let missing_uploaded_prefixes = expected_remote_prefixes
-        .difference(&nested_remote_prefixes)
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    assert_eq!(
-        remote_only_prefixes.len() + missing_uploaded_prefixes.len(), 0,
-        "remote storage nested prefixes list mismatches with the uploads. Remote only prefixes: {remote_only_prefixes:?}, missing uploaded prefixes: {missing_uploaded_prefixes:?}",
-    );
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Tests that S3 client can list all files in a folder, even if the response comes paginated and requirees multiple S3 queries.
-/// Uses real S3 and requires [`ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME`] and related S3 cred env vars specified. Test will skip real code and pass if env vars not set.
-/// See `s3_pagination_should_work` for more information.
-///
-/// First, create a set of S3 objects with keys `random_prefix/folder{j}/blob_{i}.txt` in [`upload_remote_data`]
-/// Then performs the following queries:
-///    1. `list_files(None)`. This should return all files `random_prefix/folder{j}/blob_{i}.txt`
-///    2. `list_files("folder1")`.  This  should return all files `random_prefix/folder1/blob_{i}.txt`
-#[test_context(MaybeEnabledS3WithSimpleTestBlobs)]
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn s3_list_files_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledS3WithSimpleTestBlobs) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let ctx = match ctx {
-        MaybeEnabledS3WithSimpleTestBlobs::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
-        MaybeEnabledS3WithSimpleTestBlobs::Disabled => return Ok(()),
-        MaybeEnabledS3WithSimpleTestBlobs::UploadsFailed(e, _) => {
-            anyhow::bail!("S3 init failed: {e:?}")
-        }
-    };
-    let test_client = Arc::clone(&ctx.enabled.client);
-    let base_prefix =
-        RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new("folder1")).context("common_prefix construction")?;
-    let root_files = test_client
-        .list_files(None)
-        .await
-        .context("client list root files failure")?
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    assert_eq!(
-        root_files,
-        ctx.remote_blobs.clone(),
-        "remote storage list_files on root mismatches with the uploads."
-    );
-    let nested_remote_files = test_client
-        .list_files(Some(&base_prefix))
-        .await
-        .context("client list nested files failure")?
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-    let trim_remote_blobs: HashSet<_> = ctx
-        .remote_blobs
-        .iter()
-        .map(|x| x.get_path())
-        .filter(|x| x.starts_with("folder1"))
-        .map(|x| RemotePath::new(x).expect("must be valid path"))
-        .collect();
-    assert_eq!(
-        nested_remote_files, trim_remote_blobs,
-        "remote storage list_files on subdirrectory mismatches with the uploads."
-    );
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[test_context(MaybeEnabledS3)]
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn s3_delete_non_exising_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledS3) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let ctx = match ctx {
-        MaybeEnabledS3::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
-        MaybeEnabledS3::Disabled => return Ok(()),
-    };
-
-    let path = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(
-        format!("{}/for_sure_there_is_nothing_there_really", ctx.base_prefix).as_str(),
-    ))
-    .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-
-    ctx.client.delete(&path).await.expect("should succeed");
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[test_context(MaybeEnabledS3)]
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn s3_delete_objects_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledS3) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let ctx = match ctx {
-        MaybeEnabledS3::Enabled(ctx) => ctx,
-        MaybeEnabledS3::Disabled => return Ok(()),
-    };
-
-    let path1 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path1", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
-        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-
-    let path2 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path2", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
-        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-
-    let path3 = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/path3", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
-        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-
-    let (data, len) = upload_stream("remote blob data1".as_bytes().into());
-    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path1, None).await?;
-
-    let (data, len) = upload_stream("remote blob data2".as_bytes().into());
-    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path2, None).await?;
-
-    let (data, len) = upload_stream("remote blob data3".as_bytes().into());
-    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path3, None).await?;
-
-    ctx.client.delete_objects(&[path1, path2]).await?;
-
-    let prefixes = ctx.client.list_prefixes(None).await?;
-
-    assert_eq!(prefixes.len(), 1);
-
-    ctx.client.delete_objects(&[path3]).await?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[test_context(MaybeEnabledS3)]
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn s3_upload_download_works(ctx: &mut MaybeEnabledS3) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let MaybeEnabledS3::Enabled(ctx) = ctx else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
-
-    let path = RemotePath::new(Utf8Path::new(format!("{}/file", ctx.base_prefix).as_str()))
-        .with_context(|| "RemotePath conversion")?;
-
-    let orig = bytes::Bytes::from_static("remote blob data here".as_bytes());
-
-    let (data, len) = wrap_stream(orig.clone());
-
-    ctx.client.upload(data, len, &path, None).await?;
-
-    // Normal download request
-    let dl = ctx.client.download(&path).await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig);
-
-    // Full range (end specified)
-    let dl = ctx
-        .client
-        .download_byte_range(&path, 0, Some(len as u64))
-        .await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig);
-
-    // partial range (end specified)
-    let dl = ctx.client.download_byte_range(&path, 4, Some(10)).await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig[4..10]);
-
-    // partial range (end beyond real end)
-    let dl = ctx
-        .client
-        .download_byte_range(&path, 8, Some(len as u64 * 100))
-        .await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig[8..]);
-
-    // Partial range (end unspecified)
-    let dl = ctx.client.download_byte_range(&path, 4, None).await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig[4..]);
-
-    // Full range (end unspecified)
-    let dl = ctx.client.download_byte_range(&path, 0, None).await?;
-    let buf = download_to_vec(dl).await?;
-    assert_eq!(&buf, &orig);
-
-    debug!("Cleanup: deleting file at path {path:?}");
-    ctx.client
-        .delete(&path)
-        .await
-        .with_context(|| format!("{path:?} removal"))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 struct EnabledS3 {
    client: Arc<GenericRemoteStorage>,
    base_prefix: &'static str,
@@ -277,13 +41,13 @@ impl EnabledS3 {
    }
 }

-enum MaybeEnabledS3 {
+enum MaybeEnabledStorage {
    Enabled(EnabledS3),
    Disabled,
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledS3 {
+impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorage {
    async fn setup() -> Self {
        ensure_logging_ready();

@@ -299,7 +63,7 @@ impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledS3 {
    }
 }

-enum MaybeEnabledS3WithTestBlobs {
+enum MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs {
    Enabled(S3WithTestBlobs),
    Disabled,
    UploadsFailed(anyhow::Error, S3WithTestBlobs),
@@ -312,7 +76,7 @@ struct S3WithTestBlobs {
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledS3WithTestBlobs {
+impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorageWithTestBlobs {
    async fn setup() -> Self {
        ensure_logging_ready();
        if env::var(ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME).is_err() {
@@ -363,7 +127,7 @@ impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledS3WithTestBlobs {
 // However, they are not idential. The list_prefixes function is concerned with listing prefixes,
 // whereas the list_files function is concerned with listing files.
 // See `RemoteStorage::list_files` documentation for more details
-enum MaybeEnabledS3WithSimpleTestBlobs {
+enum MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs {
    Enabled(S3WithSimpleTestBlobs),
    Disabled,
    UploadsFailed(anyhow::Error, S3WithSimpleTestBlobs),
@@ -374,7 +138,7 @@ struct S3WithSimpleTestBlobs {
 }

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
-impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledS3WithSimpleTestBlobs {
+impl AsyncTestContext for MaybeEnabledStorageWithSimpleTestBlobs {
    async fn setup() -> Self {
        ensure_logging_ready();
        if env::var(ENABLE_REAL_S3_REMOTE_STORAGE_ENV_VAR_NAME).is_err() {
--- a/libs/safekeeper_api/src/models.rs
+++ b/libs/safekeeper_api/src/models.rs
@@ -51,3 +51,9 @@ pub struct SkTimelineInfo {
    #[serde(default)]
    pub http_connstr: Option<String>,
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct TimelineCopyRequest {
+    pub target_timeline_id: TimelineId,
+    pub until_lsn: Lsn,
+}
--- a/libs/utils/Cargo.toml
+++ b/libs/utils/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true

+[features]
+default = []
+# Enables test-only APIs, incuding failpoints. In particular, enables the `fail_point!` macro,
+# which adds some runtime cost to run tests on outage conditions
+testing = ["fail/failpoints"]
+
 [dependencies]
 arc-swap.workspace = true
 sentry.workspace = true
@@ -16,6 +22,7 @@ chrono.workspace = true
 heapless.workspace = true
 hex = { workspace = true, features = ["serde"] }
 hyper = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+fail.workspace = true
 futures = { workspace = true}
 jsonwebtoken.workspace = true
 nix.workspace = true
--- a/libs/utils/src/failpoint_support.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/failpoint_support.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+//! Failpoint support code shared between pageserver and safekeepers.
+
+use crate::http::{
+    error::ApiError,
+    json::{json_request, json_response},
+};
+use hyper::{Body, Request, Response, StatusCode};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
+use tracing::*;
+
+/// use with fail::cfg("$name", "return(2000)")
+///
+/// The effect is similar to a "sleep(2000)" action, i.e. we sleep for the
+/// specified time (in milliseconds). The main difference is that we use async
+/// tokio sleep function. Another difference is that we print lines to the log,
+/// which can be useful in tests to check that the failpoint was hit.
+///
+/// Optionally pass a cancellation token, and this failpoint will drop out of
+/// its sleep when the cancellation token fires.  This is useful for testing
+/// cases where we would like to block something, but test its clean shutdown behavior.
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! __failpoint_sleep_millis_async {
+    ($name:literal) => {{
+        // If the failpoint is used with a "return" action, set should_sleep to the
+        // returned value (as string). Otherwise it's set to None.
+        let should_sleep = (|| {
+            ::fail::fail_point!($name, |x| x);
+            ::std::option::Option::None
+        })();
+
+        // Sleep if the action was a returned value
+        if let ::std::option::Option::Some(duration_str) = should_sleep {
+            $crate::failpoint_support::failpoint_sleep_helper($name, duration_str).await
+        }
+    }};
+    ($name:literal, $cancel:expr) => {{
+        // If the failpoint is used with a "return" action, set should_sleep to the
+        // returned value (as string). Otherwise it's set to None.
+        let should_sleep = (|| {
+            ::fail::fail_point!($name, |x| x);
+            ::std::option::Option::None
+        })();
+
+        // Sleep if the action was a returned value
+        if let ::std::option::Option::Some(duration_str) = should_sleep {
+            $crate::failpoint_support::failpoint_sleep_cancellable_helper(
+                $name,
+                duration_str,
+                $cancel,
+            )
+            .await
+        }
+    }};
+}
+pub use __failpoint_sleep_millis_async as sleep_millis_async;
+
+// Helper function used by the macro. (A function has nicer scoping so we
+// don't need to decorate everything with "::")
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub async fn failpoint_sleep_helper(name: &'static str, duration_str: String) {
+    let millis = duration_str.parse::<u64>().unwrap();
+    let d = std::time::Duration::from_millis(millis);
+
+    tracing::info!("failpoint {:?}: sleeping for {:?}", name, d);
+    tokio::time::sleep(d).await;
+    tracing::info!("failpoint {:?}: sleep done", name);
+}
+
+// Helper function used by the macro. (A function has nicer scoping so we
+// don't need to decorate everything with "::")
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub async fn failpoint_sleep_cancellable_helper(
+    name: &'static str,
+    duration_str: String,
+    cancel: &CancellationToken,
+) {
+    let millis = duration_str.parse::<u64>().unwrap();
+    let d = std::time::Duration::from_millis(millis);
+
+    tracing::info!("failpoint {:?}: sleeping for {:?}", name, d);
+    tokio::time::timeout(d, cancel.cancelled()).await.ok();
+    tracing::info!("failpoint {:?}: sleep done", name);
+}
+
+pub fn init() -> fail::FailScenario<'static> {
+    // The failpoints lib provides support for parsing the `FAILPOINTS` env var.
+    // We want non-default behavior for `exit`, though, so, we handle it separately.
+    //
+    // Format for FAILPOINTS is "name=actions" separated by ";".
+    let actions = std::env::var("FAILPOINTS");
+    if actions.is_ok() {
+        std::env::remove_var("FAILPOINTS");
+    } else {
+        // let the library handle non-utf8, or nothing for not present
+    }
+
+    let scenario = fail::FailScenario::setup();
+
+    if let Ok(val) = actions {
+        val.split(';')
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, s)| s.split_once('=').ok_or((i, s)))
+            .for_each(|res| {
+                let (name, actions) = match res {
+                    Ok(t) => t,
+                    Err((i, s)) => {
+                        panic!(
+                            "startup failpoints: missing action on the {}th failpoint; try `{s}=return`",
+                            i + 1,
+                        );
+                    }
+                };
+                if let Err(e) = apply_failpoint(name, actions) {
+                    panic!("startup failpoints: failed to apply failpoint {name}={actions}: {e}");
+                }
+            });
+    }
+
+    scenario
+}
+
+pub fn apply_failpoint(name: &str, actions: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if actions == "exit" {
+        fail::cfg_callback(name, exit_failpoint)
+    } else {
+        fail::cfg(name, actions)
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(never)]
+fn exit_failpoint() {
+    tracing::info!("Exit requested by failpoint");
+    std::process::exit(1);
+}
+
+pub type ConfigureFailpointsRequest = Vec<FailpointConfig>;
+
+/// Information for configuring a single fail point
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct FailpointConfig {
+    /// Name of the fail point
+    pub name: String,
+    /// List of actions to take, using the format described in `fail::cfg`
+    ///
+    /// We also support `actions = "exit"` to cause the fail point to immediately exit.
+    pub actions: String,
+}
+
+/// Configure failpoints through http.
+pub async fn failpoints_handler(
+    mut request: Request<Body>,
+    _cancel: CancellationToken,
+) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    if !fail::has_failpoints() {
+        return Err(ApiError::BadRequest(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "Cannot manage failpoints because storage was compiled without failpoints support"
+        )));
+    }
+
+    let failpoints: ConfigureFailpointsRequest = json_request(&mut request).await?;
+    for fp in failpoints {
+        info!("cfg failpoint: {} {}", fp.name, fp.actions);
+
+        // We recognize one extra "action" that's not natively recognized
+        // by the failpoints crate: exit, to immediately kill the process
+        let cfg_result = apply_failpoint(&fp.name, &fp.actions);
+
+        if let Err(err_msg) = cfg_result {
+            return Err(ApiError::BadRequest(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "Failed to configure failpoints: {err_msg}"
+            )));
+        }
+    }
+
+    json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
+}
--- a/libs/utils/src/http/error.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/http/error.rs
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ pub enum ApiError {
    #[error("Shutting down")]
    ShuttingDown,

+    #[error("Timeout")]
+    Timeout(Cow<'static, str>),
+
    #[error(transparent)]
    InternalServerError(anyhow::Error),
 }
@@ -67,6 +70,10 @@ impl ApiError {
                err.to_string(),
                StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
            ),
+            ApiError::Timeout(err) => HttpErrorBody::response_from_msg_and_status(
+                err.to_string(),
+                StatusCode::REQUEST_TIMEOUT,
+            ),
            ApiError::InternalServerError(err) => HttpErrorBody::response_from_msg_and_status(
                err.to_string(),
                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
--- a/libs/utils/src/id.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/id.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::num::ParseIntError;
 use std::{fmt, str::FromStr};

 use anyhow::Context;
@@ -374,6 +375,13 @@ impl fmt::Display for NodeId {
    }
 }

+impl FromStr for NodeId {
+    type Err = ParseIntError;
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        Ok(NodeId(u64::from_str(s)?))
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use serde_assert::{Deserializer, Serializer, Token, Tokens};
--- a/libs/utils/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/lib.rs
@@ -83,6 +83,10 @@ pub mod timeout;

 pub mod sync;

+pub mod failpoint_support;
+
+pub mod yielding_loop;
+
 /// This is a shortcut to embed git sha into binaries and avoid copying the same build script to all packages
 ///
 /// we have several cases:
--- a/libs/utils/src/lsn.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/lsn.rs
@@ -366,6 +366,49 @@ impl MonotonicCounter<Lsn> for RecordLsn {
    }
 }

+/// Implements  [`rand::distributions::uniform::UniformSampler`] so we can sample [`Lsn`]s.
+///
+/// This is used by the `pagebench` pageserver benchmarking tool.
+pub struct LsnSampler(<u64 as rand::distributions::uniform::SampleUniform>::Sampler);
+
+impl rand::distributions::uniform::SampleUniform for Lsn {
+    type Sampler = LsnSampler;
+}
+
+impl rand::distributions::uniform::UniformSampler for LsnSampler {
+    type X = Lsn;
+
+    fn new<B1, B2>(low: B1, high: B2) -> Self
+    where
+        B1: rand::distributions::uniform::SampleBorrow<Self::X> + Sized,
+        B2: rand::distributions::uniform::SampleBorrow<Self::X> + Sized,
+    {
+        Self(
+            <u64 as rand::distributions::uniform::SampleUniform>::Sampler::new(
+                low.borrow().0,
+                high.borrow().0,
+            ),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn new_inclusive<B1, B2>(low: B1, high: B2) -> Self
+    where
+        B1: rand::distributions::uniform::SampleBorrow<Self::X> + Sized,
+        B2: rand::distributions::uniform::SampleBorrow<Self::X> + Sized,
+    {
+        Self(
+            <u64 as rand::distributions::uniform::SampleUniform>::Sampler::new_inclusive(
+                low.borrow().0,
+                high.borrow().0,
+            ),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn sample<R: rand::prelude::Rng + ?Sized>(&self, rng: &mut R) -> Self::X {
+        Lsn(self.0.sample(rng))
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use crate::bin_ser::BeSer;
--- a/libs/utils/src/sync/gate.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/sync/gate.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,12 @@ pub struct Gate {
    name: String,
 }

+impl std::fmt::Debug for Gate {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Gate<{}>", self.name)
+    }
+}
+
 /// RAII guard for a [`Gate`]: as long as this exists, calls to [`Gate::close`] will
 /// not complete.
 #[derive(Debug)]
--- a/libs/utils/src/yielding_loop.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/yielding_loop.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
+
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum YieldingLoopError {
+    #[error("Cancelled")]
+    Cancelled,
+}
+
+/// Helper for long synchronous loops, e.g. over all tenants in the system.  Periodically
+/// yields to avoid blocking the executor, and after resuming checks the provided
+/// cancellation token to drop out promptly on shutdown.
+#[inline(always)]
+pub async fn yielding_loop<I, T, F>(
+    interval: usize,
+    cancel: &CancellationToken,
+    iter: I,
+    mut visitor: F,
+) -> Result<(), YieldingLoopError>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+    F: FnMut(T),
+{
+    for (i, item) in iter.enumerate() {
+        visitor(item);
+
+        if i + 1 % interval == 0 {
+            tokio::task::yield_now().await;
+            if cancel.is_cancelled() {
+                return Err(YieldingLoopError::Cancelled);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
--- a/libs/vm_monitor/src/runner.rs
+++ b/libs/vm_monitor/src/runner.rs
@@ -446,12 +446,11 @@ impl Runner {
                    if let Some(t) = self.last_upscale_request_at {
                        let elapsed = t.elapsed();
                        if elapsed < Duration::from_secs(1) {
-                            info!(
-                                elapsed_millis = elapsed.as_millis(),
-                                avg_non_reclaimable = bytes_to_mebibytes(cgroup_mem_stat.avg_non_reclaimable),
-                                threshold = bytes_to_mebibytes(cgroup.threshold),
-                                "cgroup memory stats are high enough to upscale but too soon to forward the request, ignoring",
-                            );
+                            // *Ideally* we'd like to log here that we're ignoring the fact the
+                            // memory stats are too high, but in practice this can result in
+                            // spamming the logs with repetitive messages about ignoring the signal
+                            //
+                            // See https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/issues/5865 for more.
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
--- a/libs/walproposer/src/api_bindings.rs
+++ b/libs/walproposer/src/api_bindings.rs
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ use std::ffi::CString;

 use crate::bindings::uint32;
 use crate::bindings::walproposer_api;
+use crate::bindings::NeonWALReadResult;
 use crate::bindings::PGAsyncReadResult;
 use crate::bindings::PGAsyncWriteResult;
 use crate::bindings::Safekeeper;
 use crate::bindings::Size;
 use crate::bindings::StringInfoData;
-use crate::bindings::TimeLineID;
 use crate::bindings::TimestampTz;
 use crate::bindings::WalProposer;
 use crate::bindings::WalProposerConnStatusType;
@@ -178,31 +178,11 @@ extern "C" fn conn_blocking_write(
    }
 }

-extern "C" fn recovery_download(
-    sk: *mut Safekeeper,
-    _timeline: TimeLineID,
-    startpos: XLogRecPtr,
-    endpos: XLogRecPtr,
-) -> bool {
+extern "C" fn recovery_download(wp: *mut WalProposer, sk: *mut Safekeeper) -> bool {
    unsafe {
        let callback_data = (*(*(*sk).wp).config).callback_data;
        let api = callback_data as *mut Box<dyn ApiImpl>;
-        (*api).recovery_download(&mut (*sk), startpos, endpos)
-    }
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]
-extern "C" fn wal_read(
-    sk: *mut Safekeeper,
-    buf: *mut ::std::os::raw::c_char,
-    startptr: XLogRecPtr,
-    count: Size,
-) {
-    unsafe {
-        let buf = std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(buf as *mut u8, count);
-        let callback_data = (*(*(*sk).wp).config).callback_data;
-        let api = callback_data as *mut Box<dyn ApiImpl>;
-        (*api).wal_read(&mut (*sk), buf, startptr)
+        (*api).recovery_download(&mut (*wp), &mut (*sk))
    }
 }

@@ -214,11 +194,28 @@ extern "C" fn wal_reader_allocate(sk: *mut Safekeeper) {
    }
 }

-extern "C" fn free_event_set(wp: *mut WalProposer) {
+#[allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]
+extern "C" fn wal_read(
+    sk: *mut Safekeeper,
+    buf: *mut ::std::os::raw::c_char,
+    startptr: XLogRecPtr,
+    count: Size,
+    _errmsg: *mut *mut ::std::os::raw::c_char,
+) -> NeonWALReadResult {
    unsafe {
-        let callback_data = (*(*wp).config).callback_data;
+        let buf = std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(buf as *mut u8, count);
+        let callback_data = (*(*(*sk).wp).config).callback_data;
        let api = callback_data as *mut Box<dyn ApiImpl>;
-        (*api).free_event_set(&mut (*wp));
+        // TODO: errmsg is not forwarded
+        (*api).wal_read(&mut (*sk), buf, startptr)
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" fn wal_reader_events(sk: *mut Safekeeper) -> uint32 {
+    unsafe {
+        let callback_data = (*(*(*sk).wp).config).callback_data;
+        let api = callback_data as *mut Box<dyn ApiImpl>;
+        (*api).wal_reader_events(&mut (*sk))
    }
 }

@@ -238,6 +235,14 @@ extern "C" fn update_event_set(sk: *mut Safekeeper, events: uint32) {
    }
 }

+extern "C" fn active_state_update_event_set(sk: *mut Safekeeper) {
+    unsafe {
+        let callback_data = (*(*(*sk).wp).config).callback_data;
+        let api = callback_data as *mut Box<dyn ApiImpl>;
+        (*api).active_state_update_event_set(&mut (*sk));
+    }
+}
+
 extern "C" fn add_safekeeper_event_set(sk: *mut Safekeeper, events: uint32) {
    unsafe {
        let callback_data = (*(*(*sk).wp).config).callback_data;
@@ -246,6 +251,14 @@ extern "C" fn add_safekeeper_event_set(sk: *mut Safekeeper, events: uint32) {
    }
 }

+extern "C" fn rm_safekeeper_event_set(sk: *mut Safekeeper) {
+    unsafe {
+        let callback_data = (*(*(*sk).wp).config).callback_data;
+        let api = callback_data as *mut Box<dyn ApiImpl>;
+        (*api).rm_safekeeper_event_set(&mut (*sk));
+    }
+}
+
 extern "C" fn wait_event_set(
    wp: *mut WalProposer,
    timeout: ::std::os::raw::c_long,
@@ -313,14 +326,6 @@ extern "C" fn process_safekeeper_feedback(wp: *mut WalProposer, commit_lsn: XLog
    }
 }

-extern "C" fn confirm_wal_streamed(wp: *mut WalProposer, lsn: XLogRecPtr) {
-    unsafe {
-        let callback_data = (*(*wp).config).callback_data;
-        let api = callback_data as *mut Box<dyn ApiImpl>;
-        (*api).confirm_wal_streamed(&mut (*wp), lsn)
-    }
-}
-
 extern "C" fn log_internal(
    wp: *mut WalProposer,
    level: ::std::os::raw::c_int,
@@ -335,14 +340,6 @@ extern "C" fn log_internal(
    }
 }

-extern "C" fn after_election(wp: *mut WalProposer) {
-    unsafe {
-        let callback_data = (*(*wp).config).callback_data;
-        let api = callback_data as *mut Box<dyn ApiImpl>;
-        (*api).after_election(&mut (*wp))
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum Level {
    Debug5,
@@ -401,20 +398,20 @@ pub(crate) fn create_api() -> walproposer_api {
        conn_async_write: Some(conn_async_write),
        conn_blocking_write: Some(conn_blocking_write),
        recovery_download: Some(recovery_download),
-        wal_read: Some(wal_read),
        wal_reader_allocate: Some(wal_reader_allocate),
-        free_event_set: Some(free_event_set),
+        wal_read: Some(wal_read),
+        wal_reader_events: Some(wal_reader_events),
        init_event_set: Some(init_event_set),
        update_event_set: Some(update_event_set),
+        active_state_update_event_set: Some(active_state_update_event_set),
        add_safekeeper_event_set: Some(add_safekeeper_event_set),
+        rm_safekeeper_event_set: Some(rm_safekeeper_event_set),
        wait_event_set: Some(wait_event_set),
        strong_random: Some(strong_random),
        get_redo_start_lsn: Some(get_redo_start_lsn),
        finish_sync_safekeepers: Some(finish_sync_safekeepers),
        process_safekeeper_feedback: Some(process_safekeeper_feedback),
-        confirm_wal_streamed: Some(confirm_wal_streamed),
        log_internal: Some(log_internal),
-        after_election: Some(after_election),
    }
 }

--- a/libs/walproposer/src/walproposer.rs
+++ b/libs/walproposer/src/walproposer.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use utils::id::TenantTimelineId;
 use crate::{
    api_bindings::{create_api, take_vec_u8, Level},
    bindings::{
-        Safekeeper, WalProposer, WalProposerConfig, WalProposerCreate, WalProposerFree,
-        WalProposerStart,
+        NeonWALReadResult, Safekeeper, WalProposer, WalProposerConfig, WalProposerCreate,
+        WalProposerFree, WalProposerStart,
    },
 };

@@ -86,19 +86,19 @@ pub trait ApiImpl {
        todo!()
    }

-    fn recovery_download(&self, _sk: &mut Safekeeper, _startpos: u64, _endpos: u64) -> bool {
+    fn recovery_download(&self, _wp: &mut WalProposer, _sk: &mut Safekeeper) -> bool {
        todo!()
    }

-    fn wal_read(&self, _sk: &mut Safekeeper, _buf: &mut [u8], _startpos: u64) {
+    fn wal_reader_allocate(&self, _sk: &mut Safekeeper) -> NeonWALReadResult {
        todo!()
    }

-    fn wal_reader_allocate(&self, _sk: &mut Safekeeper) {
+    fn wal_read(&self, _sk: &mut Safekeeper, _buf: &mut [u8], _startpos: u64) -> NeonWALReadResult {
        todo!()
    }

-    fn free_event_set(&self, _wp: &mut WalProposer) {
+    fn wal_reader_events(&self, _sk: &mut Safekeeper) -> u32 {
        todo!()
    }

@@ -110,10 +110,18 @@ pub trait ApiImpl {
        todo!()
    }

+    fn active_state_update_event_set(&self, _sk: &mut Safekeeper) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
    fn add_safekeeper_event_set(&self, _sk: &mut Safekeeper, _events_mask: u32) {
        todo!()
    }

+    fn rm_safekeeper_event_set(&self, _sk: &mut Safekeeper) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
    fn wait_event_set(&self, _wp: &mut WalProposer, _timeout_millis: i64) -> WaitResult {
        todo!()
    }
@@ -134,10 +142,6 @@ pub trait ApiImpl {
        todo!()
    }

-    fn confirm_wal_streamed(&self, _wp: &mut WalProposer, _lsn: u64) {
-        todo!()
-    }
-
    fn log_internal(&self, _wp: &mut WalProposer, _level: Level, _msg: &str) {
        todo!()
    }
@@ -240,6 +244,7 @@ impl Drop for Wrapper {

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use core::panic;
    use std::{
        cell::Cell,
        sync::{atomic::AtomicUsize, mpsc::sync_channel},
@@ -247,7 +252,7 @@ mod tests {

    use utils::id::TenantTimelineId;

-    use crate::{api_bindings::Level, walproposer::Wrapper};
+    use crate::{api_bindings::Level, bindings::NeonWALReadResult, walproposer::Wrapper};

    use super::ApiImpl;

@@ -355,12 +360,17 @@ mod tests {
            true
        }

-        fn wal_reader_allocate(&self, _: &mut crate::bindings::Safekeeper) {
-            println!("wal_reader_allocate")
+        fn recovery_download(
+            &self,
+            _wp: &mut crate::bindings::WalProposer,
+            _sk: &mut crate::bindings::Safekeeper,
+        ) -> bool {
+            true
        }

-        fn free_event_set(&self, _: &mut crate::bindings::WalProposer) {
-            println!("free_event_set")
+        fn wal_reader_allocate(&self, _: &mut crate::bindings::Safekeeper) -> NeonWALReadResult {
+            println!("wal_reader_allocate");
+            crate::bindings::NeonWALReadResult_NEON_WALREAD_SUCCESS
        }

        fn init_event_set(&self, _: &mut crate::bindings::WalProposer) {
@@ -383,6 +393,13 @@ mod tests {
            self.wait_events.set(WaitEventsData { sk, event_mask });
        }

+        fn rm_safekeeper_event_set(&self, sk: &mut crate::bindings::Safekeeper) {
+            println!(
+                "rm_safekeeper_event_set, sk={:?}",
+                sk as *mut crate::bindings::Safekeeper
+            );
+        }
+
        fn wait_event_set(
            &self,
            _: &mut crate::bindings::WalProposer,
@@ -408,7 +425,7 @@ mod tests {
        }

        fn log_internal(&self, _wp: &mut crate::bindings::WalProposer, level: Level, msg: &str) {
-            println!("walprop_log[{}] {}", level, msg);
+            println!("wp_log[{}] {}", level, msg);
        }

        fn after_election(&self, _wp: &mut crate::bindings::WalProposer) {
--- a/pageserver/benches/bench_walredo.rs
+++ b/pageserver/benches/bench_walredo.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use bytes::{Buf, Bytes};
 use pageserver::{
    config::PageServerConf, repository::Key, walrecord::NeonWalRecord, walredo::PostgresRedoManager,
 };
+use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
 use utils::{id::TenantId, lsn::Lsn};

 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
@@ -26,9 +27,9 @@ fn redo_scenarios(c: &mut Criterion) {

    let conf = PageServerConf::dummy_conf(repo_dir.path().to_path_buf());
    let conf = Box::leak(Box::new(conf));
-    let tenant_id = TenantId::generate();
+    let tenant_shard_id = TenantShardId::unsharded(TenantId::generate());

-    let manager = PostgresRedoManager::new(conf, tenant_id);
+    let manager = PostgresRedoManager::new(conf, tenant_shard_id);

    let manager = Arc::new(manager);

--- a/pageserver/client/src/mgmt_api.rs
+++ b/pageserver/client/src/mgmt_api.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-use pageserver_api::models::*;
-use reqwest::{IntoUrl, Method};
+use pageserver_api::{models::*, shard::TenantShardId};
+use reqwest::{IntoUrl, Method, StatusCode};
 use utils::{
    http::error::HttpErrorBody,
    id::{TenantId, TimelineId},
 };

+pub mod util;
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Client {
    mgmt_api_endpoint: String,
@@ -20,20 +22,18 @@ pub enum Error {
    #[error("receive error body: {0}")]
    ReceiveErrorBody(String),

-    #[error("pageserver API: {0}")]
-    ApiError(String),
+    #[error("pageserver API: {1}")]
+    ApiError(StatusCode, String),
 }

 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;

-#[async_trait::async_trait]
 pub trait ResponseErrorMessageExt: Sized {
-    async fn error_from_body(self) -> Result<Self>;
+    fn error_from_body(self) -> impl std::future::Future<Output = Result<Self>> + Send;
 }

-#[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl ResponseErrorMessageExt for reqwest::Response {
-    async fn error_from_body(mut self) -> Result<Self> {
+    async fn error_from_body(self) -> Result<Self> {
        let status = self.status();
        if !(status.is_client_error() || status.is_server_error()) {
            return Ok(self);
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl ResponseErrorMessageExt for reqwest::Response {

        let url = self.url().to_owned();
        Err(match self.json::<HttpErrorBody>().await {
-            Ok(HttpErrorBody { msg }) => Error::ApiError(msg),
+            Ok(HttpErrorBody { msg }) => Error::ApiError(status, msg),
            Err(_) => {
                Error::ReceiveErrorBody(format!("Http error ({}) at {}.", status.as_u16(), url))
            }
@@ -49,6 +49,11 @@ impl ResponseErrorMessageExt for reqwest::Response {
    }
 }

+pub enum ForceAwaitLogicalSize {
+    Yes,
+    No,
+}
+
 impl Client {
    pub fn new(mgmt_api_endpoint: String, jwt: Option<&str>) -> Self {
        Self {
@@ -66,9 +71,9 @@ impl Client {

    pub async fn tenant_details(
        &self,
-        tenant_id: TenantId,
+        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
    ) -> Result<pageserver_api::models::TenantDetails> {
-        let uri = format!("{}/v1/tenant/{tenant_id}", self.mgmt_api_endpoint);
+        let uri = format!("{}/v1/tenant/{tenant_shard_id}", self.mgmt_api_endpoint);
        self.get(uri)
            .await?
            .json()
@@ -78,9 +83,12 @@ impl Client {

    pub async fn list_timelines(
        &self,
-        tenant_id: TenantId,
+        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
    ) -> Result<Vec<pageserver_api::models::TimelineInfo>> {
-        let uri = format!("{}/v1/tenant/{tenant_id}/timeline", self.mgmt_api_endpoint);
+        let uri = format!(
+            "{}/v1/tenant/{tenant_shard_id}/timeline",
+            self.mgmt_api_endpoint
+        );
        self.get(&uri)
            .await?
            .json()
@@ -92,11 +100,18 @@ impl Client {
        &self,
        tenant_id: TenantId,
        timeline_id: TimelineId,
+        force_await_logical_size: ForceAwaitLogicalSize,
    ) -> Result<pageserver_api::models::TimelineInfo> {
        let uri = format!(
            "{}/v1/tenant/{tenant_id}/timeline/{timeline_id}",
            self.mgmt_api_endpoint
        );
+
+        let uri = match force_await_logical_size {
+            ForceAwaitLogicalSize::Yes => format!("{}?force-await-logical-size={}", uri, true),
+            ForceAwaitLogicalSize::No => uri,
+        };
+
        self.get(&uri)
            .await?
            .json()
@@ -162,16 +177,28 @@ impl Client {
        Ok(())
    }

+    pub async fn tenant_secondary_download(&self, tenant_id: TenantShardId) -> Result<()> {
+        let uri = format!(
+            "{}/v1/tenant/{}/secondary/download",
+            self.mgmt_api_endpoint, tenant_id
+        );
+        self.request(Method::POST, &uri, ()).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
    pub async fn location_config(
        &self,
-        tenant_id: TenantId,
+        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
        config: LocationConfig,
        flush_ms: Option<std::time::Duration>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let req_body = TenantLocationConfigRequest { tenant_id, config };
+        let req_body = TenantLocationConfigRequest {
+            tenant_id: tenant_shard_id,
+            config,
+        };
        let path = format!(
            "{}/v1/tenant/{}/location_config",
-            self.mgmt_api_endpoint, tenant_id
+            self.mgmt_api_endpoint, tenant_shard_id
        );
        let path = if let Some(flush_ms) = flush_ms {
            format!("{}?flush_ms={}", path, flush_ms.as_millis())
@@ -182,14 +209,23 @@ impl Client {
        Ok(())
    }

+    pub async fn list_location_config(&self) -> Result<LocationConfigListResponse> {
+        let path = format!("{}/v1/location_config", self.mgmt_api_endpoint);
+        self.request(Method::GET, &path, ())
+            .await?
+            .json()
+            .await
+            .map_err(Error::ReceiveBody)
+    }
+
    pub async fn timeline_create(
        &self,
-        tenant_id: TenantId,
+        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
        req: &TimelineCreateRequest,
    ) -> Result<TimelineInfo> {
        let uri = format!(
            "{}/v1/tenant/{}/timeline",
-            self.mgmt_api_endpoint, tenant_id
+            self.mgmt_api_endpoint, tenant_shard_id
        );
        self.request(Method::POST, &uri, req)
            .await?
@@ -197,4 +233,46 @@ impl Client {
            .await
            .map_err(Error::ReceiveBody)
    }
+
+    pub async fn tenant_reset(&self, tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId) -> Result<()> {
+        let uri = format!(
+            "{}/v1/tenant/{}/reset",
+            self.mgmt_api_endpoint, tenant_shard_id
+        );
+        self.request(Method::POST, &uri, ())
+            .await?
+            .json()
+            .await
+            .map_err(Error::ReceiveBody)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn timeline_list(
+        &self,
+        tenant_shard_id: &TenantShardId,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<TimelineInfo>> {
+        let uri = format!(
+            "{}/v1/tenant/{}/timeline",
+            self.mgmt_api_endpoint, tenant_shard_id
+        );
+        self.get(&uri)
+            .await?
+            .json()
+            .await
+            .map_err(Error::ReceiveBody)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn tenant_synthetic_size(
+        &self,
+        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
+    ) -> Result<TenantHistorySize> {
+        let uri = format!(
+            "{}/v1/tenant/{}/synthetic_size",
+            self.mgmt_api_endpoint, tenant_shard_id
+        );
+        self.get(&uri)
+            .await?
+            .json()
+            .await
+            .map_err(Error::ReceiveBody)
+    }
 }
--- a/pageserver/client/src/mgmt_api/util.rs
+++ b/pageserver/client/src/mgmt_api/util.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//! Helpers to do common higher-level tasks with the [`Client`].
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
+use tokio::task::JoinSet;
+use utils::id::{TenantId, TenantTimelineId};
+
+use super::Client;
+
+/// Retrieve a list of all of the pageserver's timelines.
+///
+/// Fails if there are sharded tenants present on the pageserver.
+pub async fn get_pageserver_tenant_timelines_unsharded(
+    api_client: &Arc<Client>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<TenantTimelineId>> {
+    let mut timelines: Vec<TenantTimelineId> = Vec::new();
+    let mut tenants: Vec<TenantId> = Vec::new();
+    for ti in api_client.list_tenants().await? {
+        if !ti.id.is_unsharded() {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "only unsharded tenants are supported at this time: {}",
+                ti.id
+            );
+        }
+        tenants.push(ti.id.tenant_id)
+    }
+    let mut js = JoinSet::new();
+    for tenant_id in tenants {
+        js.spawn({
+            let mgmt_api_client = Arc::clone(api_client);
+            async move {
+                (
+                    tenant_id,
+                    mgmt_api_client
+                        .tenant_details(TenantShardId::unsharded(tenant_id))
+                        .await
+                        .unwrap(),
+                )
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    while let Some(res) = js.join_next().await {
+        let (tenant_id, details) = res.unwrap();
+        for timeline_id in details.timelines {
+            timelines.push(TenantTimelineId {
+                tenant_id,
+                timeline_id,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(timelines)
+}
--- a/pageserver/client/src/page_service.rs
+++ b/pageserver/client/src/page_service.rs
@@ -108,22 +108,38 @@ pub struct RelTagBlockNo {
 }

 impl PagestreamClient {
-    pub async fn shutdown(mut self) {
-        let _ = self.cancel_on_client_drop.take();
-        self.conn_task.await.unwrap();
+    pub async fn shutdown(self) {
+        let Self {
+            copy_both,
+            cancel_on_client_drop: cancel_conn_task,
+            conn_task,
+        } = self;
+        // The `copy_both` contains internal channel sender, the receiver of which is polled by `conn_task`.
+        // When `conn_task` observes the sender has been dropped, it sends a `FeMessage::CopyFail` into the connection.
+        // (see https://github.com/neondatabase/rust-postgres/blob/2005bf79573b8add5cf205b52a2b208e356cc8b0/tokio-postgres/src/copy_both.rs#L56).
+        //
+        // If we drop(copy_both) first, but then immediately drop the `cancel_on_client_drop`,
+        // the CopyFail mesage only makes it to the socket sometimes (i.e., it's a race).
+        //
+        // Further, the pageserver makes a lot of noise when it receives CopyFail.
+        // Computes don't send it in practice, they just hard-close the connection.
+        //
+        // So, let's behave like the computes and suppress the CopyFail as follows:
+        // kill the socket first, then drop copy_both.
+        //
+        // See also: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/protocol-flow.html#PROTOCOL-COPY
+        //
+        // NB: page_service doesn't have a use case to exit the `pagestream` mode currently.
+        // => https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/issues/6390
+        let _ = cancel_conn_task.unwrap();
+        conn_task.await.unwrap();
+        drop(copy_both);
    }

    pub async fn getpage(
        &mut self,
-        key: RelTagBlockNo,
-        lsn: Lsn,
+        req: PagestreamGetPageRequest,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<PagestreamGetPageResponse> {
-        let req = PagestreamGetPageRequest {
-            latest: false,
-            rel: key.rel_tag,
-            blkno: key.block_no,
-            lsn,
-        };
        let req = PagestreamFeMessage::GetPage(req);
        let req: bytes::Bytes = req.serialize();
        // let mut req = tokio_util::io::ReaderStream::new(&req);
--- a/pageserver/pagebench/Cargo.toml
+++ b/pageserver/pagebench/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+[package]
+name = "pagebench"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+camino.workspace = true
+clap.workspace = true
+futures.workspace = true
+hdrhistogram.workspace = true
+humantime.workspace = true
+humantime-serde.workspace = true
+rand.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+tokio.workspace = true
+tokio-util.workspace = true
+
+pageserver_client.workspace = true
+pageserver_api.workspace = true
+utils = { path = "../../libs/utils/" }
+workspace_hack = { version = "0.1", path = "../../workspace_hack" }
--- a/pageserver/pagebench/src/cmd/basebackup.rs
+++ b/pageserver/pagebench/src/cmd/basebackup.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+use anyhow::Context;
+use pageserver_client::mgmt_api::ForceAwaitLogicalSize;
+use pageserver_client::page_service::BasebackupRequest;
+
+use utils::id::TenantTimelineId;
+use utils::lsn::Lsn;
+
+use rand::prelude::*;
+use tokio::sync::Barrier;
+use tokio::task::JoinSet;
+use tracing::{debug, info, instrument};
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
+use std::ops::Range;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use crate::util::tokio_thread_local_stats::AllThreadLocalStats;
+use crate::util::{request_stats, tokio_thread_local_stats};
+
+/// basebackup@LatestLSN
+#[derive(clap::Parser)]
+pub(crate) struct Args {
+    #[clap(long, default_value = "http://localhost:9898")]
+    mgmt_api_endpoint: String,
+    #[clap(long, default_value = "localhost:64000")]
+    page_service_host_port: String,
+    #[clap(long)]
+    pageserver_jwt: Option<String>,
+    #[clap(long, default_value = "1")]
+    num_clients: NonZeroUsize,
+    #[clap(long, default_value = "1.0")]
+    gzip_probability: f64,
+    #[clap(long)]
+    runtime: Option<humantime::Duration>,
+    #[clap(long)]
+    limit_to_first_n_targets: Option<usize>,
+    targets: Option<Vec<TenantTimelineId>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+struct LiveStats {
+    completed_requests: AtomicU64,
+}
+
+impl LiveStats {
+    fn inc(&self) {
+        self.completed_requests.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+}
+
+struct Target {
+    timeline: TenantTimelineId,
+    lsn_range: Option<Range<Lsn>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(serde::Serialize)]
+struct Output {
+    total: request_stats::Output,
+}
+
+tokio_thread_local_stats::declare!(STATS: request_stats::Stats);
+
+pub(crate) fn main(args: Args) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    tokio_thread_local_stats::main!(STATS, move |thread_local_stats| {
+        main_impl(args, thread_local_stats)
+    })
+}
+
+async fn main_impl(
+    args: Args,
+    all_thread_local_stats: AllThreadLocalStats<request_stats::Stats>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let args: &'static Args = Box::leak(Box::new(args));
+
+    let mgmt_api_client = Arc::new(pageserver_client::mgmt_api::Client::new(
+        args.mgmt_api_endpoint.clone(),
+        args.pageserver_jwt.as_deref(),
+    ));
+
+    // discover targets
+    let timelines: Vec<TenantTimelineId> = crate::util::cli::targets::discover(
+        &mgmt_api_client,
+        crate::util::cli::targets::Spec {
+            limit_to_first_n_targets: args.limit_to_first_n_targets,
+            targets: args.targets.clone(),
+        },
+    )
+    .await?;
+    let mut js = JoinSet::new();
+    for timeline in &timelines {
+        js.spawn({
+            let timeline = *timeline;
+            let info = mgmt_api_client
+                .timeline_info(
+                    timeline.tenant_id,
+                    timeline.timeline_id,
+                    ForceAwaitLogicalSize::No,
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+            async move {
+                anyhow::Ok(Target {
+                    timeline,
+                    // TODO: support lsn_range != latest LSN
+                    lsn_range: Some(info.last_record_lsn..(info.last_record_lsn + 1)),
+                })
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    let mut all_targets: Vec<Target> = Vec::new();
+    while let Some(res) = js.join_next().await {
+        all_targets.push(res.unwrap().unwrap());
+    }
+
+    let live_stats = Arc::new(LiveStats::default());
+
+    let num_client_tasks = timelines.len();
+    let num_live_stats_dump = 1;
+    let num_work_sender_tasks = 1;
+
+    let start_work_barrier = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Barrier::new(
+        num_client_tasks + num_live_stats_dump + num_work_sender_tasks,
+    ));
+    let all_work_done_barrier = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Barrier::new(num_client_tasks));
+
+    tokio::spawn({
+        let stats = Arc::clone(&live_stats);
+        let start_work_barrier = Arc::clone(&start_work_barrier);
+        async move {
+            start_work_barrier.wait().await;
+            loop {
+                let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+                tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+                let completed_requests = stats.completed_requests.swap(0, Ordering::Relaxed);
+                let elapsed = start.elapsed();
+                info!(
+                    "RPS: {:.0}",
+                    completed_requests as f64 / elapsed.as_secs_f64()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    let mut work_senders = HashMap::new();
+    let mut tasks = Vec::new();
+    for tl in &timelines {
+        let (sender, receiver) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(1); // TODO: not sure what the implications of this are
+        work_senders.insert(tl, sender);
+        tasks.push(tokio::spawn(client(
+            args,
+            *tl,
+            Arc::clone(&start_work_barrier),
+            receiver,
+            Arc::clone(&all_work_done_barrier),
+            Arc::clone(&live_stats),
+        )));
+    }
+
+    let work_sender = async move {
+        start_work_barrier.wait().await;
+        loop {
+            let (timeline, work) = {
+                let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+                let target = all_targets.choose(&mut rng).unwrap();
+                let lsn = target.lsn_range.clone().map(|r| rng.gen_range(r));
+                (
+                    target.timeline,
+                    Work {
+                        lsn,
+                        gzip: rng.gen_bool(args.gzip_probability),
+                    },
+                )
+            };
+            let sender = work_senders.get(&timeline).unwrap();
+            // TODO: what if this blocks?
+            sender.send(work).await.ok().unwrap();
+        }
+    };
+
+    if let Some(runtime) = args.runtime {
+        match tokio::time::timeout(runtime.into(), work_sender).await {
+            Ok(()) => unreachable!("work sender never terminates"),
+            Err(_timeout) => {
+                // this implicitly drops the work_senders, making all the clients exit
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        work_sender.await;
+        unreachable!("work sender never terminates");
+    }
+
+    for t in tasks {
+        t.await.unwrap();
+    }
+
+    let output = Output {
+        total: {
+            let mut agg_stats = request_stats::Stats::new();
+            for stats in all_thread_local_stats.lock().unwrap().iter() {
+                let stats = stats.lock().unwrap();
+                agg_stats.add(&stats);
+            }
+            agg_stats.output()
+        },
+    };
+
+    let output = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&output).unwrap();
+    println!("{output}");
+
+    anyhow::Ok(())
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+struct Work {
+    lsn: Option<Lsn>,
+    gzip: bool,
+}
+
+#[instrument(skip_all)]
+async fn client(
+    args: &'static Args,
+    timeline: TenantTimelineId,
+    start_work_barrier: Arc<Barrier>,
+    mut work: tokio::sync::mpsc::Receiver<Work>,
+    all_work_done_barrier: Arc<Barrier>,
+    live_stats: Arc<LiveStats>,
+) {
+    start_work_barrier.wait().await;
+
+    let client = pageserver_client::page_service::Client::new(crate::util::connstring::connstring(
+        &args.page_service_host_port,
+        args.pageserver_jwt.as_deref(),
+    ))
+    .await
+    .unwrap();
+
+    while let Some(Work { lsn, gzip }) = work.recv().await {
+        let start = Instant::now();
+        let copy_out_stream = client
+            .basebackup(&BasebackupRequest {
+                tenant_id: timeline.tenant_id,
+                timeline_id: timeline.timeline_id,
+                lsn,
+                gzip,
+            })
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("start basebackup for {timeline}"))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        use futures::StreamExt;
+        let size = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+        copy_out_stream
+            .for_each({
+                |r| {
+                    let size = Arc::clone(&size);
+                    async move {
+                        let size = Arc::clone(&size);
+                        size.fetch_add(r.unwrap().len(), Ordering::Relaxed);
+                    }
+                }
+            })
+            .await;
+        debug!("basebackup size is {} bytes", size.load(Ordering::Relaxed));
+        let elapsed = start.elapsed();
+        live_stats.inc();
+        STATS.with(|stats| {
+            stats.borrow().lock().unwrap().observe(elapsed).unwrap();
+        });
+    }
+
+    all_work_done_barrier.wait().await;
+}
--- a/pageserver/pagebench/src/cmd/getpage_latest_lsn.rs
+++ b/pageserver/pagebench/src/cmd/getpage_latest_lsn.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+use anyhow::Context;
+use camino::Utf8PathBuf;
+use futures::future::join_all;
+use pageserver_api::key::{is_rel_block_key, key_to_rel_block, Key};
+use pageserver_api::keyspace::KeySpaceAccum;
+use pageserver_api::models::PagestreamGetPageRequest;
+
+use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
+use utils::id::TenantTimelineId;
+use utils::lsn::Lsn;
+
+use rand::prelude::*;
+use tokio::sync::Barrier;
+use tokio::task::JoinSet;
+use tracing::{info, instrument};
+
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use crate::util::tokio_thread_local_stats::AllThreadLocalStats;
+use crate::util::{request_stats, tokio_thread_local_stats};
+
+/// GetPage@LatestLSN, uniformly distributed across the compute-accessible keyspace.
+#[derive(clap::Parser)]
+pub(crate) struct Args {
+    #[clap(long, default_value = "http://localhost:9898")]
+    mgmt_api_endpoint: String,
+    #[clap(long, default_value = "postgres://postgres@localhost:64000")]
+    page_service_connstring: String,
+    #[clap(long)]
+    pageserver_jwt: Option<String>,
+    #[clap(long, default_value = "1")]
+    num_clients: NonZeroUsize,
+    #[clap(long)]
+    runtime: Option<humantime::Duration>,
+    #[clap(long)]
+    per_target_rate_limit: Option<usize>,
+    /// Probability for sending `latest=true` in the request (uniform distribution).
+    #[clap(long, default_value = "1")]
+    req_latest_probability: f64,
+    #[clap(long)]
+    limit_to_first_n_targets: Option<usize>,
+    /// For large pageserver installations, enumerating the keyspace takes a lot of time.
+    /// If specified, the specified path is used to maintain a cache of the keyspace enumeration result.
+    /// The cache is tagged and auto-invalided by the tenant/timeline ids only.
+    /// It doesn't get invalidated if the keyspace changes under the hood, e.g., due to new ingested data or compaction.
+    #[clap(long)]
+    keyspace_cache: Option<Utf8PathBuf>,
+    targets: Option<Vec<TenantTimelineId>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+struct LiveStats {
+    completed_requests: AtomicU64,
+}
+
+impl LiveStats {
+    fn inc(&self) {
+        self.completed_requests.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+struct KeyRange {
+    timeline: TenantTimelineId,
+    timeline_lsn: Lsn,
+    start: i128,
+    end: i128,
+}
+
+impl KeyRange {
+    fn len(&self) -> i128 {
+        self.end - self.start
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(serde::Serialize)]
+struct Output {
+    total: request_stats::Output,
+}
+
+tokio_thread_local_stats::declare!(STATS: request_stats::Stats);
+
+pub(crate) fn main(args: Args) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    tokio_thread_local_stats::main!(STATS, move |thread_local_stats| {
+        main_impl(args, thread_local_stats)
+    })
+}
+
+async fn main_impl(
+    args: Args,
+    all_thread_local_stats: AllThreadLocalStats<request_stats::Stats>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let args: &'static Args = Box::leak(Box::new(args));
+
+    let mgmt_api_client = Arc::new(pageserver_client::mgmt_api::Client::new(
+        args.mgmt_api_endpoint.clone(),
+        args.pageserver_jwt.as_deref(),
+    ));
+
+    // discover targets
+    let timelines: Vec<TenantTimelineId> = crate::util::cli::targets::discover(
+        &mgmt_api_client,
+        crate::util::cli::targets::Spec {
+            limit_to_first_n_targets: args.limit_to_first_n_targets,
+            targets: args.targets.clone(),
+        },
+    )
+    .await?;
+
+    #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+    struct KeyspaceCacheDe {
+        tag: Vec<TenantTimelineId>,
+        data: Vec<KeyRange>,
+    }
+    #[derive(serde::Serialize)]
+    struct KeyspaceCacheSer<'a> {
+        tag: &'a [TenantTimelineId],
+        data: &'a [KeyRange],
+    }
+    let cache = args
+        .keyspace_cache
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|keyspace_cache_file| {
+            let contents = match std::fs::read(keyspace_cache_file) {
+                Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
+                    return anyhow::Ok(None);
+                }
+                x => x.context("read keyspace cache file")?,
+            };
+            let cache: KeyspaceCacheDe =
+                serde_json::from_slice(&contents).context("deserialize cache file")?;
+            let tag_ok = HashSet::<TenantTimelineId>::from_iter(cache.tag.into_iter())
+                == HashSet::from_iter(timelines.iter().cloned());
+            info!("keyspace cache file matches tag: {tag_ok}");
+            anyhow::Ok(if tag_ok { Some(cache.data) } else { None })
+        })
+        .transpose()?
+        .flatten();
+    let all_ranges: Vec<KeyRange> = if let Some(cached) = cache {
+        info!("using keyspace cache file");
+        cached
+    } else {
+        let mut js = JoinSet::new();
+        for timeline in &timelines {
+            js.spawn({
+                let mgmt_api_client = Arc::clone(&mgmt_api_client);
+                let timeline = *timeline;
+                async move {
+                    let partitioning = mgmt_api_client
+                        .keyspace(timeline.tenant_id, timeline.timeline_id)
+                        .await?;
+                    let lsn = partitioning.at_lsn;
+                    let start = Instant::now();
+                    let mut filtered = KeySpaceAccum::new();
+                    // let's hope this is inlined and vectorized...
+                    // TODO: turn this loop into a is_rel_block_range() function.
+                    for r in partitioning.keys.ranges.iter() {
+                        let mut i = r.start;
+                        while i != r.end {
+                            if is_rel_block_key(&i) {
+                                filtered.add_key(i);
+                            }
+                            i = i.next();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    let filtered = filtered.to_keyspace();
+                    let filter_duration = start.elapsed();
+
+                    anyhow::Ok((
+                        filter_duration,
+                        filtered.ranges.into_iter().map(move |r| KeyRange {
+                            timeline,
+                            timeline_lsn: lsn,
+                            start: r.start.to_i128(),
+                            end: r.end.to_i128(),
+                        }),
+                    ))
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        let mut total_filter_duration = Duration::from_secs(0);
+        let mut all_ranges: Vec<KeyRange> = Vec::new();
+        while let Some(res) = js.join_next().await {
+            let (filter_duration, range) = res.unwrap().unwrap();
+            all_ranges.extend(range);
+            total_filter_duration += filter_duration;
+        }
+        info!("filter duration: {}", total_filter_duration.as_secs_f64());
+        if let Some(cachefile) = args.keyspace_cache.as_ref() {
+            let cache = KeyspaceCacheSer {
+                tag: &timelines,
+                data: &all_ranges,
+            };
+            let bytes = serde_json::to_vec(&cache).context("serialize keyspace for cache file")?;
+            std::fs::write(cachefile, bytes).context("write keyspace cache file to disk")?;
+            info!("successfully wrote keyspace cache file");
+        }
+        all_ranges
+    };
+
+    let live_stats = Arc::new(LiveStats::default());
+
+    let num_client_tasks = timelines.len();
+    let num_live_stats_dump = 1;
+    let num_work_sender_tasks = 1;
+    let num_main_impl = 1;
+
+    let start_work_barrier = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Barrier::new(
+        num_client_tasks + num_live_stats_dump + num_work_sender_tasks + num_main_impl,
+    ));
+
+    tokio::spawn({
+        let stats = Arc::clone(&live_stats);
+        let start_work_barrier = Arc::clone(&start_work_barrier);
+        async move {
+            start_work_barrier.wait().await;
+            loop {
+                let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+                tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+                let completed_requests = stats.completed_requests.swap(0, Ordering::Relaxed);
+                let elapsed = start.elapsed();
+                info!(
+                    "RPS: {:.0}",
+                    completed_requests as f64 / elapsed.as_secs_f64()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    let cancel = CancellationToken::new();
+
+    let mut work_senders: HashMap<TenantTimelineId, _> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut tasks = Vec::new();
+    for tl in &timelines {
+        let (sender, receiver) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(10); // TODO: not sure what the implications of this are
+        work_senders.insert(*tl, sender);
+        tasks.push(tokio::spawn(client(
+            args,
+            *tl,
+            Arc::clone(&start_work_barrier),
+            receiver,
+            Arc::clone(&live_stats),
+            cancel.clone(),
+        )));
+    }
+
+    let work_sender: Pin<Box<dyn Send + Future<Output = ()>>> = {
+        let start_work_barrier = start_work_barrier.clone();
+        let cancel = cancel.clone();
+        match args.per_target_rate_limit {
+            None => Box::pin(async move {
+                let weights = rand::distributions::weighted::WeightedIndex::new(
+                    all_ranges.iter().map(|v| v.len()),
+                )
+                .unwrap();
+
+                start_work_barrier.wait().await;
+
+                while !cancel.is_cancelled() {
+                    let (timeline, req) = {
+                        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+                        let r = &all_ranges[weights.sample(&mut rng)];
+                        let key: i128 = rng.gen_range(r.start..r.end);
+                        let key = Key::from_i128(key);
+                        let (rel_tag, block_no) =
+                            key_to_rel_block(key).expect("we filter non-rel-block keys out above");
+                        (
+                            r.timeline,
+                            PagestreamGetPageRequest {
+                                latest: rng.gen_bool(args.req_latest_probability),
+                                lsn: r.timeline_lsn,
+                                rel: rel_tag,
+                                blkno: block_no,
+                            },
+                        )
+                    };
+                    let sender = work_senders.get(&timeline).unwrap();
+                    // TODO: what if this blocks?
+                    if sender.send(req).await.is_err() {
+                        assert!(cancel.is_cancelled(), "client has gone away unexpectedly");
+                    }
+                }
+            }),
+            Some(rps_limit) => Box::pin(async move {
+                let period = Duration::from_secs_f64(1.0 / (rps_limit as f64));
+                let make_timeline_task: &dyn Fn(
+                    TenantTimelineId,
+                )
+                    -> Pin<Box<dyn Send + Future<Output = ()>>> = &|timeline| {
+                    let sender = work_senders.get(&timeline).unwrap();
+                    let ranges: Vec<KeyRange> = all_ranges
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter(|r| r.timeline == timeline)
+                        .cloned()
+                        .collect();
+                    let weights = rand::distributions::weighted::WeightedIndex::new(
+                        ranges.iter().map(|v| v.len()),
+                    )
+                    .unwrap();
+
+                    let cancel = cancel.clone();
+                    Box::pin(async move {
+                        let mut ticker = tokio::time::interval(period);
+                        ticker.set_missed_tick_behavior(
+                            /* TODO review this choice */
+                            tokio::time::MissedTickBehavior::Burst,
+                        );
+                        while !cancel.is_cancelled() {
+                            ticker.tick().await;
+                            let req = {
+                                let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+                                let r = &ranges[weights.sample(&mut rng)];
+                                let key: i128 = rng.gen_range(r.start..r.end);
+                                let key = Key::from_i128(key);
+                                assert!(is_rel_block_key(&key));
+                                let (rel_tag, block_no) = key_to_rel_block(key)
+                                    .expect("we filter non-rel-block keys out above");
+                                PagestreamGetPageRequest {
+                                    latest: rng.gen_bool(args.req_latest_probability),
+                                    lsn: r.timeline_lsn,
+                                    rel: rel_tag,
+                                    blkno: block_no,
+                                }
+                            };
+                            if sender.send(req).await.is_err() {
+                                assert!(cancel.is_cancelled(), "client has gone away unexpectedly");
+                            }
+                        }
+                    })
+                };
+
+                let tasks: Vec<_> = work_senders
+                    .keys()
+                    .map(|tl| make_timeline_task(*tl))
+                    .collect();
+
+                start_work_barrier.wait().await;
+
+                join_all(tasks).await;
+            }),
+        }
+    };
+
+    let work_sender_task = tokio::spawn(work_sender);
+
+    info!("waiting for everything to become ready");
+    start_work_barrier.wait().await;
+    info!("work started");
+    if let Some(runtime) = args.runtime {
+        tokio::time::sleep(runtime.into()).await;
+        info!("runtime over, signalling cancellation");
+        cancel.cancel();
+        work_sender_task.await.unwrap();
+        info!("work sender exited");
+    } else {
+        work_sender_task.await.unwrap();
+        unreachable!("work sender never terminates");
+    }
+
+    info!("joining clients");
+    for t in tasks {
+        t.await.unwrap();
+    }
+
+    info!("all clients stopped");
+
+    let output = Output {
+        total: {
+            let mut agg_stats = request_stats::Stats::new();
+            for stats in all_thread_local_stats.lock().unwrap().iter() {
+                let stats = stats.lock().unwrap();
+                agg_stats.add(&stats);
+            }
+            agg_stats.output()
+        },
+    };
+
+    let output = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&output).unwrap();
+    println!("{output}");
+
+    anyhow::Ok(())
+}
+
+#[instrument(skip_all)]
+async fn client(
+    args: &'static Args,
+    timeline: TenantTimelineId,
+    start_work_barrier: Arc<Barrier>,
+    mut work: tokio::sync::mpsc::Receiver<PagestreamGetPageRequest>,
+    live_stats: Arc<LiveStats>,
+    cancel: CancellationToken,
+) {
+    let client = pageserver_client::page_service::Client::new(args.page_service_connstring.clone())
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    let mut client = client
+        .pagestream(timeline.tenant_id, timeline.timeline_id)
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let do_requests = async {
+        start_work_barrier.wait().await;
+        while let Some(req) = work.recv().await {
+            let start = Instant::now();
+            client
+                .getpage(req)
+                .await
+                .with_context(|| format!("getpage for {timeline}"))
+                .unwrap();
+            let elapsed = start.elapsed();
+            live_stats.inc();
+            STATS.with(|stats| {
+                stats.borrow().lock().unwrap().observe(elapsed).unwrap();
+            });
+        }
+    };
+    tokio::select! {
+        res = do_requests => { res },
+        _ = cancel.cancelled() => {
+            client.shutdown().await;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/pageserver/pagebench/src/cmd/trigger_initial_size_calculation.rs
+++ b/pageserver/pagebench/src/cmd/trigger_initial_size_calculation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use humantime::Duration;
+use tokio::task::JoinSet;
+use utils::id::TenantTimelineId;
+
+use pageserver_client::mgmt_api::ForceAwaitLogicalSize;
+
+#[derive(clap::Parser)]
+pub(crate) struct Args {
+    #[clap(long, default_value = "http://localhost:9898")]
+    mgmt_api_endpoint: String,
+    #[clap(long, default_value = "localhost:64000")]
+    page_service_host_port: String,
+    #[clap(long)]
+    pageserver_jwt: Option<String>,
+    #[clap(
+        long,
+        help = "if specified, poll mgmt api to check whether init logical size calculation has completed"
+    )]
+    poll_for_completion: Option<Duration>,
+    #[clap(long)]
+    limit_to_first_n_targets: Option<usize>,
+    targets: Option<Vec<TenantTimelineId>>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn main(args: Args) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_multi_thread()
+        .enable_all()
+        .build()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let main_task = rt.spawn(main_impl(args));
+    rt.block_on(main_task).unwrap()
+}
+
+async fn main_impl(args: Args) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let args: &'static Args = Box::leak(Box::new(args));
+
+    let mgmt_api_client = Arc::new(pageserver_client::mgmt_api::Client::new(
+        args.mgmt_api_endpoint.clone(),
+        args.pageserver_jwt.as_deref(),
+    ));
+
+    // discover targets
+    let timelines: Vec<TenantTimelineId> = crate::util::cli::targets::discover(
+        &mgmt_api_client,
+        crate::util::cli::targets::Spec {
+            limit_to_first_n_targets: args.limit_to_first_n_targets,
+            targets: args.targets.clone(),
+        },
+    )
+    .await?;
+
+    // kick it off
+
+    let mut js = JoinSet::new();
+    for tl in timelines {
+        let mgmt_api_client = Arc::clone(&mgmt_api_client);
+        js.spawn(async move {
+            let info = mgmt_api_client
+                .timeline_info(tl.tenant_id, tl.timeline_id, ForceAwaitLogicalSize::Yes)
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+
+            // Polling should not be strictly required here since we await
+            // for the initial logical size, however it's possible for the request
+            // to land before the timeline is initialised. This results in an approximate
+            // logical size.
+            if let Some(period) = args.poll_for_completion {
+                let mut ticker = tokio::time::interval(period.into());
+                ticker.set_missed_tick_behavior(tokio::time::MissedTickBehavior::Delay);
+                let mut info = info;
+                while !info.current_logical_size_is_accurate {
+                    ticker.tick().await;
+                    info = mgmt_api_client
+                        .timeline_info(tl.tenant_id, tl.timeline_id, ForceAwaitLogicalSize::Yes)
+                        .await
+                        .unwrap();
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    while let Some(res) = js.join_next().await {
+        let _: () = res.unwrap();
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
--- a/pageserver/pagebench/src/main.rs
+++ b/pageserver/pagebench/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+use utils::logging;
+
+/// Re-usable pieces of code that aren't CLI-specific.
+mod util {
+    pub(crate) mod connstring;
+    pub(crate) mod request_stats;
+    #[macro_use]
+    pub(crate) mod tokio_thread_local_stats;
+    /// Re-usable pieces of CLI-specific code.
+    pub(crate) mod cli {
+        pub(crate) mod targets;
+    }
+}
+
+/// The pagebench CLI sub-commands, dispatched in [`main`] below.
+mod cmd {
+    pub(super) mod basebackup;
+    pub(super) mod getpage_latest_lsn;
+    pub(super) mod trigger_initial_size_calculation;
+}
+
+/// Component-level performance test for pageserver.
+#[derive(clap::Parser)]
+enum Args {
+    Basebackup(cmd::basebackup::Args),
+    GetPageLatestLsn(cmd::getpage_latest_lsn::Args),
+    TriggerInitialSizeCalculation(cmd::trigger_initial_size_calculation::Args),
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    logging::init(
+        logging::LogFormat::Plain,
+        logging::TracingErrorLayerEnablement::Disabled,
+        logging::Output::Stderr,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    logging::replace_panic_hook_with_tracing_panic_hook().forget();
+
+    let args = Args::parse();
+    match args {
+        Args::Basebackup(args) => cmd::basebackup::main(args),
+        Args::GetPageLatestLsn(args) => cmd::getpage_latest_lsn::main(args),
+        Args::TriggerInitialSizeCalculation(args) => {
+            cmd::trigger_initial_size_calculation::main(args)
+        }
+    }
+    .unwrap()
+}
--- a/pageserver/pagebench/src/util/cli/targets.rs
+++ b/pageserver/pagebench/src/util/cli/targets.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use pageserver_client::mgmt_api;
+use tracing::info;
+use utils::id::TenantTimelineId;
+
+pub(crate) struct Spec {
+    pub(crate) limit_to_first_n_targets: Option<usize>,
+    pub(crate) targets: Option<Vec<TenantTimelineId>>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn discover(
+    api_client: &Arc<mgmt_api::Client>,
+    spec: Spec,
+) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<TenantTimelineId>> {
+    let mut timelines = if let Some(targets) = spec.targets {
+        targets
+    } else {
+        mgmt_api::util::get_pageserver_tenant_timelines_unsharded(api_client).await?
+    };
+
+    if let Some(limit) = spec.limit_to_first_n_targets {
+        timelines.sort(); // for determinism
+        timelines.truncate(limit);
+        if timelines.len() < limit {
+            anyhow::bail!("pageserver has less than limit_to_first_n_targets={limit} tenants");
+        }
+    }
+
+    info!("timelines:\n{:?}", timelines);
+    info!("number of timelines:\n{:?}", timelines.len());
+
+    Ok(timelines)
+}
--- a/pageserver/pagebench/src/util/connstring.rs
+++ b/pageserver/pagebench/src/util/connstring.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+pub(crate) fn connstring(host_port: &str, jwt: Option<&str>) -> String {
+    let colon_and_jwt = if let Some(jwt) = jwt {
+        format!(":{jwt}") // TODO: urlescape
+    } else {
+        String::new()
+    };
+    format!("postgres://postgres{colon_and_jwt}@{host_port}")
+}
--- a/pageserver/pagebench/src/util/request_stats.rs
+++ b/pageserver/pagebench/src/util/request_stats.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use anyhow::Context;
+
+pub(crate) struct Stats {
+    latency_histo: hdrhistogram::Histogram<u64>,
+}
+
+impl Stats {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            // Initialize with fixed bounds so that we panic at runtime instead of resizing the histogram,
+            // which would skew the benchmark results.
+            latency_histo: hdrhistogram::Histogram::new_with_bounds(1, 1_000_000_000, 3).unwrap(),
+        }
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn observe(&mut self, latency: Duration) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let micros: u64 = latency
+            .as_micros()
+            .try_into()
+            .context("latency greater than u64")?;
+        self.latency_histo
+            .record(micros)
+            .context("add to histogram")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn output(&self) -> Output {
+        let latency_percentiles = std::array::from_fn(|idx| {
+            let micros = self
+                .latency_histo
+                .value_at_percentile(LATENCY_PERCENTILES[idx]);
+            Duration::from_micros(micros)
+        });
+        Output {
+            request_count: self.latency_histo.len(),
+            latency_mean: Duration::from_micros(self.latency_histo.mean() as u64),
+            latency_percentiles: LatencyPercentiles {
+                latency_percentiles,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn add(&mut self, other: &Self) {
+        let Self {
+            ref mut latency_histo,
+        } = self;
+        latency_histo.add(&other.latency_histo).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Stats {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+const LATENCY_PERCENTILES: [f64; 4] = [95.0, 99.00, 99.90, 99.99];
+
+struct LatencyPercentiles {
+    latency_percentiles: [Duration; 4],
+}
+
+impl serde::Serialize for LatencyPercentiles {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: serde::Serializer,
+    {
+        use serde::ser::SerializeMap;
+        let mut ser = serializer.serialize_map(Some(LATENCY_PERCENTILES.len()))?;
+        for p in LATENCY_PERCENTILES {
+            ser.serialize_entry(
+                &format!("p{p}"),
+                &format!(
+                    "{}",
+                    &humantime::format_duration(self.latency_percentiles[0])
+                ),
+            )?;
+        }
+        ser.end()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(serde::Serialize)]
+pub(crate) struct Output {
+    request_count: u64,
+    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
+    latency_mean: Duration,
+    latency_percentiles: LatencyPercentiles,
+}
--- a/pageserver/pagebench/src/util/tokio_thread_local_stats.rs
+++ b/pageserver/pagebench/src/util/tokio_thread_local_stats.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+pub(crate) type ThreadLocalStats<T> = Arc<Mutex<T>>;
+pub(crate) type AllThreadLocalStats<T> = Arc<Mutex<Vec<ThreadLocalStats<T>>>>;
+
+macro_rules! declare {
+    ($THREAD_LOCAL_NAME:ident: $T:ty) => {
+        thread_local! {
+            pub static $THREAD_LOCAL_NAME: std::cell::RefCell<crate::util::tokio_thread_local_stats::ThreadLocalStats<$T>> = std::cell::RefCell::new(
+                std::sync::Arc::new(std::sync::Mutex::new(Default::default()))
+            );
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+
+pub(crate) use declare;
+
+macro_rules! main {
+    ($THREAD_LOCAL_NAME:ident, $main_impl:expr) => {{
+        let main_impl = $main_impl;
+        let all = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+
+        let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_multi_thread()
+            .on_thread_start({
+                let all = Arc::clone(&all);
+                move || {
+                    // pre-initialize the thread local stats by accessesing them
+                    // (some stats like requests_stats::Stats are quite costly to initialize,
+                    //  we don't want to pay that cost during the measurement period)
+                    $THREAD_LOCAL_NAME.with(|stats| {
+                        let stats: Arc<_> = Arc::clone(&*stats.borrow());
+                        all.lock().unwrap().push(stats);
+                    });
+                }
+            })
+            .enable_all()
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let main_task = rt.spawn(main_impl(all));
+        rt.block_on(main_task).unwrap()
+    }};
+}
+
+pub(crate) use main;
--- a/pageserver/src/basebackup.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/basebackup.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ use tracing::*;
 use tokio_tar::{Builder, EntryType, Header};

 use crate::context::RequestContext;
+use crate::pgdatadir_mapping::Version;
 use crate::tenant::Timeline;
 use pageserver_api::reltag::{RelTag, SlruKind};

@@ -174,7 +175,7 @@ where
        ] {
            for segno in self
                .timeline
-                .list_slru_segments(kind, self.lsn, self.ctx)
+                .list_slru_segments(kind, Version::Lsn(self.lsn), self.ctx)
                .await?
            {
                self.add_slru_segment(kind, segno).await?;
@@ -192,7 +193,7 @@ where
            // Otherwise only include init forks of unlogged relations.
            let rels = self
                .timeline
-                .list_rels(spcnode, dbnode, self.lsn, self.ctx)
+                .list_rels(spcnode, dbnode, Version::Lsn(self.lsn), self.ctx)
                .await?;
            for &rel in rels.iter() {
                // Send init fork as main fork to provide well formed empty
@@ -267,7 +268,7 @@ where
    async fn add_rel(&mut self, src: RelTag, dst: RelTag) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let nblocks = self
            .timeline
-            .get_rel_size(src, self.lsn, false, self.ctx)
+            .get_rel_size(src, Version::Lsn(self.lsn), false, self.ctx)
            .await?;

        // If the relation is empty, create an empty file
@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ where
            for blknum in startblk..endblk {
                let img = self
                    .timeline
-                    .get_rel_page_at_lsn(src, blknum, self.lsn, false, self.ctx)
+                    .get_rel_page_at_lsn(src, blknum, Version::Lsn(self.lsn), false, self.ctx)
                    .await?;
                segment_data.extend_from_slice(&img[..]);
            }
@@ -310,7 +311,7 @@ where
    async fn add_slru_segment(&mut self, slru: SlruKind, segno: u32) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let nblocks = self
            .timeline
-            .get_slru_segment_size(slru, segno, self.lsn, self.ctx)
+            .get_slru_segment_size(slru, segno, Version::Lsn(self.lsn), self.ctx)
            .await?;

        let mut slru_buf: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(nblocks as usize * BLCKSZ as usize);
@@ -352,7 +353,7 @@ where
        let relmap_img = if has_relmap_file {
            let img = self
                .timeline
-                .get_relmap_file(spcnode, dbnode, self.lsn, self.ctx)
+                .get_relmap_file(spcnode, dbnode, Version::Lsn(self.lsn), self.ctx)
                .await?;

            ensure!(
@@ -399,7 +400,7 @@ where
            if !has_relmap_file
                && self
                    .timeline
-                    .list_rels(spcnode, dbnode, self.lsn, self.ctx)
+                    .list_rels(spcnode, dbnode, Version::Lsn(self.lsn), self.ctx)
                    .await?
                    .is_empty()
            {
--- a/pageserver/src/bin/pageserver.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/bin/pageserver.rs
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ use pageserver::{
    virtual_file,
 };
 use postgres_backend::AuthType;
+use utils::failpoint_support;
 use utils::logging::TracingErrorLayerEnablement;
 use utils::signals::ShutdownSignals;
 use utils::{
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    }

    // Initialize up failpoints support
-    let scenario = pageserver::failpoint_support::init();
+    let scenario = failpoint_support::init();

    // Basic initialization of things that don't change after startup
    virtual_file::init(conf.max_file_descriptors);
@@ -526,6 +527,7 @@ fn start_pageserver(
            conf,
            remote_storage.clone(),
            disk_usage_eviction_state.clone(),
+            tenant_manager.clone(),
            background_jobs_barrier.clone(),
        )?;
    }
--- a/pageserver/src/config.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/config.rs
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ use crate::tenant::{
    TENANTS_SEGMENT_NAME, TENANT_DELETED_MARKER_FILE_NAME, TIMELINES_SEGMENT_NAME,
 };
 use crate::{
-    IGNORED_TENANT_FILE_NAME, METADATA_FILE_NAME, TENANT_CONFIG_NAME, TENANT_LOCATION_CONFIG_NAME,
-    TIMELINE_DELETE_MARK_SUFFIX, TIMELINE_UNINIT_MARK_SUFFIX,
+    IGNORED_TENANT_FILE_NAME, METADATA_FILE_NAME, TENANT_CONFIG_NAME, TENANT_HEATMAP_BASENAME,
+    TENANT_LOCATION_CONFIG_NAME, TIMELINE_DELETE_MARK_SUFFIX, TIMELINE_UNINIT_MARK_SUFFIX,
 };

 use self::defaults::DEFAULT_CONCURRENT_TENANT_WARMUP;
@@ -75,6 +75,9 @@ pub mod defaults {
    pub const DEFAULT_BACKGROUND_TASK_MAXIMUM_DELAY: &str = "10s";

    pub const DEFAULT_HEATMAP_UPLOAD_CONCURRENCY: usize = 8;
+    pub const DEFAULT_SECONDARY_DOWNLOAD_CONCURRENCY: usize = 1;
+
+    pub const DEFAULT_INGEST_BATCH_SIZE: u64 = 100;

    ///
    /// Default built-in configuration file.
@@ -88,6 +91,7 @@ pub mod defaults {
 #wait_lsn_timeout = '{DEFAULT_WAIT_LSN_TIMEOUT}'
 #wal_redo_timeout = '{DEFAULT_WAL_REDO_TIMEOUT}'

+#page_cache_size = {DEFAULT_PAGE_CACHE_SIZE}
 #max_file_descriptors = {DEFAULT_MAX_FILE_DESCRIPTORS}

 # initial superuser role name to use when creating a new tenant
@@ -108,6 +112,8 @@ pub mod defaults {

 #background_task_maximum_delay = '{DEFAULT_BACKGROUND_TASK_MAXIMUM_DELAY}'

+#ingest_batch_size = {DEFAULT_INGEST_BATCH_SIZE}
+
 [tenant_config]
 #checkpoint_distance = {DEFAULT_CHECKPOINT_DISTANCE} # in bytes
 #checkpoint_timeout = {DEFAULT_CHECKPOINT_TIMEOUT}
@@ -125,6 +131,7 @@ pub mod defaults {
 #gc_feedback = false

 #heatmap_upload_concurrency = {DEFAULT_HEATMAP_UPLOAD_CONCURRENCY}
+#secondary_download_concurrency = {DEFAULT_SECONDARY_DOWNLOAD_CONCURRENCY}

 [remote_storage]

@@ -233,6 +240,13 @@ pub struct PageServerConf {
    /// How many heatmap uploads may be done concurrency: lower values implicitly deprioritize
    /// heatmap uploads vs. other remote storage operations.
    pub heatmap_upload_concurrency: usize,
+
+    /// How many remote storage downloads may be done for secondary tenants concurrently.  Implicitly
+    /// deprioritises secondary downloads vs. remote storage operations for attached tenants.
+    pub secondary_download_concurrency: usize,
+
+    /// Maximum number of WAL records to be ingested and committed at the same time
+    pub ingest_batch_size: u64,
 }

 /// We do not want to store this in a PageServerConf because the latter may be logged
@@ -314,6 +328,9 @@ struct PageServerConfigBuilder {
    control_plane_emergency_mode: BuilderValue<bool>,

    heatmap_upload_concurrency: BuilderValue<usize>,
+    secondary_download_concurrency: BuilderValue<usize>,
+
+    ingest_batch_size: BuilderValue<u64>,
 }

 impl Default for PageServerConfigBuilder {
@@ -386,6 +403,9 @@ impl Default for PageServerConfigBuilder {
            control_plane_emergency_mode: Set(false),

            heatmap_upload_concurrency: Set(DEFAULT_HEATMAP_UPLOAD_CONCURRENCY),
+            secondary_download_concurrency: Set(DEFAULT_SECONDARY_DOWNLOAD_CONCURRENCY),
+
+            ingest_batch_size: Set(DEFAULT_INGEST_BATCH_SIZE),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -534,6 +554,14 @@ impl PageServerConfigBuilder {
        self.heatmap_upload_concurrency = BuilderValue::Set(value)
    }

+    pub fn secondary_download_concurrency(&mut self, value: usize) {
+        self.secondary_download_concurrency = BuilderValue::Set(value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn ingest_batch_size(&mut self, ingest_batch_size: u64) {
+        self.ingest_batch_size = BuilderValue::Set(ingest_batch_size)
+    }
+
    pub fn build(self) -> anyhow::Result<PageServerConf> {
        let concurrent_tenant_warmup = self
            .concurrent_tenant_warmup
@@ -632,10 +660,15 @@ impl PageServerConfigBuilder {
            control_plane_emergency_mode: self
                .control_plane_emergency_mode
                .ok_or(anyhow!("missing control_plane_emergency_mode"))?,
-
            heatmap_upload_concurrency: self
                .heatmap_upload_concurrency
                .ok_or(anyhow!("missing heatmap_upload_concurrency"))?,
+            secondary_download_concurrency: self
+                .secondary_download_concurrency
+                .ok_or(anyhow!("missing secondary_download_concurrency"))?,
+            ingest_batch_size: self
+                .ingest_batch_size
+                .ok_or(anyhow!("missing ingest_batch_size"))?,
        })
    }
 }
@@ -693,6 +726,11 @@ impl PageServerConf {
            .join(TENANT_LOCATION_CONFIG_NAME)
    }

+    pub(crate) fn tenant_heatmap_path(&self, tenant_shard_id: &TenantShardId) -> Utf8PathBuf {
+        self.tenant_path(tenant_shard_id)
+            .join(TENANT_HEATMAP_BASENAME)
+    }
+
    pub fn timelines_path(&self, tenant_shard_id: &TenantShardId) -> Utf8PathBuf {
        self.tenant_path(tenant_shard_id)
            .join(TIMELINES_SEGMENT_NAME)
@@ -878,6 +916,10 @@ impl PageServerConf {
                "heatmap_upload_concurrency" => {
                    builder.heatmap_upload_concurrency(parse_toml_u64(key, item)? as usize)
                },
+                "secondary_download_concurrency" => {
+                    builder.secondary_download_concurrency(parse_toml_u64(key, item)? as usize)
+                },
+                "ingest_batch_size" => builder.ingest_batch_size(parse_toml_u64(key, item)?),
                _ => bail!("unrecognized pageserver option '{key}'"),
            }
        }
@@ -949,6 +991,8 @@ impl PageServerConf {
            control_plane_api_token: None,
            control_plane_emergency_mode: false,
            heatmap_upload_concurrency: defaults::DEFAULT_HEATMAP_UPLOAD_CONCURRENCY,
+            secondary_download_concurrency: defaults::DEFAULT_SECONDARY_DOWNLOAD_CONCURRENCY,
+            ingest_batch_size: defaults::DEFAULT_INGEST_BATCH_SIZE,
        }
    }
 }
@@ -1082,11 +1126,12 @@ mod tests {
    };

    use camino_tempfile::{tempdir, Utf8TempDir};
+    use pageserver_api::models::EvictionPolicy;
    use remote_storage::{RemoteStorageKind, S3Config};
    use utils::serde_percent::Percent;

    use super::*;
-    use crate::{tenant::config::EvictionPolicy, DEFAULT_PG_VERSION};
+    use crate::DEFAULT_PG_VERSION;

    const ALL_BASE_VALUES_TOML: &str = r#"
 # Initial configuration file created by 'pageserver --init'
@@ -1177,7 +1222,9 @@ background_task_maximum_delay = '334 s'
                control_plane_api: None,
                control_plane_api_token: None,
                control_plane_emergency_mode: false,
-                heatmap_upload_concurrency: defaults::DEFAULT_HEATMAP_UPLOAD_CONCURRENCY
+                heatmap_upload_concurrency: defaults::DEFAULT_HEATMAP_UPLOAD_CONCURRENCY,
+                secondary_download_concurrency: defaults::DEFAULT_SECONDARY_DOWNLOAD_CONCURRENCY,
+                ingest_batch_size: defaults::DEFAULT_INGEST_BATCH_SIZE,
            },
            "Correct defaults should be used when no config values are provided"
        );
@@ -1238,7 +1285,9 @@ background_task_maximum_delay = '334 s'
                control_plane_api: None,
                control_plane_api_token: None,
                control_plane_emergency_mode: false,
-                heatmap_upload_concurrency: defaults::DEFAULT_HEATMAP_UPLOAD_CONCURRENCY
+                heatmap_upload_concurrency: defaults::DEFAULT_HEATMAP_UPLOAD_CONCURRENCY,
+                secondary_download_concurrency: defaults::DEFAULT_SECONDARY_DOWNLOAD_CONCURRENCY,
+                ingest_batch_size: 100,
            },
            "Should be able to parse all basic config values correctly"
        );
@@ -1468,6 +1517,7 @@ threshold = "20m"
                period: Duration::from_secs(10),
                #[cfg(feature = "testing")]
                mock_statvfs: None,
+                eviction_order: crate::disk_usage_eviction_task::EvictionOrder::AbsoluteAccessed,
            })
        );
        match &conf.default_tenant_conf.eviction_policy {
--- a/pageserver/src/consumption_metrics.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/consumption_metrics.rs
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ async fn calculate_synthetic_size_worker(
            }
        };

-        for (tenant_shard_id, tenant_state) in tenants {
+        for (tenant_shard_id, tenant_state, _gen) in tenants {
            if tenant_state != TenantState::Active {
                continue;
            }
--- a/pageserver/src/consumption_metrics/metrics.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/consumption_metrics/metrics.rs
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ pub(super) async fn collect_all_metrics(
        }
    };

-    let tenants = futures::stream::iter(tenants).filter_map(|(id, state)| async move {
+    let tenants = futures::stream::iter(tenants).filter_map(|(id, state, _)| async move {
        if state != TenantState::Active || !id.is_zero() {
            None
        } else {
--- a/pageserver/src/control_plane_client.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/control_plane_client.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;

+use futures::Future;
 use pageserver_api::{
    control_api::{
        ReAttachRequest, ReAttachResponse, ValidateRequest, ValidateRequestTenant, ValidateResponse,
@@ -28,13 +29,14 @@ pub enum RetryForeverError {
    ShuttingDown,
 }

-#[async_trait::async_trait]
 pub trait ControlPlaneGenerationsApi {
-    async fn re_attach(&self) -> Result<HashMap<TenantShardId, Generation>, RetryForeverError>;
-    async fn validate(
+    fn re_attach(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<HashMap<TenantShardId, Generation>, RetryForeverError>> + Send;
+    fn validate(
        &self,
        tenants: Vec<(TenantShardId, Generation)>,
-    ) -> Result<HashMap<TenantShardId, bool>, RetryForeverError>;
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<HashMap<TenantShardId, bool>, RetryForeverError>> + Send;
 }

 impl ControlPlaneClient {
@@ -123,7 +125,6 @@ impl ControlPlaneClient {
    }
 }

-#[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl ControlPlaneGenerationsApi for ControlPlaneClient {
    /// Block until we get a successful response, or error out if we are shut down
    async fn re_attach(&self) -> Result<HashMap<TenantShardId, Generation>, RetryForeverError> {
--- a/pageserver/src/deletion_queue.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/deletion_queue.rs
@@ -831,7 +831,6 @@ mod test {
        }
    }

-    #[async_trait::async_trait]
    impl ControlPlaneGenerationsApi for MockControlPlane {
        #[allow(clippy::diverging_sub_expression)] // False positive via async_trait
        async fn re_attach(&self) -> Result<HashMap<TenantShardId, Generation>, RetryForeverError> {
--- a/pageserver/src/disk_usage_eviction_task.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/disk_usage_eviction_task.rs
@@ -47,21 +47,24 @@ use std::{
 };

 use anyhow::Context;
-use camino::Utf8Path;
+use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
 use remote_storage::GenericRemoteStorage;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use tokio::time::Instant;
 use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
 use tracing::{debug, error, info, instrument, warn, Instrument};
-use utils::completion;
 use utils::serde_percent::Percent;
+use utils::{completion, id::TimelineId};

 use crate::{
    config::PageServerConf,
    task_mgr::{self, TaskKind, BACKGROUND_RUNTIME},
    tenant::{
        self,
-        storage_layer::{AsLayerDesc, EvictionError, Layer},
+        mgr::TenantManager,
+        remote_timeline_client::LayerFileMetadata,
+        secondary::SecondaryTenant,
+        storage_layer::{AsLayerDesc, EvictionError, Layer, LayerFileName},
        Timeline,
    },
 };
@@ -74,6 +77,45 @@ pub struct DiskUsageEvictionTaskConfig {
    pub period: Duration,
    #[cfg(feature = "testing")]
    pub mock_statvfs: Option<crate::statvfs::mock::Behavior>,
+    /// Select sorting for evicted layers
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub eviction_order: EvictionOrder,
+}
+
+/// Selects the sort order for eviction candidates *after* per tenant `min_resident_size`
+/// partitioning.
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "type", content = "args")]
+pub enum EvictionOrder {
+    /// Order the layers to be evicted by how recently they have been accessed in absolute
+    /// time.
+    ///
+    /// This strategy is unfair when some tenants grow faster than others towards the slower
+    /// growing.
+    #[default]
+    AbsoluteAccessed,
+
+    /// Order the layers to be evicted by how recently they have been accessed relatively within
+    /// the set of resident layers of a tenant.
+    ///
+    /// This strategy will evict layers more fairly but is untested.
+    RelativeAccessed {
+        #[serde(default)]
+        highest_layer_count_loses_first: bool,
+    },
+}
+
+impl EvictionOrder {
+    /// Return true, if with [`Self::RelativeAccessed`] order the tenants with the highest layer
+    /// counts should be the first ones to have their layers evicted.
+    fn highest_layer_count_loses_first(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            EvictionOrder::AbsoluteAccessed => false,
+            EvictionOrder::RelativeAccessed {
+                highest_layer_count_loses_first,
+            } => *highest_layer_count_loses_first,
+        }
+    }
 }

 #[derive(Default)]
@@ -86,6 +128,7 @@ pub fn launch_disk_usage_global_eviction_task(
    conf: &'static PageServerConf,
    storage: GenericRemoteStorage,
    state: Arc<State>,
+    tenant_manager: Arc<TenantManager>,
    background_jobs_barrier: completion::Barrier,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let Some(task_config) = &conf.disk_usage_based_eviction else {
@@ -111,8 +154,7 @@ pub fn launch_disk_usage_global_eviction_task(
                _ = background_jobs_barrier.wait() => { }
            };

-            disk_usage_eviction_task(&state, task_config, &storage, &conf.tenants_path(), cancel)
-                .await;
+            disk_usage_eviction_task(&state, task_config, &storage, tenant_manager, cancel).await;
            Ok(())
        },
    );
@@ -125,7 +167,7 @@ async fn disk_usage_eviction_task(
    state: &State,
    task_config: &DiskUsageEvictionTaskConfig,
    storage: &GenericRemoteStorage,
-    tenants_dir: &Utf8Path,
+    tenant_manager: Arc<TenantManager>,
    cancel: CancellationToken,
 ) {
    scopeguard::defer! {
@@ -152,7 +194,7 @@ async fn disk_usage_eviction_task(
                state,
                task_config,
                storage,
-                tenants_dir,
+                &tenant_manager,
                &cancel,
            )
            .await;
@@ -187,12 +229,21 @@ async fn disk_usage_eviction_task_iteration(
    state: &State,
    task_config: &DiskUsageEvictionTaskConfig,
    storage: &GenericRemoteStorage,
-    tenants_dir: &Utf8Path,
+    tenant_manager: &Arc<TenantManager>,
    cancel: &CancellationToken,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let usage_pre = filesystem_level_usage::get(tenants_dir, task_config)
+    let tenants_dir = tenant_manager.get_conf().tenants_path();
+    let usage_pre = filesystem_level_usage::get(&tenants_dir, task_config)
        .context("get filesystem-level disk usage before evictions")?;
-    let res = disk_usage_eviction_task_iteration_impl(state, storage, usage_pre, cancel).await;
+    let res = disk_usage_eviction_task_iteration_impl(
+        state,
+        storage,
+        usage_pre,
+        tenant_manager,
+        task_config.eviction_order,
+        cancel,
+    )
+    .await;
    match res {
        Ok(outcome) => {
            debug!(?outcome, "disk_usage_eviction_iteration finished");
@@ -202,7 +253,7 @@ async fn disk_usage_eviction_task_iteration(
                }
                IterationOutcome::Finished(outcome) => {
                    // Verify with statvfs whether we made any real progress
-                    let after = filesystem_level_usage::get(tenants_dir, task_config)
+                    let after = filesystem_level_usage::get(&tenants_dir, task_config)
                        // It's quite unlikely to hit the error here. Keep the code simple and bail out.
                        .context("get filesystem-level disk usage after evictions")?;

@@ -278,6 +329,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn disk_usage_eviction_task_iteration_impl<U: Usage>(
    state: &State,
    _storage: &GenericRemoteStorage,
    usage_pre: U,
+    tenant_manager: &Arc<TenantManager>,
+    eviction_order: EvictionOrder,
    cancel: &CancellationToken,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<IterationOutcome<U>> {
    // use tokio's mutex to get a Sync guard (instead of std::sync::Mutex)
@@ -297,29 +350,29 @@ pub(crate) async fn disk_usage_eviction_task_iteration_impl<U: Usage>(
        "running disk usage based eviction due to pressure"
    );

-    let candidates = match collect_eviction_candidates(cancel).await? {
-        EvictionCandidates::Cancelled => {
-            return Ok(IterationOutcome::Cancelled);
-        }
-        EvictionCandidates::Finished(partitioned) => partitioned,
-    };
+    let candidates =
+        match collect_eviction_candidates(tenant_manager, eviction_order, cancel).await? {
+            EvictionCandidates::Cancelled => {
+                return Ok(IterationOutcome::Cancelled);
+            }
+            EvictionCandidates::Finished(partitioned) => partitioned,
+        };

    // Debug-log the list of candidates
    let now = SystemTime::now();
    for (i, (partition, candidate)) in candidates.iter().enumerate() {
-        let desc = candidate.layer.layer_desc();
+        let nth = i + 1;
+        let total_candidates = candidates.len();
+        let size = candidate.layer.get_file_size();
+        let rel = candidate.relative_last_activity;
        debug!(
-            "cand {}/{}: size={}, no_access_for={}us, partition={:?}, {}/{}/{}",
-            i + 1,
-            candidates.len(),
-            desc.file_size,
+            "cand {nth}/{total_candidates}: size={size}, rel_last_activity={rel}, no_access_for={}us, partition={partition:?}, {}/{}/{}",
            now.duration_since(candidate.last_activity_ts)
                .unwrap()
                .as_micros(),
-            partition,
-            desc.tenant_shard_id,
-            desc.timeline_id,
-            candidate.layer,
+            candidate.layer.get_tenant_shard_id(),
+            candidate.layer.get_timeline_id(),
+            candidate.layer.get_name(),
        );
    }

@@ -333,39 +386,56 @@ pub(crate) async fn disk_usage_eviction_task_iteration_impl<U: Usage>(
    // If we get far enough in the list that we start to evict layers that are below
    // the tenant's min-resident-size threshold, print a warning, and memorize the disk
    // usage at that point, in 'usage_planned_min_resident_size_respecting'.
-    let mut warned = None;
-    let mut usage_planned = usage_pre;
-    let mut evicted_amount = 0;

-    for (i, (partition, candidate)) in candidates.iter().enumerate() {
-        if !usage_planned.has_pressure() {
-            debug!(
-                no_candidates_evicted = i,
-                "took enough candidates for pressure to be relieved"
-            );
-            break;
+    let selection = select_victims(&candidates, usage_pre);
+
+    let mut candidates = candidates;
+
+    let selection = if matches!(eviction_order, EvictionOrder::RelativeAccessed { .. }) {
+        // we currently have the layers ordered by AbsoluteAccessed so that we can get the summary
+        // for comparison here. this is a temporary measure to develop alternatives.
+        use std::fmt::Write;
+
+        let mut summary_buf = String::with_capacity(256);
+
+        {
+            let absolute_summary = candidates
+                .iter()
+                .take(selection.amount)
+                .map(|(_, candidate)| candidate)
+                .collect::<summary::EvictionSummary>();
+
+            write!(summary_buf, "{absolute_summary}").expect("string grows");
+
+            info!("absolute accessed selection summary: {summary_buf}");
        }

-        if partition == &MinResidentSizePartition::Below && warned.is_none() {
-            warn!(?usage_pre, ?usage_planned, candidate_no=i, "tenant_min_resident_size-respecting LRU would not relieve pressure, evicting more following global LRU policy");
-            warned = Some(usage_planned);
+        candidates.sort_unstable_by_key(|(partition, candidate)| {
+            (*partition, candidate.relative_last_activity)
+        });
+
+        let selection = select_victims(&candidates, usage_pre);
+
+        {
+            summary_buf.clear();
+
+            let relative_summary = candidates
+                .iter()
+                .take(selection.amount)
+                .map(|(_, candidate)| candidate)
+                .collect::<summary::EvictionSummary>();
+
+            write!(summary_buf, "{relative_summary}").expect("string grows");
+
+            info!("relative accessed selection summary: {summary_buf}");
        }

-        usage_planned.add_available_bytes(candidate.layer.layer_desc().file_size);
-        evicted_amount += 1;
-    }
-
-    let usage_planned = match warned {
-        Some(respecting_tenant_min_resident_size) => PlannedUsage {
-            respecting_tenant_min_resident_size,
-            fallback_to_global_lru: Some(usage_planned),
-        },
-        None => PlannedUsage {
-            respecting_tenant_min_resident_size: usage_planned,
-            fallback_to_global_lru: None,
-        },
+        selection
+    } else {
+        selection
    };
-    debug!(?usage_planned, "usage planned");
+
+    let (evicted_amount, usage_planned) = selection.into_amount_and_planned();

    // phase2: evict layers

@@ -416,19 +486,30 @@ pub(crate) async fn disk_usage_eviction_task_iteration_impl<U: Usage>(
                continue;
            };

-            js.spawn(async move {
-                let rtc = candidate.timeline.remote_client.as_ref().expect(
-                    "holding the witness, all timelines must have a remote timeline client",
-                );
-                let file_size = candidate.layer.layer_desc().file_size;
-                candidate
-                    .layer
-                    .evict_and_wait(rtc)
-                    .await
-                    .map(|()| file_size)
-                    .map_err(|e| (file_size, e))
-            });
+            match candidate.layer {
+                EvictionLayer::Attached(layer) => {
+                    let file_size = layer.layer_desc().file_size;
+                    js.spawn(async move {
+                        layer
+                            .evict_and_wait()
+                            .await
+                            .map(|()| file_size)
+                            .map_err(|e| (file_size, e))
+                    });
+                }
+                EvictionLayer::Secondary(layer) => {
+                    let file_size = layer.metadata.file_size();
+                    let tenant_manager = tenant_manager.clone();

+                    js.spawn(async move {
+                        layer
+                            .secondary_tenant
+                            .evict_layer(tenant_manager.get_conf(), layer.timeline_id, layer.name)
+                            .await;
+                        Ok(file_size)
+                    });
+                }
+            }
            tokio::task::yield_now().await;
        }

@@ -455,10 +536,100 @@ pub(crate) async fn disk_usage_eviction_task_iteration_impl<U: Usage>(
 }

 #[derive(Clone)]
-struct EvictionCandidate {
-    timeline: Arc<Timeline>,
-    layer: Layer,
-    last_activity_ts: SystemTime,
+pub(crate) struct EvictionSecondaryLayer {
+    pub(crate) secondary_tenant: Arc<SecondaryTenant>,
+    pub(crate) timeline_id: TimelineId,
+    pub(crate) name: LayerFileName,
+    pub(crate) metadata: LayerFileMetadata,
+}
+
+/// Full [`Layer`] objects are specific to tenants in attached mode.  This type is a layer
+/// of indirection to store either a `Layer`, or a reference to a secondary tenant and a layer name.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum EvictionLayer {
+    Attached(Layer),
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    Secondary(EvictionSecondaryLayer),
+}
+
+impl From<Layer> for EvictionLayer {
+    fn from(value: Layer) -> Self {
+        Self::Attached(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl EvictionLayer {
+    pub(crate) fn get_tenant_shard_id(&self) -> &TenantShardId {
+        match self {
+            Self::Attached(l) => &l.layer_desc().tenant_shard_id,
+            Self::Secondary(sl) => sl.secondary_tenant.get_tenant_shard_id(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_timeline_id(&self) -> &TimelineId {
+        match self {
+            Self::Attached(l) => &l.layer_desc().timeline_id,
+            Self::Secondary(sl) => &sl.timeline_id,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_name(&self) -> LayerFileName {
+        match self {
+            Self::Attached(l) => l.layer_desc().filename(),
+            Self::Secondary(sl) => sl.name.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_file_size(&self) -> u64 {
+        match self {
+            Self::Attached(l) => l.layer_desc().file_size,
+            Self::Secondary(sl) => sl.metadata.file_size(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct EvictionCandidate {
+    pub(crate) layer: EvictionLayer,
+    pub(crate) last_activity_ts: SystemTime,
+    pub(crate) relative_last_activity: finite_f32::FiniteF32,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for EvictionLayer {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Attached(l) => l.fmt(f),
+            Self::Secondary(sl) => {
+                write!(f, "{}/{}", sl.timeline_id, sl.name)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct DiskUsageEvictionInfo {
+    /// Timeline's largest layer (remote or resident)
+    pub max_layer_size: Option<u64>,
+    /// Timeline's resident layers
+    pub resident_layers: Vec<EvictionCandidate>,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for EvictionCandidate {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        // format the tv_sec, tv_nsec into rfc3339 in case someone is looking at it
+        // having to allocate a string to this is bad, but it will rarely be formatted
+        let ts = chrono::DateTime::<chrono::Utc>::from(self.last_activity_ts);
+        let ts = ts.to_rfc3339_opts(chrono::SecondsFormat::Nanos, true);
+        struct DisplayIsDebug<'a, T>(&'a T);
+        impl<'a, T: std::fmt::Display> std::fmt::Debug for DisplayIsDebug<'a, T> {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}", self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        f.debug_struct("LocalLayerInfoForDiskUsageEviction")
+            .field("layer", &DisplayIsDebug(&self.layer))
+            .field("last_activity", &ts)
+            .finish()
+    }
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
@@ -478,24 +649,24 @@ enum EvictionCandidates {
 /// order. A caller that evicts in that order, until pressure is relieved, implements
 /// the eviction policy outlined in the module comment.
 ///
-/// # Example
+/// # Example with EvictionOrder::AbsoluteAccessed
 ///
 /// Imagine that there are two tenants, A and B, with five layers each, a-e.
 /// Each layer has size 100, and both tenant's min_resident_size is 150.
 /// The eviction order would be
 ///
 /// ```text
-/// partition last_activity_ts    tenant/layer
-/// Above     18:30               A/c
-/// Above     19:00               A/b
-/// Above     18:29               B/c
-/// Above     19:05               B/b
-/// Above     20:00               B/a
-/// Above     20:03               A/a
-/// Below     20:30               A/d
-/// Below     20:40               B/d
-/// Below     20:45               B/e
-/// Below     20:58               A/e
+/// partition last_activity_ts tenant/layer
+/// Above     18:30            A/c
+/// Above     19:00            A/b
+/// Above     18:29            B/c
+/// Above     19:05            B/b
+/// Above     20:00            B/a
+/// Above     20:03            A/a
+/// Below     20:30            A/d
+/// Below     20:40            B/d
+/// Below     20:45            B/e
+/// Below     20:58            A/e
 /// ```
 ///
 /// Now, if we need to evict 300 bytes to relieve pressure, we'd evict `A/c, A/b, B/c`.
@@ -505,7 +676,78 @@ enum EvictionCandidates {
 /// `A/c, A/b, B/c, B/b, B/a, A/a, A/d, B/d, B/e`, reaching into the `Below` partition
 /// after exhauting the `Above` partition.
 /// So, we did not respect each tenant's min_resident_size.
+///
+/// # Example with EvictionOrder::RelativeAccessed
+///
+/// ```text
+/// partition relative_age last_activity_ts tenant/layer
+/// Above     0/4          18:30            A/c
+/// Above     0/4          18:29            B/c
+/// Above     1/4          19:00            A/b
+/// Above     1/4          19:05            B/b
+/// Above     2/4          20:00            B/a
+/// Above     2/4          20:03            A/a
+/// Below     3/4          20:30            A/d
+/// Below     3/4          20:40            B/d
+/// Below     4/4          20:45            B/e
+/// Below     4/4          20:58            A/e
+/// ```
+///
+/// With tenants having the same number of layers the picture does not change much. The same with
+/// A having many more layers **resident** (not all of them listed):
+///
+/// ```text
+/// Above       0/100      18:30            A/c
+/// Above       0/4        18:29            B/c
+/// Above       1/100      19:00            A/b
+/// Above       2/100      20:03            A/a
+/// Above       3/100      20:03            A/nth_3
+/// Above       4/100      20:03            A/nth_4
+///             ...
+/// Above       1/4        19:05            B/b
+/// Above      25/100      20:04            A/nth_25
+///             ...
+/// Above       2/4        20:00            B/a
+/// Above      50/100      20:10            A/nth_50
+///             ...
+/// Below       3/4        20:40            B/d
+/// Below      99/100      20:30            A/nth_99
+/// Below       4/4        20:45            B/e
+/// Below     100/100      20:58            A/nth_100
+/// ```
+///
+/// Now it's easier to see that because A has grown fast it has more layers to get evicted. What is
+/// difficult to see is what happens on the next round assuming the evicting 23 from the above list
+/// relieves the pressure (22 A layers gone, 1 B layers gone) but a new fast growing tenant C has
+/// appeared:
+///
+/// ```text
+/// Above       0/87       20:04            A/nth_23
+/// Above       0/3        19:05            B/b
+/// Above       0/50       20:59            C/nth_0
+/// Above       1/87       20:04            A/nth_24
+/// Above       1/50       21:00            C/nth_1
+/// Above       2/87       20:04            A/nth_25
+///             ...
+/// Above      16/50       21:02            C/nth_16
+/// Above       1/3        20:00            B/a
+/// Above      27/87       20:10            A/nth_50
+///             ...
+/// Below       2/3        20:40            B/d
+/// Below      49/50       21:05            C/nth_49
+/// Below      86/87       20:30            A/nth_99
+/// Below       3/3        20:45            B/e
+/// Below      50/50       21:05            C/nth_50
+/// Below      87/87       20:58            A/nth_100
+/// ```
+///
+/// Now relieving pressure with 23 layers would cost:
+/// - tenant A 14 layers
+/// - tenant B 1 layer
+/// - tenant C 8 layers
 async fn collect_eviction_candidates(
+    tenant_manager: &Arc<TenantManager>,
+    eviction_order: EvictionOrder,
    cancel: &CancellationToken,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<EvictionCandidates> {
    // get a snapshot of the list of tenants
@@ -513,13 +755,16 @@ async fn collect_eviction_candidates(
        .await
        .context("get list of tenants")?;

+    // TODO: avoid listing every layer in every tenant: this loop can block the executor,
+    // and the resulting data structure can be huge.
+    // (https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/issues/6224)
    let mut candidates = Vec::new();

-    for (tenant_id, _state) in &tenants {
+    for (tenant_id, _state, _gen) in tenants {
        if cancel.is_cancelled() {
            return Ok(EvictionCandidates::Cancelled);
        }
-        let tenant = match tenant::mgr::get_tenant(*tenant_id, true) {
+        let tenant = match tenant::mgr::get_tenant(tenant_id, true) {
            Ok(tenant) => tenant,
            Err(e) => {
                // this can happen if tenant has lifecycle transition after we fetched it
@@ -547,11 +792,7 @@ async fn collect_eviction_candidates(
            }
            let info = tl.get_local_layers_for_disk_usage_eviction().await;
            debug!(tenant_id=%tl.tenant_shard_id.tenant_id, shard_id=%tl.tenant_shard_id.shard_slug(), timeline_id=%tl.timeline_id, "timeline resident layers count: {}", info.resident_layers.len());
-            tenant_candidates.extend(
-                info.resident_layers
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|layer_infos| (tl.clone(), layer_infos)),
-            );
+            tenant_candidates.extend(info.resident_layers.into_iter());
            max_layer_size = max_layer_size.max(info.max_layer_size.unwrap_or(0));

            if cancel.is_cancelled() {
@@ -572,14 +813,16 @@ async fn collect_eviction_candidates(
        // A default override can be put in the default tenant conf in the pageserver.toml.
        let min_resident_size = if let Some(s) = tenant.get_min_resident_size_override() {
            debug!(
-                tenant_id=%tenant.tenant_id(),
+                tenant_id=%tenant.tenant_shard_id().tenant_id,
+                shard_id=%tenant.tenant_shard_id().shard_slug(),
                overridden_size=s,
                "using overridden min resident size for tenant"
            );
            s
        } else {
            debug!(
-                tenant_id=%tenant.tenant_id(),
+                tenant_id=%tenant.tenant_shard_id().tenant_id,
+                shard_id=%tenant.tenant_shard_id().shard_slug(),
                max_layer_size,
                "using max layer size as min_resident_size for tenant",
            );
@@ -589,33 +832,175 @@ async fn collect_eviction_candidates(
        // Sort layers most-recently-used first, then partition by
        // cumsum above/below min_resident_size.
        tenant_candidates
-            .sort_unstable_by_key(|(_, layer_info)| std::cmp::Reverse(layer_info.last_activity_ts));
+            .sort_unstable_by_key(|layer_info| std::cmp::Reverse(layer_info.last_activity_ts));
        let mut cumsum: i128 = 0;
-        for (timeline, layer_info) in tenant_candidates.into_iter() {
-            let file_size = layer_info.file_size();
-            let candidate = EvictionCandidate {
-                timeline,
-                last_activity_ts: layer_info.last_activity_ts,
-                layer: layer_info.layer,
+
+        // keeping the -1 or not decides if every tenant should lose their least recently accessed
+        // layer OR if this should happen in the order of having highest layer count:
+        let fudge = if eviction_order.highest_layer_count_loses_first() {
+            // relative_age vs. tenant layer count:
+            // - 0.1..=1.0 (10 layers)
+            // - 0.01..=1.0 (100 layers)
+            // - 0.001..=1.0 (1000 layers)
+            //
+            // leading to evicting less of the smallest tenants.
+            0
+        } else {
+            // use full 0.0..=1.0 range, which means even the smallest tenants could always lose a
+            // layer. the actual ordering is unspecified: for 10k tenants on a pageserver it could
+            // be that less than 10k layer evictions is enough, so we would not need to evict from
+            // all tenants.
+            //
+            // as the tenant ordering is now deterministic this could hit the same tenants
+            // disproportionetly on multiple invocations. alternative could be to remember how many
+            // layers did we evict last time from this tenant, and inject that as an additional
+            // fudge here.
+            1
+        };
+
+        let total = tenant_candidates
+            .len()
+            .checked_sub(fudge)
+            .filter(|&x| x > 0)
+            // support 0 or 1 resident layer tenants as well
+            .unwrap_or(1);
+        let divider = total as f32;
+
+        for (i, mut candidate) in tenant_candidates.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            // as we iterate this reverse sorted list, the most recently accessed layer will always
+            // be 1.0; this is for us to evict it last.
+            candidate.relative_last_activity = if matches!(
+                eviction_order,
+                EvictionOrder::RelativeAccessed { .. }
+            ) {
+                // another possibility: use buckets, like (256.0 * relative_last_activity) as u8 or
+                // similarly for u16. unsure how it would help.
+                finite_f32::FiniteF32::try_from_normalized((total - i) as f32 / divider)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|val| {
+                        tracing::warn!(%fudge, "calculated invalid relative_last_activity for i={i}, total={total}: {val}");
+                        finite_f32::FiniteF32::ZERO
+                    })
+            } else {
+                finite_f32::FiniteF32::ZERO
            };
+
            let partition = if cumsum > min_resident_size as i128 {
                MinResidentSizePartition::Above
            } else {
                MinResidentSizePartition::Below
            };
+            cumsum += i128::from(candidate.layer.get_file_size());
            candidates.push((partition, candidate));
-            cumsum += i128::from(file_size);
        }
    }

+    // Note: the same tenant ID might be hit twice, if it transitions from attached to
+    // secondary while we run.  That is okay: when we eventually try and run the eviction,
+    // the `Gate` on the object will ensure that whichever one has already been shut down
+    // will not delete anything.
+
+    let mut secondary_tenants = Vec::new();
+    tenant_manager.foreach_secondary_tenants(
+        |_tenant_shard_id: &TenantShardId, state: &Arc<SecondaryTenant>| {
+            secondary_tenants.push(state.clone());
+        },
+    );
+
+    for secondary_tenant in secondary_tenants {
+        let mut layer_info = secondary_tenant.get_layers_for_eviction();
+
+        layer_info
+            .resident_layers
+            .sort_unstable_by_key(|layer_info| std::cmp::Reverse(layer_info.last_activity_ts));
+
+        candidates.extend(layer_info.resident_layers.into_iter().map(|candidate| {
+            (
+                // Secondary locations' layers are always considered above the min resident size,
+                // i.e. secondary locations are permitted to be trimmed to zero layers if all
+                // the layers have sufficiently old access times.
+                MinResidentSizePartition::Above,
+                candidate,
+            )
+        }));
+    }
+
    debug_assert!(MinResidentSizePartition::Above < MinResidentSizePartition::Below,
        "as explained in the function's doc comment, layers that aren't in the tenant's min_resident_size are evicted first");
+
+    // always behave as if AbsoluteAccessed was selected. if RelativeAccessed is in use, we
+    // will sort later by candidate.relative_last_activity to get compare evictions.
    candidates
        .sort_unstable_by_key(|(partition, candidate)| (*partition, candidate.last_activity_ts));

    Ok(EvictionCandidates::Finished(candidates))
 }

+/// Given a pre-sorted vec of all layers in the system, select the first N which are enough to
+/// relieve pressure.
+///
+/// Returns the amount of candidates selected, with the planned usage.
+fn select_victims<U: Usage>(
+    candidates: &[(MinResidentSizePartition, EvictionCandidate)],
+    usage_pre: U,
+) -> VictimSelection<U> {
+    let mut usage_when_switched = None;
+    let mut usage_planned = usage_pre;
+    let mut evicted_amount = 0;
+
+    for (i, (partition, candidate)) in candidates.iter().enumerate() {
+        if !usage_planned.has_pressure() {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if partition == &MinResidentSizePartition::Below && usage_when_switched.is_none() {
+            usage_when_switched = Some((usage_planned, i));
+        }
+
+        usage_planned.add_available_bytes(candidate.layer.get_file_size());
+        evicted_amount += 1;
+    }
+
+    VictimSelection {
+        amount: evicted_amount,
+        usage_pre,
+        usage_when_switched,
+        usage_planned,
+    }
+}
+
+struct VictimSelection<U> {
+    amount: usize,
+    usage_pre: U,
+    usage_when_switched: Option<(U, usize)>,
+    usage_planned: U,
+}
+
+impl<U: Usage> VictimSelection<U> {
+    fn into_amount_and_planned(self) -> (usize, PlannedUsage<U>) {
+        debug!(
+            evicted_amount=%self.amount,
+            "took enough candidates for pressure to be relieved"
+        );
+
+        if let Some((usage_planned, candidate_no)) = self.usage_when_switched.as_ref() {
+            warn!(usage_pre=?self.usage_pre, ?usage_planned, candidate_no, "tenant_min_resident_size-respecting LRU would not relieve pressure, evicting more following global LRU policy");
+        }
+
+        let planned = match self.usage_when_switched {
+            Some((respecting_tenant_min_resident_size, _)) => PlannedUsage {
+                respecting_tenant_min_resident_size,
+                fallback_to_global_lru: Some(self.usage_planned),
+            },
+            None => PlannedUsage {
+                respecting_tenant_min_resident_size: self.usage_planned,
+                fallback_to_global_lru: None,
+            },
+        };
+
+        (self.amount, planned)
+    }
+}
+
 struct TimelineKey(Arc<Timeline>);

 impl PartialEq for TimelineKey {
@@ -640,6 +1025,197 @@ impl std::ops::Deref for TimelineKey {
    }
 }

+/// A totally ordered f32 subset we can use with sorting functions.
+pub(crate) mod finite_f32 {
+
+    /// A totally ordered f32 subset we can use with sorting functions.
+    #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+    pub struct FiniteF32(f32);
+
+    impl std::fmt::Debug for FiniteF32 {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl std::fmt::Display for FiniteF32 {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl std::cmp::Eq for FiniteF32 {}
+
+    impl std::cmp::PartialOrd for FiniteF32 {
+        fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+            Some(self.cmp(other))
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl std::cmp::Ord for FiniteF32 {
+        fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+            self.0.total_cmp(&other.0)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl TryFrom<f32> for FiniteF32 {
+        type Error = f32;
+
+        fn try_from(value: f32) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+            if value.is_finite() {
+                Ok(FiniteF32(value))
+            } else {
+                Err(value)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl FiniteF32 {
+        pub const ZERO: FiniteF32 = FiniteF32(0.0);
+
+        pub fn try_from_normalized(value: f32) -> Result<Self, f32> {
+            if (0.0..=1.0).contains(&value) {
+                // -0.0 is within the range, make sure it is assumed 0.0..=1.0
+                let value = value.abs();
+                Ok(FiniteF32(value))
+            } else {
+                Err(value)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+mod summary {
+    use super::finite_f32::FiniteF32;
+    use super::{EvictionCandidate, LayerCount};
+    use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
+    use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
+    use std::time::SystemTime;
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Default)]
+    pub(super) struct EvictionSummary {
+        evicted_per_tenant: HashMap<TenantShardId, LayerCount>,
+        total: LayerCount,
+
+        last_absolute: Option<SystemTime>,
+        last_relative: Option<FiniteF32>,
+    }
+
+    impl<'a> FromIterator<&'a EvictionCandidate> for EvictionSummary {
+        fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = &'a EvictionCandidate>>(iter: T) -> Self {
+            let mut summary = EvictionSummary::default();
+            for item in iter {
+                let counts = summary
+                    .evicted_per_tenant
+                    .entry(*item.layer.get_tenant_shard_id())
+                    .or_default();
+
+                let sz = item.layer.get_file_size();
+
+                counts.file_sizes += sz;
+                counts.count += 1;
+
+                summary.total.file_sizes += sz;
+                summary.total.count += 1;
+
+                summary.last_absolute = Some(item.last_activity_ts);
+                summary.last_relative = Some(item.relative_last_activity);
+            }
+
+            summary
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct SiBytesAmount(u64);
+
+    impl std::fmt::Display for SiBytesAmount {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            if self.0 < 1024 {
+                return write!(f, "{}B", self.0);
+            }
+
+            let mut tmp = self.0;
+            let mut ch = 0;
+            let suffixes = b"KMGTPE";
+
+            while tmp > 1024 * 1024 && ch < suffixes.len() - 1 {
+                tmp /= 1024;
+                ch += 1;
+            }
+
+            let ch = suffixes[ch] as char;
+
+            write!(f, "{:.1}{ch}iB", tmp as f64 / 1024.0)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl std::fmt::Display for EvictionSummary {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            // wasteful, but it's for testing
+
+            let mut sorted: BTreeMap<usize, Vec<(TenantShardId, u64)>> = BTreeMap::new();
+
+            for (tenant_shard_id, count) in &self.evicted_per_tenant {
+                sorted
+                    .entry(count.count)
+                    .or_default()
+                    .push((*tenant_shard_id, count.file_sizes));
+            }
+
+            let total_file_sizes = SiBytesAmount(self.total.file_sizes);
+
+            writeln!(
+                f,
+                "selected {} layers of {total_file_sizes} up to ({:?}, {:.2?}):",
+                self.total.count, self.last_absolute, self.last_relative,
+            )?;
+
+            for (count, per_tenant) in sorted.iter().rev().take(10) {
+                write!(f, "- {count} layers: ")?;
+
+                if per_tenant.len() < 3 {
+                    for (i, (tenant_shard_id, bytes)) in per_tenant.iter().enumerate() {
+                        if i > 0 {
+                            write!(f, ", ")?;
+                        }
+                        let bytes = SiBytesAmount(*bytes);
+                        write!(f, "{tenant_shard_id} ({bytes})")?;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    let num_tenants = per_tenant.len();
+                    let total_bytes = per_tenant.iter().map(|(_id, bytes)| bytes).sum::<u64>();
+                    let total_bytes = SiBytesAmount(total_bytes);
+                    let layers = num_tenants * count;
+
+                    write!(
+                        f,
+                        "{num_tenants} tenants {total_bytes} in total {layers} layers",
+                    )?;
+                }
+
+                writeln!(f)?;
+            }
+
+            if sorted.len() > 10 {
+                let (rem_count, rem_bytes) = sorted
+                    .iter()
+                    .rev()
+                    .map(|(count, per_tenant)| {
+                        (
+                            count,
+                            per_tenant.iter().map(|(_id, bytes)| bytes).sum::<u64>(),
+                        )
+                    })
+                    .fold((0, 0), |acc, next| (acc.0 + next.0, acc.1 + next.1));
+                let rem_bytes = SiBytesAmount(rem_bytes);
+                writeln!(f, "- rest of tenants ({}) not shown ({rem_count} layers or {:.1}%, {rem_bytes} or {:.1}% bytes)", sorted.len() - 10, 100.0 * rem_count as f64 / self.total.count as f64, 100.0 * rem_bytes.0 as f64 / self.total.file_sizes as f64)?;
+            }
+
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 mod filesystem_level_usage {
    use anyhow::Context;
    use camino::Utf8Path;
@@ -721,6 +1297,7 @@ mod filesystem_level_usage {

    #[test]
    fn max_usage_pct_pressure() {
+        use super::EvictionOrder;
        use super::Usage as _;
        use std::time::Duration;
        use utils::serde_percent::Percent;
@@ -732,6 +1309,7 @@ mod filesystem_level_usage {
                period: Duration::MAX,
                #[cfg(feature = "testing")]
                mock_statvfs: None,
+                eviction_order: EvictionOrder::default(),
            },
            total_bytes: 100_000,
            avail_bytes: 0,
--- a/pageserver/src/failpoint_support.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/failpoint_support.rs
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-/// use with fail::cfg("$name", "return(2000)")
-///
-/// The effect is similar to a "sleep(2000)" action, i.e. we sleep for the
-/// specified time (in milliseconds). The main difference is that we use async
-/// tokio sleep function. Another difference is that we print lines to the log,
-/// which can be useful in tests to check that the failpoint was hit.
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! __failpoint_sleep_millis_async {
-    ($name:literal) => {{
-        // If the failpoint is used with a "return" action, set should_sleep to the
-        // returned value (as string). Otherwise it's set to None.
-        let should_sleep = (|| {
-            ::fail::fail_point!($name, |x| x);
-            ::std::option::Option::None
-        })();
-
-        // Sleep if the action was a returned value
-        if let ::std::option::Option::Some(duration_str) = should_sleep {
-            $crate::failpoint_support::failpoint_sleep_helper($name, duration_str).await
-        }
-    }};
-}
-pub use __failpoint_sleep_millis_async as sleep_millis_async;
-
-// Helper function used by the macro. (A function has nicer scoping so we
-// don't need to decorate everything with "::")
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub(crate) async fn failpoint_sleep_helper(name: &'static str, duration_str: String) {
-    let millis = duration_str.parse::<u64>().unwrap();
-    let d = std::time::Duration::from_millis(millis);
-
-    tracing::info!("failpoint {:?}: sleeping for {:?}", name, d);
-    tokio::time::sleep(d).await;
-    tracing::info!("failpoint {:?}: sleep done", name);
-}
-
-pub fn init() -> fail::FailScenario<'static> {
-    // The failpoints lib provides support for parsing the `FAILPOINTS` env var.
-    // We want non-default behavior for `exit`, though, so, we handle it separately.
-    //
-    // Format for FAILPOINTS is "name=actions" separated by ";".
-    let actions = std::env::var("FAILPOINTS");
-    if actions.is_ok() {
-        std::env::remove_var("FAILPOINTS");
-    } else {
-        // let the library handle non-utf8, or nothing for not present
-    }
-
-    let scenario = fail::FailScenario::setup();
-
-    if let Ok(val) = actions {
-        val.split(';')
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(|(i, s)| s.split_once('=').ok_or((i, s)))
-            .for_each(|res| {
-                let (name, actions) = match res {
-                    Ok(t) => t,
-                    Err((i, s)) => {
-                        panic!(
-                            "startup failpoints: missing action on the {}th failpoint; try `{s}=return`",
-                            i + 1,
-                        );
-                    }
-                };
-                if let Err(e) = apply_failpoint(name, actions) {
-                    panic!("startup failpoints: failed to apply failpoint {name}={actions}: {e}");
-                }
-            });
-    }
-
-    scenario
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn apply_failpoint(name: &str, actions: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
-    if actions == "exit" {
-        fail::cfg_callback(name, exit_failpoint)
-    } else {
-        fail::cfg(name, actions)
-    }
-}
-
-#[inline(never)]
-fn exit_failpoint() {
-    tracing::info!("Exit requested by failpoint");
-    std::process::exit(1);
-}
--- a/pageserver/src/http/openapi_spec.yml
+++ b/pageserver/src/http/openapi_spec.yml
@@ -159,6 +159,12 @@ paths:
            application/json:
              schema:
                $ref: "#/components/schemas/ConflictError"
+        "412":
+          description: Deletion may not proceed, tenant is not in Active state
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: "#/components/schemas/PreconditionFailedError"
        "500":
          description: Generic operation error
          content:
--- a/pageserver/src/http/routes.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/http/routes.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,10 @@ use hyper::header;
 use hyper::StatusCode;
 use hyper::{Body, Request, Response, Uri};
 use metrics::launch_timestamp::LaunchTimestamp;
+use pageserver_api::models::LocationConfigListResponse;
+use pageserver_api::models::ShardParameters;
 use pageserver_api::models::TenantDetails;
+use pageserver_api::models::TenantState;
 use pageserver_api::models::{
    DownloadRemoteLayersTaskSpawnRequest, LocationConfigMode, TenantAttachRequest,
    TenantLoadRequest, TenantLocationConfigRequest,
@@ -25,6 +28,7 @@ use tenant_size_model::{SizeResult, StorageModel};
 use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
 use tracing::*;
 use utils::auth::JwtAuth;
+use utils::failpoint_support::failpoints_handler;
 use utils::http::endpoint::request_span;
 use utils::http::json::json_request_or_empty_body;
 use utils::http::request::{get_request_param, must_get_query_param, parse_query_param};
@@ -40,12 +44,14 @@ use crate::tenant::mgr::{
    GetTenantError, SetNewTenantConfigError, TenantManager, TenantMapError, TenantMapInsertError,
    TenantSlotError, TenantSlotUpsertError, TenantStateError,
 };
+use crate::tenant::mgr::{TenantSlot, UpsertLocationError};
 use crate::tenant::secondary::SecondaryController;
 use crate::tenant::size::ModelInputs;
 use crate::tenant::storage_layer::LayerAccessStatsReset;
 use crate::tenant::timeline::CompactFlags;
 use crate::tenant::timeline::Timeline;
-use crate::tenant::{LogicalSizeCalculationCause, PageReconstructError, TenantSharedResources};
+use crate::tenant::SpawnMode;
+use crate::tenant::{LogicalSizeCalculationCause, PageReconstructError};
 use crate::{config::PageServerConf, tenant::mgr};
 use crate::{disk_usage_eviction_task, tenant};
 use pageserver_api::models::{
@@ -66,9 +72,6 @@ use utils::{
    lsn::Lsn,
 };

-// Imports only used for testing APIs
-use pageserver_api::models::ConfigureFailpointsRequest;
-
 // For APIs that require an Active tenant, how long should we block waiting for that state?
 // This is not functionally necessary (clients will retry), but avoids generating a lot of
 // failed API calls while tenants are activating.
@@ -114,14 +117,6 @@ impl State {
            secondary_controller,
        })
    }
-
-    fn tenant_resources(&self) -> TenantSharedResources {
-        TenantSharedResources {
-            broker_client: self.broker_client.clone(),
-            remote_storage: self.remote_storage.clone(),
-            deletion_queue_client: self.deletion_queue_client.clone(),
-        }
-    }
 }

 #[inline(always)]
@@ -154,6 +149,7 @@ impl From<PageReconstructError> for ApiError {
            PageReconstructError::AncestorStopping(_) => {
                ApiError::ResourceUnavailable(format!("{pre}").into())
            }
+            PageReconstructError::AncestorLsnTimeout(e) => ApiError::Timeout(format!("{e}").into()),
            PageReconstructError::WalRedo(pre) => ApiError::InternalServerError(pre),
        }
    }
@@ -176,7 +172,7 @@ impl From<TenantSlotError> for ApiError {
            NotFound(tenant_id) => {
                ApiError::NotFound(anyhow::anyhow!("NotFound: tenant {tenant_id}").into())
            }
-            e @ (AlreadyExists(_, _) | Conflict(_)) => ApiError::Conflict(format!("{e}")),
+            e @ AlreadyExists(_, _) => ApiError::Conflict(format!("{e}")),
            InProgress => {
                ApiError::ResourceUnavailable("Tenant is being modified concurrently".into())
            }
@@ -195,6 +191,18 @@ impl From<TenantSlotUpsertError> for ApiError {
    }
 }

+impl From<UpsertLocationError> for ApiError {
+    fn from(e: UpsertLocationError) -> ApiError {
+        use UpsertLocationError::*;
+        match e {
+            BadRequest(e) => ApiError::BadRequest(e),
+            Unavailable(_) => ApiError::ShuttingDown,
+            e @ InProgress => ApiError::Conflict(format!("{e}")),
+            Flush(e) | Other(e) => ApiError::InternalServerError(e),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl From<TenantMapError> for ApiError {
    fn from(e: TenantMapError) -> ApiError {
        use TenantMapError::*;
@@ -259,7 +267,7 @@ impl From<SetNewTenantConfigError> for ApiError {
            SetNewTenantConfigError::GetTenant(tid) => {
                ApiError::NotFound(anyhow!("tenant {}", tid).into())
            }
-            e @ SetNewTenantConfigError::Persist(_) => {
+            e @ (SetNewTenantConfigError::Persist(_) | SetNewTenantConfigError::Other(_)) => {
                ApiError::InternalServerError(anyhow::Error::new(e))
            }
        }
@@ -308,6 +316,7 @@ impl From<crate::tenant::delete::DeleteTenantError> for ApiError {
            SlotUpsertError(e) => e.into(),
            Other(o) => ApiError::InternalServerError(o),
            e @ InvalidState(_) => ApiError::PreconditionFailed(e.to_string().into_boxed_str()),
+            Cancelled => ApiError::ShuttingDown,
        }
    }
 }
@@ -316,11 +325,21 @@ impl From<crate::tenant::delete::DeleteTenantError> for ApiError {
 async fn build_timeline_info(
    timeline: &Arc<Timeline>,
    include_non_incremental_logical_size: bool,
+    force_await_initial_logical_size: bool,
    ctx: &RequestContext,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<TimelineInfo> {
    crate::tenant::debug_assert_current_span_has_tenant_and_timeline_id();

-    let mut info = build_timeline_info_common(timeline, ctx).await?;
+    if force_await_initial_logical_size {
+        timeline.clone().await_initial_logical_size().await
+    }
+
+    let mut info = build_timeline_info_common(
+        timeline,
+        ctx,
+        tenant::timeline::GetLogicalSizePriority::Background,
+    )
+    .await?;
    if include_non_incremental_logical_size {
        // XXX we should be using spawn_ondemand_logical_size_calculation here.
        // Otherwise, if someone deletes the timeline / detaches the tenant while
@@ -337,6 +356,7 @@ async fn build_timeline_info(
 async fn build_timeline_info_common(
    timeline: &Arc<Timeline>,
    ctx: &RequestContext,
+    logical_size_task_priority: tenant::timeline::GetLogicalSizePriority,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<TimelineInfo> {
    crate::tenant::debug_assert_current_span_has_tenant_and_timeline_id();
    let initdb_lsn = timeline.initdb_lsn;
@@ -359,8 +379,7 @@ async fn build_timeline_info_common(
        Lsn(0) => None,
        lsn @ Lsn(_) => Some(lsn),
    };
-    let current_logical_size =
-        timeline.get_current_logical_size(tenant::timeline::GetLogicalSizePriority::User, ctx);
+    let current_logical_size = timeline.get_current_logical_size(logical_size_task_priority, ctx);
    let current_physical_size = Some(timeline.layer_size_sum().await);
    let state = timeline.current_state();
    let remote_consistent_lsn_projected = timeline
@@ -471,7 +490,7 @@ async fn timeline_create_handler(
        .await {
            Ok(new_timeline) => {
                // Created. Construct a TimelineInfo for it.
-                let timeline_info = build_timeline_info_common(&new_timeline, &ctx)
+                let timeline_info = build_timeline_info_common(&new_timeline, &ctx, tenant::timeline::GetLogicalSizePriority::User)
                    .await
                    .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;
                json_response(StatusCode::CREATED, timeline_info)
@@ -507,6 +526,8 @@ async fn timeline_list_handler(
    let tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId = parse_request_param(&request, "tenant_shard_id")?;
    let include_non_incremental_logical_size: Option<bool> =
        parse_query_param(&request, "include-non-incremental-logical-size")?;
+    let force_await_initial_logical_size: Option<bool> =
+        parse_query_param(&request, "force-await-initial-logical-size")?;
    check_permission(&request, Some(tenant_shard_id.tenant_id))?;

    let ctx = RequestContext::new(TaskKind::MgmtRequest, DownloadBehavior::Download);
@@ -520,6 +541,7 @@ async fn timeline_list_handler(
            let timeline_info = build_timeline_info(
                &timeline,
                include_non_incremental_logical_size.unwrap_or(false),
+                force_await_initial_logical_size.unwrap_or(false),
                &ctx,
            )
            .instrument(info_span!("build_timeline_info", timeline_id = %timeline.timeline_id))
@@ -547,6 +569,8 @@ async fn timeline_detail_handler(
    let timeline_id: TimelineId = parse_request_param(&request, "timeline_id")?;
    let include_non_incremental_logical_size: Option<bool> =
        parse_query_param(&request, "include-non-incremental-logical-size")?;
+    let force_await_initial_logical_size: Option<bool> =
+        parse_query_param(&request, "force-await-initial-logical-size")?;
    check_permission(&request, Some(tenant_shard_id.tenant_id))?;

    // Logical size calculation needs downloading.
@@ -562,6 +586,7 @@ async fn timeline_detail_handler(
        let timeline_info = build_timeline_info(
            &timeline,
            include_non_incremental_logical_size.unwrap_or(false),
+            force_await_initial_logical_size.unwrap_or(false),
            &ctx,
        )
        .await
@@ -680,16 +705,39 @@ async fn tenant_attach_handler(
        )));
    }

-    mgr::attach_tenant(
-        state.conf,
-        tenant_id,
-        generation,
-        tenant_conf,
-        state.tenant_resources(),
-        &ctx,
-    )
-    .instrument(info_span!("tenant_attach", %tenant_id))
-    .await?;
+    let tenant_shard_id = TenantShardId::unsharded(tenant_id);
+    let shard_params = ShardParameters::default();
+    let location_conf = LocationConf::attached_single(tenant_conf, generation, &shard_params);
+
+    let tenant = state
+        .tenant_manager
+        .upsert_location(
+            tenant_shard_id,
+            location_conf,
+            None,
+            SpawnMode::Normal,
+            &ctx,
+        )
+        .await?;
+
+    let Some(tenant) = tenant else {
+        // This should never happen: indicates a bug in upsert_location
+        return Err(ApiError::InternalServerError(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "Upsert succeeded but didn't return tenant!"
+        )));
+    };
+
+    // We might have successfully constructed a Tenant, but it could still
+    // end up in a broken state:
+    if let TenantState::Broken {
+        reason,
+        backtrace: _,
+    } = tenant.current_state()
+    {
+        return Err(ApiError::InternalServerError(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "Tenant state is Broken: {reason}"
+        )));
+    }

    json_response(StatusCode::ACCEPTED, ())
 }
@@ -830,11 +878,12 @@ async fn tenant_list_handler(
            ApiError::ResourceUnavailable("Tenant map is initializing or shutting down".into())
        })?
        .iter()
-        .map(|(id, state)| TenantInfo {
+        .map(|(id, state, gen)| TenantInfo {
            id: *id,
            state: state.clone(),
            current_physical_size: None,
            attachment_status: state.attachment_status(),
+            generation: (*gen).into(),
        })
        .collect::<Vec<TenantInfo>>();

@@ -864,6 +913,7 @@ async fn tenant_status(
                state: state.clone(),
                current_physical_size: Some(current_physical_size),
                attachment_status: state.attachment_status(),
+                generation: tenant.generation().into(),
            },
            timelines: tenant.list_timeline_ids(),
        })
@@ -886,7 +936,9 @@ async fn tenant_delete_handler(

    let state = get_state(&request);

-    mgr::delete_tenant(state.conf, state.remote_storage.clone(), tenant_shard_id)
+    state
+        .tenant_manager
+        .delete_tenant(tenant_shard_id, ACTIVE_TENANT_TIMEOUT)
        .instrument(info_span!("tenant_delete_handler",
            tenant_id = %tenant_shard_id.tenant_id,
            shard = %tenant_shard_id.shard_slug()
@@ -1146,17 +1198,26 @@ async fn tenant_create_handler(

    let ctx = RequestContext::new(TaskKind::MgmtRequest, DownloadBehavior::Warn);

-    let new_tenant = mgr::create_tenant(
-        state.conf,
-        tenant_conf,
-        target_tenant_id,
-        generation,
-        state.tenant_resources(),
-        &ctx,
-    )
-    .instrument(info_span!("tenant_create", tenant_id = %target_tenant_id))
-    .await?;
+    let location_conf =
+        LocationConf::attached_single(tenant_conf, generation, &request_data.shard_parameters);

+    let new_tenant = state
+        .tenant_manager
+        .upsert_location(
+            target_tenant_id,
+            location_conf,
+            None,
+            SpawnMode::Create,
+            &ctx,
+        )
+        .await?;
+
+    let Some(new_tenant) = new_tenant else {
+        // This should never happen: indicates a bug in upsert_location
+        return Err(ApiError::InternalServerError(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "Upsert succeeded but didn't return tenant!"
+        )));
+    };
    // We created the tenant. Existing API semantics are that the tenant
    // is Active when this function returns.
    if let res @ Err(_) = new_tenant
@@ -1164,7 +1225,7 @@ async fn tenant_create_handler(
        .await
    {
        // This shouldn't happen because we just created the tenant directory
-        // in tenant::mgr::create_tenant, and there aren't any remote timelines
+        // in upsert_location, and there aren't any remote timelines
        // to load, so, nothing can really fail during load.
        // Don't do cleanup because we don't know how we got here.
        // The tenant will likely be in `Broken` state and subsequent
@@ -1175,7 +1236,7 @@ async fn tenant_create_handler(

    json_response(
        StatusCode::CREATED,
-        TenantCreateResponse(new_tenant.tenant_id()),
+        TenantCreateResponse(new_tenant.tenant_shard_id().tenant_id),
    )
 }

@@ -1265,16 +1326,57 @@ async fn put_tenant_location_config_handler(

    state
        .tenant_manager
-        .upsert_location(tenant_shard_id, location_conf, flush, &ctx)
-        .await
-        // TODO: badrequest assumes the caller was asking for something unreasonable, but in
-        // principle we might have hit something like concurrent API calls to the same tenant,
-        // which is not a 400 but a 409.
-        .map_err(ApiError::BadRequest)?;
+        .upsert_location(
+            tenant_shard_id,
+            location_conf,
+            flush,
+            tenant::SpawnMode::Normal,
+            &ctx,
+        )
+        .await?;
+
+    if let Some(_flush_ms) = flush {
+        match state
+            .secondary_controller
+            .upload_tenant(tenant_shard_id)
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(()) => {
+                tracing::info!("Uploaded heatmap during flush");
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                tracing::warn!("Failed to flush heatmap: {e}");
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        tracing::info!("No flush requested when configuring");
+    }

    json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
 }

+async fn list_location_config_handler(
+    request: Request<Body>,
+    _cancel: CancellationToken,
+) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    let state = get_state(&request);
+    let slots = state.tenant_manager.list();
+    let result = LocationConfigListResponse {
+        tenant_shards: slots
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(tenant_shard_id, slot)| {
+                let v = match slot {
+                    TenantSlot::Attached(t) => Some(t.get_location_conf()),
+                    TenantSlot::Secondary(s) => Some(s.get_location_conf()),
+                    TenantSlot::InProgress(_) => None,
+                };
+                (tenant_shard_id, v)
+            })
+            .collect(),
+    };
+    json_response(StatusCode::OK, result)
+}
+
 /// Testing helper to transition a tenant to [`crate::tenant::TenantState::Broken`].
 async fn handle_tenant_break(
    r: Request<Body>,
@@ -1290,34 +1392,6 @@ async fn handle_tenant_break(
    json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
 }

-async fn failpoints_handler(
-    mut request: Request<Body>,
-    _cancel: CancellationToken,
-) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    if !fail::has_failpoints() {
-        return Err(ApiError::BadRequest(anyhow!(
-            "Cannot manage failpoints because pageserver was compiled without failpoints support"
-        )));
-    }
-
-    let failpoints: ConfigureFailpointsRequest = json_request(&mut request).await?;
-    for fp in failpoints {
-        info!("cfg failpoint: {} {}", fp.name, fp.actions);
-
-        // We recognize one extra "action" that's not natively recognized
-        // by the failpoints crate: exit, to immediately kill the process
-        let cfg_result = crate::failpoint_support::apply_failpoint(&fp.name, &fp.actions);
-
-        if let Err(err_msg) = cfg_result {
-            return Err(ApiError::BadRequest(anyhow!(
-                "Failed to configure failpoints: {err_msg}"
-            )));
-        }
-    }
-
-    json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
-}
-
 // Run GC immediately on given timeline.
 async fn timeline_gc_handler(
    mut request: Request<Body>,
@@ -1566,19 +1640,22 @@ async fn disk_usage_eviction_run(
    struct Config {
        /// How many bytes to evict before reporting that pressure is relieved.
        evict_bytes: u64,
+
+        #[serde(default)]
+        eviction_order: crate::disk_usage_eviction_task::EvictionOrder,
    }

    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, serde::Serialize)]
    struct Usage {
        // remains unchanged after instantiation of the struct
-        config: Config,
+        evict_bytes: u64,
        // updated by `add_available_bytes`
        freed_bytes: u64,
    }

    impl crate::disk_usage_eviction_task::Usage for Usage {
        fn has_pressure(&self) -> bool {
-            self.config.evict_bytes > self.freed_bytes
+            self.evict_bytes > self.freed_bytes
        }

        fn add_available_bytes(&mut self, bytes: u64) {
@@ -1589,7 +1666,7 @@ async fn disk_usage_eviction_run(
    let config = json_request::<Config>(&mut r).await?;

    let usage = Usage {
-        config,
+        evict_bytes: config.evict_bytes,
        freed_bytes: 0,
    };

@@ -1601,10 +1678,15 @@ async fn disk_usage_eviction_run(
        )));
    };

-    let state = state.disk_usage_eviction_state.clone();
+    let eviction_state = state.disk_usage_eviction_state.clone();

    let res = crate::disk_usage_eviction_task::disk_usage_eviction_task_iteration_impl(
-        &state, storage, usage, &cancel,
+        &eviction_state,
+        storage,
+        usage,
+        &state.tenant_manager,
+        config.eviction_order,
+        &cancel,
    )
    .await;

@@ -1630,6 +1712,21 @@ async fn secondary_upload_handler(
    json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
 }

+async fn secondary_download_handler(
+    request: Request<Body>,
+    _cancel: CancellationToken,
+) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
+    let state = get_state(&request);
+    let tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId = parse_request_param(&request, "tenant_shard_id")?;
+    state
+        .secondary_controller
+        .download_tenant(tenant_shard_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;
+
+    json_response(StatusCode::OK, ())
+}
+
 async fn handler_404(_: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
    json_response(
        StatusCode::NOT_FOUND,
@@ -1822,6 +1919,9 @@ pub fn make_router(
        .put("/v1/tenant/:tenant_shard_id/location_config", |r| {
            api_handler(r, put_tenant_location_config_handler)
        })
+        .get("/v1/location_config", |r| {
+            api_handler(r, list_location_config_handler)
+        })
        .get("/v1/tenant/:tenant_shard_id/timeline", |r| {
            api_handler(r, timeline_list_handler)
        })
@@ -1898,6 +1998,9 @@ pub fn make_router(
        .put("/v1/deletion_queue/flush", |r| {
            api_handler(r, deletion_queue_flush)
        })
+        .post("/v1/tenant/:tenant_shard_id/secondary/download", |r| {
+            api_handler(r, secondary_download_handler)
+        })
        .put("/v1/tenant/:tenant_shard_id/break", |r| {
            testing_api_handler("set tenant state to broken", r, handle_tenant_break)
        })
--- a/pageserver/src/import_datadir.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/import_datadir.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use tracing::*;
 use walkdir::WalkDir;

 use crate::context::RequestContext;
+use crate::metrics::WAL_INGEST;
 use crate::pgdatadir_mapping::*;
 use crate::tenant::remote_timeline_client::INITDB_PATH;
 use crate::tenant::Timeline;
@@ -312,13 +313,16 @@ async fn import_wal(
        waldecoder.feed_bytes(&buf);

        let mut nrecords = 0;
-        let mut modification = tline.begin_modification(endpoint);
+        let mut modification = tline.begin_modification(last_lsn);
        let mut decoded = DecodedWALRecord::default();
        while last_lsn <= endpoint {
            if let Some((lsn, recdata)) = waldecoder.poll_decode()? {
                walingest
                    .ingest_record(recdata, lsn, &mut modification, &mut decoded, ctx)
                    .await?;
+                WAL_INGEST.records_committed.inc();
+
+                modification.commit(ctx).await?;
                last_lsn = lsn;

                nrecords += 1;
@@ -448,13 +452,14 @@ pub async fn import_wal_from_tar(

        waldecoder.feed_bytes(&bytes[offset..]);

-        let mut modification = tline.begin_modification(end_lsn);
+        let mut modification = tline.begin_modification(last_lsn);
        let mut decoded = DecodedWALRecord::default();
        while last_lsn <= end_lsn {
            if let Some((lsn, recdata)) = waldecoder.poll_decode()? {
                walingest
                    .ingest_record(recdata, lsn, &mut modification, &mut decoded, ctx)
                    .await?;
+                modification.commit(ctx).await?;
                last_lsn = lsn;

                debug!("imported record at {} (end {})", lsn, end_lsn);
--- a/pageserver/src/lib.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/lib.rs
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@ pub mod walingest;
 pub mod walrecord;
 pub mod walredo;

-pub mod failpoint_support;
-
 use crate::task_mgr::TaskKind;
 use camino::Utf8Path;
 use deletion_queue::DeletionQueue;
@@ -119,6 +117,10 @@ pub const TENANT_CONFIG_NAME: &str = "config";
 /// Full path: `tenants/<tenant_id>/config`.
 pub const TENANT_LOCATION_CONFIG_NAME: &str = "config-v1";

+/// Per-tenant copy of their remote heatmap, downloaded into the local
+/// tenant path while in secondary mode.
+pub const TENANT_HEATMAP_BASENAME: &str = "heatmap-v1.json";
+
 /// A suffix used for various temporary files. Any temporary files found in the
 /// data directory at pageserver startup can be automatically removed.
 pub const TEMP_FILE_SUFFIX: &str = "___temp";
--- a/pageserver/src/metrics.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/metrics.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
 use strum::{EnumCount, IntoEnumIterator, VariantNames};
 use strum_macros::{EnumVariantNames, IntoStaticStr};
-use utils::id::{TenantId, TimelineId};
+use utils::id::TimelineId;

 /// Prometheus histogram buckets (in seconds) for operations in the critical
 /// path. In other words, operations that directly affect that latency of user
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ const CRITICAL_OP_BUCKETS: &[f64] = &[
 // Metrics collected on operations on the storage repository.
 #[derive(Debug, EnumVariantNames, IntoStaticStr)]
 #[strum(serialize_all = "kebab_case")]
-pub enum StorageTimeOperation {
+pub(crate) enum StorageTimeOperation {
    #[strum(serialize = "layer flush")]
    LayerFlush,

@@ -55,20 +55,20 @@ pub enum StorageTimeOperation {
    CreateTenant,
 }

-pub static STORAGE_TIME_SUM_PER_TIMELINE: Lazy<CounterVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
+pub(crate) static STORAGE_TIME_SUM_PER_TIMELINE: Lazy<CounterVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_counter_vec!(
        "pageserver_storage_operations_seconds_sum",
        "Total time spent on storage operations with operation, tenant and timeline dimensions",
-        &["operation", "tenant_id", "timeline_id"],
+        &["operation", "tenant_id", "shard_id", "timeline_id"],
    )
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });

-pub static STORAGE_TIME_COUNT_PER_TIMELINE: Lazy<IntCounterVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
+pub(crate) static STORAGE_TIME_COUNT_PER_TIMELINE: Lazy<IntCounterVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_int_counter_vec!(
        "pageserver_storage_operations_seconds_count",
        "Count of storage operations with operation, tenant and timeline dimensions",
-        &["operation", "tenant_id", "timeline_id"],
+        &["operation", "tenant_id", "shard_id", "timeline_id"],
    )
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ pub(crate) static MATERIALIZED_PAGE_CACHE_HIT: Lazy<IntCounter> = Lazy::new(|| {
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });

-pub struct PageCacheMetricsForTaskKind {
+pub(crate) struct PageCacheMetricsForTaskKind {
    pub read_accesses_materialized_page: IntCounter,
    pub read_accesses_immutable: IntCounter,

@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ pub struct PageCacheMetricsForTaskKind {
    pub read_hits_materialized_page_older_lsn: IntCounter,
 }

-pub struct PageCacheMetrics {
+pub(crate) struct PageCacheMetrics {
    map: EnumMap<TaskKind, EnumMap<PageContentKind, PageCacheMetricsForTaskKind>>,
 }

@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ static PAGE_CACHE_READ_ACCESSES: Lazy<IntCounterVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });

-pub static PAGE_CACHE: Lazy<PageCacheMetrics> = Lazy::new(|| PageCacheMetrics {
+pub(crate) static PAGE_CACHE: Lazy<PageCacheMetrics> = Lazy::new(|| PageCacheMetrics {
    map: EnumMap::from_array(std::array::from_fn(|task_kind| {
        let task_kind = <TaskKind as enum_map::Enum>::from_usize(task_kind);
        let task_kind: &'static str = task_kind.into();
@@ -243,10 +243,9 @@ impl PageCacheMetrics {
    }
 }

-pub struct PageCacheSizeMetrics {
+pub(crate) struct PageCacheSizeMetrics {
    pub max_bytes: UIntGauge,

-    pub current_bytes_ephemeral: UIntGauge,
    pub current_bytes_immutable: UIntGauge,
    pub current_bytes_materialized_page: UIntGauge,
 }
@@ -260,31 +259,26 @@ static PAGE_CACHE_SIZE_CURRENT_BYTES: Lazy<UIntGaugeVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });

-pub static PAGE_CACHE_SIZE: Lazy<PageCacheSizeMetrics> = Lazy::new(|| PageCacheSizeMetrics {
-    max_bytes: {
-        register_uint_gauge!(
-            "pageserver_page_cache_size_max_bytes",
-            "Maximum size of the page cache in bytes"
-        )
-        .expect("failed to define a metric")
-    },
-
-    current_bytes_ephemeral: {
-        PAGE_CACHE_SIZE_CURRENT_BYTES
-            .get_metric_with_label_values(&["ephemeral"])
-            .unwrap()
-    },
-    current_bytes_immutable: {
-        PAGE_CACHE_SIZE_CURRENT_BYTES
-            .get_metric_with_label_values(&["immutable"])
-            .unwrap()
-    },
-    current_bytes_materialized_page: {
-        PAGE_CACHE_SIZE_CURRENT_BYTES
-            .get_metric_with_label_values(&["materialized_page"])
-            .unwrap()
-    },
-});
+pub(crate) static PAGE_CACHE_SIZE: Lazy<PageCacheSizeMetrics> =
+    Lazy::new(|| PageCacheSizeMetrics {
+        max_bytes: {
+            register_uint_gauge!(
+                "pageserver_page_cache_size_max_bytes",
+                "Maximum size of the page cache in bytes"
+            )
+            .expect("failed to define a metric")
+        },
+        current_bytes_immutable: {
+            PAGE_CACHE_SIZE_CURRENT_BYTES
+                .get_metric_with_label_values(&["immutable"])
+                .unwrap()
+        },
+        current_bytes_materialized_page: {
+            PAGE_CACHE_SIZE_CURRENT_BYTES
+                .get_metric_with_label_values(&["materialized_page"])
+                .unwrap()
+        },
+    });

 pub(crate) mod page_cache_eviction_metrics {
    use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
@@ -343,15 +337,6 @@ pub(crate) mod page_cache_eviction_metrics {
    }
 }

-pub(crate) static PAGE_CACHE_ACQUIRE_PINNED_SLOT_TIME: Lazy<Histogram> = Lazy::new(|| {
-    register_histogram!(
-        "pageserver_page_cache_acquire_pinned_slot_seconds",
-        "Time spent acquiring a pinned slot in the page cache",
-        CRITICAL_OP_BUCKETS.into(),
-    )
-    .expect("failed to define a metric")
-});
-
 static PAGE_CACHE_ERRORS: Lazy<IntCounterVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_int_counter_vec!(
        "page_cache_errors_total",
@@ -388,7 +373,7 @@ static LAST_RECORD_LSN: Lazy<IntGaugeVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_int_gauge_vec!(
        "pageserver_last_record_lsn",
        "Last record LSN grouped by timeline",
-        &["tenant_id", "timeline_id"]
+        &["tenant_id", "shard_id", "timeline_id"]
    )
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });
@@ -397,7 +382,7 @@ static RESIDENT_PHYSICAL_SIZE: Lazy<UIntGaugeVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_uint_gauge_vec!(
        "pageserver_resident_physical_size",
        "The size of the layer files present in the pageserver's filesystem.",
-        &["tenant_id", "timeline_id"]
+        &["tenant_id", "shard_id", "timeline_id"]
    )
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });
@@ -415,7 +400,7 @@ static REMOTE_PHYSICAL_SIZE: Lazy<UIntGaugeVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
        "pageserver_remote_physical_size",
        "The size of the layer files present in the remote storage that are listed in the the remote index_part.json.",
        // Corollary: If any files are missing from the index part, they won't be included here.
-        &["tenant_id", "timeline_id"]
+        &["tenant_id", "shard_id", "timeline_id"]
    )
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });
@@ -448,7 +433,7 @@ static CURRENT_LOGICAL_SIZE: Lazy<UIntGaugeVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_uint_gauge_vec!(
        "pageserver_current_logical_size",
        "Current logical size grouped by timeline",
-        &["tenant_id", "timeline_id"]
+        &["tenant_id", "shard_id", "timeline_id"]
    )
    .expect("failed to define current logical size metric")
 });
@@ -522,14 +507,18 @@ pub(crate) mod initial_logical_size {
    impl StartCalculation {
        pub(crate) fn first(&self, circumstances: StartCircumstances) -> OngoingCalculationGuard {
            let circumstances_label: &'static str = circumstances.into();
-            self.0.with_label_values(&["first", circumstances_label]);
+            self.0
+                .with_label_values(&["first", circumstances_label])
+                .inc();
            OngoingCalculationGuard {
                inc_drop_calculation: Some(DROP_CALCULATION.first.clone()),
            }
        }
        pub(crate) fn retry(&self, circumstances: StartCircumstances) -> OngoingCalculationGuard {
            let circumstances_label: &'static str = circumstances.into();
-            self.0.with_label_values(&["retry", circumstances_label]);
+            self.0
+                .with_label_values(&["retry", circumstances_label])
+                .inc();
            OngoingCalculationGuard {
                inc_drop_calculation: Some(DROP_CALCULATION.retry.clone()),
            }
@@ -593,7 +582,7 @@ pub(crate) static BROKEN_TENANTS_SET: Lazy<UIntGaugeVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_uint_gauge_vec!(
        "pageserver_broken_tenants_count",
        "Set of broken tenants",
-        &["tenant_id"]
+        &["tenant_id", "shard_id"]
    )
    .expect("Failed to register pageserver_tenant_states_count metric")
 });
@@ -613,7 +602,7 @@ static NUM_PERSISTENT_FILES_CREATED: Lazy<IntCounterVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_int_counter_vec!(
        "pageserver_created_persistent_files_total",
        "Number of files created that are meant to be uploaded to cloud storage",
-        &["tenant_id", "timeline_id"]
+        &["tenant_id", "shard_id", "timeline_id"]
    )
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });
@@ -622,7 +611,7 @@ static PERSISTENT_BYTES_WRITTEN: Lazy<IntCounterVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_int_counter_vec!(
        "pageserver_written_persistent_bytes_total",
        "Total bytes written that are meant to be uploaded to cloud storage",
-        &["tenant_id", "timeline_id"]
+        &["tenant_id", "shard_id", "timeline_id"]
    )
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });
@@ -641,7 +630,7 @@ static EVICTIONS: Lazy<IntCounterVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_int_counter_vec!(
        "pageserver_evictions",
        "Number of layers evicted from the pageserver",
-        &["tenant_id", "timeline_id"]
+        &["tenant_id", "shard_id", "timeline_id"]
    )
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });
@@ -736,13 +725,13 @@ pub(crate) static TENANT: Lazy<TenantMetrics> = Lazy::new(|| {

 /// Each `Timeline`'s  [`EVICTIONS_WITH_LOW_RESIDENCE_DURATION`] metric.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct EvictionsWithLowResidenceDuration {
+pub(crate) struct EvictionsWithLowResidenceDuration {
    data_source: &'static str,
    threshold: Duration,
    counter: Option<IntCounter>,
 }

-pub struct EvictionsWithLowResidenceDurationBuilder {
+pub(crate) struct EvictionsWithLowResidenceDurationBuilder {
    data_source: &'static str,
    threshold: Duration,
 }
@@ -938,7 +927,7 @@ pub(crate) static STORAGE_IO_SIZE: Lazy<IntGaugeVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_int_gauge_vec!(
        "pageserver_io_operations_bytes_total",
        "Total amount of bytes read/written in IO operations",
-        &["operation", "tenant_id", "timeline_id"]
+        &["operation", "tenant_id", "shard_id", "timeline_id"]
    )
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });
@@ -1005,7 +994,7 @@ pub enum SmgrQueryType {
 }

 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct SmgrQueryTimePerTimeline {
+pub(crate) struct SmgrQueryTimePerTimeline {
    metrics: [GlobalAndPerTimelineHistogram; SmgrQueryType::COUNT],
 }

@@ -1013,7 +1002,7 @@ static SMGR_QUERY_TIME_PER_TENANT_TIMELINE: Lazy<HistogramVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_histogram_vec!(
        "pageserver_smgr_query_seconds",
        "Time spent on smgr query handling, aggegated by query type and tenant/timeline.",
-        &["smgr_query_type", "tenant_id", "timeline_id"],
+        &["smgr_query_type", "tenant_id", "shard_id", "timeline_id"],
        CRITICAL_OP_BUCKETS.into(),
    )
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
@@ -1080,8 +1069,9 @@ static SMGR_QUERY_TIME_GLOBAL: Lazy<HistogramVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
 });

 impl SmgrQueryTimePerTimeline {
-    pub(crate) fn new(tenant_id: &TenantId, timeline_id: &TimelineId) -> Self {
-        let tenant_id = tenant_id.to_string();
+    pub(crate) fn new(tenant_shard_id: &TenantShardId, timeline_id: &TimelineId) -> Self {
+        let tenant_id = tenant_shard_id.tenant_id.to_string();
+        let shard_slug = format!("{}", tenant_shard_id.shard_slug());
        let timeline_id = timeline_id.to_string();
        let metrics = std::array::from_fn(|i| {
            let op = SmgrQueryType::from_repr(i).unwrap();
@@ -1089,7 +1079,7 @@ impl SmgrQueryTimePerTimeline {
                .get_metric_with_label_values(&[op.into()])
                .unwrap();
            let per_tenant_timeline = SMGR_QUERY_TIME_PER_TENANT_TIMELINE
-                .get_metric_with_label_values(&[op.into(), &tenant_id, &timeline_id])
+                .get_metric_with_label_values(&[op.into(), &tenant_id, &shard_slug, &timeline_id])
                .unwrap();
            GlobalAndPerTimelineHistogram {
                global,
@@ -1109,6 +1099,7 @@ impl SmgrQueryTimePerTimeline {

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod smgr_query_time_tests {
+    use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
    use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
    use utils::id::{TenantId, TimelineId};

@@ -1135,7 +1126,10 @@ mod smgr_query_time_tests {
        for op in &ops {
            let tenant_id = TenantId::generate();
            let timeline_id = TimelineId::generate();
-            let metrics = super::SmgrQueryTimePerTimeline::new(&tenant_id, &timeline_id);
+            let metrics = super::SmgrQueryTimePerTimeline::new(
+                &TenantShardId::unsharded(tenant_id),
+                &timeline_id,
+            );

            let get_counts = || {
                let global: u64 = ops
@@ -1177,8 +1171,8 @@ static COMPUTE_STARTUP_BUCKETS: Lazy<[f64; 28]> = Lazy::new(|| {
    .map(|ms| (ms as f64) / 1000.0)
 });

-pub struct BasebackupQueryTime(HistogramVec);
-pub static BASEBACKUP_QUERY_TIME: Lazy<BasebackupQueryTime> = Lazy::new(|| {
+pub(crate) struct BasebackupQueryTime(HistogramVec);
+pub(crate) static BASEBACKUP_QUERY_TIME: Lazy<BasebackupQueryTime> = Lazy::new(|| {
    BasebackupQueryTime({
        register_histogram_vec!(
            "pageserver_basebackup_query_seconds",
@@ -1198,7 +1192,7 @@ impl DurationResultObserver for BasebackupQueryTime {
    }
 }

-pub static LIVE_CONNECTIONS_COUNT: Lazy<IntGaugeVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
+pub(crate) static LIVE_CONNECTIONS_COUNT: Lazy<IntGaugeVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_int_gauge_vec!(
        "pageserver_live_connections",
        "Number of live network connections",
@@ -1216,7 +1210,13 @@ static REMOTE_TIMELINE_CLIENT_CALLS_UNFINISHED_GAUGE: Lazy<IntGaugeVec> = Lazy::
        "Number of ongoing calls to remote timeline client. \
         Used to populate pageserver_remote_timeline_client_calls_started. \
         This metric is not useful for sampling from Prometheus, but useful in tests.",
-        &["tenant_id", "timeline_id", "file_kind", "op_kind"],
+        &[
+            "tenant_id",
+            "shard_id",
+            "timeline_id",
+            "file_kind",
+            "op_kind"
+        ],
    )
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });
@@ -1237,22 +1237,23 @@ static REMOTE_TIMELINE_CLIENT_CALLS_STARTED_HIST: Lazy<HistogramVec> = Lazy::new
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });

-static REMOTE_TIMELINE_CLIENT_BYTES_STARTED_COUNTER: Lazy<IntCounterVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
-    register_int_counter_vec!(
+static REMOTE_TIMELINE_CLIENT_BYTES_STARTED_COUNTER: Lazy<IntCounterVec> =
+    Lazy::new(|| {
+        register_int_counter_vec!(
        "pageserver_remote_timeline_client_bytes_started",
        "Incremented by the number of bytes associated with a remote timeline client operation. \
         The increment happens when the operation is scheduled.",
-        &["tenant_id", "timeline_id", "file_kind", "op_kind"],
+        &["tenant_id", "shard_id", "timeline_id", "file_kind", "op_kind"],
    )
-    .expect("failed to define a metric")
-});
+        .expect("failed to define a metric")
+    });

 static REMOTE_TIMELINE_CLIENT_BYTES_FINISHED_COUNTER: Lazy<IntCounterVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_int_counter_vec!(
        "pageserver_remote_timeline_client_bytes_finished",
        "Incremented by the number of bytes associated with a remote timeline client operation. \
         The increment happens when the operation finishes (regardless of success/failure/shutdown).",
-        &["tenant_id", "timeline_id", "file_kind", "op_kind"],
+        &["tenant_id", "shard_id", "timeline_id", "file_kind", "op_kind"],
    )
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });
@@ -1365,6 +1366,8 @@ pub(crate) struct SecondaryModeMetrics {
    pub(crate) upload_heatmap: IntCounter,
    pub(crate) upload_heatmap_errors: IntCounter,
    pub(crate) upload_heatmap_duration: Histogram,
+    pub(crate) download_heatmap: IntCounter,
+    pub(crate) download_layer: IntCounter,
 }
 pub(crate) static SECONDARY_MODE: Lazy<SecondaryModeMetrics> = Lazy::new(|| SecondaryModeMetrics {
    upload_heatmap: register_int_counter!(
@@ -1382,6 +1385,16 @@ pub(crate) static SECONDARY_MODE: Lazy<SecondaryModeMetrics> = Lazy::new(|| Seco
        "Time to build and upload a heatmap, including any waiting inside the S3 client"
    )
    .expect("failed to define a metric"),
+    download_heatmap: register_int_counter!(
+        "pageserver_secondary_download_heatmap",
+        "Number of downloads of heatmaps by secondary mode locations"
+    )
+    .expect("failed to define a metric"),
+    download_layer: register_int_counter!(
+        "pageserver_secondary_download_layer",
+        "Number of downloads of layers by secondary mode locations"
+    )
+    .expect("failed to define a metric"),
 });

 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
@@ -1651,7 +1664,7 @@ pub(crate) static WAL_REDO_PROCESS_COUNTERS: Lazy<WalRedoProcessCounters> =
    Lazy::new(WalRedoProcessCounters::default);

 /// Similar to `prometheus::HistogramTimer` but does not record on drop.
-pub struct StorageTimeMetricsTimer {
+pub(crate) struct StorageTimeMetricsTimer {
    metrics: StorageTimeMetrics,
    start: Instant,
 }
@@ -1676,7 +1689,7 @@ impl StorageTimeMetricsTimer {
 /// Timing facilities for an globally histogrammed metric, which is supported by per tenant and
 /// timeline total sum and count.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct StorageTimeMetrics {
+pub(crate) struct StorageTimeMetrics {
    /// Sum of f64 seconds, per operation, tenant_id and timeline_id
    timeline_sum: Counter,
    /// Number of oeprations, per operation, tenant_id and timeline_id
@@ -1686,14 +1699,19 @@ pub struct StorageTimeMetrics {
 }

 impl StorageTimeMetrics {
-    pub fn new(operation: StorageTimeOperation, tenant_id: &str, timeline_id: &str) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(
+        operation: StorageTimeOperation,
+        tenant_id: &str,
+        shard_id: &str,
+        timeline_id: &str,
+    ) -> Self {
        let operation: &'static str = operation.into();

        let timeline_sum = STORAGE_TIME_SUM_PER_TIMELINE
-            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[operation, tenant_id, timeline_id])
+            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[operation, tenant_id, shard_id, timeline_id])
            .unwrap();
        let timeline_count = STORAGE_TIME_COUNT_PER_TIMELINE
-            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[operation, tenant_id, timeline_id])
+            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[operation, tenant_id, shard_id, timeline_id])
            .unwrap();
        let global_histogram = STORAGE_TIME_GLOBAL
            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[operation])
@@ -1715,7 +1733,7 @@ impl StorageTimeMetrics {
 }

 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct TimelineMetrics {
+pub(crate) struct TimelineMetrics {
    tenant_id: String,
    shard_id: String,
    timeline_id: String,
@@ -1745,40 +1763,66 @@ impl TimelineMetrics {
        let tenant_id = tenant_shard_id.tenant_id.to_string();
        let shard_id = format!("{}", tenant_shard_id.shard_slug());
        let timeline_id = timeline_id.to_string();
-        let flush_time_histo =
-            StorageTimeMetrics::new(StorageTimeOperation::LayerFlush, &tenant_id, &timeline_id);
-        let compact_time_histo =
-            StorageTimeMetrics::new(StorageTimeOperation::Compact, &tenant_id, &timeline_id);
-        let create_images_time_histo =
-            StorageTimeMetrics::new(StorageTimeOperation::CreateImages, &tenant_id, &timeline_id);
-        let logical_size_histo =
-            StorageTimeMetrics::new(StorageTimeOperation::LogicalSize, &tenant_id, &timeline_id);
+        let flush_time_histo = StorageTimeMetrics::new(
+            StorageTimeOperation::LayerFlush,
+            &tenant_id,
+            &shard_id,
+            &timeline_id,
+        );
+        let compact_time_histo = StorageTimeMetrics::new(
+            StorageTimeOperation::Compact,
+            &tenant_id,
+            &shard_id,
+            &timeline_id,
+        );
+        let create_images_time_histo = StorageTimeMetrics::new(
+            StorageTimeOperation::CreateImages,
+            &tenant_id,
+            &shard_id,
+            &timeline_id,
+        );
+        let logical_size_histo = StorageTimeMetrics::new(
+            StorageTimeOperation::LogicalSize,
+            &tenant_id,
+            &shard_id,
+            &timeline_id,
+        );
        let imitate_logical_size_histo = StorageTimeMetrics::new(
            StorageTimeOperation::ImitateLogicalSize,
            &tenant_id,
+            &shard_id,
+            &timeline_id,
+        );
+        let load_layer_map_histo = StorageTimeMetrics::new(
+            StorageTimeOperation::LoadLayerMap,
+            &tenant_id,
+            &shard_id,
+            &timeline_id,
+        );
+        let garbage_collect_histo = StorageTimeMetrics::new(
+            StorageTimeOperation::Gc,
+            &tenant_id,
+            &shard_id,
            &timeline_id,
        );
-        let load_layer_map_histo =
-            StorageTimeMetrics::new(StorageTimeOperation::LoadLayerMap, &tenant_id, &timeline_id);
-        let garbage_collect_histo =
-            StorageTimeMetrics::new(StorageTimeOperation::Gc, &tenant_id, &timeline_id);
        let last_record_gauge = LAST_RECORD_LSN
-            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[&tenant_id, &timeline_id])
+            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[&tenant_id, &shard_id, &timeline_id])
            .unwrap();
        let resident_physical_size_gauge = RESIDENT_PHYSICAL_SIZE
-            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[&tenant_id, &timeline_id])
+            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[&tenant_id, &shard_id, &timeline_id])
            .unwrap();
+        // TODO: we shouldn't expose this metric
        let current_logical_size_gauge = CURRENT_LOGICAL_SIZE
-            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[&tenant_id, &timeline_id])
+            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[&tenant_id, &shard_id, &timeline_id])
            .unwrap();
        let num_persistent_files_created = NUM_PERSISTENT_FILES_CREATED
-            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[&tenant_id, &timeline_id])
+            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[&tenant_id, &shard_id, &timeline_id])
            .unwrap();
        let persistent_bytes_written = PERSISTENT_BYTES_WRITTEN
-            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[&tenant_id, &timeline_id])
+            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[&tenant_id, &shard_id, &timeline_id])
            .unwrap();
        let evictions = EVICTIONS
-            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[&tenant_id, &timeline_id])
+            .get_metric_with_label_values(&[&tenant_id, &shard_id, &timeline_id])
            .unwrap();
        let evictions_with_low_residence_duration = evictions_with_low_residence_duration_builder
            .build(&tenant_id, &shard_id, &timeline_id);
@@ -1832,15 +1876,17 @@ impl Drop for TimelineMetrics {
        let tenant_id = &self.tenant_id;
        let timeline_id = &self.timeline_id;
        let shard_id = &self.shard_id;
-        let _ = LAST_RECORD_LSN.remove_label_values(&[tenant_id, timeline_id]);
+        let _ = LAST_RECORD_LSN.remove_label_values(&[tenant_id, &shard_id, timeline_id]);
        {
            RESIDENT_PHYSICAL_SIZE_GLOBAL.sub(self.resident_physical_size_get());
-            let _ = RESIDENT_PHYSICAL_SIZE.remove_label_values(&[tenant_id, timeline_id]);
+            let _ =
+                RESIDENT_PHYSICAL_SIZE.remove_label_values(&[tenant_id, &shard_id, timeline_id]);
        }
-        let _ = CURRENT_LOGICAL_SIZE.remove_label_values(&[tenant_id, timeline_id]);
-        let _ = NUM_PERSISTENT_FILES_CREATED.remove_label_values(&[tenant_id, timeline_id]);
-        let _ = PERSISTENT_BYTES_WRITTEN.remove_label_values(&[tenant_id, timeline_id]);
-        let _ = EVICTIONS.remove_label_values(&[tenant_id, timeline_id]);
+        let _ = CURRENT_LOGICAL_SIZE.remove_label_values(&[tenant_id, &shard_id, timeline_id]);
+        let _ =
+            NUM_PERSISTENT_FILES_CREATED.remove_label_values(&[tenant_id, &shard_id, timeline_id]);
+        let _ = PERSISTENT_BYTES_WRITTEN.remove_label_values(&[tenant_id, &shard_id, timeline_id]);
+        let _ = EVICTIONS.remove_label_values(&[tenant_id, &shard_id, timeline_id]);

        self.evictions_with_low_residence_duration
            .write()
@@ -1853,29 +1899,42 @@ impl Drop for TimelineMetrics {
        // outlive an individual smgr connection, but not the timeline.

        for op in StorageTimeOperation::VARIANTS {
-            let _ =
-                STORAGE_TIME_SUM_PER_TIMELINE.remove_label_values(&[op, tenant_id, timeline_id]);
-            let _ =
-                STORAGE_TIME_COUNT_PER_TIMELINE.remove_label_values(&[op, tenant_id, timeline_id]);
+            let _ = STORAGE_TIME_SUM_PER_TIMELINE.remove_label_values(&[
+                op,
+                tenant_id,
+                shard_id,
+                timeline_id,
+            ]);
+            let _ = STORAGE_TIME_COUNT_PER_TIMELINE.remove_label_values(&[
+                op,
+                tenant_id,
+                shard_id,
+                timeline_id,
+            ]);
        }

        for op in STORAGE_IO_SIZE_OPERATIONS {
-            let _ = STORAGE_IO_SIZE.remove_label_values(&[op, tenant_id, timeline_id]);
+            let _ = STORAGE_IO_SIZE.remove_label_values(&[op, tenant_id, shard_id, timeline_id]);
        }

        for op in SmgrQueryType::iter() {
            let _ = SMGR_QUERY_TIME_PER_TENANT_TIMELINE.remove_label_values(&[
                op.into(),
                tenant_id,
+                shard_id,
                timeline_id,
            ]);
        }
    }
 }

-pub fn remove_tenant_metrics(tenant_id: &TenantId) {
-    let tid = tenant_id.to_string();
-    let _ = TENANT_SYNTHETIC_SIZE_METRIC.remove_label_values(&[&tid]);
+pub(crate) fn remove_tenant_metrics(tenant_shard_id: &TenantShardId) {
+    // Only shard zero deals in synthetic sizes
+    if tenant_shard_id.is_zero() {
+        let tid = tenant_shard_id.tenant_id.to_string();
+        let _ = TENANT_SYNTHETIC_SIZE_METRIC.remove_label_values(&[&tid]);
+    }
+
    // we leave the BROKEN_TENANTS_SET entry if any
 }

@@ -1923,8 +1982,9 @@ impl Drop for PerTimelineRemotePhysicalSizeGauge {
    }
 }

-pub struct RemoteTimelineClientMetrics {
+pub(crate) struct RemoteTimelineClientMetrics {
    tenant_id: String,
+    shard_id: String,
    timeline_id: String,
    remote_physical_size_gauge: Mutex<Option<PerTimelineRemotePhysicalSizeGauge>>,
    calls_unfinished_gauge: Mutex<HashMap<(&'static str, &'static str), IntGauge>>,
@@ -1936,6 +1996,7 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClientMetrics {
    pub fn new(tenant_shard_id: &TenantShardId, timeline_id: &TimelineId) -> Self {
        RemoteTimelineClientMetrics {
            tenant_id: tenant_shard_id.tenant_id.to_string(),
+            shard_id: format!("{}", tenant_shard_id.shard_slug()),
            timeline_id: timeline_id.to_string(),
            calls_unfinished_gauge: Mutex::new(HashMap::default()),
            bytes_started_counter: Mutex::new(HashMap::default()),
@@ -1950,8 +2011,9 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClientMetrics {
            PerTimelineRemotePhysicalSizeGauge::new(
                REMOTE_PHYSICAL_SIZE
                    .get_metric_with_label_values(&[
-                        &self.tenant_id.to_string(),
-                        &self.timeline_id.to_string(),
+                        &self.tenant_id,
+                        &self.shard_id,
+                        &self.timeline_id,
                    ])
                    .unwrap(),
            )
@@ -1986,8 +2048,9 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClientMetrics {
        let metric = guard.entry(key).or_insert_with(move || {
            REMOTE_TIMELINE_CLIENT_CALLS_UNFINISHED_GAUGE
                .get_metric_with_label_values(&[
-                    &self.tenant_id.to_string(),
-                    &self.timeline_id.to_string(),
+                    &self.tenant_id,
+                    &self.shard_id,
+                    &self.timeline_id,
                    key.0,
                    key.1,
                ])
@@ -2017,8 +2080,9 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClientMetrics {
        let metric = guard.entry(key).or_insert_with(move || {
            REMOTE_TIMELINE_CLIENT_BYTES_STARTED_COUNTER
                .get_metric_with_label_values(&[
-                    &self.tenant_id.to_string(),
-                    &self.timeline_id.to_string(),
+                    &self.tenant_id,
+                    &self.shard_id,
+                    &self.timeline_id,
                    key.0,
                    key.1,
                ])
@@ -2037,8 +2101,9 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClientMetrics {
        let metric = guard.entry(key).or_insert_with(move || {
            REMOTE_TIMELINE_CLIENT_BYTES_FINISHED_COUNTER
                .get_metric_with_label_values(&[
-                    &self.tenant_id.to_string(),
-                    &self.timeline_id.to_string(),
+                    &self.tenant_id,
+                    &self.shard_id,
+                    &self.timeline_id,
                    key.0,
                    key.1,
                ])
@@ -2182,6 +2247,7 @@ impl Drop for RemoteTimelineClientMetrics {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        let RemoteTimelineClientMetrics {
            tenant_id,
+            shard_id,
            timeline_id,
            remote_physical_size_gauge,
            calls_unfinished_gauge,
@@ -2191,6 +2257,7 @@ impl Drop for RemoteTimelineClientMetrics {
        for ((a, b), _) in calls_unfinished_gauge.get_mut().unwrap().drain() {
            let _ = REMOTE_TIMELINE_CLIENT_CALLS_UNFINISHED_GAUGE.remove_label_values(&[
                tenant_id,
+                shard_id,
                timeline_id,
                a,
                b,
@@ -2199,6 +2266,7 @@ impl Drop for RemoteTimelineClientMetrics {
        for ((a, b), _) in bytes_started_counter.get_mut().unwrap().drain() {
            let _ = REMOTE_TIMELINE_CLIENT_BYTES_STARTED_COUNTER.remove_label_values(&[
                tenant_id,
+                shard_id,
                timeline_id,
                a,
                b,
@@ -2207,6 +2275,7 @@ impl Drop for RemoteTimelineClientMetrics {
        for ((a, b), _) in bytes_finished_counter.get_mut().unwrap().drain() {
            let _ = REMOTE_TIMELINE_CLIENT_BYTES_FINISHED_COUNTER.remove_label_values(&[
                tenant_id,
+                shard_id,
                timeline_id,
                a,
                b,
@@ -2214,18 +2283,16 @@ impl Drop for RemoteTimelineClientMetrics {
        }
        {
            let _ = remote_physical_size_gauge; // use to avoid 'unused' warning in desctructuring above
-            let _ = REMOTE_PHYSICAL_SIZE.remove_label_values(&[tenant_id, timeline_id]);
+            let _ = REMOTE_PHYSICAL_SIZE.remove_label_values(&[tenant_id, shard_id, timeline_id]);
        }
    }
 }

 /// Wrapper future that measures the time spent by a remote storage operation,
 /// and records the time and success/failure as a prometheus metric.
-pub trait MeasureRemoteOp: Sized {
+pub(crate) trait MeasureRemoteOp: Sized {
    fn measure_remote_op(
        self,
-        tenant_id: TenantId,
-        timeline_id: TimelineId,
        file_kind: RemoteOpFileKind,
        op: RemoteOpKind,
        metrics: Arc<RemoteTimelineClientMetrics>,
@@ -2233,8 +2300,6 @@ pub trait MeasureRemoteOp: Sized {
        let start = Instant::now();
        MeasuredRemoteOp {
            inner: self,
-            tenant_id,
-            timeline_id,
            file_kind,
            op,
            start,
@@ -2246,12 +2311,10 @@ pub trait MeasureRemoteOp: Sized {
 impl<T: Sized> MeasureRemoteOp for T {}

 pin_project! {
-    pub struct MeasuredRemoteOp<F>
+    pub(crate) struct MeasuredRemoteOp<F>
    {
        #[pin]
        inner: F,
-        tenant_id: TenantId,
-        timeline_id: TimelineId,
        file_kind: RemoteOpFileKind,
        op: RemoteOpKind,
        start: Instant,
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More