Merge branch 'main' into feature/df-binary-operator-nested-data

feat: update pg-catalog for describe table (#7321 )
feat!: improve mysql/pg compatibility (#7315 )
2025-12-23 14:40:01 +00:00 · 2025-12-02 14:58:46 +08:00 · 2025-12-02 01:38:36 +00:00 · 2025-12-01 20:41:14 +00:00 · 2025-12-01 20:12:32 +00:00 · 2025-12-01 08:03:12 +00:00
1857 changed files with 126980 additions and 38934 deletions
--- a/.cargo/config.toml
+++ b/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 linker = "aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc"

 [alias]
-sqlness = "run --bin sqlness-runner --"
+sqlness = "run --bin sqlness-runner --target-dir target/sqlness --"

 [unstable.git]
 shallow_index = true
--- a/.github/CODEOWNERS
+++ b/.github/CODEOWNERS
@@ -5,23 +5,23 @@
 * @GreptimeTeam/db-approver

 ## [Module] Database Engine
-/src/index @zhongzc
+/src/index @evenyag @discord9 @WenyXu 
 /src/mito2 @evenyag @v0y4g3r @waynexia
-/src/query @evenyag
+/src/query @evenyag @waynexia @discord9

 ## [Module] Distributed
-/src/common/meta @MichaelScofield
-/src/common/procedure @MichaelScofield
-/src/meta-client @MichaelScofield
-/src/meta-srv @MichaelScofield
+/src/common/meta @MichaelScofield @WenyXu
+/src/common/procedure @MichaelScofield @WenyXu
+/src/meta-client @MichaelScofield @WenyXu
+/src/meta-srv @MichaelScofield @WenyXu

 ## [Module] Write Ahead Log
-/src/log-store @v0y4g3r
-/src/store-api @v0y4g3r
+/src/log-store @v0y4g3r @WenyXu
+/src/store-api @v0y4g3r @evenyag

 ## [Module] Metrics Engine
-/src/metric-engine @waynexia
-/src/promql @waynexia
+/src/metric-engine @waynexia @WenyXu
+/src/promql @waynexia @evenyag @discord9

 ## [Module] Flow
-/src/flow @zhongzc @waynexia
+/src/flow @discord9 @waynexia
--- a/.github/actions/build-greptime-binary/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/build-greptime-binary/action.yml
@@ -32,9 +32,23 @@ inputs:
    description: Image Registry
    required: false
    default: 'docker.io'
+  large-page-size:
+    description: Build GreptimeDB with large page size (65536).
+    required: false
+    default: 'false'
+
 runs:
  using: composite
  steps:
+    - name: Set extra build environment variables
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        if [[ '${{ inputs.large-page-size }}' == 'true' ]]; then
+          echo 'EXTRA_BUILD_ENVS="JEMALLOC_SYS_WITH_LG_PAGE=16"' >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        else
+          echo 'EXTRA_BUILD_ENVS=' >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        fi
+
    - name: Build greptime binary
      shell: bash
      if: ${{ inputs.build-android-artifacts == 'false' }}
@@ -45,7 +59,8 @@ runs:
          FEATURES=${{ inputs.features }} \
          BASE_IMAGE=${{ inputs.base-image }} \
          IMAGE_NAMESPACE=${{ inputs.image-namespace }} \
-          IMAGE_REGISTRY=${{ inputs.image-registry }}
+          IMAGE_REGISTRY=${{ inputs.image-registry }} \
+          EXTRA_BUILD_ENVS=$EXTRA_BUILD_ENVS

    - name: Upload artifacts
      uses: ./.github/actions/upload-artifacts
--- a/.github/actions/build-linux-artifacts/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/build-linux-artifacts/action.yml
@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@ inputs:
    description: Working directory to build the artifacts
    required: false
    default: .
+  large-page-size:
+    description: Build GreptimeDB with large page size (65536).
+    required: false
+    default: 'false'
 runs:
  using: composite
  steps:
@@ -59,6 +63,7 @@ runs:
        working-dir: ${{ inputs.working-dir }}
        image-registry: ${{ inputs.image-registry }}
        image-namespace: ${{ inputs.image-namespace }}
+        large-page-size: ${{ inputs.large-page-size }}

    - name: Clean up the target directory # Clean up the target directory for the centos7 base image, or it will still use the objects of last build.
      shell: bash
@@ -77,6 +82,7 @@ runs:
        working-dir: ${{ inputs.working-dir }}
        image-registry: ${{ inputs.image-registry }}
        image-namespace: ${{ inputs.image-namespace }}
+        large-page-size: ${{ inputs.large-page-size }}

    - name: Build greptime on android base image
      uses: ./.github/actions/build-greptime-binary
@@ -89,3 +95,4 @@ runs:
        build-android-artifacts: true
        image-registry: ${{ inputs.image-registry }}
        image-namespace: ${{ inputs.image-namespace }}
+        large-page-size: ${{ inputs.large-page-size }}
--- a/.github/actions/setup-greptimedb-cluster/with-remote-wal.yaml
+++ b/.github/actions/setup-greptimedb-cluster/with-remote-wal.yaml
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+logging:
+  level: "info"
+  format: "json"
+  filters:
+  - log_store=debug
 meta:
  configData: |-
    [runtime]
--- a/.github/scripts/deploy-greptimedb.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/deploy-greptimedb.sh
@@ -3,12 +3,16 @@
 set -e
 set -o pipefail

-KUBERNETES_VERSION="${KUBERNETES_VERSION:-v1.24.0}"
+KUBERNETES_VERSION="${KUBERNETES_VERSION:-v1.32.0}"
 ENABLE_STANDALONE_MODE="${ENABLE_STANDALONE_MODE:-true}"
 DEFAULT_INSTALL_NAMESPACE=${DEFAULT_INSTALL_NAMESPACE:-default}
 GREPTIMEDB_IMAGE_TAG=${GREPTIMEDB_IMAGE_TAG:-latest}
-ETCD_CHART="oci://registry-1.docker.io/bitnamicharts/etcd"
+GREPTIMEDB_OPERATOR_IMAGE_TAG=${GREPTIMEDB_OPERATOR_IMAGE_TAG:-v0.5.1}
+GREPTIMEDB_INITIALIZER_IMAGE_TAG="${GREPTIMEDB_OPERATOR_IMAGE_TAG}"
 GREPTIME_CHART="https://greptimeteam.github.io/helm-charts/"
+ETCD_CHART="oci://registry-1.docker.io/bitnamicharts/etcd"
+ETCD_CHART_VERSION="${ETCD_CHART_VERSION:-12.0.8}"
+ETCD_IMAGE_TAG="${ETCD_IMAGE_TAG:-3.6.1-debian-12-r3}"

 # Create a cluster with 1 control-plane node and 5 workers.
 function create_kind_cluster() {
@@ -35,10 +39,16 @@ function add_greptime_chart() {
 function deploy_etcd_cluster() {
  local namespace="$1"

-  helm install etcd "$ETCD_CHART" \
+  helm upgrade --install etcd "$ETCD_CHART" \
+    --version "$ETCD_CHART_VERSION" \
+    --create-namespace \
    --set replicaCount=3 \
    --set auth.rbac.create=false \
    --set auth.rbac.token.enabled=false \
+    --set global.security.allowInsecureImages=true \
+    --set image.registry=docker.io \
+    --set image.repository=greptime/etcd \
+    --set image.tag="$ETCD_IMAGE_TAG" \
    -n "$namespace"

  # Wait for etcd cluster to be ready.
@@ -48,8 +58,9 @@ function deploy_etcd_cluster() {
 # Deploy greptimedb-operator.
 function deploy_greptimedb_operator() {
  # Use the latest chart and image.
-  helm install greptimedb-operator greptime/greptimedb-operator \
-    --set image.tag=latest \
+  helm upgrade --install greptimedb-operator greptime/greptimedb-operator \
+    --create-namespace \
+    --set image.tag="$GREPTIMEDB_OPERATOR_IMAGE_TAG" \
    -n "$DEFAULT_INSTALL_NAMESPACE"

  # Wait for greptimedb-operator to be ready.
@@ -66,9 +77,12 @@ function deploy_greptimedb_cluster() {

  deploy_etcd_cluster "$install_namespace"

-  helm install "$cluster_name" greptime/greptimedb-cluster \
+  helm upgrade --install "$cluster_name" greptime/greptimedb-cluster \
+    --create-namespace \
    --set image.tag="$GREPTIMEDB_IMAGE_TAG" \
+    --set initializer.tag="$GREPTIMEDB_INITIALIZER_IMAGE_TAG" \
    --set meta.backendStorage.etcd.endpoints="etcd.$install_namespace:2379" \
+    --set meta.backendStorage.etcd.storeKeyPrefix="$cluster_name" \
    -n "$install_namespace"

  # Wait for greptimedb cluster to be ready.
@@ -101,15 +115,18 @@ function deploy_greptimedb_cluster_with_s3_storage() {

  deploy_etcd_cluster "$install_namespace"

-  helm install "$cluster_name" greptime/greptimedb-cluster -n "$install_namespace" \
+  helm upgrade --install "$cluster_name" greptime/greptimedb-cluster -n "$install_namespace" \
+    --create-namespace \
    --set image.tag="$GREPTIMEDB_IMAGE_TAG" \
+    --set initializer.tag="$GREPTIMEDB_INITIALIZER_IMAGE_TAG" \
    --set meta.backendStorage.etcd.endpoints="etcd.$install_namespace:2379" \
-    --set storage.s3.bucket="$AWS_CI_TEST_BUCKET" \
-    --set storage.s3.region="$AWS_REGION" \
-    --set storage.s3.root="$DATA_ROOT" \
-    --set storage.credentials.secretName=s3-credentials \
-    --set storage.credentials.accessKeyId="$AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID" \
-    --set storage.credentials.secretAccessKey="$AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"
+    --set meta.backendStorage.etcd.storeKeyPrefix="$cluster_name" \
+    --set objectStorage.s3.bucket="$AWS_CI_TEST_BUCKET" \
+    --set objectStorage.s3.region="$AWS_REGION" \
+    --set objectStorage.s3.root="$DATA_ROOT" \
+    --set objectStorage.credentials.secretName=s3-credentials \
+    --set objectStorage.credentials.accessKeyId="$AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID" \
+    --set objectStorage.credentials.secretAccessKey="$AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"

  # Wait for greptimedb cluster to be ready.
  while true; do
@@ -134,7 +151,8 @@ function deploy_greptimedb_cluster_with_s3_storage() {
 # Deploy standalone greptimedb.
 # It will expose cluster service ports as '34000', '34001', '34002', '34003' to local access.
 function deploy_standalone_greptimedb() {
-  helm install greptimedb-standalone greptime/greptimedb-standalone \
+  helm upgrade --install greptimedb-standalone greptime/greptimedb-standalone \
+    --create-namespace \
    --set image.tag="$GREPTIMEDB_IMAGE_TAG" \
    -n "$DEFAULT_INSTALL_NAMESPACE"

--- a/.github/scripts/package-lock.json
+++ b/.github/scripts/package-lock.json
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+{
+  "name": "greptimedb-github-scripts",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "lockfileVersion": 3,
+  "requires": true,
+  "packages": {
+    "": {
+      "name": "greptimedb-github-scripts",
+      "version": "1.0.0",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@octokit/rest": "^21.0.0",
+        "axios": "^1.7.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@octokit/auth-token": {
+      "version": "5.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@octokit/auth-token/-/auth-token-5.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-JcQDsBdg49Yky2w2ld20IHAlwr8d/d8N6NiOXbtuoPCqzbsiJgF633mVUw3x4mo0H5ypataQIX7SFu3yy44Mpw==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@octokit/core": {
+      "version": "6.1.6",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@octokit/core/-/core-6.1.6.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-kIU8SLQkYWGp3pVKiYzA5OSaNF5EE03P/R8zEmmrG6XwOg5oBjXyQVVIauQ0dgau4zYhpZEhJrvIYt6oM+zZZA==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@octokit/auth-token": "^5.0.0",
+        "@octokit/graphql": "^8.2.2",
+        "@octokit/request": "^9.2.3",
+        "@octokit/request-error": "^6.1.8",
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+        "before-after-hook": "^3.0.2",
+        "universal-user-agent": "^7.0.0"
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+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "delayed-stream": "~1.0.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
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+      }
+    },
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+      "license": "MIT",
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+        "es-errors": "^1.3.0",
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+      },
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+      }
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+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.4"
+      }
+    },
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+      "version": "1.3.0",
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+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.4"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/es-object-atoms": {
+      "version": "1.1.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/es-object-atoms/-/es-object-atoms-1.1.1.tgz",
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+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "es-errors": "^1.3.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.4"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/es-set-tostringtag": {
+      "version": "2.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/es-set-tostringtag/-/es-set-tostringtag-2.1.0.tgz",
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+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "es-errors": "^1.3.0",
+        "get-intrinsic": "^1.2.6",
+        "has-tostringtag": "^1.0.2",
+        "hasown": "^2.0.2"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.4"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/fast-content-type-parse": {
+      "version": "2.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/fast-content-type-parse/-/fast-content-type-parse-2.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-nGqtvLrj5w0naR6tDPfB4cUmYCqouzyQiz6C5y/LtcDllJdrcc6WaWW6iXyIIOErTa/XRybj28aasdn4LkVk6Q==",
+      "funding": [
+        {
+          "type": "github",
+          "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/fastify"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "opencollective",
+          "url": "https://opencollective.com/fastify"
+        }
+      ],
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/follow-redirects": {
+      "version": "1.15.11",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/follow-redirects/-/follow-redirects-1.15.11.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-deG2P0JfjrTxl50XGCDyfI97ZGVCxIpfKYmfyrQ54n5FO/0gfIES8C/Psl6kWVDolizcaaxZJnTS0QSMxvnsBQ==",
+      "funding": [
+        {
+          "type": "individual",
+          "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/RubenVerborgh"
+        }
+      ],
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=4.0"
+      },
+      "peerDependenciesMeta": {
+        "debug": {
+          "optional": true
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/form-data": {
+      "version": "4.0.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/form-data/-/form-data-4.0.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-KrGhL9Q4zjj0kiUt5OO4Mr/A/jlI2jDYs5eHBpYHPcBEVSiipAvn2Ko2HnPe20rmcuuvMHNdZFp+4IlGTMF0Ow==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "asynckit": "^0.4.0",
+        "combined-stream": "^1.0.8",
+        "es-set-tostringtag": "^2.1.0",
+        "hasown": "^2.0.2",
+        "mime-types": "^2.1.12"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 6"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/function-bind": {
+      "version": "1.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/function-bind/-/function-bind-1.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-7XHNxH7qX9xG5mIwxkhumTox/MIRNcOgDrxWsMt2pAr23WHp6MrRlN7FBSFpCpr+oVO0F744iUgR82nJMfG2SA==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/ljharb"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/get-intrinsic": {
+      "version": "1.3.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/get-intrinsic/-/get-intrinsic-1.3.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-9fSjSaos/fRIVIp+xSJlE6lfwhES7LNtKaCBIamHsjr2na1BiABJPo0mOjjz8GJDURarmCPGqaiVg5mfjb98CQ==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "call-bind-apply-helpers": "^1.0.2",
+        "es-define-property": "^1.0.1",
+        "es-errors": "^1.3.0",
+        "es-object-atoms": "^1.1.1",
+        "function-bind": "^1.1.2",
+        "get-proto": "^1.0.1",
+        "gopd": "^1.2.0",
+        "has-symbols": "^1.1.0",
+        "hasown": "^2.0.2",
+        "math-intrinsics": "^1.1.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.4"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/ljharb"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/get-proto": {
+      "version": "1.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/get-proto/-/get-proto-1.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-sTSfBjoXBp89JvIKIefqw7U2CCebsc74kiY6awiGogKtoSGbgjYE/G/+l9sF3MWFPNc9IcoOC4ODfKHfxFmp0g==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "dunder-proto": "^1.0.1",
+        "es-object-atoms": "^1.0.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.4"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/gopd": {
+      "version": "1.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/gopd/-/gopd-1.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ZUKRh6/kUFoAiTAtTYPZJ3hw9wNxx+BIBOijnlG9PnrJsCcSjs1wyyD6vJpaYtgnzDrKYRSqf3OO6Rfa93xsRg==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.4"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/ljharb"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/has-symbols": {
+      "version": "1.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/has-symbols/-/has-symbols-1.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-1cDNdwJ2Jaohmb3sg4OmKaMBwuC48sYni5HUw2DvsC8LjGTLK9h+eb1X6RyuOHe4hT0ULCW68iomhjUoKUqlPQ==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.4"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/ljharb"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/has-tostringtag": {
+      "version": "1.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/has-tostringtag/-/has-tostringtag-1.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-NqADB8VjPFLM2V0VvHUewwwsw0ZWBaIdgo+ieHtK3hasLz4qeCRjYcqfB6AQrBggRKppKF8L52/VqdVsO47Dlw==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "has-symbols": "^1.0.3"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.4"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/ljharb"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/hasown": {
+      "version": "2.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/hasown/-/hasown-2.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-0hJU9SCPvmMzIBdZFqNPXWa6dqh7WdH0cII9y+CyS8rG3nL48Bclra9HmKhVVUHyPWNH5Y7xDwAB7bfgSjkUMQ==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "function-bind": "^1.1.2"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.4"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/math-intrinsics": {
+      "version": "1.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/math-intrinsics/-/math-intrinsics-1.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-/IXtbwEk5HTPyEwyKX6hGkYXxM9nbj64B+ilVJnC/R6B0pH5G4V3b0pVbL7DBj4tkhBAppbQUlf6F6Xl9LHu1g==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.4"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/mime-db": {
+      "version": "1.52.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/mime-db/-/mime-db-1.52.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-sPU4uV7dYlvtWJxwwxHD0PuihVNiE7TyAbQ5SWxDCB9mUYvOgroQOwYQQOKPJ8CIbE+1ETVlOoK1UC2nU3gYvg==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.6"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/mime-types": {
+      "version": "2.1.35",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/mime-types/-/mime-types-2.1.35.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ZDY+bPm5zTTF+YpCrAU9nK0UgICYPT0QtT1NZWFv4s++TNkcgVaT0g6+4R2uI4MjQjzysHB1zxuWL50hzaeXiw==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "mime-db": "1.52.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.6"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/proxy-from-env": {
+      "version": "1.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/proxy-from-env/-/proxy-from-env-1.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-D+zkORCbA9f1tdWRK0RaCR3GPv50cMxcrz4X8k5LTSUD1Dkw47mKJEZQNunItRTkWwgtaUSo1RVFRIG9ZXiFYg==",
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/universal-user-agent": {
+      "version": "7.0.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/universal-user-agent/-/universal-user-agent-7.0.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-TmnEAEAsBJVZM/AADELsK76llnwcf9vMKuPz8JflO1frO8Lchitr0fNaN9d+Ap0BjKtqWqd/J17qeDnXh8CL2A==",
+      "license": "ISC"
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/.github/scripts/package.json
+++ b/.github/scripts/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "name": "greptimedb-github-scripts",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "description": "GitHub automation scripts for GreptimeDB",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@octokit/rest": "^21.0.0",
+    "axios": "^1.7.0"
+  }
+}
--- a/.github/scripts/pr-review-reminder.js
+++ b/.github/scripts/pr-review-reminder.js
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+// Daily PR Review Reminder Script
+// Fetches open PRs from GreptimeDB repository and sends Slack notifications
+// to PR owners and assigned reviewers to keep review process moving.
+
+(async () => {
+  const { Octokit } = await import("@octokit/rest");
+  const { default: axios } = await import('axios');
+
+  // Configuration
+  const GITHUB_TOKEN = process.env.GITHUB_TOKEN;
+  const SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL = process.env.SLACK_PR_REVIEW_WEBHOOK_URL;
+  const REPO_OWNER = "GreptimeTeam";
+  const REPO_NAME = "greptimedb";
+  const GITHUB_TO_SLACK = JSON.parse(process.env.GITHUBID_SLACKID_MAPPING || '{}');
+
+  // Debug: Print environment variable status
+  console.log("=== Environment Variables Debug ===");
+  console.log(`GITHUB_TOKEN: ${GITHUB_TOKEN ? 'Set ✓' : 'NOT SET ✗'}`);
+  console.log(`SLACK_PR_REVIEW_WEBHOOK_URL: ${SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL ? 'Set ✓' : 'NOT SET ✗'}`);
+  console.log(`GITHUBID_SLACKID_MAPPING: ${process.env.GITHUBID_SLACKID_MAPPING ? `Set ✓ (${Object.keys(GITHUB_TO_SLACK).length} mappings)` : 'NOT SET ✗'}`);
+  console.log("===================================\n");
+
+  const octokit = new Octokit({
+    auth: GITHUB_TOKEN
+  });
+
+  // Fetch all open PRs from the repository
+  async function fetchOpenPRs() {
+    try {
+      const prs = await octokit.pulls.list({
+        owner: REPO_OWNER,
+        repo: REPO_NAME,
+        state: "open",
+        per_page: 100,
+        sort: "created",
+        direction: "asc"
+      });
+      return prs.data.filter((pr) => !pr.draft);
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error("Error fetching PRs:", error);
+      return [];
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Convert GitHub username to Slack mention or fallback to GitHub username
+  function toSlackMention(githubUser) {
+    const slackUserId = GITHUB_TO_SLACK[githubUser];
+    return slackUserId ? `<@${slackUserId}>` : `@${githubUser}`;
+  }
+
+  // Calculate days since PR was opened
+  function getDaysOpen(createdAt) {
+    const created = new Date(createdAt);
+    const now = new Date();
+    const diffMs = now - created;
+    const days = Math.floor(diffMs / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24));
+    return days;
+  }
+
+  // Build Slack notification message from PR list
+  function buildSlackMessage(prs) {
+    if (prs.length === 0) {
+      return "*🎉 Great job! No pending PRs for review.*";
+    }
+
+    // Separate PRs by age threshold (14 days)
+    const criticalPRs = [];
+    const recentPRs = [];
+
+    prs.forEach(pr => {
+      const daysOpen = getDaysOpen(pr.created_at);
+      if (daysOpen >= 14) {
+        criticalPRs.push(pr);
+      } else {
+        recentPRs.push(pr);
+      }
+    });
+
+    const lines = [
+      `*🔍 Daily PR Review Reminder 🔍*`,
+      `Found *${criticalPRs.length}* critical PR(s) (14+ days old)\n`
+    ];
+
+    // Show critical PRs (14+ days) in detail
+    if (criticalPRs.length > 0) {
+      criticalPRs.forEach((pr, index) => {
+        const owner = toSlackMention(pr.user.login);
+        const reviewers = pr.requested_reviewers || [];
+        const reviewerMentions = reviewers.map(r => toSlackMention(r.login)).join(", ");
+        const daysOpen = getDaysOpen(pr.created_at);
+
+        const prInfo = `${index + 1}. <${pr.html_url}|#${pr.number}: ${pr.title}>`;
+        const ageInfo = `   🔴 Opened *${daysOpen}* day(s) ago`;
+        const ownerInfo = `   👤 Owner: ${owner}`;
+        const reviewerInfo = reviewers.length > 0
+          ? `   👁️ Reviewers: ${reviewerMentions}`
+          : `   👁️ Reviewers: _Not assigned yet_`;
+
+        lines.push(prInfo);
+        lines.push(ageInfo);
+        lines.push(ownerInfo);
+        lines.push(reviewerInfo);
+        lines.push(""); // Empty line between PRs
+      });
+    }
+
+    lines.push("_Let's keep the code review process moving! 🚀_");
+
+    return lines.join("\n");
+  }
+
+  // Send notification to Slack webhook
+  async function sendSlackNotification(message) {
+    if (!SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL) {
+      console.log("⚠️  SLACK_PR_REVIEW_WEBHOOK_URL not configured. Message preview:");
+      console.log("=".repeat(60));
+      console.log(message);
+      console.log("=".repeat(60));
+      return;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const response = await axios.post(SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL, {
+        text: message
+      });
+
+      if (response.status !== 200) {
+        throw new Error(`Slack API returned status ${response.status}`);
+      }
+      console.log("Slack notification sent successfully.");
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error("Error sending Slack notification:", error);
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Main execution flow
+  async function run() {
+    console.log(`Fetching open PRs from ${REPO_OWNER}/${REPO_NAME}...`);
+    const prs = await fetchOpenPRs();
+    console.log(`Found ${prs.length} open PR(s).`);
+
+    const message = buildSlackMessage(prs);
+    console.log("Sending Slack notification...");
+    await sendSlackNotification(message);
+  }
+
+  run().catch(error => {
+    console.error("Script execution failed:", error);
+    process.exit(1);
+  });
+})();
--- a/.github/scripts/update-helm-charts-version.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/update-helm-charts-version.sh
@@ -39,8 +39,11 @@ update_helm_charts_version() {
    --body "This PR updates the GreptimeDB version." \
    --base main \
    --head $BRANCH_NAME \
-    --reviewer zyy17 \
-    --reviewer daviderli614
+    --reviewer sunng87 \
+    --reviewer daviderli614 \
+    --reviewer killme2008 \
+    --reviewer evenyag \
+    --reviewer fengjiachun
 }

 update_helm_charts_version
--- a/.github/scripts/update-homebrew-greptme-version.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/update-homebrew-greptme-version.sh
@@ -35,8 +35,11 @@ update_homebrew_greptime_version() {
    --body "This PR updates the GreptimeDB version." \
    --base main \
    --head $BRANCH_NAME \
-    --reviewer zyy17 \
-    --reviewer daviderli614
+    --reviewer sunng87 \
+    --reviewer daviderli614 \
+    --reviewer killme2008 \
+    --reviewer evenyag \
+    --reviewer fengjiachun
 }

 update_homebrew_greptime_version
--- a/.github/workflows/dev-build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/dev-build.yml
@@ -4,10 +4,11 @@ name: GreptimeDB Development Build
 on:
  workflow_dispatch: # Allows you to run this workflow manually.
    inputs:
-      repository:
-        description: The public repository to build
+      large-page-size:
+        description: Build GreptimeDB with large page size (65536).
+        type: boolean
        required: false
-        default: GreptimeTeam/greptimedb
+        default: false
      commit: # Note: We only pull the source code and use the current workflow to build the artifacts.
        description: The commit to build
        required: true
@@ -181,6 +182,7 @@ jobs:
          working-dir: ${{ env.CHECKOUT_GREPTIMEDB_PATH }}
          image-registry: ${{ vars.ECR_IMAGE_REGISTRY }}
          image-namespace: ${{ vars.ECR_IMAGE_NAMESPACE }}
+          large-page-size: ${{ inputs.large-page-size }}

  build-linux-arm64-artifacts:
    name: Build linux-arm64 artifacts
@@ -214,6 +216,7 @@ jobs:
          working-dir: ${{ env.CHECKOUT_GREPTIMEDB_PATH }}
          image-registry: ${{ vars.ECR_IMAGE_REGISTRY }}
          image-namespace: ${{ vars.ECR_IMAGE_NAMESPACE }}
+          large-page-size: ${{ inputs.large-page-size }}

  release-images-to-dockerhub:
    name: Build and push images to DockerHub
--- a/.github/workflows/develop.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/develop.yml
@@ -613,6 +613,9 @@ jobs:
          - name: "MySQL Kvbackend"
            opts: "--setup-mysql"
            kafka: false
+          - name: "Flat format"
+            opts: "--enable-flat-format"
+            kafka: false
    timeout-minutes: 60
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -632,7 +635,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Unzip binaries
        run: tar -xvf ./bins.tar.gz
      - name: Run sqlness
-        run: RUST_BACKTRACE=1 ./bins/sqlness-runner ${{ matrix.mode.opts }} -c ./tests/cases --bins-dir ./bins --preserve-state
+        run: RUST_BACKTRACE=1 ./bins/sqlness-runner bare ${{ matrix.mode.opts }} -c ./tests/cases --bins-dir ./bins --preserve-state
      - name: Upload sqlness logs
        if: failure()
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
--- a/.github/workflows/docs.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docs.yml
@@ -92,5 +92,6 @@ jobs:
        mode:
          - name: "Basic"
          - name: "Remote WAL"
+          - name: "Flat format"
    steps:
      - run: 'echo "No action required"'
--- a/.github/workflows/multi-lang-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/multi-lang-tests.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+name: Multi-language Integration Tests
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+  build-greptimedb:
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'GreptimeTeam/greptimedb' }}
+    name: Build GreptimeDB binary
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 60
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: arduino/setup-protoc@v3
+        with:
+          repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          shared-key: "multi-lang-build"
+          cache-all-crates: "true"
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
+      - name: Install cargo-gc-bin
+        shell: bash
+        run: cargo install cargo-gc-bin --force
+      - name: Build greptime binary
+        shell: bash
+        run: cargo gc -- --bin greptime --features "pg_kvbackend,mysql_kvbackend"
+      - name: Pack greptime binary
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          mkdir bin && \
+          mv ./target/debug/greptime bin
+      - name: Print greptime binary info
+        run: ls -lh bin
+      - name: Upload greptime binary
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: greptime-bin
+          path: bin/
+          retention-days: 1
+
+  run-multi-lang-tests:
+    name: Run Multi-language SDK Tests
+    needs: build-greptimedb
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/run-multi-lang-tests.yml
+    with:
+      artifact-name: greptime-bin
--- a/.github/workflows/nightly-build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/nightly-build.yml
@@ -174,6 +174,18 @@ jobs:
          image-registry: ${{ vars.ECR_IMAGE_REGISTRY }}
          image-namespace: ${{ vars.ECR_IMAGE_NAMESPACE }}

+  run-multi-lang-tests:
+    name: Run Multi-language SDK Tests
+    if: ${{ inputs.build_linux_amd64_artifacts || github.event_name == 'schedule' }}
+    needs: [
+      allocate-runners,
+      build-linux-amd64-artifacts,
+    ]
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/run-multi-lang-tests.yml
+    with:
+      artifact-name: greptime-linux-amd64-${{ needs.allocate-runners.outputs.version }}
+      artifact-is-tarball: true
+
  release-images-to-dockerhub:
    name: Build and push images to DockerHub
    if: ${{ inputs.release_images || github.event_name == 'schedule' }}
@@ -301,7 +313,8 @@ jobs:
    if: ${{ github.repository == 'GreptimeTeam/greptimedb' && always() }} # Not requiring successful dependent jobs, always run.
    name: Send notification to Greptime team
    needs: [
-      release-images-to-dockerhub
+      release-images-to-dockerhub,
+      run-multi-lang-tests,
    ]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    permissions:
@@ -319,17 +332,17 @@ jobs:
        run: pnpm tsx bin/report-ci-failure.ts
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          CI_REPORT_STATUS: ${{ needs.release-images-to-dockerhub.outputs.nightly-build-result == 'success' }}
+          CI_REPORT_STATUS: ${{ needs.release-images-to-dockerhub.outputs.nightly-build-result == 'success' && (needs.run-multi-lang-tests.result == 'success' || needs.run-multi-lang-tests.result == 'skipped') }}
      - name: Notify nightly build successful result
        uses: slackapi/slack-github-action@v1.23.0
-        if: ${{ needs.release-images-to-dockerhub.outputs.nightly-build-result == 'success' }}
+        if: ${{ needs.release-images-to-dockerhub.outputs.nightly-build-result == 'success' && (needs.run-multi-lang-tests.result == 'success' || needs.run-multi-lang-tests.result == 'skipped') }}
        with:
          payload: |
            {"text": "GreptimeDB's ${{ env.NEXT_RELEASE_VERSION }} build has completed successfully."}

      - name: Notify nightly build failed result
        uses: slackapi/slack-github-action@v1.23.0
-        if: ${{ needs.release-images-to-dockerhub.outputs.nightly-build-result != 'success' }}
+        if: ${{ needs.release-images-to-dockerhub.outputs.nightly-build-result != 'success' || needs.run-multi-lang-tests.result == 'failure' }}
        with:
          payload: |
            {"text": "GreptimeDB's ${{ env.NEXT_RELEASE_VERSION }} build has failed, please check ${{ steps.report-ci-status.outputs.html_url }}."}
--- a/.github/workflows/pr-review-reminder.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pr-review-reminder.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+name: PR Review Reminder
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    # Run at 9:00 AM UTC+8 (01:00 AM UTC) on Monday, Wednesday, Friday
+    - cron: '0 1 * * 1,3,5'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  pr-review-reminder:
+    name: Send PR Review Reminders
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      pull-requests: read
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'GreptimeTeam/greptimedb' }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Setup Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: '20'
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        working-directory: .github/scripts
+        run: npm ci
+
+      - name: Run PR review reminder
+        working-directory: .github/scripts
+        run: node pr-review-reminder.js
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          SLACK_PR_REVIEW_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ vars.SLACK_PR_REVIEW_WEBHOOK_URL }}
+          GITHUBID_SLACKID_MAPPING: ${{ vars.GITHUBID_SLACKID_MAPPING }}
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -215,6 +215,18 @@ jobs:
          image-registry: ${{ vars.ECR_IMAGE_REGISTRY }}
          image-namespace: ${{ vars.ECR_IMAGE_NAMESPACE }}

+  run-multi-lang-tests:
+    name: Run Multi-language SDK Tests
+    if: ${{ inputs.build_linux_amd64_artifacts || github.event_name == 'push' || github.event_name == 'schedule' }}
+    needs: [
+      allocate-runners,
+      build-linux-amd64-artifacts,
+    ]
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/run-multi-lang-tests.yml
+    with:
+      artifact-name: greptime-linux-amd64-${{ needs.allocate-runners.outputs.version }}
+      artifact-is-tarball: true
+
  build-macos-artifacts:
    name: Build macOS artifacts
    strategy:
@@ -303,6 +315,7 @@ jobs:
      allocate-runners,
      build-linux-amd64-artifacts,
      build-linux-arm64-artifacts,
+      run-multi-lang-tests,
    ]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    outputs:
@@ -381,6 +394,7 @@ jobs:
      build-macos-artifacts,
      build-windows-artifacts,
      release-images-to-dockerhub,
+      run-multi-lang-tests,
    ]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
--- a/.github/workflows/run-multi-lang-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/run-multi-lang-tests.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# Reusable workflow for running multi-language SDK tests against GreptimeDB
+# Used by: multi-lang-tests.yml, release.yml, nightly-build.yml
+# Supports both direct binary artifacts and tarball artifacts
+
+name: Run Multi-language SDK Tests
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      artifact-name:
+        required: true
+        type: string
+        description: 'Name of the artifact containing greptime binary'
+      http-port:
+        required: false
+        type: string
+        default: '4000'
+        description: 'HTTP server port'
+      mysql-port:
+        required: false
+        type: string
+        default: '4002'
+        description: 'MySQL server port'
+      postgres-port:
+        required: false
+        type: string
+        default: '4003'
+        description: 'PostgreSQL server port'
+      db-name:
+        required: false
+        type: string
+        default: 'test_db'
+        description: 'Test database name'
+      username:
+        required: false
+        type: string
+        default: 'greptime_user'
+        description: 'Authentication username'
+      password:
+        required: false
+        type: string
+        default: 'greptime_pwd'
+        description: 'Authentication password'
+      timeout-minutes:
+        required: false
+        type: number
+        default: 30
+        description: 'Job timeout in minutes'
+      artifact-is-tarball:
+        required: false
+        type: boolean
+        default: false
+        description: 'Whether the artifact is a tarball (tar.gz) that needs to be extracted'
+
+jobs:
+  run-tests:
+    name: Run Multi-language SDK Tests
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: ${{ inputs.timeout-minutes }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout greptimedb-tests repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          repository: GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-tests
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Download pre-built greptime binary
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: ${{ inputs.artifact-name }}
+          path: artifact
+
+      - name: Setup greptime binary
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p bin
+          if [ "${{ inputs.artifact-is-tarball }}" = "true" ]; then
+            # Extract tarball and find greptime binary
+            tar -xzf artifact/*.tar.gz -C artifact
+            find artifact -name "greptime" -type f -exec cp {} bin/greptime \;
+          else
+            # Direct binary format
+            if [ -f artifact/greptime ]; then
+              cp artifact/greptime bin/greptime
+            else
+              cp artifact/* bin/greptime
+            fi
+          fi
+          chmod +x ./bin/greptime
+          ls -lh ./bin/greptime
+          ./bin/greptime --version
+
+      - name: Setup Java 17
+        uses: actions/setup-java@v4
+        with:
+          distribution: 'temurin'
+          java-version: '17'
+          cache: 'maven'
+
+      - name: Setup Python 3.8
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.8'
+
+      - name: Setup Go 1.24
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version: '1.24'
+          cache: true
+          cache-dependency-path: go-tests/go.sum
+
+      - name: Set up Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: '18'
+
+      - name: Install Python dependencies
+        run: |
+          pip install mysql-connector-python psycopg2-binary
+          python3 -c "import mysql.connector; print(f'mysql-connector-python {mysql.connector.__version__}')"
+          python3 -c "import psycopg2; print(f'psycopg2 {psycopg2.__version__}')"
+
+      - name: Install Go dependencies
+        working-directory: go-tests
+        run: |
+          go mod download
+          go mod verify
+          go version
+
+      - name: Kill existing GreptimeDB processes
+        run: |
+          pkill -f greptime || true
+          sleep 2
+
+      - name: Start GreptimeDB standalone
+        run: |
+          ./bin/greptime standalone start \
+            --http-addr 0.0.0.0:${{ inputs.http-port }} \
+            --rpc-addr 0.0.0.0:4001 \
+            --mysql-addr 0.0.0.0:${{ inputs.mysql-port }} \
+            --postgres-addr 0.0.0.0:${{ inputs.postgres-port }} \
+            --user-provider=static_user_provider:cmd:${{ inputs.username }}=${{ inputs.password }} > /tmp/greptimedb.log 2>&1 &
+
+      - name: Wait for GreptimeDB to be ready
+        run: |
+          echo "Waiting for GreptimeDB..."
+          for i in {1..60}; do
+            if curl -sf http://localhost:${{ inputs.http-port }}/health > /dev/null; then
+              echo "✅ GreptimeDB is ready"
+              exit 0
+            fi
+            sleep 2
+          done
+          echo "❌ GreptimeDB failed to start"
+          cat /tmp/greptimedb.log
+          exit 1
+
+      - name: Run multi-language tests
+        env:
+          DB_NAME: ${{ inputs.db-name }}
+          MYSQL_HOST: 127.0.0.1
+          MYSQL_PORT: ${{ inputs.mysql-port }}
+          POSTGRES_HOST: 127.0.0.1
+          POSTGRES_PORT: ${{ inputs.postgres-port }}
+          HTTP_HOST: 127.0.0.1
+          HTTP_PORT: ${{ inputs.http-port }}
+          GREPTIME_USERNAME: ${{ inputs.username }}
+          GREPTIME_PASSWORD: ${{ inputs.password }}
+        run: |
+          chmod +x ./run_tests.sh
+          ./run_tests.sh
+
+      - name: Collect logs on failure
+        if: failure()
+        run: |
+          echo "=== GreptimeDB Logs ==="
+          cat /tmp/greptimedb.log || true
+
+      - name: Upload test logs on failure
+        if: failure()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: test-logs
+          path: |
+            /tmp/greptimedb.log
+            java-tests/target/surefire-reports/
+            python-tests/.pytest_cache/
+            go-tests/*.log
+            **/test-output/
+          retention-days: 7
+
+      - name: Cleanup
+        if: always()
+        run: |
+          pkill -f greptime || true
--- a/.github/workflows/semantic-pull-request.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/semantic-pull-request.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 name: "Semantic Pull Request"

 on:
-  pull_request:
+  pull_request_target:
    types:
      - opened
      - reopened
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ concurrency:
  cancel-in-progress: true

 permissions:
-  issues: write
-  contents: write
+  contents: read
  pull-requests: write
+  issues: write

 jobs:
  check:
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ members = [
    "src/promql",
    "src/puffin",
    "src/query",
+    "src/standalone",
    "src/servers",
    "src/session",
    "src/sql",
@@ -73,8 +74,8 @@ members = [
 resolver = "2"

 [workspace.package]
-version = "0.17.0"
-edition = "2021"
+version = "1.0.0-beta.2"
+edition = "2024"
 license = "Apache-2.0"

 [workspace.lints]
@@ -98,12 +99,12 @@ rust.unexpected_cfgs = { level = "warn", check-cfg = ['cfg(tokio_unstable)'] }
 # See for more detaiils: https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/issues/11329
 ahash = { version = "0.8", features = ["compile-time-rng"] }
 aquamarine = "0.6"
-arrow = { version = "56.0", features = ["prettyprint"] }
-arrow-array = { version = "56.0", default-features = false, features = ["chrono-tz"] }
-arrow-buffer = "56.0"
-arrow-flight = "56.0"
-arrow-ipc = { version = "56.0", default-features = false, features = ["lz4", "zstd"] }
-arrow-schema = { version = "56.0", features = ["serde"] }
+arrow = { version = "56.2", features = ["prettyprint"] }
+arrow-array = { version = "56.2", default-features = false, features = ["chrono-tz"] }
+arrow-buffer = "56.2"
+arrow-flight = "56.2"
+arrow-ipc = { version = "56.2", default-features = false, features = ["lz4", "zstd"] }
+arrow-schema = { version = "56.2", features = ["serde"] }
 async-stream = "0.3"
 async-trait = "0.1"
 # Remember to update axum-extra, axum-macros when updating axum
@@ -117,22 +118,24 @@ bitflags = "2.4.1"
 bytemuck = "1.12"
 bytes = { version = "1.7", features = ["serde"] }
 chrono = { version = "0.4", features = ["serde"] }
-chrono-tz = "0.10.1"
+chrono-tz = { version = "0.10.1", features = ["case-insensitive"] }
 clap = { version = "4.4", features = ["derive"] }
 config = "0.13.0"
+const_format = "0.2"
 crossbeam-utils = "0.8"
 dashmap = "6.1"
-datafusion = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7d5214512740b4dfb742b6b3d91ed9affcc2c9d0" }
-datafusion-common = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7d5214512740b4dfb742b6b3d91ed9affcc2c9d0" }
-datafusion-expr = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7d5214512740b4dfb742b6b3d91ed9affcc2c9d0" }
-datafusion-functions = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7d5214512740b4dfb742b6b3d91ed9affcc2c9d0" }
-datafusion-functions-aggregate-common = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7d5214512740b4dfb742b6b3d91ed9affcc2c9d0" }
-datafusion-optimizer = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7d5214512740b4dfb742b6b3d91ed9affcc2c9d0" }
-datafusion-orc = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion-orc", rev = "a0a5f902158f153119316eaeec868cff3fc8a99d" }
-datafusion-physical-expr = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7d5214512740b4dfb742b6b3d91ed9affcc2c9d0" }
-datafusion-physical-plan = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7d5214512740b4dfb742b6b3d91ed9affcc2c9d0" }
-datafusion-sql = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7d5214512740b4dfb742b6b3d91ed9affcc2c9d0" }
-datafusion-substrait = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7d5214512740b4dfb742b6b3d91ed9affcc2c9d0" }
+datafusion = "50"
+datafusion-common = "50"
+datafusion-expr = "50"
+datafusion-functions = "50"
+datafusion-functions-aggregate-common = "50"
+datafusion-optimizer = "50"
+datafusion-orc = "0.5"
+datafusion-pg-catalog = "0.12.2"
+datafusion-physical-expr = "50"
+datafusion-physical-plan = "50"
+datafusion-sql = "50"
+datafusion-substrait = "50"
 deadpool = "0.12"
 deadpool-postgres = "0.14"
 derive_builder = "0.20"
@@ -145,7 +148,7 @@ etcd-client = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/etcd-client", rev = "f62d
 fst = "0.4.7"
 futures = "0.3"
 futures-util = "0.3"
-greptime-proto = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git", rev = "66eb089afa6baaa3ddfafabd0a4abbe317d012c3" }
+greptime-proto = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-proto.git", rev = "0df99f09f1d6785055b2d9da96fc4ecc2bdf6803" }
 hex = "0.4"
 http = "1"
 humantime = "2.1"
@@ -174,8 +177,11 @@ opentelemetry-proto = { version = "0.30", features = [
    "logs",
 ] }
 ordered-float = { version = "4.3", features = ["serde"] }
+otel-arrow-rust = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/otel-arrow", rev = "2d64b7c0fa95642028a8205b36fe9ea0b023ec59", features = [
+    "server",
+] }
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-parquet = { version = "56.0", default-features = false, features = ["arrow", "async", "object_store"] }
+parquet = { version = "56.2", default-features = false, features = ["arrow", "async", "object_store"] }
 paste = "1.0"
 pin-project = "1.0"
 pretty_assertions = "1.4.0"
@@ -186,7 +192,7 @@ prost-types = "0.13"
 raft-engine = { version = "0.4.1", default-features = false }
 rand = "0.9"
 ratelimit = "0.10"
-regex = "1.8"
+regex = "1.12"
 regex-automata = "0.4"
 reqwest = { version = "0.12", default-features = false, features = [
    "json",
@@ -202,6 +208,7 @@ rstest_reuse = "0.7"
 rust_decimal = "1.33"
 rustc-hash = "2.0"
 # It is worth noting that we should try to avoid using aws-lc-rs until it can be compiled on various platforms.
+hostname = "0.4.0"
 rustls = { version = "0.23.25", default-features = false }
 sea-query = "0.32"
 serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
@@ -211,16 +218,8 @@ simd-json = "0.15"
 similar-asserts = "1.6.0"
 smallvec = { version = "1", features = ["serde"] }
 snafu = "0.8"
-sqlparser = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git", rev = "39e4fc94c3c741981f77e9d63b5ce8c02e0a27ea", features = [
-    "visitor",
-    "serde",
-] } # branch = "v0.55.x"
-sqlx = { version = "0.8", features = [
-    "runtime-tokio-rustls",
-    "mysql",
-    "postgres",
-    "chrono",
-] }
+sqlparser = { version = "0.58.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "visitor", "serde"] }
+sqlx = { version = "0.8", default-features = false, features = ["any", "macros", "json", "runtime-tokio-rustls"] }
 strum = { version = "0.27", features = ["derive"] }
 sysinfo = "0.33"
 tempfile = "3"
@@ -235,6 +234,7 @@ tower = "0.5"
 tower-http = "0.6"
 tracing = "0.1"
 tracing-appender = "0.2"
+tracing-opentelemetry = "0.31.0"
 tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter", "json", "fmt"] }
 typetag = "0.2"
 uuid = { version = "1.17", features = ["serde", "v4", "fast-rng"] }
@@ -275,6 +275,7 @@ common-recordbatch = { path = "src/common/recordbatch" }
 common-runtime = { path = "src/common/runtime" }
 common-session = { path = "src/common/session" }
 common-sql = { path = "src/common/sql" }
+common-stat = { path = "src/common/stat" }
 common-telemetry = { path = "src/common/telemetry" }
 common-test-util = { path = "src/common/test-util" }
 common-time = { path = "src/common/time" }
@@ -296,9 +297,6 @@ mito-codec = { path = "src/mito-codec" }
 mito2 = { path = "src/mito2" }
 object-store = { path = "src/object-store" }
 operator = { path = "src/operator" }
-otel-arrow-rust = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/otel-arrow", rev = "2d64b7c0fa95642028a8205b36fe9ea0b023ec59", features = [
-    "server",
-] }
 partition = { path = "src/partition" }
 pipeline = { path = "src/pipeline" }
 plugins = { path = "src/plugins" }
@@ -308,7 +306,7 @@ query = { path = "src/query" }
 servers = { path = "src/servers" }
 session = { path = "src/session" }
 sql = { path = "src/sql" }
-stat = { path = "src/common/stat" }
+standalone = { path = "src/standalone" }
 store-api = { path = "src/store-api" }
 substrait = { path = "src/common/substrait" }
 table = { path = "src/table" }
@@ -317,6 +315,21 @@ table = { path = "src/table" }
 git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptime-meter.git"
 rev = "5618e779cf2bb4755b499c630fba4c35e91898cb"

+[patch.crates-io]
+datafusion = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7f8ea0a45748ed32695757368f847ab9ac7b6c82" }
+datafusion-common = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7f8ea0a45748ed32695757368f847ab9ac7b6c82" }
+datafusion-expr = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7f8ea0a45748ed32695757368f847ab9ac7b6c82" }
+datafusion-functions = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7f8ea0a45748ed32695757368f847ab9ac7b6c82" }
+datafusion-functions-aggregate-common = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7f8ea0a45748ed32695757368f847ab9ac7b6c82" }
+datafusion-optimizer = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7f8ea0a45748ed32695757368f847ab9ac7b6c82" }
+datafusion-physical-expr = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7f8ea0a45748ed32695757368f847ab9ac7b6c82" }
+datafusion-physical-expr-common = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7f8ea0a45748ed32695757368f847ab9ac7b6c82" }
+datafusion-physical-plan = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7f8ea0a45748ed32695757368f847ab9ac7b6c82" }
+datafusion-datasource = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7f8ea0a45748ed32695757368f847ab9ac7b6c82" }
+datafusion-sql = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7f8ea0a45748ed32695757368f847ab9ac7b6c82" }
+datafusion-substrait = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/datafusion.git", rev = "7f8ea0a45748ed32695757368f847ab9ac7b6c82" }
+sqlparser = { git = "https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/sqlparser-rs.git", rev = "4b519a5caa95472cc3988f5556813a583dd35af1" }                           # branch = "v0.58.x"
+
 [profile.release]
 debug = 1

--- a/7
+++ b/7
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ CARGO_BUILD_OPTS := --locked
 IMAGE_REGISTRY ?= docker.io
 IMAGE_NAMESPACE ?= greptime
 IMAGE_TAG ?= latest
-DEV_BUILDER_IMAGE_TAG ?= 2025-05-19-f55023f3-20250829091211
+DEV_BUILDER_IMAGE_TAG ?= 2025-10-01-8fe17d43-20251011080129
 BUILDX_MULTI_PLATFORM_BUILD ?= false
 BUILDX_BUILDER_NAME ?= gtbuilder
 BASE_IMAGE ?= ubuntu
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ CARGO_REGISTRY_CACHE ?= ${HOME}/.cargo/registry
 ARCH := $(shell uname -m | sed 's/x86_64/amd64/' | sed 's/aarch64/arm64/')
 OUTPUT_DIR := $(shell if [ "$(RELEASE)" = "true" ]; then echo "release"; elif [ ! -z "$(CARGO_PROFILE)" ]; then echo "$(CARGO_PROFILE)" ; else echo "debug"; fi)
 SQLNESS_OPTS ?=
+EXTRA_BUILD_ENVS ?=
+ASSEMBLED_EXTRA_BUILD_ENV := $(foreach var,$(EXTRA_BUILD_ENVS),-e $(var))

 # The arguments for running integration tests.
 ETCD_VERSION ?= v3.5.9
@@ -83,6 +85,7 @@ build: ## Build debug version greptime.
 .PHONY: build-by-dev-builder
 build-by-dev-builder: ## Build greptime by dev-builder.
 	docker run --network=host \
+	${ASSEMBLED_EXTRA_BUILD_ENV} \
 	-v ${PWD}:/greptimedb -v ${CARGO_REGISTRY_CACHE}:/root/.cargo/registry \
 	-w /greptimedb ${IMAGE_REGISTRY}/${IMAGE_NAMESPACE}/dev-builder-${BASE_IMAGE}:${DEV_BUILDER_IMAGE_TAG} \
 	make build \
@@ -169,7 +172,7 @@ nextest: ## Install nextest tools.

 .PHONY: sqlness-test
 sqlness-test: ## Run sqlness test.
-	cargo sqlness ${SQLNESS_OPTS}
+	cargo sqlness bare ${SQLNESS_OPTS}

 RUNS ?= 1
 FUZZ_TARGET ?= fuzz_alter_table
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@

 <div align="center">
 <h3 align="center">
-  <a href="https://greptime.com/product/cloud">GreptimeCloud</a> |
-  <a href="https://docs.greptime.com/">User Guide</a> |
+  <a href="https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/overview/">User Guide</a> |
  <a href="https://greptimedb.rs/">API Docs</a> |
  <a href="https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb/issues/5446">Roadmap 2025</a>
 </h4>
@@ -67,17 +66,24 @@

 ## Introduction

-**GreptimeDB** is an open-source, cloud-native database purpose-built for the unified collection and analysis of observability data (metrics, logs, and traces). Whether you’re operating on the edge, in the cloud, or across hybrid environments, GreptimeDB empowers real-time insights at massive scale — all in one system.
+**GreptimeDB** is an open-source, cloud-native database that unifies metrics, logs, and traces, enabling real-time observability at any scale — across edge, cloud, and hybrid environments.

 ## Features

 |   Feature  | Description |
 | --------- | ----------- |
-| [Unified Observability Data](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/concepts/why-greptimedb) | Store metrics, logs, and traces as timestamped, contextual wide events. Query via [SQL](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/query-data/sql), [PromQL](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/query-data/promql), and [streaming](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/flow-computation/overview). |
-| [High Performance & Cost Effective](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/manage-data/data-index) | Written in Rust, with a distributed query engine, [rich indexing](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/manage-data/data-index), and optimized columnar storage, delivering sub-second responses at PB scale. |
-| [Cloud-Native Architecture](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/concepts/architecture) | Designed for [Kubernetes](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments-administration/deploy-on-kubernetes/greptimedb-operator-management), with compute/storage separation, native object storage (AWS S3, Azure Blob, etc.) and seamless cross-cloud access. |
-| [Developer-Friendly](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/protocols/overview) | Access via SQL/PromQL interfaces, REST API, MySQL/PostgreSQL protocols, and popular ingestion [protocols](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/protocols/overview). |
-| [Flexible Deployment](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments-administration/overview) | Deploy anywhere: edge (including ARM/[Android](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments-administration/run-on-android)) or cloud, with unified APIs and efficient data sync. |
+| [All-in-One Observability](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/concepts/why-greptimedb) | OpenTelemetry-native platform unifying metrics, logs, and traces. Query via [SQL](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/query-data/sql), [PromQL](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/query-data/promql), and [Flow](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/flow-computation/overview). |
+| [High Performance](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/manage-data/data-index) | Written in Rust with [rich indexing](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/manage-data/data-index) (inverted, fulltext, skipping, vector), delivering sub-second responses at PB scale. |
+| [Cost Efficiency](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/concepts/architecture) | 50x lower operational and storage costs with compute-storage separation and native object storage (S3, Azure Blob, etc.). |
+| [Cloud-Native & Scalable](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments-administration/deploy-on-kubernetes/greptimedb-operator-management) | Purpose-built for [Kubernetes](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments-administration/deploy-on-kubernetes/greptimedb-operator-management) with unlimited cross-cloud scaling, handling hundreds of thousands of concurrent requests. |
+| [Developer-Friendly](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/protocols/overview) | SQL/PromQL interfaces, built-in web dashboard, REST API, MySQL/PostgreSQL protocol compatibility, and native [OpenTelemetry](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/ingest-data/for-observability/opentelemetry/) support. |
+| [Flexible Deployment](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments-administration/overview) | Deploy anywhere from ARM-based edge devices (including [Android](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/deployments-administration/run-on-android)) to cloud, with unified APIs and efficient data sync. |
+
+  ✅ **Perfect for:**
+  - Unified observability stack replacing Prometheus + Loki + Tempo
+  - Large-scale metrics with high cardinality (millions to billions of time series)
+  - Large-scale observability platform requiring cost efficiency and scalability
+  - IoT and edge computing with resource and bandwidth constraints

 Learn more in [Why GreptimeDB](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/concepts/why-greptimedb) and [Observability 2.0 and the Database for It](https://greptime.com/blogs/2025-04-25-greptimedb-observability2-new-database).

@@ -86,10 +92,10 @@ Learn more in [Why GreptimeDB](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/concepts/why
 | Feature                         | GreptimeDB            | Traditional TSDB   | Log Stores      |
 |----------------------------------|-----------------------|--------------------|-----------------|
 | Data Types                      | Metrics, Logs, Traces | Metrics only       | Logs only       |
-| Query Language                  | SQL, PromQL, Streaming|  Custom/PromQL     | Custom/DSL      |
+| Query Language                  | SQL, PromQL |  Custom/PromQL     | Custom/DSL      |
 | Deployment                      | Edge + Cloud          | Cloud/On-prem      | Mostly central  |
 | Indexing & Performance          | PB-Scale, Sub-second  | Varies             | Varies          |
-| Integration                     | REST, SQL, Common protocols | Varies     | Varies          |
+| Integration                     | REST API, SQL, Common protocols | Varies     | Varies          |

 **Performance:**
 * [GreptimeDB tops JSONBench's billion-record cold run test!](https://greptime.com/blogs/2025-03-18-jsonbench-greptimedb-performance)
@@ -99,22 +105,18 @@ Read [more benchmark reports](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/concepts/feat

 ## Architecture

-* Read the [architecture](https://docs.greptime.com/contributor-guide/overview/#architecture) document.
-* [DeepWiki](https://deepwiki.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb/1-overview) provides an in-depth look at GreptimeDB:
+GreptimeDB can run in two modes:
+* **Standalone Mode** - Single binary for development and small deployments
+* **Distributed Mode** - Separate components for production scale:
+  - Frontend: Query processing and protocol handling
+  - Datanode: Data storage and retrieval
+  - Metasrv: Metadata management and coordination
+  
+Read the [architecture](https://docs.greptime.com/contributor-guide/overview/#architecture) document. [DeepWiki](https://deepwiki.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb/1-overview) provides an in-depth look at GreptimeDB:
  <img alt="GreptimeDB System Overview" src="docs/architecture.png">

 ## Try GreptimeDB

-### 1. [Live Demo](https://greptime.com/playground)
-
-Experience GreptimeDB directly in your browser.
-
-### 2. [GreptimeCloud](https://console.greptime.cloud/)
-
-Start instantly with a free cluster.
-
-### 3. Docker (Local Quickstart)
-
 ```shell
 docker pull greptime/greptimedb
 ```
@@ -130,7 +132,8 @@ docker run -p 127.0.0.1:4000-4003:4000-4003 \
  --postgres-addr 0.0.0.0:4003
 ```
 Dashboard: [http://localhost:4000/dashboard](http://localhost:4000/dashboard)
-[Full Install Guide](https://docs.greptime.com/getting-started/installation/overview)
+
+Read more in the [full Install Guide](https://docs.greptime.com/getting-started/installation/overview).

 **Troubleshooting:**
 * Cannot connect to the database? Ensure that ports `4000`, `4001`, `4002`, and `4003` are not blocked by a firewall or used by other services.
@@ -159,21 +162,26 @@ cargo run -- standalone start

 ## Tools & Extensions

- **Kubernetes:** [GreptimeDB Operator](https://github.com/GrepTimeTeam/greptimedb-operator)
- **Helm Charts:** [Greptime Helm Charts](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/helm-charts)
- **Dashboard:** [Web UI](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/dashboard)
- **SDKs/Ingester:** [Go](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-ingester-go), [Java](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-ingester-java), [C++](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-ingester-cpp), [Erlang](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-ingester-erl), [Rust](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-ingester-rust), [JS](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-ingester-js)
- **Grafana**: [Official Dashboard](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb/blob/main/grafana/README.md)
+- **Kubernetes**: [GreptimeDB Operator](https://github.com/GrepTimeTeam/greptimedb-operator)
+- **Helm Charts**: [Greptime Helm Charts](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/helm-charts)
+- **Dashboard**: [Web UI](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/dashboard)
+- **gRPC Ingester**: [Go](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-ingester-go), [Java](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-ingester-java), [C++](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-ingester-cpp), [Erlang](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-ingester-erl), [Rust](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-ingester-rust)
+- **Grafana Data Source**: [GreptimeDB Grafana data source plugin](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb-grafana-datasource)
+- **Grafana Dashboard**: [Official Dashboard for monitoring](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb/blob/main/grafana/README.md)

 ## Project Status

-> **Status:** Beta.
-> **GA (v1.0):** Targeted for mid 2025.
+> **Status:** Beta — marching toward v1.0 GA!
+> **GA (v1.0):** January 10, 2026

- Being used in production by early adopters
+- Deployed in production by open-source projects and commercial users
 - Stable, actively maintained, with regular releases ([version info](https://docs.greptime.com/nightly/reference/about-greptimedb-version))
 - Suitable for evaluation and pilot deployments

+GreptimeDB v1.0 represents a major milestone toward maturity — marking stable APIs, production readiness, and proven performance.
+
+**Roadmap:** Beta1 (Nov 10) → Beta2 (Nov 24) → RC1 (Dec 8) → GA (Jan 10, 2026), please read [v1.0 highlights and release plan](https://greptime.com/blogs/2025-11-05-greptimedb-v1-highlights) for details.
+
 For production use, we recommend using the latest stable release.
 [![Star History Chart](https://api.star-history.com/svg?repos=GreptimeTeam/GreptimeDB&type=Date)](https://www.star-history.com/#GreptimeTeam/GreptimeDB&Date)

@@ -214,5 +222,5 @@ Special thanks to all contributors! See [AUTHORS.md](https://github.com/Greptime

 - Uses [Apache Arrow™](https://arrow.apache.org/) (memory model)
 - [Apache Parquet™](https://parquet.apache.org/) (file storage)
- [Apache Arrow DataFusion™](https://arrow.apache.org/datafusion/) (query engine)
+- [Apache DataFusion™](https://arrow.apache.org/datafusion/) (query engine)
 - [Apache OpenDAL™](https://opendal.apache.org/) (data access abstraction)
--- a/config/config.md
+++ b/config/config.md
@@ -13,9 +13,10 @@
 | Key | Type | Default | Descriptions |
 | --- | -----| ------- | ----------- |
 | `default_timezone` | String | Unset | The default timezone of the server. |
+| `default_column_prefix` | String | Unset | The default column prefix for auto-created time index and value columns. |
 | `init_regions_in_background` | Bool | `false` | Initialize all regions in the background during the startup.<br/>By default, it provides services after all regions have been initialized. |
 | `init_regions_parallelism` | Integer | `16` | Parallelism of initializing regions. |
-| `max_concurrent_queries` | Integer | `0` | The maximum current queries allowed to be executed. Zero means unlimited. |
+| `max_concurrent_queries` | Integer | `0` | The maximum current queries allowed to be executed. Zero means unlimited.<br/>NOTE: This setting affects scan_memory_limit's privileged tier allocation.<br/>When set, 70% of queries get privileged memory access (full scan_memory_limit).<br/>The remaining 30% get standard tier access (70% of scan_memory_limit). |
 | `enable_telemetry` | Bool | `true` | Enable telemetry to collect anonymous usage data. Enabled by default. |
 | `max_in_flight_write_bytes` | String | Unset | The maximum in-flight write bytes. |
 | `runtime` | -- | -- | The runtime options. |
@@ -25,12 +26,15 @@
 | `http.addr` | String | `127.0.0.1:4000` | The address to bind the HTTP server. |
 | `http.timeout` | String | `0s` | HTTP request timeout. Set to 0 to disable timeout. |
 | `http.body_limit` | String | `64MB` | HTTP request body limit.<br/>The following units are supported: `B`, `KB`, `KiB`, `MB`, `MiB`, `GB`, `GiB`, `TB`, `TiB`, `PB`, `PiB`.<br/>Set to 0 to disable limit. |
+| `http.max_total_body_memory` | String | Unset | Maximum total memory for all concurrent HTTP request bodies.<br/>Set to 0 to disable the limit. Default: "0" (unlimited) |
 | `http.enable_cors` | Bool | `true` | HTTP CORS support, it's turned on by default<br/>This allows browser to access http APIs without CORS restrictions |
 | `http.cors_allowed_origins` | Array | Unset | Customize allowed origins for HTTP CORS. |
 | `http.prom_validation_mode` | String | `strict` | Whether to enable validation for Prometheus remote write requests.<br/>Available options:<br/>- strict: deny invalid UTF-8 strings (default).<br/>- lossy: allow invalid UTF-8 strings, replace invalid characters with REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER(U+FFFD).<br/>- unchecked: do not valid strings. |
 | `grpc` | -- | -- | The gRPC server options. |
 | `grpc.bind_addr` | String | `127.0.0.1:4001` | The address to bind the gRPC server. |
 | `grpc.runtime_size` | Integer | `8` | The number of server worker threads. |
+| `grpc.max_total_message_memory` | String | Unset | Maximum total memory for all concurrent gRPC request messages.<br/>Set to 0 to disable the limit. Default: "0" (unlimited) |
+| `grpc.max_connection_age` | String | Unset | The maximum connection age for gRPC connection.<br/>The value can be a human-readable time string. For example: `10m` for ten minutes or `1h` for one hour.<br/>Refer to https://grpc.io/docs/guides/keepalive/ for more details. |
 | `grpc.tls` | -- | -- | gRPC server TLS options, see `mysql.tls` section. |
 | `grpc.tls.mode` | String | `disable` | TLS mode. |
 | `grpc.tls.cert_path` | String | Unset | Certificate file path. |
@@ -100,9 +104,11 @@
 | `flow.num_workers` | Integer | `0` | The number of flow worker in flownode.<br/>Not setting(or set to 0) this value will use the number of CPU cores divided by 2. |
 | `query` | -- | -- | The query engine options. |
 | `query.parallelism` | Integer | `0` | Parallelism of the query engine.<br/>Default to 0, which means the number of CPU cores. |
+| `query.memory_pool_size` | String | `50%` | Memory pool size for query execution operators (aggregation, sorting, join).<br/>Supports absolute size (e.g., "2GB", "4GB") or percentage of system memory (e.g., "20%").<br/>Setting it to 0 disables the limit (unbounded, default behavior).<br/>When this limit is reached, queries will fail with ResourceExhausted error.<br/>NOTE: This does NOT limit memory used by table scans. |
 | `storage` | -- | -- | The data storage options. |
 | `storage.data_home` | String | `./greptimedb_data` | The working home directory. |
 | `storage.type` | String | `File` | The storage type used to store the data.<br/>- `File`: the data is stored in the local file system.<br/>- `S3`: the data is stored in the S3 object storage.<br/>- `Gcs`: the data is stored in the Google Cloud Storage.<br/>- `Azblob`: the data is stored in the Azure Blob Storage.<br/>- `Oss`: the data is stored in the Aliyun OSS. |
+| `storage.enable_read_cache` | Bool | `true` | Whether to enable read cache. If not set, the read cache will be enabled by default when using object storage. |
 | `storage.cache_path` | String | Unset | Read cache configuration for object storage such as 'S3' etc, it's configured by default when using object storage. It is recommended to configure it when using object storage for better performance.<br/>A local file directory, defaults to `{data_home}`. An empty string means disabling. |
 | `storage.cache_capacity` | String | Unset | The local file cache capacity in bytes. If your disk space is sufficient, it is recommended to set it larger. |
 | `storage.bucket` | String | Unset | The S3 bucket name.<br/>**It's only used when the storage type is `S3`, `Oss` and `Gcs`**. |
@@ -146,11 +152,15 @@
 | `region_engine.mito.write_cache_path` | String | `""` | File system path for write cache, defaults to `{data_home}`. |
 | `region_engine.mito.write_cache_size` | String | `5GiB` | Capacity for write cache. If your disk space is sufficient, it is recommended to set it larger. |
 | `region_engine.mito.write_cache_ttl` | String | Unset | TTL for write cache. |
+| `region_engine.mito.preload_index_cache` | Bool | `true` | Preload index (puffin) files into cache on region open (default: true).<br/>When enabled, index files are loaded into the write cache during region initialization,<br/>which can improve query performance at the cost of longer startup times. |
+| `region_engine.mito.index_cache_percent` | Integer | `20` | Percentage of write cache capacity allocated for index (puffin) files (default: 20).<br/>The remaining capacity is used for data (parquet) files.<br/>Must be between 0 and 100 (exclusive). For example, with a 5GiB write cache and 20% allocation,<br/>1GiB is reserved for index files and 4GiB for data files. |
 | `region_engine.mito.sst_write_buffer_size` | String | `8MB` | Buffer size for SST writing. |
 | `region_engine.mito.parallel_scan_channel_size` | Integer | `32` | Capacity of the channel to send data from parallel scan tasks to the main task. |
 | `region_engine.mito.max_concurrent_scan_files` | Integer | `384` | Maximum number of SST files to scan concurrently. |
 | `region_engine.mito.allow_stale_entries` | Bool | `false` | Whether to allow stale WAL entries read during replay. |
+| `region_engine.mito.scan_memory_limit` | String | `50%` | Memory limit for table scans across all queries.<br/>Supports absolute size (e.g., "2GB") or percentage of system memory (e.g., "20%").<br/>Setting it to 0 disables the limit.<br/>NOTE: Works with max_concurrent_queries for tiered memory allocation.<br/>- If max_concurrent_queries is set: 70% of queries get full access, 30% get 70% access.<br/>- If max_concurrent_queries is 0 (unlimited): first 20 queries get full access, rest get 70% access. |
 | `region_engine.mito.min_compaction_interval` | String | `0m` | Minimum time interval between two compactions.<br/>To align with the old behavior, the default value is 0 (no restrictions). |
+| `region_engine.mito.default_experimental_flat_format` | Bool | `false` | Whether to enable experimental flat format as the default format. |
 | `region_engine.mito.index` | -- | -- | The options for index in Mito engine. |
 | `region_engine.mito.index.aux_path` | String | `""` | Auxiliary directory path for the index in filesystem, used to store intermediate files for<br/>creating the index and staging files for searching the index, defaults to `{data_home}/index_intermediate`.<br/>The default name for this directory is `index_intermediate` for backward compatibility.<br/><br/>This path contains two subdirectories:<br/>- `__intm`: for storing intermediate files used during creating index.<br/>- `staging`: for storing staging files used during searching index. |
 | `region_engine.mito.index.staging_size` | String | `2GB` | The max capacity of the staging directory. |
@@ -182,7 +192,7 @@
 | `region_engine.mito.memtable.fork_dictionary_bytes` | String | `1GiB` | Max dictionary bytes.<br/>Only available for `partition_tree` memtable. |
 | `region_engine.file` | -- | -- | Enable the file engine. |
 | `region_engine.metric` | -- | -- | Metric engine options. |
-| `region_engine.metric.experimental_sparse_primary_key_encoding` | Bool | `false` | Whether to enable the experimental sparse primary key encoding. |
+| `region_engine.metric.sparse_primary_key_encoding` | Bool | `true` | Whether to use sparse primary key encoding. |
 | `logging` | -- | -- | The logging options. |
 | `logging.dir` | String | `./greptimedb_data/logs` | The directory to store the log files. If set to empty, logs will not be written to files. |
 | `logging.level` | String | Unset | The log level. Can be `info`/`debug`/`warn`/`error`. |
@@ -200,14 +210,6 @@
 | `slow_query.record_type` | String | Unset | The record type of slow queries. It can be `system_table` or `log`. |
 | `slow_query.threshold` | String | Unset | The threshold of slow query. |
 | `slow_query.sample_ratio` | Float | Unset | The sampling ratio of slow query log. The value should be in the range of (0, 1]. |
-| `export_metrics` | -- | -- | The standalone can export its metrics and send to Prometheus compatible service (e.g. `greptimedb`) from remote-write API.<br/>This is only used for `greptimedb` to export its own metrics internally. It's different from prometheus scrape. |
-| `export_metrics.enable` | Bool | `false` | whether enable export metrics. |
-| `export_metrics.write_interval` | String | `30s` | The interval of export metrics. |
-| `export_metrics.self_import` | -- | -- | For `standalone` mode, `self_import` is recommended to collect metrics generated by itself<br/>You must create the database before enabling it. |
-| `export_metrics.self_import.db` | String | Unset | -- |
-| `export_metrics.remote_write` | -- | -- | -- |
-| `export_metrics.remote_write.url` | String | `""` | The prometheus remote write endpoint that the metrics send to. The url example can be: `http://127.0.0.1:4000/v1/prometheus/write?db=greptime_metrics`. |
-| `export_metrics.remote_write.headers` | InlineTable | -- | HTTP headers of Prometheus remote-write carry. |
 | `tracing` | -- | -- | The tracing options. Only effect when compiled with `tokio-console` feature. |
 | `tracing.tokio_console_addr` | String | Unset | The tokio console address. |
 | `memory` | -- | -- | The memory options. |
@@ -221,6 +223,7 @@
 | Key | Type | Default | Descriptions |
 | --- | -----| ------- | ----------- |
 | `default_timezone` | String | Unset | The default timezone of the server. |
+| `default_column_prefix` | String | Unset | The default column prefix for auto-created time index and value columns. |
 | `max_in_flight_write_bytes` | String | Unset | The maximum in-flight write bytes. |
 | `runtime` | -- | -- | The runtime options. |
 | `runtime.global_rt_size` | Integer | `8` | The number of threads to execute the runtime for global read operations. |
@@ -232,6 +235,7 @@
 | `http.addr` | String | `127.0.0.1:4000` | The address to bind the HTTP server. |
 | `http.timeout` | String | `0s` | HTTP request timeout. Set to 0 to disable timeout. |
 | `http.body_limit` | String | `64MB` | HTTP request body limit.<br/>The following units are supported: `B`, `KB`, `KiB`, `MB`, `MiB`, `GB`, `GiB`, `TB`, `TiB`, `PB`, `PiB`.<br/>Set to 0 to disable limit. |
+| `http.max_total_body_memory` | String | Unset | Maximum total memory for all concurrent HTTP request bodies.<br/>Set to 0 to disable the limit. Default: "0" (unlimited) |
 | `http.enable_cors` | Bool | `true` | HTTP CORS support, it's turned on by default<br/>This allows browser to access http APIs without CORS restrictions |
 | `http.cors_allowed_origins` | Array | Unset | Customize allowed origins for HTTP CORS. |
 | `http.prom_validation_mode` | String | `strict` | Whether to enable validation for Prometheus remote write requests.<br/>Available options:<br/>- strict: deny invalid UTF-8 strings (default).<br/>- lossy: allow invalid UTF-8 strings, replace invalid characters with REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER(U+FFFD).<br/>- unchecked: do not valid strings. |
@@ -239,7 +243,9 @@
 | `grpc.bind_addr` | String | `127.0.0.1:4001` | The address to bind the gRPC server. |
 | `grpc.server_addr` | String | `127.0.0.1:4001` | The address advertised to the metasrv, and used for connections from outside the host.<br/>If left empty or unset, the server will automatically use the IP address of the first network interface<br/>on the host, with the same port number as the one specified in `grpc.bind_addr`. |
 | `grpc.runtime_size` | Integer | `8` | The number of server worker threads. |
+| `grpc.max_total_message_memory` | String | Unset | Maximum total memory for all concurrent gRPC request messages.<br/>Set to 0 to disable the limit. Default: "0" (unlimited) |
 | `grpc.flight_compression` | String | `arrow_ipc` | Compression mode for frontend side Arrow IPC service. Available options:<br/>- `none`: disable all compression<br/>- `transport`: only enable gRPC transport compression (zstd)<br/>- `arrow_ipc`: only enable Arrow IPC compression (lz4)<br/>- `all`: enable all compression.<br/>Default to `none` |
+| `grpc.max_connection_age` | String | Unset | The maximum connection age for gRPC connection.<br/>The value can be a human-readable time string. For example: `10m` for ten minutes or `1h` for one hour.<br/>Refer to https://grpc.io/docs/guides/keepalive/ for more details. |
 | `grpc.tls` | -- | -- | gRPC server TLS options, see `mysql.tls` section. |
 | `grpc.tls.mode` | String | `disable` | TLS mode. |
 | `grpc.tls.cert_path` | String | Unset | Certificate file path. |
@@ -298,6 +304,7 @@
 | `query` | -- | -- | The query engine options. |
 | `query.parallelism` | Integer | `0` | Parallelism of the query engine.<br/>Default to 0, which means the number of CPU cores. |
 | `query.allow_query_fallback` | Bool | `false` | Whether to allow query fallback when push down optimize fails.<br/>Default to false, meaning when push down optimize failed, return error msg |
+| `query.memory_pool_size` | String | `50%` | Memory pool size for query execution operators (aggregation, sorting, join).<br/>Supports absolute size (e.g., "4GB", "8GB") or percentage of system memory (e.g., "30%").<br/>Setting it to 0 disables the limit (unbounded, default behavior).<br/>When this limit is reached, queries will fail with ResourceExhausted error.<br/>NOTE: This does NOT limit memory used by table scans (only applies to datanodes). |
 | `datanode` | -- | -- | Datanode options. |
 | `datanode.client` | -- | -- | Datanode client options. |
 | `datanode.client.connect_timeout` | String | `10s` | -- |
@@ -320,12 +327,6 @@
 | `slow_query.threshold` | String | `30s` | The threshold of slow query. It can be human readable time string, for example: `10s`, `100ms`, `1s`. |
 | `slow_query.sample_ratio` | Float | `1.0` | The sampling ratio of slow query log. The value should be in the range of (0, 1]. For example, `0.1` means 10% of the slow queries will be logged and `1.0` means all slow queries will be logged. |
 | `slow_query.ttl` | String | `90d` | The TTL of the `slow_queries` system table. Default is `90d` when `record_type` is `system_table`. |
-| `export_metrics` | -- | -- | The frontend can export its metrics and send to Prometheus compatible service (e.g. `greptimedb` itself) from remote-write API.<br/>This is only used for `greptimedb` to export its own metrics internally. It's different from prometheus scrape. |
-| `export_metrics.enable` | Bool | `false` | whether enable export metrics. |
-| `export_metrics.write_interval` | String | `30s` | The interval of export metrics. |
-| `export_metrics.remote_write` | -- | -- | -- |
-| `export_metrics.remote_write.url` | String | `""` | The prometheus remote write endpoint that the metrics send to. The url example can be: `http://127.0.0.1:4000/v1/prometheus/write?db=greptime_metrics`. |
-| `export_metrics.remote_write.headers` | InlineTable | -- | HTTP headers of Prometheus remote-write carry. |
 | `tracing` | -- | -- | The tracing options. Only effect when compiled with `tokio-console` feature. |
 | `tracing.tokio_console_addr` | String | Unset | The tokio console address. |
 | `memory` | -- | -- | The memory options. |
@@ -339,7 +340,7 @@
 | Key | Type | Default | Descriptions |
 | --- | -----| ------- | ----------- |
 | `data_home` | String | `./greptimedb_data` | The working home directory. |
-| `store_addrs` | Array | -- | Store server address default to etcd store.<br/>For postgres store, the format is:<br/>"password=password dbname=postgres user=postgres host=localhost port=5432"<br/>For etcd store, the format is:<br/>"127.0.0.1:2379" |
+| `store_addrs` | Array | -- | Store server address(es). The format depends on the selected backend.<br/><br/>For etcd: a list of "host:port" endpoints.<br/>e.g. ["192.168.1.1:2379", "192.168.1.2:2379"]<br/><br/>For PostgreSQL: a connection string in libpq format or URI.<br/>e.g.<br/>- "host=localhost port=5432 user=postgres password=<PASSWORD> dbname=postgres"<br/>- "postgresql://user:password@localhost:5432/mydb?connect_timeout=10"<br/>The detail see: https://docs.rs/tokio-postgres/latest/tokio_postgres/config/struct.Config.html<br/><br/>For mysql store, the format is a MySQL connection URL.<br/>e.g. "mysql://user:password@localhost:3306/greptime_meta?ssl-mode=VERIFY_CA&ssl-ca=/path/to/ca.pem" |
 | `store_key_prefix` | String | `""` | If it's not empty, the metasrv will store all data with this key prefix. |
 | `backend` | String | `etcd_store` | The datastore for meta server.<br/>Available values:<br/>- `etcd_store` (default value)<br/>- `memory_store`<br/>- `postgres_store`<br/>- `mysql_store` |
 | `meta_table_name` | String | `greptime_metakv` | Table name in RDS to store metadata. Effect when using a RDS kvbackend.<br/>**Only used when backend is `postgres_store`.** |
@@ -355,12 +356,11 @@
 | `runtime` | -- | -- | The runtime options. |
 | `runtime.global_rt_size` | Integer | `8` | The number of threads to execute the runtime for global read operations. |
 | `runtime.compact_rt_size` | Integer | `4` | The number of threads to execute the runtime for global write operations. |
-| `backend_tls` | -- | -- | TLS configuration for kv store backend (applicable for etcd, PostgreSQL, and MySQL backends)<br/>When using etcd, PostgreSQL, or MySQL as metadata store, you can configure TLS here |
+| `backend_tls` | -- | -- | TLS configuration for kv store backend (applicable for etcd, PostgreSQL, and MySQL backends)<br/>When using etcd, PostgreSQL, or MySQL as metadata store, you can configure TLS here<br/><br/>Note: if TLS is configured in both this section and the `store_addrs` connection string, the<br/>settings here will override the TLS settings in `store_addrs`. |
 | `backend_tls.mode` | String | `prefer` | TLS mode, refer to https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-ssl.html<br/>- "disable" - No TLS<br/>- "prefer" (default) - Try TLS, fallback to plain<br/>- "require" - Require TLS<br/>- "verify_ca" - Require TLS and verify CA<br/>- "verify_full" - Require TLS and verify hostname |
 | `backend_tls.cert_path` | String | `""` | Path to client certificate file (for client authentication)<br/>Like "/path/to/client.crt" |
 | `backend_tls.key_path` | String | `""` | Path to client private key file (for client authentication)<br/>Like "/path/to/client.key" |
 | `backend_tls.ca_cert_path` | String | `""` | Path to CA certificate file (for server certificate verification)<br/>Required when using custom CAs or self-signed certificates<br/>Leave empty to use system root certificates only<br/>Like "/path/to/ca.crt" |
-| `backend_tls.watch` | Bool | `false` | Watch for certificate file changes and auto reload |
 | `grpc` | -- | -- | The gRPC server options. |
 | `grpc.bind_addr` | String | `127.0.0.1:3002` | The address to bind the gRPC server. |
 | `grpc.server_addr` | String | `127.0.0.1:3002` | The communication server address for the frontend and datanode to connect to metasrv.<br/>If left empty or unset, the server will automatically use the IP address of the first network interface<br/>on the host, with the same port number as the one specified in `bind_addr`. |
@@ -377,10 +377,9 @@
 | `procedure.max_metadata_value_size` | String | `1500KiB` | Auto split large value<br/>GreptimeDB procedure uses etcd as the default metadata storage backend.<br/>The etcd the maximum size of any request is 1.5 MiB<br/>1500KiB = 1536KiB (1.5MiB) - 36KiB (reserved size of key)<br/>Comments out the `max_metadata_value_size`, for don't split large value (no limit). |
 | `procedure.max_running_procedures` | Integer | `128` | Max running procedures.<br/>The maximum number of procedures that can be running at the same time.<br/>If the number of running procedures exceeds this limit, the procedure will be rejected. |
 | `failure_detector` | -- | -- | -- |
-| `failure_detector.threshold` | Float | `8.0` | The threshold value used by the failure detector to determine failure conditions. |
-| `failure_detector.min_std_deviation` | String | `100ms` | The minimum standard deviation of the heartbeat intervals, used to calculate acceptable variations. |
-| `failure_detector.acceptable_heartbeat_pause` | String | `10000ms` | The acceptable pause duration between heartbeats, used to determine if a heartbeat interval is acceptable. |
-| `failure_detector.first_heartbeat_estimate` | String | `1000ms` | The initial estimate of the heartbeat interval used by the failure detector. |
+| `failure_detector.threshold` | Float | `8.0` | Maximum acceptable φ before the peer is treated as failed.<br/>Lower values react faster but yield more false positives. |
+| `failure_detector.min_std_deviation` | String | `100ms` | The minimum standard deviation of the heartbeat intervals.<br/>So tiny variations don’t make φ explode. Prevents hypersensitivity when heartbeat intervals barely vary. |
+| `failure_detector.acceptable_heartbeat_pause` | String | `10000ms` | The acceptable pause duration between heartbeats.<br/>Additional extra grace period to the learned mean interval before φ rises, absorbing temporary network hiccups or GC pauses. |
 | `datanode` | -- | -- | Datanode options. |
 | `datanode.client` | -- | -- | Datanode client options. |
 | `datanode.client.timeout` | String | `10s` | Operation timeout. |
@@ -402,8 +401,8 @@
 | `event_recorder` | -- | -- | Configuration options for the event recorder. |
 | `event_recorder.ttl` | String | `90d` | TTL for the events table that will be used to store the events. Default is `90d`. |
 | `stats_persistence` | -- | -- | Configuration options for the stats persistence. |
-| `stats_persistence.ttl` | String | `30d` | TTL for the stats table that will be used to store the stats. Default is `30d`.<br/>Set to `0s` to disable stats persistence. |
-| `stats_persistence.interval` | String | `60s` | The interval to persist the stats. Default is `60s`.<br/>The minimum value is `60s`, if the value is less than `60s`, it will be overridden to `60s`. |
+| `stats_persistence.ttl` | String | `0s` | TTL for the stats table that will be used to store the stats.<br/>Set to `0s` to disable stats persistence.<br/>Default is `0s`.<br/>If you want to enable stats persistence, set the TTL to a value greater than 0.<br/>It is recommended to set a small value, e.g., `3h`. |
+| `stats_persistence.interval` | String | `10m` | The interval to persist the stats. Default is `10m`.<br/>The minimum value is `10m`, if the value is less than `10m`, it will be overridden to `10m`. |
 | `logging` | -- | -- | The logging options. |
 | `logging.dir` | String | `./greptimedb_data/logs` | The directory to store the log files. If set to empty, logs will not be written to files. |
 | `logging.level` | String | Unset | The log level. Can be `info`/`debug`/`warn`/`error`. |
@@ -416,12 +415,6 @@
 | `logging.otlp_headers` | -- | -- | Additional OTLP headers, only valid when using OTLP http |
 | `logging.tracing_sample_ratio` | -- | Unset | The percentage of tracing will be sampled and exported.<br/>Valid range `[0, 1]`, 1 means all traces are sampled, 0 means all traces are not sampled, the default value is 1.<br/>ratio > 1 are treated as 1. Fractions < 0 are treated as 0 |
 | `logging.tracing_sample_ratio.default_ratio` | Float | `1.0` | -- |
-| `export_metrics` | -- | -- | The metasrv can export its metrics and send to Prometheus compatible service (e.g. `greptimedb` itself) from remote-write API.<br/>This is only used for `greptimedb` to export its own metrics internally. It's different from prometheus scrape. |
-| `export_metrics.enable` | Bool | `false` | whether enable export metrics. |
-| `export_metrics.write_interval` | String | `30s` | The interval of export metrics. |
-| `export_metrics.remote_write` | -- | -- | -- |
-| `export_metrics.remote_write.url` | String | `""` | The prometheus remote write endpoint that the metrics send to. The url example can be: `http://127.0.0.1:4000/v1/prometheus/write?db=greptime_metrics`. |
-| `export_metrics.remote_write.headers` | InlineTable | -- | HTTP headers of Prometheus remote-write carry. |
 | `tracing` | -- | -- | The tracing options. Only effect when compiled with `tokio-console` feature. |
 | `tracing.tokio_console_addr` | String | Unset | The tokio console address. |
 | `memory` | -- | -- | The memory options. |
@@ -433,10 +426,11 @@
 | Key | Type | Default | Descriptions |
 | --- | -----| ------- | ----------- |
 | `node_id` | Integer | Unset | The datanode identifier and should be unique in the cluster. |
+| `default_column_prefix` | String | Unset | The default column prefix for auto-created time index and value columns. |
 | `require_lease_before_startup` | Bool | `false` | Start services after regions have obtained leases.<br/>It will block the datanode start if it can't receive leases in the heartbeat from metasrv. |
 | `init_regions_in_background` | Bool | `false` | Initialize all regions in the background during the startup.<br/>By default, it provides services after all regions have been initialized. |
 | `init_regions_parallelism` | Integer | `16` | Parallelism of initializing regions. |
-| `max_concurrent_queries` | Integer | `0` | The maximum current queries allowed to be executed. Zero means unlimited. |
+| `max_concurrent_queries` | Integer | `0` | The maximum current queries allowed to be executed. Zero means unlimited.<br/>NOTE: This setting affects scan_memory_limit's privileged tier allocation.<br/>When set, 70% of queries get privileged memory access (full scan_memory_limit).<br/>The remaining 30% get standard tier access (70% of scan_memory_limit). |
 | `enable_telemetry` | Bool | `true` | Enable telemetry to collect anonymous usage data. Enabled by default. |
 | `http` | -- | -- | The HTTP server options. |
 | `http.addr` | String | `127.0.0.1:4000` | The address to bind the HTTP server. |
@@ -471,7 +465,7 @@
 | `meta_client.metadata_cache_ttl` | String | `10m` | TTL of the metadata cache. |
 | `meta_client.metadata_cache_tti` | String | `5m` | -- |
 | `wal` | -- | -- | The WAL options. |
-| `wal.provider` | String | `raft_engine` | The provider of the WAL.<br/>- `raft_engine`: the wal is stored in the local file system by raft-engine.<br/>- `kafka`: it's remote wal that data is stored in Kafka. |
+| `wal.provider` | String | `raft_engine` | The provider of the WAL.<br/>- `raft_engine`: the wal is stored in the local file system by raft-engine.<br/>- `kafka`: it's remote wal that data is stored in Kafka.<br/>- `noop`: it's a no-op WAL provider that does not store any WAL data.<br/>**Notes: any unflushed data will be lost when the datanode is shutdown.** |
 | `wal.dir` | String | Unset | The directory to store the WAL files.<br/>**It's only used when the provider is `raft_engine`**. |
 | `wal.file_size` | String | `128MB` | The size of the WAL segment file.<br/>**It's only used when the provider is `raft_engine`**. |
 | `wal.purge_threshold` | String | `1GB` | The threshold of the WAL size to trigger a purge.<br/>**It's only used when the provider is `raft_engine`**. |
@@ -490,10 +484,12 @@
 | `wal.overwrite_entry_start_id` | Bool | `false` | Ignore missing entries during read WAL.<br/>**It's only used when the provider is `kafka`**.<br/><br/>This option ensures that when Kafka messages are deleted, the system<br/>can still successfully replay memtable data without throwing an<br/>out-of-range error.<br/>However, enabling this option might lead to unexpected data loss,<br/>as the system will skip over missing entries instead of treating<br/>them as critical errors. |
 | `query` | -- | -- | The query engine options. |
 | `query.parallelism` | Integer | `0` | Parallelism of the query engine.<br/>Default to 0, which means the number of CPU cores. |
+| `query.memory_pool_size` | String | `50%` | Memory pool size for query execution operators (aggregation, sorting, join).<br/>Supports absolute size (e.g., "2GB", "4GB") or percentage of system memory (e.g., "20%").<br/>Setting it to 0 disables the limit (unbounded, default behavior).<br/>When this limit is reached, queries will fail with ResourceExhausted error.<br/>NOTE: This does NOT limit memory used by table scans. |
 | `storage` | -- | -- | The data storage options. |
 | `storage.data_home` | String | `./greptimedb_data` | The working home directory. |
 | `storage.type` | String | `File` | The storage type used to store the data.<br/>- `File`: the data is stored in the local file system.<br/>- `S3`: the data is stored in the S3 object storage.<br/>- `Gcs`: the data is stored in the Google Cloud Storage.<br/>- `Azblob`: the data is stored in the Azure Blob Storage.<br/>- `Oss`: the data is stored in the Aliyun OSS. |
 | `storage.cache_path` | String | Unset | Read cache configuration for object storage such as 'S3' etc, it's configured by default when using object storage. It is recommended to configure it when using object storage for better performance.<br/>A local file directory, defaults to `{data_home}`. An empty string means disabling. |
+| `storage.enable_read_cache` | Bool | `true` | Whether to enable read cache. If not set, the read cache will be enabled by default when using object storage. |
 | `storage.cache_capacity` | String | Unset | The local file cache capacity in bytes. If your disk space is sufficient, it is recommended to set it larger. |
 | `storage.bucket` | String | Unset | The S3 bucket name.<br/>**It's only used when the storage type is `S3`, `Oss` and `Gcs`**. |
 | `storage.root` | String | Unset | The S3 data will be stored in the specified prefix, for example, `s3://${bucket}/${root}`.<br/>**It's only used when the storage type is `S3`, `Oss` and `Azblob`**. |
@@ -538,11 +534,15 @@
 | `region_engine.mito.write_cache_path` | String | `""` | File system path for write cache, defaults to `{data_home}`. |
 | `region_engine.mito.write_cache_size` | String | `5GiB` | Capacity for write cache. If your disk space is sufficient, it is recommended to set it larger. |
 | `region_engine.mito.write_cache_ttl` | String | Unset | TTL for write cache. |
+| `region_engine.mito.preload_index_cache` | Bool | `true` | Preload index (puffin) files into cache on region open (default: true).<br/>When enabled, index files are loaded into the write cache during region initialization,<br/>which can improve query performance at the cost of longer startup times. |
+| `region_engine.mito.index_cache_percent` | Integer | `20` | Percentage of write cache capacity allocated for index (puffin) files (default: 20).<br/>The remaining capacity is used for data (parquet) files.<br/>Must be between 0 and 100 (exclusive). For example, with a 5GiB write cache and 20% allocation,<br/>1GiB is reserved for index files and 4GiB for data files. |
 | `region_engine.mito.sst_write_buffer_size` | String | `8MB` | Buffer size for SST writing. |
 | `region_engine.mito.parallel_scan_channel_size` | Integer | `32` | Capacity of the channel to send data from parallel scan tasks to the main task. |
 | `region_engine.mito.max_concurrent_scan_files` | Integer | `384` | Maximum number of SST files to scan concurrently. |
 | `region_engine.mito.allow_stale_entries` | Bool | `false` | Whether to allow stale WAL entries read during replay. |
+| `region_engine.mito.scan_memory_limit` | String | `50%` | Memory limit for table scans across all queries.<br/>Supports absolute size (e.g., "2GB") or percentage of system memory (e.g., "20%").<br/>Setting it to 0 disables the limit.<br/>NOTE: Works with max_concurrent_queries for tiered memory allocation.<br/>- If max_concurrent_queries is set: 70% of queries get full access, 30% get 70% access.<br/>- If max_concurrent_queries is 0 (unlimited): first 20 queries get full access, rest get 70% access. |
 | `region_engine.mito.min_compaction_interval` | String | `0m` | Minimum time interval between two compactions.<br/>To align with the old behavior, the default value is 0 (no restrictions). |
+| `region_engine.mito.default_experimental_flat_format` | Bool | `false` | Whether to enable experimental flat format as the default format. |
 | `region_engine.mito.index` | -- | -- | The options for index in Mito engine. |
 | `region_engine.mito.index.aux_path` | String | `""` | Auxiliary directory path for the index in filesystem, used to store intermediate files for<br/>creating the index and staging files for searching the index, defaults to `{data_home}/index_intermediate`.<br/>The default name for this directory is `index_intermediate` for backward compatibility.<br/><br/>This path contains two subdirectories:<br/>- `__intm`: for storing intermediate files used during creating index.<br/>- `staging`: for storing staging files used during searching index. |
 | `region_engine.mito.index.staging_size` | String | `2GB` | The max capacity of the staging directory. |
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@
 | `region_engine.mito.memtable.fork_dictionary_bytes` | String | `1GiB` | Max dictionary bytes.<br/>Only available for `partition_tree` memtable. |
 | `region_engine.file` | -- | -- | Enable the file engine. |
 | `region_engine.metric` | -- | -- | Metric engine options. |
-| `region_engine.metric.experimental_sparse_primary_key_encoding` | Bool | `false` | Whether to enable the experimental sparse primary key encoding. |
+| `region_engine.metric.sparse_primary_key_encoding` | Bool | `true` | Whether to use sparse primary key encoding. |
 | `logging` | -- | -- | The logging options. |
 | `logging.dir` | String | `./greptimedb_data/logs` | The directory to store the log files. If set to empty, logs will not be written to files. |
 | `logging.level` | String | Unset | The log level. Can be `info`/`debug`/`warn`/`error`. |
@@ -587,12 +587,6 @@
 | `logging.otlp_headers` | -- | -- | Additional OTLP headers, only valid when using OTLP http |
 | `logging.tracing_sample_ratio` | -- | Unset | The percentage of tracing will be sampled and exported.<br/>Valid range `[0, 1]`, 1 means all traces are sampled, 0 means all traces are not sampled, the default value is 1.<br/>ratio > 1 are treated as 1. Fractions < 0 are treated as 0 |
 | `logging.tracing_sample_ratio.default_ratio` | Float | `1.0` | -- |
-| `export_metrics` | -- | -- | The datanode can export its metrics and send to Prometheus compatible service (e.g. `greptimedb` itself) from remote-write API.<br/>This is only used for `greptimedb` to export its own metrics internally. It's different from prometheus scrape. |
-| `export_metrics.enable` | Bool | `false` | whether enable export metrics. |
-| `export_metrics.write_interval` | String | `30s` | The interval of export metrics. |
-| `export_metrics.remote_write` | -- | -- | -- |
-| `export_metrics.remote_write.url` | String | `""` | The prometheus remote write endpoint that the metrics send to. The url example can be: `http://127.0.0.1:4000/v1/prometheus/write?db=greptime_metrics`. |
-| `export_metrics.remote_write.headers` | InlineTable | -- | HTTP headers of Prometheus remote-write carry. |
 | `tracing` | -- | -- | The tracing options. Only effect when compiled with `tokio-console` feature. |
 | `tracing.tokio_console_addr` | String | Unset | The tokio console address. |
 | `memory` | -- | -- | The memory options. |
@@ -661,5 +655,6 @@
 | `tracing.tokio_console_addr` | String | Unset | The tokio console address. |
 | `query` | -- | -- | -- |
 | `query.parallelism` | Integer | `1` | Parallelism of the query engine for query sent by flownode.<br/>Default to 1, so it won't use too much cpu or memory |
+| `query.memory_pool_size` | String | `50%` | Memory pool size for query execution operators (aggregation, sorting, join).<br/>Supports absolute size (e.g., "1GB", "2GB") or percentage of system memory (e.g., "20%").<br/>Setting it to 0 disables the limit (unbounded, default behavior).<br/>When this limit is reached, queries will fail with ResourceExhausted error.<br/>NOTE: This does NOT limit memory used by table scans. |
 | `memory` | -- | -- | The memory options. |
 | `memory.enable_heap_profiling` | Bool | `true` | Whether to enable heap profiling activation during startup.<br/>When enabled, heap profiling will be activated if the `MALLOC_CONF` environment variable<br/>is set to "prof:true,prof_active:false". The official image adds this env variable.<br/>Default is true. |
--- a/config/datanode.example.toml
+++ b/config/datanode.example.toml
@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@
 ## @toml2docs:none-default
 node_id = 42

+## The default column prefix for auto-created time index and value columns.
+## @toml2docs:none-default
+default_column_prefix = "greptime"
+
 ## Start services after regions have obtained leases.
 ## It will block the datanode start if it can't receive leases in the heartbeat from metasrv.
 require_lease_before_startup = false
@@ -14,6 +18,9 @@ init_regions_in_background = false
 init_regions_parallelism = 16

 ## The maximum current queries allowed to be executed. Zero means unlimited.
+## NOTE: This setting affects scan_memory_limit's privileged tier allocation.
+## When set, 70% of queries get privileged memory access (full scan_memory_limit).
+## The remaining 30% get standard tier access (70% of scan_memory_limit).
 max_concurrent_queries = 0

 ## Enable telemetry to collect anonymous usage data. Enabled by default.
@@ -118,6 +125,7 @@ metadata_cache_tti = "5m"
 ## The provider of the WAL.
 ## - `raft_engine`: the wal is stored in the local file system by raft-engine.
 ## - `kafka`: it's remote wal that data is stored in Kafka.
+## - `noop`: it's a no-op WAL provider that does not store any WAL data.<br/>**Notes: any unflushed data will be lost when the datanode is shutdown.**
 provider = "raft_engine"

 ## The directory to store the WAL files.
@@ -256,6 +264,13 @@ overwrite_entry_start_id = false
 ## Default to 0, which means the number of CPU cores.
 parallelism = 0

+## Memory pool size for query execution operators (aggregation, sorting, join).
+## Supports absolute size (e.g., "2GB", "4GB") or percentage of system memory (e.g., "20%").
+## Setting it to 0 disables the limit (unbounded, default behavior).
+## When this limit is reached, queries will fail with ResourceExhausted error.
+## NOTE: This does NOT limit memory used by table scans.
+memory_pool_size = "50%"
+
 ## The data storage options.
 [storage]
 ## The working home directory.
@@ -274,6 +289,9 @@ type = "File"
 ## @toml2docs:none-default
 #+ cache_path = ""

+## Whether to enable read cache. If not set, the read cache will be enabled by default when using object storage.
+#+ enable_read_cache = true
+
 ## The local file cache capacity in bytes. If your disk space is sufficient, it is recommended to set it larger.
 ## @toml2docs:none-default
 cache_capacity = "5GiB"
@@ -481,6 +499,17 @@ write_cache_size = "5GiB"
 ## @toml2docs:none-default
 write_cache_ttl = "8h"

+## Preload index (puffin) files into cache on region open (default: true).
+## When enabled, index files are loaded into the write cache during region initialization,
+## which can improve query performance at the cost of longer startup times.
+preload_index_cache = true
+
+## Percentage of write cache capacity allocated for index (puffin) files (default: 20).
+## The remaining capacity is used for data (parquet) files.
+## Must be between 0 and 100 (exclusive). For example, with a 5GiB write cache and 20% allocation,
+## 1GiB is reserved for index files and 4GiB for data files.
+index_cache_percent = 20
+
 ## Buffer size for SST writing.
 sst_write_buffer_size = "8MB"

@@ -493,10 +522,21 @@ max_concurrent_scan_files = 384
 ## Whether to allow stale WAL entries read during replay.
 allow_stale_entries = false

+## Memory limit for table scans across all queries.
+## Supports absolute size (e.g., "2GB") or percentage of system memory (e.g., "20%").
+## Setting it to 0 disables the limit.
+## NOTE: Works with max_concurrent_queries for tiered memory allocation.
+## - If max_concurrent_queries is set: 70% of queries get full access, 30% get 70% access.
+## - If max_concurrent_queries is 0 (unlimited): first 20 queries get full access, rest get 70% access.
+scan_memory_limit = "50%"
+
 ## Minimum time interval between two compactions.
 ## To align with the old behavior, the default value is 0 (no restrictions).
 min_compaction_interval = "0m"

+## Whether to enable experimental flat format as the default format.
+default_experimental_flat_format = false
+
 ## The options for index in Mito engine.
 [region_engine.mito.index]

@@ -629,8 +669,8 @@ fork_dictionary_bytes = "1GiB"
 [[region_engine]]
 ## Metric engine options.
 [region_engine.metric]
-## Whether to enable the experimental sparse primary key encoding.
-experimental_sparse_primary_key_encoding = false
+## Whether to use sparse primary key encoding.
+sparse_primary_key_encoding = true

 ## The logging options.
 [logging]
@@ -672,21 +712,6 @@ otlp_export_protocol = "http"
 [logging.tracing_sample_ratio]
 default_ratio = 1.0

-## The datanode can export its metrics and send to Prometheus compatible service (e.g. `greptimedb` itself) from remote-write API.
-## This is only used for `greptimedb` to export its own metrics internally. It's different from prometheus scrape.
-[export_metrics]
-## whether enable export metrics.
-enable = false
-## The interval of export metrics.
-write_interval = "30s"
-
-[export_metrics.remote_write]
-## The prometheus remote write endpoint that the metrics send to. The url example can be: `http://127.0.0.1:4000/v1/prometheus/write?db=greptime_metrics`.
-url = ""
-
-## HTTP headers of Prometheus remote-write carry.
-headers = { }
-
 ## The tracing options. Only effect when compiled with `tokio-console` feature.
 #+ [tracing]
 ## The tokio console address.
--- a/config/flownode.example.toml
+++ b/config/flownode.example.toml
@@ -158,6 +158,13 @@ default_ratio = 1.0
 ## Default to 1, so it won't use too much cpu or memory
 parallelism = 1

+## Memory pool size for query execution operators (aggregation, sorting, join).
+## Supports absolute size (e.g., "1GB", "2GB") or percentage of system memory (e.g., "20%").
+## Setting it to 0 disables the limit (unbounded, default behavior).
+## When this limit is reached, queries will fail with ResourceExhausted error.
+## NOTE: This does NOT limit memory used by table scans.
+memory_pool_size = "50%"
+
 ## The memory options.
 [memory]
 ## Whether to enable heap profiling activation during startup.
--- a/config/frontend.example.toml
+++ b/config/frontend.example.toml
@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@
 ## @toml2docs:none-default
 default_timezone = "UTC"

+## The default column prefix for auto-created time index and value columns.
+## @toml2docs:none-default
+default_column_prefix = "greptime"
+
 ## The maximum in-flight write bytes.
 ## @toml2docs:none-default
 #+ max_in_flight_write_bytes = "500MB"
@@ -31,6 +35,10 @@ timeout = "0s"
 ## The following units are supported: `B`, `KB`, `KiB`, `MB`, `MiB`, `GB`, `GiB`, `TB`, `TiB`, `PB`, `PiB`.
 ## Set to 0 to disable limit.
 body_limit = "64MB"
+## Maximum total memory for all concurrent HTTP request bodies.
+## Set to 0 to disable the limit. Default: "0" (unlimited)
+## @toml2docs:none-default
+#+ max_total_body_memory = "1GB"
 ## HTTP CORS support, it's turned on by default
 ## This allows browser to access http APIs without CORS restrictions
 enable_cors = true
@@ -54,6 +62,10 @@ bind_addr = "127.0.0.1:4001"
 server_addr = "127.0.0.1:4001"
 ## The number of server worker threads.
 runtime_size = 8
+## Maximum total memory for all concurrent gRPC request messages.
+## Set to 0 to disable the limit. Default: "0" (unlimited)
+## @toml2docs:none-default
+#+ max_total_message_memory = "1GB"
 ## Compression mode for frontend side Arrow IPC service. Available options:
 ## - `none`: disable all compression
 ## - `transport`: only enable gRPC transport compression (zstd)
@@ -61,6 +73,11 @@ runtime_size = 8
 ## - `all`: enable all compression.
 ## Default to `none`
 flight_compression = "arrow_ipc"
+## The maximum connection age for gRPC connection.
+## The value can be a human-readable time string. For example: `10m` for ten minutes or `1h` for one hour.
+## Refer to https://grpc.io/docs/guides/keepalive/ for more details.
+## @toml2docs:none-default
+#+ max_connection_age = "10m"

 ## gRPC server TLS options, see `mysql.tls` section.
 [grpc.tls]
@@ -239,6 +256,13 @@ parallelism = 0
 ## Default to false, meaning when push down optimize failed, return error msg
 allow_query_fallback = false

+## Memory pool size for query execution operators (aggregation, sorting, join).
+## Supports absolute size (e.g., "4GB", "8GB") or percentage of system memory (e.g., "30%").
+## Setting it to 0 disables the limit (unbounded, default behavior).
+## When this limit is reached, queries will fail with ResourceExhausted error.
+## NOTE: This does NOT limit memory used by table scans (only applies to datanodes).
+memory_pool_size = "50%"
+
 ## Datanode options.
 [datanode]
 ## Datanode client options.
@@ -305,21 +329,6 @@ sample_ratio = 1.0
 ## The TTL of the `slow_queries` system table. Default is `90d` when `record_type` is `system_table`.
 ttl = "90d"

-## The frontend can export its metrics and send to Prometheus compatible service (e.g. `greptimedb` itself) from remote-write API.
-## This is only used for `greptimedb` to export its own metrics internally. It's different from prometheus scrape.
-[export_metrics]
-## whether enable export metrics.
-enable = false
-## The interval of export metrics.
-write_interval = "30s"
-
-[export_metrics.remote_write]
-## The prometheus remote write endpoint that the metrics send to. The url example can be: `http://127.0.0.1:4000/v1/prometheus/write?db=greptime_metrics`.
-url = ""
-
-## HTTP headers of Prometheus remote-write carry.
-headers = { }
-
 ## The tracing options. Only effect when compiled with `tokio-console` feature.
 #+ [tracing]
 ## The tokio console address.
--- a/config/metasrv.example.toml
+++ b/config/metasrv.example.toml
@@ -1,11 +1,19 @@
 ## The working home directory.
 data_home = "./greptimedb_data"

-## Store server address default to etcd store.
-## For postgres store, the format is:
-## "password=password dbname=postgres user=postgres host=localhost port=5432"
-## For etcd store, the format is:
-## "127.0.0.1:2379"
+## Store server address(es). The format depends on the selected backend.
+##
+## For etcd: a list of "host:port" endpoints.
+## e.g. ["192.168.1.1:2379", "192.168.1.2:2379"]
+##
+## For PostgreSQL: a connection string in libpq format or URI.
+## e.g.
+## - "host=localhost port=5432 user=postgres password=<PASSWORD> dbname=postgres"
+## - "postgresql://user:password@localhost:5432/mydb?connect_timeout=10"
+## The detail see: https://docs.rs/tokio-postgres/latest/tokio_postgres/config/struct.Config.html
+##
+## For mysql store, the format is a MySQL connection URL.
+## e.g. "mysql://user:password@localhost:3306/greptime_meta?ssl-mode=VERIFY_CA&ssl-ca=/path/to/ca.pem"
 store_addrs = ["127.0.0.1:2379"]

 ## If it's not empty, the metasrv will store all data with this key prefix.
@@ -75,6 +83,9 @@ node_max_idle_time = "24hours"

 ## TLS configuration for kv store backend (applicable for etcd, PostgreSQL, and MySQL backends)
 ## When using etcd, PostgreSQL, or MySQL as metadata store, you can configure TLS here
+##
+## Note: if TLS is configured in both this section and the `store_addrs` connection string, the
+## settings here will override the TLS settings in `store_addrs`.
 [backend_tls]
 ## TLS mode, refer to https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-ssl.html
 ## - "disable" - No TLS
@@ -98,9 +109,6 @@ key_path = ""
 ## Like "/path/to/ca.crt"
 ca_cert_path = ""

-## Watch for certificate file changes and auto reload
-watch = false
-
 ## The gRPC server options.
 [grpc]
 ## The address to bind the gRPC server.
@@ -149,20 +157,18 @@ max_metadata_value_size = "1500KiB"
 max_running_procedures = 128

 # Failure detectors options.
+# GreptimeDB uses the Phi Accrual Failure Detector algorithm to detect datanode failures.
 [failure_detector]
-
-## The threshold value used by the failure detector to determine failure conditions.
+## Maximum acceptable φ before the peer is treated as failed.
+## Lower values react faster but yield more false positives.
 threshold = 8.0
-
-## The minimum standard deviation of the heartbeat intervals, used to calculate acceptable variations.
+## The minimum standard deviation of the heartbeat intervals.
+## So tiny variations don’t make φ explode. Prevents hypersensitivity when heartbeat intervals barely vary.
 min_std_deviation = "100ms"
-
-## The acceptable pause duration between heartbeats, used to determine if a heartbeat interval is acceptable.
+## The acceptable pause duration between heartbeats.
+## Additional extra grace period to the learned mean interval before φ rises, absorbing temporary network hiccups or GC pauses.
 acceptable_heartbeat_pause = "10000ms"

-## The initial estimate of the heartbeat interval used by the failure detector.
-first_heartbeat_estimate = "1000ms"
-
 ## Datanode options.
 [datanode]

@@ -274,12 +280,15 @@ ttl = "90d"

 ## Configuration options for the stats persistence.
 [stats_persistence]
-## TTL for the stats table that will be used to store the stats. Default is `30d`.
+## TTL for the stats table that will be used to store the stats.
 ## Set to `0s` to disable stats persistence.
-ttl = "30d"
-## The interval to persist the stats. Default is `60s`.
-## The minimum value is `60s`, if the value is less than `60s`, it will be overridden to `60s`.
-interval = "60s"
+## Default is `0s`.
+## If you want to enable stats persistence, set the TTL to a value greater than 0.
+## It is recommended to set a small value, e.g., `3h`.
+ttl = "0s"
+## The interval to persist the stats. Default is `10m`.
+## The minimum value is `10m`, if the value is less than `10m`, it will be overridden to `10m`.
+interval = "10m"

 ## The logging options.
 [logging]
@@ -322,21 +331,6 @@ otlp_export_protocol = "http"
 [logging.tracing_sample_ratio]
 default_ratio = 1.0

-## The metasrv can export its metrics and send to Prometheus compatible service (e.g. `greptimedb` itself) from remote-write API.
-## This is only used for `greptimedb` to export its own metrics internally. It's different from prometheus scrape.
-[export_metrics]
-## whether enable export metrics.
-enable = false
-## The interval of export metrics.
-write_interval = "30s"
-
-[export_metrics.remote_write]
-## The prometheus remote write endpoint that the metrics send to. The url example can be: `http://127.0.0.1:4000/v1/prometheus/write?db=greptime_metrics`.
-url = ""
-
-## HTTP headers of Prometheus remote-write carry.
-headers = { }
-
 ## The tracing options. Only effect when compiled with `tokio-console` feature.
 #+ [tracing]
 ## The tokio console address.
--- a/config/standalone.example.toml
+++ b/config/standalone.example.toml
@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@
 ## @toml2docs:none-default
 default_timezone = "UTC"

+## The default column prefix for auto-created time index and value columns.
+## @toml2docs:none-default
+default_column_prefix = "greptime"
+
 ## Initialize all regions in the background during the startup.
 ## By default, it provides services after all regions have been initialized.
 init_regions_in_background = false
@@ -10,6 +14,9 @@ init_regions_in_background = false
 init_regions_parallelism = 16

 ## The maximum current queries allowed to be executed. Zero means unlimited.
+## NOTE: This setting affects scan_memory_limit's privileged tier allocation.
+## When set, 70% of queries get privileged memory access (full scan_memory_limit).
+## The remaining 30% get standard tier access (70% of scan_memory_limit).
 max_concurrent_queries = 0

 ## Enable telemetry to collect anonymous usage data. Enabled by default.
@@ -36,6 +43,10 @@ timeout = "0s"
 ## The following units are supported: `B`, `KB`, `KiB`, `MB`, `MiB`, `GB`, `GiB`, `TB`, `TiB`, `PB`, `PiB`.
 ## Set to 0 to disable limit.
 body_limit = "64MB"
+## Maximum total memory for all concurrent HTTP request bodies.
+## Set to 0 to disable the limit. Default: "0" (unlimited)
+## @toml2docs:none-default
+#+ max_total_body_memory = "1GB"
 ## HTTP CORS support, it's turned on by default
 ## This allows browser to access http APIs without CORS restrictions
 enable_cors = true
@@ -56,6 +67,15 @@ prom_validation_mode = "strict"
 bind_addr = "127.0.0.1:4001"
 ## The number of server worker threads.
 runtime_size = 8
+## Maximum total memory for all concurrent gRPC request messages.
+## Set to 0 to disable the limit. Default: "0" (unlimited)
+## @toml2docs:none-default
+#+ max_total_message_memory = "1GB"
+## The maximum connection age for gRPC connection.
+## The value can be a human-readable time string. For example: `10m` for ten minutes or `1h` for one hour.
+## Refer to https://grpc.io/docs/guides/keepalive/ for more details.
+## @toml2docs:none-default
+#+ max_connection_age = "10m"

 ## gRPC server TLS options, see `mysql.tls` section.
 [grpc.tls]
@@ -348,6 +368,13 @@ max_running_procedures = 128
 ## Default to 0, which means the number of CPU cores.
 parallelism = 0

+## Memory pool size for query execution operators (aggregation, sorting, join).
+## Supports absolute size (e.g., "2GB", "4GB") or percentage of system memory (e.g., "20%").
+## Setting it to 0 disables the limit (unbounded, default behavior).
+## When this limit is reached, queries will fail with ResourceExhausted error.
+## NOTE: This does NOT limit memory used by table scans.
+memory_pool_size = "50%"
+
 ## The data storage options.
 [storage]
 ## The working home directory.
@@ -361,6 +388,9 @@ data_home = "./greptimedb_data"
 ## - `Oss`: the data is stored in the Aliyun OSS.
 type = "File"

+## Whether to enable read cache. If not set, the read cache will be enabled by default when using object storage.
+#+ enable_read_cache = true
+
 ## Read cache configuration for object storage such as 'S3' etc, it's configured by default when using object storage. It is recommended to configure it when using object storage for better performance.
 ## A local file directory, defaults to `{data_home}`. An empty string means disabling.
 ## @toml2docs:none-default
@@ -560,6 +590,17 @@ write_cache_size = "5GiB"
 ## @toml2docs:none-default
 write_cache_ttl = "8h"

+## Preload index (puffin) files into cache on region open (default: true).
+## When enabled, index files are loaded into the write cache during region initialization,
+## which can improve query performance at the cost of longer startup times.
+preload_index_cache = true
+
+## Percentage of write cache capacity allocated for index (puffin) files (default: 20).
+## The remaining capacity is used for data (parquet) files.
+## Must be between 0 and 100 (exclusive). For example, with a 5GiB write cache and 20% allocation,
+## 1GiB is reserved for index files and 4GiB for data files.
+index_cache_percent = 20
+
 ## Buffer size for SST writing.
 sst_write_buffer_size = "8MB"

@@ -572,10 +613,21 @@ max_concurrent_scan_files = 384
 ## Whether to allow stale WAL entries read during replay.
 allow_stale_entries = false

+## Memory limit for table scans across all queries.
+## Supports absolute size (e.g., "2GB") or percentage of system memory (e.g., "20%").
+## Setting it to 0 disables the limit.
+## NOTE: Works with max_concurrent_queries for tiered memory allocation.
+## - If max_concurrent_queries is set: 70% of queries get full access, 30% get 70% access.
+## - If max_concurrent_queries is 0 (unlimited): first 20 queries get full access, rest get 70% access.
+scan_memory_limit = "50%"
+
 ## Minimum time interval between two compactions.
 ## To align with the old behavior, the default value is 0 (no restrictions).
 min_compaction_interval = "0m"

+## Whether to enable experimental flat format as the default format.
+default_experimental_flat_format = false
+
 ## The options for index in Mito engine.
 [region_engine.mito.index]

@@ -708,8 +760,8 @@ fork_dictionary_bytes = "1GiB"
 [[region_engine]]
 ## Metric engine options.
 [region_engine.metric]
-## Whether to enable the experimental sparse primary key encoding.
-experimental_sparse_primary_key_encoding = false
+## Whether to use sparse primary key encoding.
+sparse_primary_key_encoding = true

 ## The logging options.
 [logging]
@@ -768,27 +820,6 @@ default_ratio = 1.0
 ## @toml2docs:none-default
 #+ sample_ratio = 1.0

-## The standalone can export its metrics and send to Prometheus compatible service (e.g. `greptimedb`) from remote-write API.
-## This is only used for `greptimedb` to export its own metrics internally. It's different from prometheus scrape.
-[export_metrics]
-## whether enable export metrics.
-enable = false
-## The interval of export metrics.
-write_interval = "30s"
-
-## For `standalone` mode, `self_import` is recommended to collect metrics generated by itself
-## You must create the database before enabling it.
-[export_metrics.self_import]
-## @toml2docs:none-default
-db = "greptime_metrics"
-
-[export_metrics.remote_write]
-## The prometheus remote write endpoint that the metrics send to. The url example can be: `http://127.0.0.1:4000/v1/prometheus/write?db=greptime_metrics`.
-url = ""
-
-## HTTP headers of Prometheus remote-write carry.
-headers = { }
-
 ## The tracing options. Only effect when compiled with `tokio-console` feature.
 #+ [tracing]
 ## The tokio console address.
--- a/docker/buildx/centos/Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/buildx/centos/Dockerfile
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-FROM centos:7 as builder
+FROM centos:7 AS builder

 ARG CARGO_PROFILE
 ARG FEATURES
 ARG OUTPUT_DIR

-ENV LANG en_US.utf8
+ENV LANG=en_US.utf8
 WORKDIR /greptimedb

 # Install dependencies
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ RUN unzip protoc-3.15.8-linux-x86_64.zip -d /usr/local/
 # Install Rust
 SHELL ["/bin/bash", "-c"]
 RUN curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- --no-modify-path --default-toolchain none -y
-ENV PATH /usr/local/bin:/root/.cargo/bin/:$PATH
+ENV PATH=/usr/local/bin:/root/.cargo/bin/:$PATH

 # Build the project in release mode.
 RUN --mount=target=.,rw \
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ RUN --mount=target=.,rw \
    TARGET_DIR=/out/target

 # Export the binary to the clean image.
-FROM centos:7 as base
+FROM centos:7 AS base

 ARG OUTPUT_DIR

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ RUN yum install -y epel-release \

 WORKDIR /greptime
 COPY --from=builder /out/target/${OUTPUT_DIR}/greptime /greptime/bin/
-ENV PATH /greptime/bin/:$PATH
+ENV PATH=/greptime/bin/:$PATH

 ENV MALLOC_CONF="prof:true,prof_active:false"

--- a/docker/buildx/distroless/Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/buildx/distroless/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+FROM ubuntu:22.04 AS builder
+
+ARG CARGO_PROFILE
+ARG FEATURES
+ARG OUTPUT_DIR
+
+ENV LANG=en_US.utf8
+WORKDIR /greptimedb
+
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y software-properties-common
+
+# Install dependencies.
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/var/cache/apt \
+    apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
+    libssl-dev \
+    protobuf-compiler \
+    curl \
+    git \
+    build-essential \
+    pkg-config
+
+# Install Rust.
+SHELL ["/bin/bash", "-c"]
+RUN curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- --no-modify-path --default-toolchain none -y
+ENV PATH=/root/.cargo/bin/:$PATH
+
+# Build the project in release mode.
+RUN --mount=target=. \
+    --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cargo/registry \
+    make build \
+    CARGO_PROFILE=${CARGO_PROFILE} \
+    FEATURES=${FEATURES} \
+    TARGET_DIR=/out/target
+
+FROM ubuntu:22.04 AS libs
+
+ARG TARGETARCH
+
+# Copy required library dependencies based on architecture
+RUN if [ "$TARGETARCH" = "amd64" ]; then \
+        cp /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1.2.11 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1; \
+    elif [ "$TARGETARCH" = "arm64" ]; then \
+        cp /lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1.2.11 /lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1; \
+    else \
+        echo "Unsupported architecture: $TARGETARCH" && exit 1; \
+    fi
+
+# Export the binary to the clean distroless image.
+FROM gcr.io/distroless/cc-debian12:latest AS base
+
+ARG OUTPUT_DIR
+ARG TARGETARCH
+
+# Copy required library dependencies
+COPY --from=libs /lib /lib
+COPY --from=busybox:stable /bin/busybox /bin/busybox
+
+WORKDIR /greptime
+COPY --from=builder /out/target/${OUTPUT_DIR}/greptime /greptime/bin/greptime
+ENV PATH=/greptime/bin/:$PATH
+
+ENV MALLOC_CONF="prof:true,prof_active:false"
+
+ENTRYPOINT ["greptime"]
--- a/docker/buildx/ubuntu/Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/buildx/ubuntu/Dockerfile
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-FROM ubuntu:22.04 as builder
+FROM ubuntu:22.04 AS builder

 ARG CARGO_PROFILE
 ARG FEATURES
 ARG OUTPUT_DIR

-ENV LANG en_US.utf8
+ENV LANG=en_US.utf8
 WORKDIR /greptimedb

 RUN apt-get update && \
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/var/cache/apt \
 # Install Rust.
 SHELL ["/bin/bash", "-c"]
 RUN curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- --no-modify-path --default-toolchain none -y
-ENV PATH /root/.cargo/bin/:$PATH
+ENV PATH=/root/.cargo/bin/:$PATH

 # Build the project in release mode.
 RUN --mount=target=. \
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ RUN --mount=target=. \

 # Export the binary to the clean image.
 # TODO(zyy17): Maybe should use the more secure container image.
-FROM ubuntu:22.04 as base
+FROM ubuntu:22.04 AS base

 ARG OUTPUT_DIR

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ RUN apt-get update && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get \

 WORKDIR /greptime
 COPY --from=builder /out/target/${OUTPUT_DIR}/greptime /greptime/bin/
-ENV PATH /greptime/bin/:$PATH
+ENV PATH=/greptime/bin/:$PATH

 ENV MALLOC_CONF="prof:true,prof_active:false"

--- a/docker/ci/centos/Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/ci/centos/Dockerfile
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ ARG TARGETARCH

 ADD $TARGETARCH/greptime /greptime/bin/

-ENV PATH /greptime/bin/:$PATH
+ENV PATH=/greptime/bin/:$PATH

 ENV MALLOC_CONF="prof:true,prof_active:false"

--- a/docker/ci/distroless/Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/ci/distroless/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+FROM ubuntu:22.04 AS libs
+
+ARG TARGETARCH
+
+# Copy required library dependencies based on architecture
+# TARGETARCH values: amd64, arm64
+# Ubuntu library paths: x86_64-linux-gnu, aarch64-linux-gnu
+RUN if [ "$TARGETARCH" = "amd64" ]; then \
+        mkdir -p /output/x86_64-linux-gnu && \
+        cp /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1.2.11 /output/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1; \
+    elif [ "$TARGETARCH" = "arm64" ]; then \
+        mkdir -p /output/aarch64-linux-gnu && \
+        cp /lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1.2.11 /output/aarch64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1; \
+    else \
+        echo "Unsupported architecture: $TARGETARCH" && exit 1; \
+    fi
+
+FROM gcr.io/distroless/cc-debian12:latest
+
+# The root path under which contains all the dependencies to build this Dockerfile.
+ARG DOCKER_BUILD_ROOT=.
+# The binary name of GreptimeDB executable.
+# Defaults to "greptime", but sometimes in other projects it might be different.
+ARG TARGET_BIN=greptime
+
+ARG TARGETARCH
+
+# Copy required library dependencies
+COPY --from=libs /output /lib
+COPY --from=busybox:stable /bin/busybox /bin/busybox
+
+ADD $TARGETARCH/$TARGET_BIN /greptime/bin/
+
+ENV PATH=/greptime/bin/:$PATH
+
+ENV TARGET_BIN=$TARGET_BIN
+
+ENV MALLOC_CONF="prof:true,prof_active:false"
+
+ENTRYPOINT ["greptime"]
--- a/docker/ci/ubuntu/Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/ci/ubuntu/Dockerfile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ ARG TARGETARCH

 ADD $TARGETARCH/$TARGET_BIN /greptime/bin/

-ENV PATH /greptime/bin/:$PATH
+ENV PATH=/greptime/bin/:$PATH

 ENV TARGET_BIN=$TARGET_BIN

--- a/docs/how-to/how-to-change-log-level-on-the-fly.md
+++ b/docs/how-to/how-to-change-log-level-on-the-fly.md
@@ -14,3 +14,18 @@ Log Level changed from Some("info") to "trace,flow=debug"%
 The data is a string in the format of `global_level,module1=level1,module2=level2,...` that follows the same rule of `RUST_LOG`. 

 The module is the module name of the log, and the level is the log level. The log level can be one of the following: `trace`, `debug`, `info`, `warn`, `error`, `off`(case insensitive).
+
+# Enable/Disable Trace on the Fly
+
+## HTTP API
+
+example:
+```bash
+curl --data "true" 127.0.0.1:4000/debug/enable_trace
+```
+And database will reply with something like:
+```
+trace enabled%
+```
+
+Possible values are "true" or "false".
--- a/docs/how-to/how-to-profile-memory.md
+++ b/docs/how-to/how-to-profile-memory.md
@@ -30,22 +30,7 @@ curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/brendangregg/FlameGraph/master/flamegraph

 ## Profiling

-### Configuration
-
-You can control heap profiling activation through configuration. Add the following to your configuration file:
-
-```toml
-[memory]
-# Whether to enable heap profiling activation during startup.
-# When enabled, heap profiling will be activated if the `MALLOC_CONF` environment variable
-# is set to "prof:true,prof_active:false". The official image adds this env variable.
-# Default is true.
-enable_heap_profiling = true
-```
-
-By default, if you set `MALLOC_CONF=prof:true,prof_active:false`, the database will enable profiling during startup. You can disable this behavior by setting `enable_heap_profiling = false` in the configuration.
-
-### Starting with environment variables
+### Enable memory profiling for greptimedb binary

 Start GreptimeDB instance with environment variables:

@@ -57,6 +42,22 @@ MALLOC_CONF=prof:true ./target/debug/greptime standalone start
 _RJEM_MALLOC_CONF=prof:true ./target/debug/greptime standalone start
 ```

+### Memory profiling for greptimedb docker image
+
+We have memory profiling enabled and activated by default in our official docker
+image.
+
+This behavior is controlled by configuration `enable_heap_profiling`:
+
+```toml
+[memory]
+# Whether to enable heap profiling activation during startup.
+# Default is true.
+enable_heap_profiling = true
+```
+
+To disable memory profiling, set `enable_heap_profiling` to `false`.
+
 ### Memory profiling control

 You can control heap profiling activation using the new HTTP APIs:
@@ -70,6 +71,15 @@ curl -X POST localhost:4000/debug/prof/mem/activate

 # Deactivate heap profiling
 curl -X POST localhost:4000/debug/prof/mem/deactivate
+
+# Activate gdump feature that dumps memory profiling data every time virtual memory usage exceeds previous maximum value.
+curl -X POST localhost:4000/debug/prof/mem/gdump -d 'activate=true'
+
+# Deactivate gdump.
+curl -X POST localhost:4000/debug/prof/mem/gdump -d 'activate=false'
+
+# Retrieve current gdump status.
+curl -X GET localhost:4000/debug/prof/mem/gdump
 ```

 ### Dump memory profiling data
--- a/docs/rfcs/2025-07-23-global-gc-worker.md
+++ b/docs/rfcs/2025-07-23-global-gc-worker.md
@@ -106,6 +106,37 @@ This mechanism may be too complex to implement at once. We can consider a two-ph
 Also the read replica shouldn't be later in manifest version for more than the lingering time of obsolete files, otherwise it might ref to files that are already deleted by the GC worker.
 - need to upload tmp manifest to object storage, which may introduce additional complexity and potential performance overhead. But since long-running queries are typically not frequent, the performance impact is expected to be minimal.

+one potential race condition with region-migration is illustrated below:
+
+```mermaid
+sequenceDiagram
+    participant gc_worker as GC Worker(same dn as region 1)
+    participant region1 as Region 1 (Leader → Follower)
+    participant region2 as Region 2 (Follower → Leader)
+    participant region_dir as Region Directory
+
+    gc_worker->>region1: Start GC, get region manifest
+    activate region1
+    region1-->>gc_worker: Region 1 manifest
+    deactivate region1
+    gc_worker->>region_dir: Scan region directory
+
+    Note over region1,region2: Region Migration Occurs
+    region1-->>region2: Downgrade to Follower
+    region2-->>region1: Becomes Leader
+
+    region2->>region_dir: Add new file
+
+    gc_worker->>region_dir: Continue scanning
+    gc_worker-->>region_dir: Discovers new file
+    Note over gc_worker: New file not in Region 1's manifest
+    gc_worker->>gc_worker: Mark file as orphan(incorrectly)
+```
+which could cause gc worker to incorrectly mark the new file as orphan and delete it, if config the lingering time for orphan files(files not mentioned anywhere(in used or unused)) is not long enough.
+
+A good enough solution could be to use lock to prevent gc worker to happen on the region if region migration is happening on the region, and vise versa.
+
+The race condition between gc worker and repartition also needs to be considered carefully. For now, acquiring lock for both region-migration and repartition during gc worker process could be a simple solution.

 ## Conclusion and Rationale

--- a/docs/rfcs/2025-09-08-laminar-flow.md
+++ b/docs/rfcs/2025-09-08-laminar-flow.md
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+---
+Feature Name: "laminar-flow"
+Tracking Issue: https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb/issues/TBD
+Date: 2025-09-08
+Author: "discord9 <discord9@163.com>"
+---
+
+# laminar Flow
+
+## Summary
+
+This RFC proposes a redesign of the flow architecture where flownode becomes a lightweight in-memory state management node with an embedded frontend for direct computation. This approach optimizes resource utilization and improves scalability by eliminating network hops while maintaining clear separation between coordination and computation tasks.
+
+## Motivation
+
+The current flow architecture has several limitations:
+
+1. **Resource Inefficiency**: Flownodes perform both state management and computation, leading to resource duplication and inefficient utilization.
+2. **Scalability Constraints**: Computation resources are tied to flownode instances, limiting horizontal scaling capabilities.
+3. **State Management Complexity**: Mixing computation with state management makes the system harder to maintain and debug.
+4. **Network Overhead**: Additional network hops between flownode and separate frontend nodes add latency.
+
+The laminar Flow architecture addresses these issues by:
+- Consolidating computation within flownode through embedded frontend
+- Eliminating network overhead by removing separate frontend node communication
+- Simplifying state management by focusing flownode on its core responsibility
+- Improving system scalability and maintainability
+
+## Details
+
+### Architecture Overview
+
+The laminar Flow architecture transforms flownode into a lightweight coordinator that maintains flow state with an embedded frontend for computation. The key components involved are:
+
+1. **Flownode**: Maintains in-memory state, coordinates computation, and includes an embedded frontend for query execution
+2. **Embedded Frontend**: Executes **incremental** computations within the flownode
+3. **Datanode**: Stores final results and source data
+
+```mermaid
+graph TB
+    subgraph "laminar Flow Architecture"
+        subgraph Flownode["Flownode (State Manager + Embedded Frontend)"]
+            StateMap["Flow State Map<br/>Map<Timestamp, (Map<Key, Value>, Sequence)>"]
+            Coordinator["Computation Coordinator"]
+            subgraph EmbeddedFrontend["Embedded Frontend"]
+                QueryEngine["Query Engine"]
+                AggrState["__aggr_state Executor"]
+            end
+        end
+        
+        subgraph Datanode["Datanode"]
+            Storage["Data Storage"]
+            Results["Result Tables"]
+        end
+    end
+    
+    Coordinator -->|Internal Query| EmbeddedFrontend
+    EmbeddedFrontend -->|Incremental States| Coordinator
+    Flownode -->|Incremental Results| Datanode
+    EmbeddedFrontend -.->|Read Data| Datanode
+```
+
+### Core Components
+
+#### 1. Flow State Management
+
+Flownode maintains a state map for each flow:
+
+```rust
+type FlowState = Map<Timestamp, (Map<Key, Value>, Sequence)>;
+```
+
+Where:
+- **Timestamp**: Time window identifier for aggregation groups
+- **Key**: Aggregation group expressions (`group_exprs`)
+- **Value**: Aggregation expressions results (`aggr_exprs`)
+- **Sequence**: Computation progress marker for incremental updates
+
+#### 2. Incremental Computation Process
+
+The computation process follows these steps:
+
+1. **Trigger Evaluation**: Flownode determines when to trigger computation based on:
+   - Time intervals (periodic updates)
+   - Data volume thresholds
+   - Sequence progress requirements
+
+2. **Query Execution**: Flownode executes `__aggr_state` queries using its embedded frontend with:
+   - Time window filters
+   - Sequence range constraints
+
+3. **State Update**: Flownode receives partial state results and updates its internal state:
+   - Merges new values with existing aggregation state
+   - Updates sequence markers to track progress
+   - Identifies changed time windows for result computation
+
+4. **Result Materialization**: Flownode computes final results using `__aggr_merge` operations:
+   - Processes only updated time windows(and time series) for efficiency
+   - Writes results back to datanode directly through its embedded frontend
+
+### Detailed Workflow
+
+#### Incremental State Query
+
+```sql
+-- Example incremental state query executed by embedded frontend
+SELECT
+    __aggr_state(avg(value)) as state,
+    time_window,
+    group_key
+FROM source_table
+WHERE
+    timestamp >= :window_start
+    AND timestamp < :window_end
+    AND __sequence >= :last_sequence
+    AND __sequence < :current_sequence
+    -- sequence range is actually written in grpc header, but shown here for clarity
+GROUP BY time_window, group_key;
+```
+
+#### State Merge Process
+
+```mermaid
+sequenceDiagram
+    participant F as Flownode (Coordinator)
+    participant EF as Embedded Frontend (Lightweight)
+    participant DN as Datanode (Heavy Computation)
+    
+    F->>F: Evaluate trigger conditions
+    F->>EF: Execute __aggr_state query with sequence range
+    EF->>DN: Send query to datanode (Heavy scan & aggregation)
+    DN->>DN: Scan data and compute partial aggregation state (Heavy CPU/I/O)
+    DN->>EF: Return aggregated state results
+    EF->>F: Forward state results (Lightweight merge)
+    F->>F: Merge with existing state
+    F->>F: Update sequence markers (Lightweight)
+    F->>EF: Compute incremental results with __aggr_merge
+    EF->>DN: Write incremental results to datanode
+```
+
+### Refill Implementation and State Management
+
+#### Refill Process
+
+Refill is implemented as a straightforward `__aggr_state` query with time and sequence constraints:
+
+```sql
+-- Refill query for flow state recovery
+SELECT 
+    __aggr_state(aggregation_functions) as state,
+    time_window,
+    group_keys
+FROM source_table 
+WHERE 
+    timestamp >= :refill_start_time 
+    AND timestamp < :refill_end_time
+    AND __sequence >= :start_sequence 
+    AND __sequence < :end_sequence
+    -- sequence range is actually written in grpc header, but shown here for clarity
+GROUP BY time_window, group_keys;
+```
+
+#### State Recovery Strategy
+
+1. **Recent Data (Stream Mode)**: For recent time windows, flownode refills state using incremental queries
+2. **Historical Data (Batch Mode)**: For older time windows, flownode triggers batch computation directly and no need to refill state
+3. **Hybrid Approach**: Combines stream and batch processing based on data age and availability
+
+#### Mirror Write Optimization
+
+Mirror writes are simplified to only transmit timestamps to flownode:
+
+```rust
+struct MirrorWrite {
+    timestamps: Vec<Timestamp>,
+    // Removed: actual data payload
+}
+```
+
+This optimization:
+- Eliminates network overhead by using embedded frontend
+- Enables flownode to track pending time windows efficiently
+- Allows flownode to decide processing mode (stream vs batch) based on timestamp age
+
+Another optimization could be just send dirty time windows range for each flow to flownode directly, no need to send timestamps one by one.
+
+### Query Optimization Strategies
+
+#### Sequence-Based Incremental Processing
+
+The core optimization relies on sequence-constrained queries:
+
+```sql
+-- Optimized incremental query
+SELECT __aggr_state(expr) 
+FROM table 
+WHERE time_range AND sequence_range
+```
+
+Benefits:
+- **Reduced Scan Volume**: Only processes data since last computation
+- **Efficient Resource Usage**: Minimizes CPU and I/O overhead
+- **Predictable Performance**: Query cost scales with incremental data size
+
+#### Time Window Partitioning
+
+```mermaid
+graph LR
+    subgraph "Time Windows"
+        W1["Window 1<br/>09:00-09:05"]
+        W2["Window 2<br/>09:05-09:10"]
+        W3["Window 3<br/>09:10-09:15"]
+    end
+    
+    subgraph "Processing Strategy"
+        W1 --> Batch["Batch Mode<br/>(Old Data)"]
+        W2 --> Stream["Stream Mode<br/>(Recent Data)"]
+        W3 --> Stream2["Stream Mode<br/>(Current Data)"]
+    end
+```
+
+### Performance Characteristics
+
+#### Memory Usage
+
+- **Flownode**: O(active_time_windows × group_cardinality) for state storage
+- **Embedded Frontend**: O(query_batch_size) for temporary computation
+- **Overall**: Significantly reduced compared to current architecture
+
+#### Computation Distribution
+
+- **Direct Processing**: Queries processed directly within flownode's embedded frontend
+- **Fault Tolerance**: Simplified error handling with fewer distributed components
+- **Scalability**: Computation capacity scales with flownode instances
+
+#### Network Optimization
+
+- **Reduced Payload**: Mirror writes only contain timestamps
+- **Efficient Queries**: Sequence constraints minimize data transfer
+- **Result Caching**: State results cached in flownode memory
+
+### Sequential Read Implementation for Incremental Queries
+
+#### Sequence Management
+
+Flow maintains two critical sequences to track incremental query progress for each region:
+
+- **`memtable_last_seq`**: Tracks the latest sequence number read from the memtable
+- **`sst_last_seq`**: Tracks the latest sequence number read from SST files
+
+These sequences enable precise incremental data processing by defining the exact range of data to query in subsequent iterations.
+
+#### Query Protocol
+
+When executing incremental queries, flownode provides both sequence parameters to datanode:
+
+```rust
+struct GrpcHeader {
+    ...
+    // Sequence tracking for incremental reads
+    memtable_last_seq: HashMap<RegionId, SequenceNumber>,
+    sst_last_seqs: HashMap<RegionId, SequenceNumber>,
+}
+```
+
+The datanode processes these parameters to return only the data within the specified sequence ranges, ensuring efficient incremental processing.
+
+#### Sequence Invalidation and Refill Mechanism
+
+A critical challenge occurs when data referenced by `memtable_last_seq` gets flushed from memory to disk. Since SST files only maintain a single maximum sequence number for the entire file (rather than per-record sequence tracking), precise incremental queries become impossible for the affected time ranges.
+
+**Detection of Invalidation:**
+```rust
+// When memtable_last_seq data has been flushed to SST
+if memtable_last_seq_flushed_to_disk {
+    // Incremental query is no longer feasible
+    // Need to trigger refill for affected time ranges
+}
+```
+
+**Refill Process:**
+1. **Identify Affected Time Range**: Query the time range corresponding to the flushed `memtable_last_seq` data
+2. **Full Recomputation**: Execute a complete aggregation query for the affected time windows
+3. **State Replacement**: Replace the existing flow state for these time ranges with newly computed values
+4. **Sequence Update**: Update `memtable_last_seq` to the current latest sequence, while `sst_last_seq` continues normal incremental updates
+
+```sql
+-- Refill query when memtable data has been flushed
+SELECT
+    __aggr_state(aggregation_functions) as state,
+    time_window,
+    group_keys
+FROM source_table
+WHERE
+    timestamp >= :affected_time_start
+    AND timestamp < :affected_time_end
+    -- Full scan required since sequence precision is lost in SST
+GROUP BY time_window, group_keys;
+```
+
+#### Datanode Implementation Requirements
+
+Datanode must implement enhanced query processing capabilities to support sequence-based incremental reads:
+
+**Input Processing:**
+- Accept `memtable_last_seq` and `sst_last_seq` parameters in query requests
+- Filter data based on sequence ranges across both memtable and SST storage layers
+
+**Output Enhancement:**
+```rust
+struct OutputMeta {
+    pub plan: Option<Arc<dyn ExecutionPlan>>,
+    pub cost: OutputCost,
+    pub sequence_info: HashMap<RegionId, SequenceInfo>, // New field for sequence tracking per regions involved in the query
+}
+
+struct SequenceInfo {
+    // Sequence tracking for next iteration
+    max_memtable_seq: SequenceNumber,  // Highest sequence from memtable in this result
+    max_sst_seq: SequenceNumber,       // Highest sequence from SST in this result
+}
+```
+
+**Sequence Tracking Logic:**
+datanode already impl `max_sst_seq` in leader range read, can reuse similar logic for `max_memtable_seq`.
+
+#### Sequence Update Strategy
+
+**Normal Incremental Updates:**
+- Update both `memtable_last_seq` and `sst_last_seq` after successful query execution
+- Use returned `max_memtable_seq` and `max_sst_seq` values for next iteration
+
+**Refill Scenario:**
+- Reset `memtable_last_seq` to current maximum after refill completion
+- Continue normal `sst_last_seq` updates based on successful query responses
+- Maintain separate tracking to detect future flush events
+
+#### Performance Considerations
+
+**Sequence Range Optimization:**
+- Minimize sequence range spans to reduce scan overhead
+- Batch multiple small incremental updates when beneficial
+- Balance between query frequency and processing efficiency
+
+**Memory Management:**
+- Monitor memtable flush frequency to predict refill requirements
+- Implement adaptive query scheduling based on flush patterns
+- Optimize state storage to handle frequent updates efficiently
+
+This sequential read implementation ensures reliable incremental processing while gracefully handling the complexities of storage architecture, maintaining both correctness and performance in the face of background compaction and flush operations.
+
+## Implementation Plan
+
+### Phase 1: Core Infrastructure
+
+1. **State Management**: Implement in-memory state map in flownode
+2. **Query Interface**: Integrate `__aggr_state` query interface in embedded frontend(Already done in previous query pushdown optimizer work)
+3. **Basic Coordination**: Implement query dispatch and result collection
+4. **Sequence Tracking**: Implement sequence-based incremental processing(Can use similar interface which leader range read use)
+
+After phase 1, the system should support basic flow operations with incremental updates.
+
+### Phase 2: Optimization Features
+
+1. **Refill Logic**: Develop state recovery mechanisms
+2. **Mirror Write Optimization**: Simplify mirror write protocol
+
+### Phase 3: Advanced Features
+
+1. **Load Balancing**: Implement intelligent resource allocation for partitioned flow(Flow distributed executed on multiple flownodes)
+2. **Fault Tolerance**: Add retry mechanisms and error handling
+3. **Performance Tuning**: Optimize query batching and state management
+
+## Drawbacks
+
+### Reduced Network Communication
+
+- **Eliminated Hops**: Direct communication between flownode and datanode through embedded frontend
+- **Reduced Latency**: No separate frontend node communication overhead
+- **Simplified Network Topology**: Fewer network dependencies and failure points
+
+### Complexity in Error Handling
+
+- **Distributed Failures**: Need to handle failures across multiple components
+- **State Consistency**: Ensuring state consistency during partial failures
+- **Recovery Complexity**: More complex recovery procedures
+
+### Datanode Resource Requirements
+
+- **Computation Load**: Datanode handles the heavy computational workload for flow queries
+- **Query Interference**: Flow queries may impact regular query performance on datanode
+- **Resource Contention**: Need careful resource management and isolation on datanode
+
+## Alternatives
+
+### Alternative 1: Enhanced Current Architecture
+
+Keep computation in flownode but optimize through:
+- Better resource management
+- Improved query optimization
+- Enhanced state persistence
+
+**Pros:**
+- Simpler architecture
+- Fewer network hops
+- Easier debugging
+
+**Cons:**
+- Limited scalability
+- Resource inefficiency
+- Harder to optimize computation distribution
+
+### Alternative 2: Embedded Computation
+
+Embed lightweight computation engines within flownode:
+
+**Pros:**
+- Reduced network communication
+- Better performance for simple queries
+- Simpler deployment
+
+**Cons:**
+- Limited scalability
+- Resource constraints
+- Harder to leverage existing frontend optimizations
+
+## Future Work
+
+### Advanced Query Optimization
+
+- **Parallel Processing**: Enable parallel execution of flow queries
+- **Query Caching**: Cache frequently executed query patterns
+
+### Enhanced State Management
+
+- **State Compression**: Implement efficient state serialization
+- **Distributed State**: Support state distribution across multiple flownodes
+- **State Persistence**: Add optional state persistence for durability
+
+### Monitoring and Observability
+
+- **Performance Metrics**: Track query execution times and resource usage
+- **State Visualization**: Provide tools for state inspection and debugging
+- **Health Monitoring**: Monitor system health and performance characteristics
+
+### Integration Improvements
+
+- **Embedded Frontend Optimization**: Optimize embedded frontend query planning and execution
+- **Datanode Optimization**: Optimize result writing from flownode
+- **Metasrv Coordination**: Enhanced metadata management and coordination
+
+## Conclusion
+
+The laminar Flow architecture represents a significant improvement over the current flow system by separating state management from computation execution. This design enables better resource utilization, improved scalability, and simplified maintenance while maintaining the core functionality of continuous aggregation.
+
+The key benefits include:
+
+1. **Improved Scalability**: Computation can scale independently of state management
+2. **Better Resource Utilization**: Eliminates network overhead and leverages embedded frontend infrastructure
+3. **Simplified Architecture**: Clear separation of concerns between components
+4. **Enhanced Performance**: Sequence-based incremental processing reduces computational overhead
+
+While the architecture introduces some complexity in terms of distributed coordination and error handling, the benefits significantly outweigh the drawbacks, making it a compelling evolution of the flow system.
--- a/flake.lock
+++ b/flake.lock
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@
        "rust-analyzer-src": "rust-analyzer-src"
      },
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1745735608,
-        "narHash": "sha256-L0jzm815XBFfF2wCFmR+M1CF+beIEFj6SxlqVKF59Ec=",
+        "lastModified": 1760078406,
+        "narHash": "sha256-JeJK0ZA845PtkCHkfo4KjeI1mYrsr2s3cxBYKhF4BoE=",
        "owner": "nix-community",
        "repo": "fenix",
-        "rev": "c39a78eba6ed2a022cc3218db90d485077101496",
+        "rev": "351277c60d104944122ee389cdf581c5ce2c6732",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@
    },
    "nixpkgs": {
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1748162331,
-        "narHash": "sha256-rqc2RKYTxP3tbjA+PB3VMRQNnjesrT0pEofXQTrMsS8=",
+        "lastModified": 1759994382,
+        "narHash": "sha256-wSK+3UkalDZRVHGCRikZ//CyZUJWDJkBDTQX1+G77Ow=",
        "owner": "NixOS",
        "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "7c43f080a7f28b2774f3b3f43234ca11661bf334",
+        "rev": "5da4a26309e796daa7ffca72df93dbe53b8164c7",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
@@ -65,11 +65,11 @@
    "rust-analyzer-src": {
      "flake": false,
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1745694049,
-        "narHash": "sha256-fxvRYH/tS7hGQeg9zCVh5RBcSWT+JGJet7RA8Ss+rC0=",
+        "lastModified": 1760014945,
+        "narHash": "sha256-ySdl7F9+oeWNHVrg3QL/brazqmJvYFEdpGnF3pyoDH8=",
        "owner": "rust-lang",
        "repo": "rust-analyzer",
-        "rev": "d8887c0758bbd2d5f752d5bd405d4491e90e7ed6",
+        "rev": "90d2e1ce4dfe7dc49250a8b88a0f08ffdb9cb23f",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
--- a/flake.nix
+++ b/flake.nix
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
        lib = nixpkgs.lib;
        rustToolchain = fenix.packages.${system}.fromToolchainName {
          name = (lib.importTOML ./rust-toolchain.toml).toolchain.channel;
-          sha256 = "sha256-tJJr8oqX3YD+ohhPK7jlt/7kvKBnBqJVjYtoFr520d4=";
+          sha256 = "sha256-GCGEXGZeJySLND0KU5TdtTrqFV76TF3UdvAHSUegSsk=";
        };
      in
      {
--- a/grafana/dashboards/metrics/cluster/dashboard.json
+++ b/grafana/dashboards/metrics/cluster/dashboard.json
--- a/grafana/dashboards/metrics/cluster/dashboard.md
+++ b/grafana/dashboards/metrics/cluster/dashboard.md
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@
 # Resources
 | Title | Query | Type | Description | Datasource | Unit | Legend Format |
 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
-| Datanode Memory per Instance | `sum(process_resident_memory_bytes{instance=~"$datanode"}) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{app="greptime-datanode"})` | `timeseries` | Current memory usage by instance | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
-| Datanode CPU Usage per Instance | `sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total{instance=~"$datanode"}[$__rate_interval]) * 1000) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{app="greptime-datanode"})` | `timeseries` | Current cpu usage by instance | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
-| Frontend Memory per Instance | `sum(process_resident_memory_bytes{instance=~"$frontend"}) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{app="greptime-frontend"})` | `timeseries` | Current memory usage by instance | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
-| Frontend CPU Usage per Instance | `sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total{instance=~"$frontend"}[$__rate_interval]) * 1000) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{app="greptime-frontend"})` | `timeseries` | Current cpu usage by instance | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]-cpu` |
-| Metasrv Memory per Instance | `sum(process_resident_memory_bytes{instance=~"$metasrv"}) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{app="greptime-metasrv"})` | `timeseries` | Current memory usage by instance | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]-resident` |
-| Metasrv CPU Usage per Instance | `sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total{instance=~"$metasrv"}[$__rate_interval]) * 1000) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{app="greptime-metasrv"})` | `timeseries` | Current cpu usage by instance | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
-| Flownode Memory per Instance | `sum(process_resident_memory_bytes{instance=~"$flownode"}) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{app="greptime-flownode"})` | `timeseries` | Current memory usage by instance | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
-| Flownode CPU Usage per Instance | `sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total{instance=~"$flownode"}[$__rate_interval]) * 1000) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{app="greptime-flownode"})` | `timeseries` | Current cpu usage by instance | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
+| Datanode Memory per Instance | `sum(process_resident_memory_bytes{instance=~"$datanode"}) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{instance=~"$datanode"})` | `timeseries` | Current memory usage by instance | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
+| Datanode CPU Usage per Instance | `sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total{instance=~"$datanode"}[$__rate_interval]) * 1000) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{instance=~"$datanode"})` | `timeseries` | Current cpu usage by instance | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
+| Frontend Memory per Instance | `sum(process_resident_memory_bytes{instance=~"$frontend"}) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{instance=~"$frontend"})` | `timeseries` | Current memory usage by instance | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
+| Frontend CPU Usage per Instance | `sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total{instance=~"$frontend"}[$__rate_interval]) * 1000) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{instance=~"$frontend"})` | `timeseries` | Current cpu usage by instance | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]-cpu` |
+| Metasrv Memory per Instance | `sum(process_resident_memory_bytes{instance=~"$metasrv"}) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{instance=~"$metasrv"})` | `timeseries` | Current memory usage by instance | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]-resident` |
+| Metasrv CPU Usage per Instance | `sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total{instance=~"$metasrv"}[$__rate_interval]) * 1000) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{instance=~"$metasrv"})` | `timeseries` | Current cpu usage by instance | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
+| Flownode Memory per Instance | `sum(process_resident_memory_bytes{instance=~"$flownode"}) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{instance=~"$flownode"})` | `timeseries` | Current memory usage by instance | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
+| Flownode CPU Usage per Instance | `sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total{instance=~"$flownode"}[$__rate_interval]) * 1000) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{instance=~"$flownode"})` | `timeseries` | Current cpu usage by instance | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
 # Frontend Requests
 | Title | Query | Type | Description | Datasource | Unit | Legend Format |
 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
@@ -87,6 +87,13 @@
 | Other Request P99 per Instance | `histogram_quantile(0.99, sum by(instance, pod, le, scheme, operation) (rate(opendal_operation_duration_seconds_bucket{instance=~"$datanode", operation!~"read\|write\|list\|Writer::write\|Writer::close\|Reader::read"}[$__rate_interval])))` | `timeseries` | Other Request P99 per Instance. | `prometheus` | `s` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-[{{scheme}}]-[{{operation}}]` |
 | Opendal traffic | `sum by(instance, pod, scheme, operation) (rate(opendal_operation_bytes_sum{instance=~"$datanode"}[$__rate_interval]))` | `timeseries` | Total traffic as in bytes by instance and operation | `prometheus` | `decbytes` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-[{{scheme}}]-[{{operation}}]` |
 | OpenDAL errors per Instance | `sum by(instance, pod, scheme, operation, error) (rate(opendal_operation_errors_total{instance=~"$datanode", error!="NotFound"}[$__rate_interval]))` | `timeseries` | OpenDAL error counts per Instance. | `prometheus` | -- | `[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-[{{scheme}}]-[{{operation}}]-[{{error}}]` |
+# Remote WAL
+| Title | Query | Type | Description | Datasource | Unit | Legend Format |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| Triggered region flush total | `meta_triggered_region_flush_total` | `timeseries` | Triggered region flush total | `prometheus` | `none` | `{{pod}}-{{topic_name}}` |
+| Triggered region checkpoint total | `meta_triggered_region_checkpoint_total` | `timeseries` | Triggered region checkpoint total | `prometheus` | `none` | `{{pod}}-{{topic_name}}` |
+| Topic estimated replay size | `meta_topic_estimated_replay_size` | `timeseries` | Topic estimated max replay size | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `{{pod}}-{{topic_name}}` |
+| Kafka logstore's bytes traffic | `rate(greptime_logstore_kafka_client_bytes_total[$__rate_interval])` | `timeseries` | Kafka logstore's bytes traffic | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `{{pod}}-{{logstore}}` |
 # Metasrv
 | Title | Query | Type | Description | Datasource | Unit | Legend Format |
 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
@@ -103,6 +110,8 @@
 | Meta KV Ops Latency | `histogram_quantile(0.99, sum by(pod, le, op, target) (greptime_meta_kv_request_elapsed_bucket))` | `timeseries` | Gauge of load information of each datanode, collected via heartbeat between datanode and metasrv. This information is for metasrv to schedule workloads. | `prometheus` | `s` | `{{pod}}-{{op}} p99` |
 | Rate of meta KV Ops | `rate(greptime_meta_kv_request_elapsed_count[$__rate_interval])` | `timeseries` | Gauge of load information of each datanode, collected via heartbeat between datanode and metasrv. This information is for metasrv to schedule workloads. | `prometheus` | `none` | `{{pod}}-{{op}} p99` |
 | DDL Latency | `histogram_quantile(0.9, sum by(le, pod, step) (greptime_meta_procedure_create_tables_bucket))`<br/>`histogram_quantile(0.9, sum by(le, pod, step) (greptime_meta_procedure_create_table))`<br/>`histogram_quantile(0.9, sum by(le, pod, step) (greptime_meta_procedure_create_view))`<br/>`histogram_quantile(0.9, sum by(le, pod, step) (greptime_meta_procedure_create_flow))`<br/>`histogram_quantile(0.9, sum by(le, pod, step) (greptime_meta_procedure_drop_table))`<br/>`histogram_quantile(0.9, sum by(le, pod, step) (greptime_meta_procedure_alter_table))` | `timeseries` | Gauge of load information of each datanode, collected via heartbeat between datanode and metasrv. This information is for metasrv to schedule workloads. | `prometheus` | `s` | `CreateLogicalTables-{{step}} p90` |
+| Reconciliation stats | `greptime_meta_reconciliation_stats` | `timeseries` | Reconciliation stats | `prometheus` | `s` | `{{pod}}-{{table_type}}-{{type}}` |
+| Reconciliation steps | `histogram_quantile(0.9, greptime_meta_reconciliation_procedure_bucket)` | `timeseries` | Elapsed of Reconciliation steps  | `prometheus` | `s` | `{{procedure_name}}-{{step}}-P90` |
 # Flownode
 | Title | Query | Type | Description | Datasource | Unit | Legend Format |
 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
--- a/grafana/dashboards/metrics/cluster/dashboard.yaml
+++ b/grafana/dashboards/metrics/cluster/dashboard.yaml
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{instance}}]-[{{ pod }}]'
-            - expr: max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{app="greptime-datanode"})
+            - expr: max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{instance=~"$datanode"})
              datasource:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]'
-            - expr: max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{app="greptime-datanode"})
+            - expr: max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{instance=~"$datanode"})
              datasource:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]'
-            - expr: max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{app="greptime-frontend"})
+            - expr: max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{instance=~"$frontend"})
              datasource:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]-cpu'
-            - expr: max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{app="greptime-frontend"})
+            - expr: max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{instance=~"$frontend"})
              datasource:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]-resident'
-            - expr: max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{app="greptime-metasrv"})
+            - expr: max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{instance=~"$metasrv"})
              datasource:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]'
-            - expr: max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{app="greptime-metasrv"})
+            - expr: max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{instance=~"$metasrv"})
              datasource:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]'
-            - expr: max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{app="greptime-flownode"})
+            - expr: max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{instance=~"$flownode"})
              datasource:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]'
-            - expr: max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{app="greptime-flownode"})
+            - expr: max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{instance=~"$flownode"})
              datasource:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
@@ -802,6 +802,48 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-[{{scheme}}]-[{{operation}}]-[{{error}}]'
+    - title: Remote WAL
+      panels:
+        - title: Triggered region flush total
+          type: timeseries
+          description: Triggered region flush total
+          unit: none
+          queries:
+            - expr: meta_triggered_region_flush_total
+              datasource:
+                type: prometheus
+                uid: ${metrics}
+              legendFormat: '{{pod}}-{{topic_name}}'
+        - title: Triggered region checkpoint total
+          type: timeseries
+          description: Triggered region checkpoint total
+          unit: none
+          queries:
+            - expr: meta_triggered_region_checkpoint_total
+              datasource:
+                type: prometheus
+                uid: ${metrics}
+              legendFormat: '{{pod}}-{{topic_name}}'
+        - title: Topic estimated replay size
+          type: timeseries
+          description: Topic estimated max replay size
+          unit: bytes
+          queries:
+            - expr: meta_topic_estimated_replay_size
+              datasource:
+                type: prometheus
+                uid: ${metrics}
+              legendFormat: '{{pod}}-{{topic_name}}'
+        - title: Kafka logstore's bytes traffic
+          type: timeseries
+          description: Kafka logstore's bytes traffic
+          unit: bytes
+          queries:
+            - expr: rate(greptime_logstore_kafka_client_bytes_total[$__rate_interval])
+              datasource:
+                type: prometheus
+                uid: ${metrics}
+              legendFormat: '{{pod}}-{{logstore}}'
    - title: Metasrv
      panels:
        - title: Region migration datanode
@@ -948,6 +990,26 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: AlterTable-{{step}} p90
+        - title: Reconciliation stats
+          type: timeseries
+          description: Reconciliation stats
+          unit: s
+          queries:
+            - expr: greptime_meta_reconciliation_stats
+              datasource:
+                type: prometheus
+                uid: ${metrics}
+              legendFormat: '{{pod}}-{{table_type}}-{{type}}'
+        - title: Reconciliation steps
+          type: timeseries
+          description: 'Elapsed of Reconciliation steps '
+          unit: s
+          queries:
+            - expr: histogram_quantile(0.9, greptime_meta_reconciliation_procedure_bucket)
+              datasource:
+                type: prometheus
+                uid: ${metrics}
+              legendFormat: '{{procedure_name}}-{{step}}-P90'
    - title: Flownode
      panels:
        - title: Flow Ingest / Output Rate
--- a/grafana/dashboards/metrics/standalone/dashboard.json
+++ b/grafana/dashboards/metrics/standalone/dashboard.json
--- a/grafana/dashboards/metrics/standalone/dashboard.md
+++ b/grafana/dashboards/metrics/standalone/dashboard.md
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@
 # Resources
 | Title | Query | Type | Description | Datasource | Unit | Legend Format |
 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
-| Datanode Memory per Instance | `sum(process_resident_memory_bytes{}) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{app="greptime-datanode"})` | `timeseries` | Current memory usage by instance | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
-| Datanode CPU Usage per Instance | `sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total{}[$__rate_interval]) * 1000) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{app="greptime-datanode"})` | `timeseries` | Current cpu usage by instance | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
-| Frontend Memory per Instance | `sum(process_resident_memory_bytes{}) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{app="greptime-frontend"})` | `timeseries` | Current memory usage by instance | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
-| Frontend CPU Usage per Instance | `sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total{}[$__rate_interval]) * 1000) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{app="greptime-frontend"})` | `timeseries` | Current cpu usage by instance | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]-cpu` |
-| Metasrv Memory per Instance | `sum(process_resident_memory_bytes{}) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{app="greptime-metasrv"})` | `timeseries` | Current memory usage by instance | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]-resident` |
-| Metasrv CPU Usage per Instance | `sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total{}[$__rate_interval]) * 1000) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{app="greptime-metasrv"})` | `timeseries` | Current cpu usage by instance | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
-| Flownode Memory per Instance | `sum(process_resident_memory_bytes{}) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{app="greptime-flownode"})` | `timeseries` | Current memory usage by instance | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
-| Flownode CPU Usage per Instance | `sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total{}[$__rate_interval]) * 1000) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{app="greptime-flownode"})` | `timeseries` | Current cpu usage by instance | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
+| Datanode Memory per Instance | `sum(process_resident_memory_bytes{}) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{})` | `timeseries` | Current memory usage by instance | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
+| Datanode CPU Usage per Instance | `sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total{}[$__rate_interval]) * 1000) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{})` | `timeseries` | Current cpu usage by instance | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
+| Frontend Memory per Instance | `sum(process_resident_memory_bytes{}) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{})` | `timeseries` | Current memory usage by instance | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
+| Frontend CPU Usage per Instance | `sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total{}[$__rate_interval]) * 1000) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{})` | `timeseries` | Current cpu usage by instance | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]-cpu` |
+| Metasrv Memory per Instance | `sum(process_resident_memory_bytes{}) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{})` | `timeseries` | Current memory usage by instance | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]-resident` |
+| Metasrv CPU Usage per Instance | `sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total{}[$__rate_interval]) * 1000) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{})` | `timeseries` | Current cpu usage by instance | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
+| Flownode Memory per Instance | `sum(process_resident_memory_bytes{}) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{})` | `timeseries` | Current memory usage by instance | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
+| Flownode CPU Usage per Instance | `sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total{}[$__rate_interval]) * 1000) by (instance, pod)`<br/>`max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{})` | `timeseries` | Current cpu usage by instance | `prometheus` | `none` | `[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]` |
 # Frontend Requests
 | Title | Query | Type | Description | Datasource | Unit | Legend Format |
 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
@@ -87,6 +87,13 @@
 | Other Request P99 per Instance | `histogram_quantile(0.99, sum by(instance, pod, le, scheme, operation) (rate(opendal_operation_duration_seconds_bucket{ operation!~"read\|write\|list\|Writer::write\|Writer::close\|Reader::read"}[$__rate_interval])))` | `timeseries` | Other Request P99 per Instance. | `prometheus` | `s` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-[{{scheme}}]-[{{operation}}]` |
 | Opendal traffic | `sum by(instance, pod, scheme, operation) (rate(opendal_operation_bytes_sum{}[$__rate_interval]))` | `timeseries` | Total traffic as in bytes by instance and operation | `prometheus` | `decbytes` | `[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-[{{scheme}}]-[{{operation}}]` |
 | OpenDAL errors per Instance | `sum by(instance, pod, scheme, operation, error) (rate(opendal_operation_errors_total{ error!="NotFound"}[$__rate_interval]))` | `timeseries` | OpenDAL error counts per Instance. | `prometheus` | -- | `[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-[{{scheme}}]-[{{operation}}]-[{{error}}]` |
+# Remote WAL
+| Title | Query | Type | Description | Datasource | Unit | Legend Format |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| Triggered region flush total | `meta_triggered_region_flush_total` | `timeseries` | Triggered region flush total | `prometheus` | `none` | `{{pod}}-{{topic_name}}` |
+| Triggered region checkpoint total | `meta_triggered_region_checkpoint_total` | `timeseries` | Triggered region checkpoint total | `prometheus` | `none` | `{{pod}}-{{topic_name}}` |
+| Topic estimated replay size | `meta_topic_estimated_replay_size` | `timeseries` | Topic estimated max replay size | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `{{pod}}-{{topic_name}}` |
+| Kafka logstore's bytes traffic | `rate(greptime_logstore_kafka_client_bytes_total[$__rate_interval])` | `timeseries` | Kafka logstore's bytes traffic | `prometheus` | `bytes` | `{{pod}}-{{logstore}}` |
 # Metasrv
 | Title | Query | Type | Description | Datasource | Unit | Legend Format |
 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
@@ -103,6 +110,8 @@
 | Meta KV Ops Latency | `histogram_quantile(0.99, sum by(pod, le, op, target) (greptime_meta_kv_request_elapsed_bucket))` | `timeseries` | Gauge of load information of each datanode, collected via heartbeat between datanode and metasrv. This information is for metasrv to schedule workloads. | `prometheus` | `s` | `{{pod}}-{{op}} p99` |
 | Rate of meta KV Ops | `rate(greptime_meta_kv_request_elapsed_count[$__rate_interval])` | `timeseries` | Gauge of load information of each datanode, collected via heartbeat between datanode and metasrv. This information is for metasrv to schedule workloads. | `prometheus` | `none` | `{{pod}}-{{op}} p99` |
 | DDL Latency | `histogram_quantile(0.9, sum by(le, pod, step) (greptime_meta_procedure_create_tables_bucket))`<br/>`histogram_quantile(0.9, sum by(le, pod, step) (greptime_meta_procedure_create_table))`<br/>`histogram_quantile(0.9, sum by(le, pod, step) (greptime_meta_procedure_create_view))`<br/>`histogram_quantile(0.9, sum by(le, pod, step) (greptime_meta_procedure_create_flow))`<br/>`histogram_quantile(0.9, sum by(le, pod, step) (greptime_meta_procedure_drop_table))`<br/>`histogram_quantile(0.9, sum by(le, pod, step) (greptime_meta_procedure_alter_table))` | `timeseries` | Gauge of load information of each datanode, collected via heartbeat between datanode and metasrv. This information is for metasrv to schedule workloads. | `prometheus` | `s` | `CreateLogicalTables-{{step}} p90` |
+| Reconciliation stats | `greptime_meta_reconciliation_stats` | `timeseries` | Reconciliation stats | `prometheus` | `s` | `{{pod}}-{{table_type}}-{{type}}` |
+| Reconciliation steps | `histogram_quantile(0.9, greptime_meta_reconciliation_procedure_bucket)` | `timeseries` | Elapsed of Reconciliation steps  | `prometheus` | `s` | `{{procedure_name}}-{{step}}-P90` |
 # Flownode
 | Title | Query | Type | Description | Datasource | Unit | Legend Format |
 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
--- a/grafana/dashboards/metrics/standalone/dashboard.yaml
+++ b/grafana/dashboards/metrics/standalone/dashboard.yaml
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{instance}}]-[{{ pod }}]'
-            - expr: max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{app="greptime-datanode"})
+            - expr: max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{})
              datasource:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]'
-            - expr: max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{app="greptime-datanode"})
+            - expr: max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{})
              datasource:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]'
-            - expr: max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{app="greptime-frontend"})
+            - expr: max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{})
              datasource:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]-cpu'
-            - expr: max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{app="greptime-frontend"})
+            - expr: max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{})
              datasource:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]-resident'
-            - expr: max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{app="greptime-metasrv"})
+            - expr: max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{})
              datasource:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]'
-            - expr: max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{app="greptime-metasrv"})
+            - expr: max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{})
              datasource:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]'
-            - expr: max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{app="greptime-flownode"})
+            - expr: max(greptime_memory_limit_in_bytes{})
              datasource:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{ instance }}]-[{{ pod }}]'
-            - expr: max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{app="greptime-flownode"})
+            - expr: max(greptime_cpu_limit_in_millicores{})
              datasource:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
@@ -802,6 +802,48 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: '[{{instance}}]-[{{pod}}]-[{{scheme}}]-[{{operation}}]-[{{error}}]'
+    - title: Remote WAL
+      panels:
+        - title: Triggered region flush total
+          type: timeseries
+          description: Triggered region flush total
+          unit: none
+          queries:
+            - expr: meta_triggered_region_flush_total
+              datasource:
+                type: prometheus
+                uid: ${metrics}
+              legendFormat: '{{pod}}-{{topic_name}}'
+        - title: Triggered region checkpoint total
+          type: timeseries
+          description: Triggered region checkpoint total
+          unit: none
+          queries:
+            - expr: meta_triggered_region_checkpoint_total
+              datasource:
+                type: prometheus
+                uid: ${metrics}
+              legendFormat: '{{pod}}-{{topic_name}}'
+        - title: Topic estimated replay size
+          type: timeseries
+          description: Topic estimated max replay size
+          unit: bytes
+          queries:
+            - expr: meta_topic_estimated_replay_size
+              datasource:
+                type: prometheus
+                uid: ${metrics}
+              legendFormat: '{{pod}}-{{topic_name}}'
+        - title: Kafka logstore's bytes traffic
+          type: timeseries
+          description: Kafka logstore's bytes traffic
+          unit: bytes
+          queries:
+            - expr: rate(greptime_logstore_kafka_client_bytes_total[$__rate_interval])
+              datasource:
+                type: prometheus
+                uid: ${metrics}
+              legendFormat: '{{pod}}-{{logstore}}'
    - title: Metasrv
      panels:
        - title: Region migration datanode
@@ -948,6 +990,26 @@ groups:
                type: prometheus
                uid: ${metrics}
              legendFormat: AlterTable-{{step}} p90
+        - title: Reconciliation stats
+          type: timeseries
+          description: Reconciliation stats
+          unit: s
+          queries:
+            - expr: greptime_meta_reconciliation_stats
+              datasource:
+                type: prometheus
+                uid: ${metrics}
+              legendFormat: '{{pod}}-{{table_type}}-{{type}}'
+        - title: Reconciliation steps
+          type: timeseries
+          description: 'Elapsed of Reconciliation steps '
+          unit: s
+          queries:
+            - expr: histogram_quantile(0.9, greptime_meta_reconciliation_procedure_bucket)
+              datasource:
+                type: prometheus
+                uid: ${metrics}
+              legendFormat: '{{procedure_name}}-{{step}}-P90'
    - title: Flownode
      panels:
        - title: Flow Ingest / Output Rate
--- a/rust-toolchain.toml
+++ b/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 [toolchain]
-channel = "nightly-2025-05-19"
+channel = "nightly-2025-10-01"
--- a/scripts/generate_certs.sh
+++ b/scripts/generate_certs.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+CERT_DIR="${1:-$(dirname "$0")/../tests-integration/fixtures/certs}"
+DAYS="${2:-365}"
+
+mkdir -p "${CERT_DIR}"
+cd "${CERT_DIR}"
+
+echo "Generating CA certificate..."
+openssl req -new -x509 -days "${DAYS}" -nodes -text \
+  -out root.crt -keyout root.key \
+  -subj "/CN=GreptimeDBRootCA"
+
+
+echo "Generating server certificate..."
+openssl req -new -nodes -text \
+  -out server.csr -keyout server.key \
+  -subj "/CN=greptime"
+
+openssl x509 -req -in server.csr -text -days "${DAYS}" \
+  -CA root.crt -CAkey root.key -CAcreateserial \
+  -out server.crt \
+  -extensions v3_req -extfile <(printf "[v3_req]\nsubjectAltName=DNS:localhost,IP:127.0.0.1")
+
+echo "Generating client certificate..."
+# Make sure the client certificate is for the greptimedb user
+openssl req -new -nodes -text \
+  -out client.csr -keyout client.key \
+  -subj "/CN=greptimedb"
+
+openssl x509 -req -in client.csr -CA root.crt -CAkey root.key -CAcreateserial \
+-out client.crt -days 365 -extensions v3_req -extfile <(printf "[v3_req]\nsubjectAltName=DNS:localhost")
+
+rm -f *.csr
+
+echo "TLS certificates generated successfully in ${CERT_DIR}"
+
+chmod 644 root.key
+chmod 644 client.key
+chmod 644 server.key
--- a/src/api/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/api/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ license.workspace = true
 workspace = true

 [dependencies]
+arrow-schema.workspace = true
 common-base.workspace = true
 common-decimal.workspace = true
 common-error.workspace = true
--- a/src/api/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/api/src/error.rs
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ use common_error::status_code::StatusCode;
 use common_macro::stack_trace_debug;
 use common_time::timestamp::TimeUnit;
 use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
-use snafu::prelude::*;
 use snafu::Location;
+use snafu::prelude::*;

 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;

--- a/src/api/src/helper.rs
+++ b/src/api/src/helper.rs
--- a/src/api/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/api/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-#![feature(let_chains)]
-
 pub mod error;
 pub mod helper;

--- a/src/api/src/v1/column_def.rs
+++ b/src/api/src/v1/column_def.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,11 @@

 use std::collections::HashMap;

+use arrow_schema::extension::{EXTENSION_TYPE_METADATA_KEY, EXTENSION_TYPE_NAME_KEY};
 use datatypes::schema::{
-    ColumnDefaultConstraint, ColumnSchema, FulltextAnalyzer, FulltextBackend, FulltextOptions,
-    SkippingIndexOptions, SkippingIndexType, COMMENT_KEY, FULLTEXT_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_KEY,
-    SKIPPING_INDEX_KEY,
+    COMMENT_KEY, ColumnDefaultConstraint, ColumnSchema, FULLTEXT_KEY, FulltextAnalyzer,
+    FulltextBackend, FulltextOptions, INVERTED_INDEX_KEY, SKIPPING_INDEX_KEY, SkippingIndexOptions,
+    SkippingIndexType,
 };
 use greptime_proto::v1::{
    Analyzer, FulltextBackend as PbFulltextBackend, SkippingIndexType as PbSkippingIndexType,
@@ -37,8 +38,10 @@ const SKIPPING_INDEX_GRPC_KEY: &str = "skipping_index";

 /// Tries to construct a `ColumnSchema` from the given  `ColumnDef`.
 pub fn try_as_column_schema(column_def: &ColumnDef) -> Result<ColumnSchema> {
-    let data_type =
-        ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(column_def.data_type, column_def.datatype_extension)?;
+    let data_type = ColumnDataTypeWrapper::try_new(
+        column_def.data_type,
+        column_def.datatype_extension.clone(),
+    )?;

    let constraint = if column_def.default_constraint.is_empty() {
        None
@@ -66,6 +69,15 @@ pub fn try_as_column_schema(column_def: &ColumnDef) -> Result<ColumnSchema> {
        if let Some(skipping_index) = options.options.get(SKIPPING_INDEX_GRPC_KEY) {
            metadata.insert(SKIPPING_INDEX_KEY.to_string(), skipping_index.to_owned());
        }
+        if let Some(extension_name) = options.options.get(EXTENSION_TYPE_NAME_KEY) {
+            metadata.insert(EXTENSION_TYPE_NAME_KEY.to_string(), extension_name.clone());
+        }
+        if let Some(extension_metadata) = options.options.get(EXTENSION_TYPE_METADATA_KEY) {
+            metadata.insert(
+                EXTENSION_TYPE_METADATA_KEY.to_string(),
+                extension_metadata.clone(),
+            );
+        }
    }

    ColumnSchema::new(&column_def.name, data_type.into(), column_def.is_nullable)
@@ -137,6 +149,17 @@ pub fn options_from_column_schema(column_schema: &ColumnSchema) -> Option<Column
            .options
            .insert(SKIPPING_INDEX_GRPC_KEY.to_string(), skipping_index.clone());
    }
+    if let Some(extension_name) = column_schema.metadata().get(EXTENSION_TYPE_NAME_KEY) {
+        options
+            .options
+            .insert(EXTENSION_TYPE_NAME_KEY.to_string(), extension_name.clone());
+    }
+    if let Some(extension_metadata) = column_schema.metadata().get(EXTENSION_TYPE_METADATA_KEY) {
+        options.options.insert(
+            EXTENSION_TYPE_METADATA_KEY.to_string(),
+            extension_metadata.clone(),
+        );
+    }

    (!options.options.is_empty()).then_some(options)
 }
--- a/src/auth/src/common.rs
+++ b/src/auth/src/common.rs
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use common_base::secrets::SecretString;
 use digest::Digest;
 use sha1::Sha1;
-use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt};
+use snafu::{OptionExt, ensure};

 use crate::error::{IllegalParamSnafu, InvalidConfigSnafu, Result, UserPasswordMismatchSnafu};
 use crate::user_info::DefaultUserInfo;
-use crate::user_provider::static_user_provider::{StaticUserProvider, STATIC_USER_PROVIDER};
+use crate::user_provider::static_user_provider::{STATIC_USER_PROVIDER, StaticUserProvider};
 use crate::user_provider::watch_file_user_provider::{
-    WatchFileUserProvider, WATCH_FILE_USER_PROVIDER,
+    WATCH_FILE_USER_PROVIDER, WatchFileUserProvider,
 };
 use crate::{UserInfoRef, UserProviderRef};

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub fn userinfo_by_name(username: Option<String>) -> UserInfoRef {
    DefaultUserInfo::with_name(username.unwrap_or_else(|| DEFAULT_USERNAME.to_string()))
 }

-pub fn user_provider_from_option(opt: &String) -> Result<UserProviderRef> {
+pub fn user_provider_from_option(opt: &str) -> Result<UserProviderRef> {
    let (name, content) = opt.split_once(':').with_context(|| InvalidConfigSnafu {
        value: opt.to_string(),
        msg: "UserProviderOption must be in format `<option>:<value>`",
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn user_provider_from_option(opt: &String) -> Result<UserProviderRef> {
    }
 }

-pub fn static_user_provider_from_option(opt: &String) -> Result<StaticUserProvider> {
+pub fn static_user_provider_from_option(opt: &str) -> Result<StaticUserProvider> {
    let (name, content) = opt.split_once(':').with_context(|| InvalidConfigSnafu {
        value: opt.to_string(),
        msg: "UserProviderOption must be in format `<option>:<value>`",
--- a/src/auth/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/auth/src/lib.rs
@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ mod user_provider;
 pub mod tests;

 pub use common::{
-    auth_mysql, static_user_provider_from_option, user_provider_from_option, userinfo_by_name,
-    HashedPassword, Identity, Password,
+    HashedPassword, Identity, Password, auth_mysql, static_user_provider_from_option,
+    user_provider_from_option, userinfo_by_name,
 };
-pub use permission::{PermissionChecker, PermissionReq, PermissionResp};
+pub use permission::{DefaultPermissionChecker, PermissionChecker, PermissionReq, PermissionResp};
 pub use user_info::UserInfo;
-pub use user_provider::static_user_provider::StaticUserProvider;
 pub use user_provider::UserProvider;
+pub use user_provider::static_user_provider::StaticUserProvider;

 /// pub type alias
 pub type UserInfoRef = std::sync::Arc<dyn UserInfo>;
--- a/src/auth/src/permission.rs
+++ b/src/auth/src/permission.rs
@@ -13,12 +13,15 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::sync::Arc;

 use api::v1::greptime_request::Request;
+use common_telemetry::debug;
 use sql::statements::statement::Statement;

 use crate::error::{PermissionDeniedSnafu, Result};
-use crate::{PermissionCheckerRef, UserInfoRef};
+use crate::user_info::DefaultUserInfo;
+use crate::{PermissionCheckerRef, UserInfo, UserInfoRef};

 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum PermissionReq<'a> {
@@ -35,6 +38,32 @@ pub enum PermissionReq<'a> {
    BulkInsert,
 }

+impl<'a> PermissionReq<'a> {
+    /// Returns true if the permission request is for read operations.
+    pub fn is_readonly(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            PermissionReq::GrpcRequest(Request::Query(_))
+            | PermissionReq::PromQuery
+            | PermissionReq::LogQuery
+            | PermissionReq::PromStoreRead => true,
+            PermissionReq::SqlStatement(stmt) => stmt.is_readonly(),
+
+            PermissionReq::GrpcRequest(_)
+            | PermissionReq::Opentsdb
+            | PermissionReq::LineProtocol
+            | PermissionReq::PromStoreWrite
+            | PermissionReq::Otlp
+            | PermissionReq::LogWrite
+            | PermissionReq::BulkInsert => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if the permission request is for write operations.
+    pub fn is_write(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.is_readonly()
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum PermissionResp {
    Allow,
@@ -65,3 +94,106 @@ impl PermissionChecker for Option<&PermissionCheckerRef> {
        }
    }
 }
+
+/// The default permission checker implementation.
+/// It checks the permission mode of [DefaultUserInfo].
+pub struct DefaultPermissionChecker;
+
+impl DefaultPermissionChecker {
+    /// Returns a new [PermissionCheckerRef] instance.
+    pub fn arc() -> PermissionCheckerRef {
+        Arc::new(DefaultPermissionChecker)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PermissionChecker for DefaultPermissionChecker {
+    fn check_permission(
+        &self,
+        user_info: UserInfoRef,
+        req: PermissionReq,
+    ) -> Result<PermissionResp> {
+        if let Some(default_user) = user_info.as_any().downcast_ref::<DefaultUserInfo>() {
+            let permission_mode = default_user.permission_mode();
+
+            if req.is_readonly() && !permission_mode.can_read() {
+                debug!(
+                    "Permission denied: read operation not allowed, user = {}, permission = {}",
+                    default_user.username(),
+                    permission_mode.as_str()
+                );
+                return Ok(PermissionResp::Reject);
+            }
+
+            if req.is_write() && !permission_mode.can_write() {
+                debug!(
+                    "Permission denied: write operation not allowed, user = {}, permission = {}",
+                    default_user.username(),
+                    permission_mode.as_str()
+                );
+                return Ok(PermissionResp::Reject);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // default allow all
+        Ok(PermissionResp::Allow)
+    }
+}
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::user_info::PermissionMode;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_permission_checker_allow_all_operations() {
+        let checker = DefaultPermissionChecker;
+        let user_info =
+            DefaultUserInfo::with_name_and_permission("test_user", PermissionMode::ReadWrite);
+
+        let read_req = PermissionReq::PromQuery;
+        let write_req = PermissionReq::PromStoreWrite;
+
+        let read_result = checker
+            .check_permission(user_info.clone(), read_req)
+            .unwrap();
+        let write_result = checker.check_permission(user_info, write_req).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(matches!(read_result, PermissionResp::Allow));
+        assert!(matches!(write_result, PermissionResp::Allow));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_permission_checker_readonly_user() {
+        let checker = DefaultPermissionChecker;
+        let user_info =
+            DefaultUserInfo::with_name_and_permission("readonly_user", PermissionMode::ReadOnly);
+
+        let read_req = PermissionReq::PromQuery;
+        let write_req = PermissionReq::PromStoreWrite;
+
+        let read_result = checker
+            .check_permission(user_info.clone(), read_req)
+            .unwrap();
+        let write_result = checker.check_permission(user_info, write_req).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(matches!(read_result, PermissionResp::Allow));
+        assert!(matches!(write_result, PermissionResp::Reject));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_permission_checker_writeonly_user() {
+        let checker = DefaultPermissionChecker;
+        let user_info =
+            DefaultUserInfo::with_name_and_permission("writeonly_user", PermissionMode::WriteOnly);
+
+        let read_req = PermissionReq::LogQuery;
+        let write_req = PermissionReq::LogWrite;
+
+        let read_result = checker
+            .check_permission(user_info.clone(), read_req)
+            .unwrap();
+        let write_result = checker.check_permission(user_info, write_req).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(matches!(read_result, PermissionResp::Reject));
+        assert!(matches!(write_result, PermissionResp::Allow));
+    }
+}
--- a/src/auth/src/tests.rs
+++ b/src/auth/src/tests.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use crate::error::{
    UserPasswordMismatchSnafu,
 };
 use crate::user_info::DefaultUserInfo;
-use crate::{auth_mysql, Identity, Password, UserInfoRef, UserProvider};
+use crate::{Identity, Password, UserInfoRef, UserProvider, auth_mysql};

 pub struct DatabaseAuthInfo<'a> {
    pub catalog: &'a str,
--- a/src/auth/src/user_info.rs
+++ b/src/auth/src/user_info.rs
@@ -23,17 +23,86 @@ pub trait UserInfo: Debug + Sync + Send {
    fn username(&self) -> &str;
 }

+/// The user permission mode
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+pub enum PermissionMode {
+    #[default]
+    ReadWrite,
+    ReadOnly,
+    WriteOnly,
+}
+
+impl PermissionMode {
+    /// Parse permission mode from string.
+    /// Supported values are:
+    /// - "rw", "readwrite", "read_write" => ReadWrite
+    /// - "ro", "readonly", "read_only" => ReadOnly
+    /// - "wo", "writeonly", "write_only" => WriteOnly
+    ///     Returns None if the input string is not a valid permission mode.
+    pub fn from_str(s: &str) -> Self {
+        match s.to_lowercase().as_str() {
+            "readwrite" | "read_write" | "rw" => PermissionMode::ReadWrite,
+            "readonly" | "read_only" | "ro" => PermissionMode::ReadOnly,
+            "writeonly" | "write_only" | "wo" => PermissionMode::WriteOnly,
+            _ => PermissionMode::ReadWrite,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert permission mode to string.
+    /// - ReadWrite => "rw"
+    /// - ReadOnly => "ro"
+    /// - WriteOnly => "wo"
+    ///     The returned string is a static string slice.
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            PermissionMode::ReadWrite => "rw",
+            PermissionMode::ReadOnly => "ro",
+            PermissionMode::WriteOnly => "wo",
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if the permission mode allows read operations.
+    pub fn can_read(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, PermissionMode::ReadWrite | PermissionMode::ReadOnly)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if the permission mode allows write operations.
+    pub fn can_write(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, PermissionMode::ReadWrite | PermissionMode::WriteOnly)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for PermissionMode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct DefaultUserInfo {
    username: String,
+    permission_mode: PermissionMode,
 }

 impl DefaultUserInfo {
    pub(crate) fn with_name(username: impl Into<String>) -> UserInfoRef {
+        Self::with_name_and_permission(username, PermissionMode::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Create a UserInfo with specified permission mode.
+    pub(crate) fn with_name_and_permission(
+        username: impl Into<String>,
+        permission_mode: PermissionMode,
+    ) -> UserInfoRef {
        Arc::new(Self {
            username: username.into(),
+            permission_mode,
        })
    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn permission_mode(&self) -> &PermissionMode {
+        &self.permission_mode
+    }
 }

 impl UserInfo for DefaultUserInfo {
@@ -45,3 +114,120 @@ impl UserInfo for DefaultUserInfo {
        self.username.as_str()
    }
 }
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_permission_mode_from_str() {
+        // Test ReadWrite variants
+        assert_eq!(
+            PermissionMode::from_str("readwrite"),
+            PermissionMode::ReadWrite
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            PermissionMode::from_str("read_write"),
+            PermissionMode::ReadWrite
+        );
+        assert_eq!(PermissionMode::from_str("rw"), PermissionMode::ReadWrite);
+        assert_eq!(
+            PermissionMode::from_str("ReadWrite"),
+            PermissionMode::ReadWrite
+        );
+        assert_eq!(PermissionMode::from_str("RW"), PermissionMode::ReadWrite);
+
+        // Test ReadOnly variants
+        assert_eq!(
+            PermissionMode::from_str("readonly"),
+            PermissionMode::ReadOnly
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            PermissionMode::from_str("read_only"),
+            PermissionMode::ReadOnly
+        );
+        assert_eq!(PermissionMode::from_str("ro"), PermissionMode::ReadOnly);
+        assert_eq!(
+            PermissionMode::from_str("ReadOnly"),
+            PermissionMode::ReadOnly
+        );
+        assert_eq!(PermissionMode::from_str("RO"), PermissionMode::ReadOnly);
+
+        // Test WriteOnly variants
+        assert_eq!(
+            PermissionMode::from_str("writeonly"),
+            PermissionMode::WriteOnly
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            PermissionMode::from_str("write_only"),
+            PermissionMode::WriteOnly
+        );
+        assert_eq!(PermissionMode::from_str("wo"), PermissionMode::WriteOnly);
+        assert_eq!(
+            PermissionMode::from_str("WriteOnly"),
+            PermissionMode::WriteOnly
+        );
+        assert_eq!(PermissionMode::from_str("WO"), PermissionMode::WriteOnly);
+
+        // Test invalid inputs default to ReadWrite
+        assert_eq!(
+            PermissionMode::from_str("invalid"),
+            PermissionMode::ReadWrite
+        );
+        assert_eq!(PermissionMode::from_str(""), PermissionMode::ReadWrite);
+        assert_eq!(PermissionMode::from_str("xyz"), PermissionMode::ReadWrite);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_permission_mode_as_str() {
+        assert_eq!(PermissionMode::ReadWrite.as_str(), "rw");
+        assert_eq!(PermissionMode::ReadOnly.as_str(), "ro");
+        assert_eq!(PermissionMode::WriteOnly.as_str(), "wo");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_permission_mode_default() {
+        assert_eq!(PermissionMode::default(), PermissionMode::ReadWrite);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_permission_mode_round_trip() {
+        let modes = [
+            PermissionMode::ReadWrite,
+            PermissionMode::ReadOnly,
+            PermissionMode::WriteOnly,
+        ];
+
+        for mode in modes {
+            let str_repr = mode.as_str();
+            let parsed = PermissionMode::from_str(str_repr);
+            assert_eq!(mode, parsed);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_user_info_with_name() {
+        let user_info = DefaultUserInfo::with_name("test_user");
+        assert_eq!(user_info.username(), "test_user");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_user_info_with_name_and_permission() {
+        let user_info =
+            DefaultUserInfo::with_name_and_permission("test_user", PermissionMode::ReadOnly);
+        assert_eq!(user_info.username(), "test_user");
+
+        // Cast to DefaultUserInfo to access permission_mode
+        let default_user = user_info
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<DefaultUserInfo>()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(default_user.permission_mode, PermissionMode::ReadOnly);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_user_info_as_any() {
+        let user_info = DefaultUserInfo::with_name("test_user");
+        let any_ref = user_info.as_any();
+        assert!(any_ref.downcast_ref::<DefaultUserInfo>().is_some());
+    }
+}
--- a/src/auth/src/user_provider.rs
+++ b/src/auth/src/user_provider.rs
@@ -22,15 +22,15 @@ use std::io::BufRead;
 use std::path::Path;

 use common_base::secrets::ExposeSecret;
-use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
+use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt, ensure};

 use crate::common::{Identity, Password};
 use crate::error::{
    IllegalParamSnafu, InvalidConfigSnafu, IoSnafu, Result, UnsupportedPasswordTypeSnafu,
    UserNotFoundSnafu, UserPasswordMismatchSnafu,
 };
-use crate::user_info::DefaultUserInfo;
-use crate::{auth_mysql, UserInfoRef};
+use crate::user_info::{DefaultUserInfo, PermissionMode};
+use crate::{UserInfoRef, auth_mysql};

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 pub trait UserProvider: Send + Sync {
@@ -64,11 +64,19 @@ pub trait UserProvider: Send + Sync {
    }
 }

-fn load_credential_from_file(filepath: &str) -> Result<Option<HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>>> {
+/// Type alias for user info map
+/// Key is username, value is (password, permission_mode)
+pub type UserInfoMap = HashMap<String, (Vec<u8>, PermissionMode)>;
+
+fn load_credential_from_file(filepath: &str) -> Result<UserInfoMap> {
    // check valid path
    let path = Path::new(filepath);
    if !path.exists() {
-        return Ok(None);
+        return InvalidConfigSnafu {
+            value: filepath.to_string(),
+            msg: "UserProvider file must exist",
+        }
+        .fail();
    }

    ensure!(
@@ -83,13 +91,19 @@ fn load_credential_from_file(filepath: &str) -> Result<Option<HashMap<String, Ve
        .lines()
        .map_while(std::result::Result::ok)
        .filter_map(|line| {
-            if let Some((k, v)) = line.split_once('=') {
-                Some((k.to_string(), v.as_bytes().to_vec()))
-            } else {
-                None
+            // The line format is:
+            // - `username=password` - Basic user with default permissions
+            // - `username:permission_mode=password` - User with specific permission mode
+            // - Lines starting with '#' are treated as comments and ignored
+            // - Empty lines are ignored
+            let line = line.trim();
+            if line.is_empty() || line.starts_with('#') {
+                return None;
            }
+
+            parse_credential_line(line)
        })
-        .collect::<HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>>();
+        .collect::<HashMap<String, _>>();

    ensure!(
        !credential.is_empty(),
@@ -99,11 +113,31 @@ fn load_credential_from_file(filepath: &str) -> Result<Option<HashMap<String, Ve
        }
    );

-    Ok(Some(credential))
+    Ok(credential)
+}
+
+/// Parse a line of credential in the format of `username=password` or `username:permission_mode=password`
+pub(crate) fn parse_credential_line(line: &str) -> Option<(String, (Vec<u8>, PermissionMode))> {
+    let parts = line.split('=').collect::<Vec<&str>>();
+    if parts.len() != 2 {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let (username_part, password) = (parts[0], parts[1]);
+    let (username, permission_mode) = if let Some((user, perm)) = username_part.split_once(':') {
+        (user, PermissionMode::from_str(perm))
+    } else {
+        (username_part, PermissionMode::default())
+    };
+
+    Some((
+        username.to_string(),
+        (password.as_bytes().to_vec(), permission_mode),
+    ))
 }

 fn authenticate_with_credential(
-    users: &HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>,
+    users: &UserInfoMap,
    input_id: Identity<'_>,
    input_pwd: Password<'_>,
 ) -> Result<UserInfoRef> {
@@ -115,7 +149,7 @@ fn authenticate_with_credential(
                    msg: "blank username"
                }
            );
-            let save_pwd = users.get(username).context(UserNotFoundSnafu {
+            let (save_pwd, permission_mode) = users.get(username).context(UserNotFoundSnafu {
                username: username.to_string(),
            })?;

@@ -128,7 +162,10 @@ fn authenticate_with_credential(
                        }
                    );
                    if save_pwd == pwd.expose_secret().as_bytes() {
-                        Ok(DefaultUserInfo::with_name(username))
+                        Ok(DefaultUserInfo::with_name_and_permission(
+                            username,
+                            *permission_mode,
+                        ))
                    } else {
                        UserPasswordMismatchSnafu {
                            username: username.to_string(),
@@ -137,8 +174,9 @@ fn authenticate_with_credential(
                    }
                }
                Password::MysqlNativePassword(auth_data, salt) => {
-                    auth_mysql(auth_data, salt, username, save_pwd)
-                        .map(|_| DefaultUserInfo::with_name(username))
+                    auth_mysql(auth_data, salt, username, save_pwd).map(|_| {
+                        DefaultUserInfo::with_name_and_permission(username, *permission_mode)
+                    })
                }
                Password::PgMD5(_, _) => UnsupportedPasswordTypeSnafu {
                    password_type: "pg_md5",
@@ -148,3 +186,108 @@ fn authenticate_with_credential(
        }
    }
 }
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_credential_line() {
+        // Basic username=password format
+        let result = parse_credential_line("admin=password123");
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Some((
+                "admin".to_string(),
+                ("password123".as_bytes().to_vec(), PermissionMode::default())
+            ))
+        );
+
+        // Username with permission mode
+        let result = parse_credential_line("user:ReadOnly=secret");
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Some((
+                "user".to_string(),
+                ("secret".as_bytes().to_vec(), PermissionMode::ReadOnly)
+            ))
+        );
+        let result = parse_credential_line("user:ro=secret");
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Some((
+                "user".to_string(),
+                ("secret".as_bytes().to_vec(), PermissionMode::ReadOnly)
+            ))
+        );
+        // Username with WriteOnly permission mode
+        let result = parse_credential_line("writer:WriteOnly=mypass");
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Some((
+                "writer".to_string(),
+                ("mypass".as_bytes().to_vec(), PermissionMode::WriteOnly)
+            ))
+        );
+
+        // Username with 'wo' as WriteOnly permission shorthand
+        let result = parse_credential_line("writer:wo=mypass");
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Some((
+                "writer".to_string(),
+                ("mypass".as_bytes().to_vec(), PermissionMode::WriteOnly)
+            ))
+        );
+
+        // Username with complex password containing special characters
+        let result = parse_credential_line("admin:rw=p@ssw0rd!123");
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Some((
+                "admin".to_string(),
+                (
+                    "p@ssw0rd!123".as_bytes().to_vec(),
+                    PermissionMode::ReadWrite
+                )
+            ))
+        );
+
+        // Username with spaces should be preserved
+        let result = parse_credential_line("user name:WriteOnly=password");
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Some((
+                "user name".to_string(),
+                ("password".as_bytes().to_vec(), PermissionMode::WriteOnly)
+            ))
+        );
+
+        // Invalid format - no equals sign
+        let result = parse_credential_line("invalid_line");
+        assert_eq!(result, None);
+
+        // Invalid format - multiple equals signs
+        let result = parse_credential_line("user=pass=word");
+        assert_eq!(result, None);
+
+        // Empty password
+        let result = parse_credential_line("user=");
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Some((
+                "user".to_string(),
+                ("".as_bytes().to_vec(), PermissionMode::default())
+            ))
+        );
+
+        // Empty username
+        let result = parse_credential_line("=password");
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Some((
+                "".to_string(),
+                ("password".as_bytes().to_vec(), PermissionMode::default())
+            ))
+        );
+    }
+}
--- a/src/auth/src/user_provider/static_user_provider.rs
+++ b/src/auth/src/user_provider/static_user_provider.rs
@@ -12,19 +12,19 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-use std::collections::HashMap;
-
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};

 use crate::error::{FromUtf8Snafu, InvalidConfigSnafu, Result};
-use crate::user_provider::{authenticate_with_credential, load_credential_from_file};
+use crate::user_provider::{
+    UserInfoMap, authenticate_with_credential, load_credential_from_file, parse_credential_line,
+};
 use crate::{Identity, Password, UserInfoRef, UserProvider};

 pub(crate) const STATIC_USER_PROVIDER: &str = "static_user_provider";

 pub struct StaticUserProvider {
-    users: HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>,
+    users: UserInfoMap,
 }

 impl StaticUserProvider {
@@ -35,23 +35,18 @@ impl StaticUserProvider {
        })?;
        match mode {
            "file" => {
-                let users = load_credential_from_file(content)?
-                    .context(InvalidConfigSnafu {
-                        value: content.to_string(),
-                        msg: "StaticFileUserProvider must be a valid file path",
-                    })?;
+                let users = load_credential_from_file(content)?;
                Ok(StaticUserProvider { users })
            }
            "cmd" => content
                .split(',')
                .map(|kv| {
-                    let (k, v) = kv.split_once('=').context(InvalidConfigSnafu {
+                   parse_credential_line(kv).context(InvalidConfigSnafu {
                        value: kv.to_string(),
                        msg: "StaticUserProviderOption cmd values must be in format `user=pwd[,user=pwd]`",
-                    })?;
-                    Ok((k.to_string(), v.as_bytes().to_vec()))
                    })
-                .collect::<Result<HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>>>()
+                })
+                .collect::<Result<UserInfoMap>>()
                .map(|users| StaticUserProvider { users }),
            _ => InvalidConfigSnafu {
                value: mode.to_string(),
@@ -69,7 +64,7 @@ impl StaticUserProvider {
            msg: "Expect at least one pair of username and password",
        })?;
        let username = kv.0;
-        let pwd = String::from_utf8(kv.1.clone()).context(FromUtf8Snafu)?;
+        let pwd = String::from_utf8(kv.1.0.clone()).context(FromUtf8Snafu)?;
        Ok((username.clone(), pwd))
    }
 }
@@ -102,10 +97,10 @@ pub mod test {

    use common_test_util::temp_dir::create_temp_dir;

+    use crate::UserProvider;
    use crate::user_info::DefaultUserInfo;
    use crate::user_provider::static_user_provider::StaticUserProvider;
    use crate::user_provider::{Identity, Password};
-    use crate::UserProvider;

    async fn test_authenticate(provider: &dyn UserProvider, username: &str, password: &str) {
        let re = provider
@@ -143,12 +138,13 @@ pub mod test {
            let file = File::create(&file_path);
            let file = file.unwrap();
            let mut lw = LineWriter::new(file);
-            assert!(lw
-                .write_all(
+            assert!(
+                lw.write_all(
                    b"root=123456
 admin=654321",
                )
-                .is_ok());
+                .is_ok()
+            );
            lw.flush().unwrap();
        }

--- a/src/auth/src/user_provider/watch_file_user_provider.rs
+++ b/src/auth/src/user_provider/watch_file_user_provider.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::mpsc::channel;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
@@ -20,20 +19,20 @@ use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use common_telemetry::{info, warn};
 use notify::{EventKind, RecursiveMode, Watcher};
-use snafu::{ensure, ResultExt};
+use snafu::{ResultExt, ensure};

 use crate::error::{FileWatchSnafu, InvalidConfigSnafu, Result};
-use crate::user_info::DefaultUserInfo;
-use crate::user_provider::{authenticate_with_credential, load_credential_from_file};
+use crate::user_provider::{UserInfoMap, authenticate_with_credential, load_credential_from_file};
 use crate::{Identity, Password, UserInfoRef, UserProvider};

 pub(crate) const WATCH_FILE_USER_PROVIDER: &str = "watch_file_user_provider";

-type WatchedCredentialRef = Arc<Mutex<Option<HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>>>>;
+type WatchedCredentialRef = Arc<Mutex<UserInfoMap>>;

 /// A user provider that reads user credential from a file and watches the file for changes.
 ///
-/// Empty file is invalid; but file not exist means every user can be authenticated.
+/// Both empty file and non-existent file are invalid and will cause initialization to fail.
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct WatchFileUserProvider {
    users: WatchedCredentialRef,
 }
@@ -108,16 +107,7 @@ impl UserProvider for WatchFileUserProvider {

    async fn authenticate(&self, id: Identity<'_>, password: Password<'_>) -> Result<UserInfoRef> {
        let users = self.users.lock().expect("users credential must be valid");
-        if let Some(users) = users.as_ref() {
-            authenticate_with_credential(users, id, password)
-        } else {
-            match id {
-                Identity::UserId(id, _) => {
-                    warn!(id, "User provider file not exist, allow all users");
-                    Ok(DefaultUserInfo::with_name(id))
-                }
-            }
-        }
+        authenticate_with_credential(&users, id, password)
    }

    async fn authorize(&self, _: &str, _: &str, _: &UserInfoRef) -> Result<()> {
@@ -133,9 +123,9 @@ pub mod test {
    use common_test_util::temp_dir::create_temp_dir;
    use tokio::time::sleep;

+    use crate::UserProvider;
    use crate::user_provider::watch_file_user_provider::WatchFileUserProvider;
    use crate::user_provider::{Identity, Password};
-    use crate::UserProvider;

    async fn test_authenticate(
        provider: &dyn UserProvider,
@@ -178,6 +168,21 @@ pub mod test {
        }
    }

+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_file_provider_initialization_with_missing_file() {
+        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
+
+        let dir = create_temp_dir("test_missing_file");
+        let file_path = format!("{}/non_existent_file", dir.path().to_str().unwrap());
+
+        // Try to create provider with non-existent file should fail
+        let result = WatchFileUserProvider::new(file_path.as_str());
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+
+        let error = result.unwrap_err();
+        assert!(error.to_string().contains("UserProvider file must exist"));
+    }
+
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_file_provider() {
        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
@@ -202,9 +207,10 @@ pub mod test {

        // remove the tmp file
        assert!(std::fs::remove_file(&file_path).is_ok());
-        test_authenticate(&provider, "root", "123456", true, Some(timeout)).await;
+        // When file is deleted during runtime, keep the last known good credentials
        test_authenticate(&provider, "root", "654321", true, Some(timeout)).await;
-        test_authenticate(&provider, "admin", "654321", true, Some(timeout)).await;
+        test_authenticate(&provider, "root", "123456", false, Some(timeout)).await;
+        test_authenticate(&provider, "admin", "654321", false, Some(timeout)).await;

        // recreate the tmp file
        assert!(std::fs::write(&file_path, "root=123456\n").is_ok());
--- a/src/cache/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/cache/src/lib.rs
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ use std::time::Duration;

 use catalog::kvbackend::new_table_cache;
 use common_meta::cache::{
-    new_schema_cache, new_table_flownode_set_cache, new_table_info_cache, new_table_name_cache,
-    new_table_route_cache, new_table_schema_cache, new_view_info_cache, CacheRegistry,
-    CacheRegistryBuilder, LayeredCacheRegistryBuilder,
+    CacheRegistry, CacheRegistryBuilder, LayeredCacheRegistryBuilder, new_schema_cache,
+    new_table_flownode_set_cache, new_table_info_cache, new_table_name_cache,
+    new_table_route_cache, new_table_schema_cache, new_view_info_cache,
 };
 use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
 use moka::future::CacheBuilder;
--- a/src/catalog/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/catalog/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true

 [features]
-enterprise = []
 testing = []

 [lints]
@@ -32,8 +31,10 @@ common-runtime.workspace = true
 common-telemetry.workspace = true
 common-time.workspace = true
 common-version.workspace = true
+common-workload.workspace = true
 dashmap.workspace = true
 datafusion.workspace = true
+datafusion-pg-catalog.workspace = true
 datatypes.workspace = true
 futures.workspace = true
 futures-util.workspace = true
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ paste.workspace = true
 prometheus.workspace = true
 promql-parser.workspace = true
 rand.workspace = true
-rustc-hash.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
 serde_json.workspace = true
 session.workspace = true
 snafu.workspace = true
--- a/src/catalog/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/error.rs
@@ -297,6 +297,20 @@ pub enum Error {
        #[snafu(implicit)]
        location: Location,
    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to handle query"))]
+    HandleQuery {
+        source: common_meta::error::Error,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
+
+    #[snafu(display("Failed to project schema"))]
+    ProjectSchema {
+        source: datatypes::error::Error,
+        #[snafu(implicit)]
+        location: Location,
+    },
 }

 impl Error {
@@ -369,6 +383,8 @@ impl ErrorExt for Error {
            Error::FrontendNotFound { .. } | Error::MetaClientMissing { .. } => {
                StatusCode::Unexpected
            }
+            Error::HandleQuery { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
+            Error::ProjectSchema { source, .. } => source.status_code(),
        }
    }

--- a/src/catalog/src/information_extension.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/information_extension.rs
@@ -14,25 +14,34 @@

 use api::v1::meta::ProcedureStatus;
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
-use common_meta::cluster::{ClusterInfo, NodeInfo};
+use common_meta::cluster::{ClusterInfo, NodeInfo, Role};
 use common_meta::datanode::RegionStat;
 use common_meta::key::flow::flow_state::FlowStat;
+use common_meta::node_manager::DatanodeManagerRef;
 use common_meta::procedure_executor::{ExecutorContext, ProcedureExecutor};
 use common_meta::rpc::procedure;
 use common_procedure::{ProcedureInfo, ProcedureState};
+use common_query::request::QueryRequest;
+use common_recordbatch::SendableRecordBatchStream;
+use common_recordbatch::util::ChainedRecordBatchStream;
 use meta_client::MetaClientRef;
 use snafu::ResultExt;
+use store_api::storage::RegionId;

 use crate::error;
-use crate::information_schema::InformationExtension;
+use crate::information_schema::{DatanodeInspectRequest, InformationExtension};

 pub struct DistributedInformationExtension {
    meta_client: MetaClientRef,
+    datanode_manager: DatanodeManagerRef,
 }

 impl DistributedInformationExtension {
-    pub fn new(meta_client: MetaClientRef) -> Self {
-        Self { meta_client }
+    pub fn new(meta_client: MetaClientRef, datanode_manager: DatanodeManagerRef) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            meta_client,
+            datanode_manager,
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -98,4 +107,39 @@ impl InformationExtension for DistributedInformationExtension {
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
            .context(crate::error::ListFlowStatsSnafu)
    }
+
+    async fn inspect_datanode(
+        &self,
+        request: DatanodeInspectRequest,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<SendableRecordBatchStream, Self::Error> {
+        // Aggregate results from all datanodes
+        let nodes = self
+            .meta_client
+            .list_nodes(Some(Role::Datanode))
+            .await
+            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
+            .context(crate::error::ListNodesSnafu)?;
+
+        let plan = request
+            .build_plan()
+            .context(crate::error::DatafusionSnafu)?;
+
+        let mut streams = Vec::with_capacity(nodes.len());
+        for node in nodes {
+            let client = self.datanode_manager.datanode(&node.peer).await;
+            let stream = client
+                .handle_query(QueryRequest {
+                    plan: plan.clone(),
+                    region_id: RegionId::default(),
+                    header: None,
+                })
+                .await
+                .context(crate::error::HandleQuerySnafu)?;
+            streams.push(stream);
+        }
+
+        let chained =
+            ChainedRecordBatchStream::new(streams).context(crate::error::CreateRecordBatchSnafu)?;
+        Ok(Box::pin(chained))
+    }
 }
--- a/src/catalog/src/kvbackend.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/kvbackend.rs
@@ -12,13 +12,14 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-pub use client::{CachedKvBackend, CachedKvBackendBuilder, MetaKvBackend};
-
 mod builder;
 mod client;
 mod manager;
 mod table_cache;

-pub use builder::KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder;
+pub use builder::{
+    CatalogManagerConfigurator, CatalogManagerConfiguratorRef, KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder,
+};
+pub use client::{CachedKvBackend, CachedKvBackendBuilder, MetaKvBackend};
 pub use manager::KvBackendCatalogManager;
-pub use table_cache::{new_table_cache, TableCache, TableCacheRef};
+pub use table_cache::{TableCache, TableCacheRef, new_table_cache};
--- a/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/builder.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/builder.rs
@@ -12,34 +12,47 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;

 use common_catalog::consts::DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME;
+use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_meta::cache::LayeredCacheRegistryRef;
-use common_meta::key::flow::FlowMetadataManager;
 use common_meta::key::TableMetadataManager;
+use common_meta::key::flow::FlowMetadataManager;
 use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
 use common_procedure::ProcedureManagerRef;
 use moka::sync::Cache;
 use partition::manager::PartitionRuleManager;

-#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-use crate::information_schema::InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef;
-use crate::information_schema::{InformationExtensionRef, InformationSchemaProvider};
-use crate::kvbackend::manager::{SystemCatalog, CATALOG_CACHE_MAX_CAPACITY};
+use crate::information_schema::{
+    InformationExtensionRef, InformationSchemaProvider, InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef,
+};
 use crate::kvbackend::KvBackendCatalogManager;
+use crate::kvbackend::manager::{CATALOG_CACHE_MAX_CAPACITY, SystemCatalog};
 use crate::process_manager::ProcessManagerRef;
+use crate::system_schema::numbers_table_provider::NumbersTableProvider;
 use crate::system_schema::pg_catalog::PGCatalogProvider;

+/// The configurator that customizes or enhances the [`KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder`].
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+pub trait CatalogManagerConfigurator<C>: Send + Sync {
+    async fn configure(
+        &self,
+        builder: KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder,
+        ctx: C,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder, BoxedError>;
+}
+
+pub type CatalogManagerConfiguratorRef<C> = Arc<dyn CatalogManagerConfigurator<C>>;
+
 pub struct KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder {
    information_extension: InformationExtensionRef,
    backend: KvBackendRef,
    cache_registry: LayeredCacheRegistryRef,
    procedure_manager: Option<ProcedureManagerRef>,
    process_manager: Option<ProcessManagerRef>,
-    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-    extra_information_table_factories:
-        std::collections::HashMap<String, InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef>,
+    extra_information_table_factories: HashMap<String, InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef>,
 }

 impl KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder {
@@ -54,8 +67,7 @@ impl KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder {
            cache_registry,
            procedure_manager: None,
            process_manager: None,
-            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-            extra_information_table_factories: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+            extra_information_table_factories: HashMap::new(),
        }
    }

@@ -70,10 +82,9 @@ impl KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder {
    }

    /// Sets the extra information tables.
-    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
    pub fn with_extra_information_table_factories(
        mut self,
-        factories: std::collections::HashMap<String, InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef>,
+        factories: HashMap<String, InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef>,
    ) -> Self {
        self.extra_information_table_factories = factories;
        self
@@ -86,7 +97,6 @@ impl KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder {
            cache_registry,
            procedure_manager,
            process_manager,
-            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
            extra_information_table_factories,
        } = self;
        Arc::new_cyclic(|me| KvBackendCatalogManager {
@@ -110,7 +120,6 @@ impl KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder {
                        process_manager.clone(),
                        backend.clone(),
                    );
-                    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
                    let provider = provider
                        .with_extra_table_factories(extra_information_table_factories.clone());
                    Arc::new(provider)
@@ -119,9 +128,9 @@ impl KvBackendCatalogManagerBuilder {
                    DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME.to_string(),
                    me.clone(),
                )),
+                numbers_table_provider: NumbersTableProvider,
                backend,
                process_manager,
-                #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
                extra_information_table_factories,
            },
            cache_registry,
--- a/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/client.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/client.rs
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ use common_meta::error::Error::CacheNotGet;
 use common_meta::error::{CacheNotGetSnafu, Error, ExternalSnafu, GetKvCacheSnafu, Result};
 use common_meta::kv_backend::txn::{Txn, TxnResponse};
 use common_meta::kv_backend::{KvBackend, KvBackendRef, TxnService};
+use common_meta::rpc::KeyValue;
 use common_meta::rpc::store::{
    BatchDeleteRequest, BatchDeleteResponse, BatchGetRequest, BatchGetResponse, BatchPutRequest,
    BatchPutResponse, CompareAndPutRequest, CompareAndPutResponse, DeleteRangeRequest,
    DeleteRangeResponse, PutRequest, PutResponse, RangeRequest, RangeResponse,
 };
-use common_meta::rpc::KeyValue;
 use common_telemetry::debug;
 use meta_client::client::MetaClient;
 use moka::future::{Cache, CacheBuilder};
@@ -461,17 +461,17 @@ impl KvBackend for MetaKvBackend {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use std::any::Any;
-    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, Ordering};
    use std::sync::Arc;
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, Ordering};

    use async_trait::async_trait;
    use common_meta::kv_backend::{KvBackend, TxnService};
+    use common_meta::rpc::KeyValue;
    use common_meta::rpc::store::{
        BatchDeleteRequest, BatchDeleteResponse, BatchGetRequest, BatchGetResponse,
        BatchPutRequest, BatchPutResponse, DeleteRangeRequest, DeleteRangeResponse, PutRequest,
        PutResponse, RangeRequest, RangeResponse,
    };
-    use common_meta::rpc::KeyValue;
    use dashmap::DashMap;

    use super::CachedKvBackend;
--- a/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/manager.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/manager.rs
@@ -18,20 +18,19 @@ use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};

 use async_stream::try_stream;
 use common_catalog::consts::{
-    DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME, INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME, NUMBERS_TABLE_ID,
-    PG_CATALOG_NAME,
+    DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME, INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME, PG_CATALOG_NAME,
 };
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_meta::cache::{
    LayeredCacheRegistryRef, TableInfoCacheRef, TableNameCacheRef, TableRoute, TableRouteCacheRef,
    ViewInfoCacheRef,
 };
+use common_meta::key::TableMetadataManagerRef;
 use common_meta::key::catalog_name::CatalogNameKey;
 use common_meta::key::flow::FlowMetadataManager;
 use common_meta::key::schema_name::SchemaNameKey;
 use common_meta::key::table_info::{TableInfoManager, TableInfoValue};
 use common_meta::key::table_name::TableNameKey;
-use common_meta::key::TableMetadataManagerRef;
 use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
 use common_procedure::ProcedureManagerRef;
 use futures_util::stream::BoxStream;
@@ -41,27 +40,27 @@ use partition::manager::PartitionRuleManagerRef;
 use session::context::{Channel, QueryContext};
 use snafu::prelude::*;
 use store_api::metric_engine_consts::METRIC_ENGINE_NAME;
+use table::TableRef;
 use table::dist_table::DistTable;
 use table::metadata::{TableId, TableInfoRef};
-use table::table::numbers::{NumbersTable, NUMBERS_TABLE_NAME};
 use table::table::PartitionRules;
 use table::table_name::TableName;
-use table::TableRef;
 use tokio::sync::Semaphore;
 use tokio_stream::wrappers::ReceiverStream;

+use crate::CatalogManager;
 use crate::error::{
    CacheNotFoundSnafu, GetTableCacheSnafu, InvalidTableInfoInCatalogSnafu, ListCatalogsSnafu,
    ListSchemasSnafu, ListTablesSnafu, Result, TableMetadataManagerSnafu,
 };
-#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
-use crate::information_schema::InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef;
-use crate::information_schema::{InformationExtensionRef, InformationSchemaProvider};
+use crate::information_schema::{
+    InformationExtensionRef, InformationSchemaProvider, InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef,
+};
 use crate::kvbackend::TableCacheRef;
 use crate::process_manager::ProcessManagerRef;
-use crate::system_schema::pg_catalog::PGCatalogProvider;
 use crate::system_schema::SystemSchemaProvider;
-use crate::CatalogManager;
+use crate::system_schema::numbers_table_provider::NumbersTableProvider;
+use crate::system_schema::pg_catalog::PGCatalogProvider;

 /// Access all existing catalog, schema and tables.
 ///
@@ -555,9 +554,9 @@ pub(super) struct SystemCatalog {
    // system_schema_provider for default catalog
    pub(super) information_schema_provider: Arc<InformationSchemaProvider>,
    pub(super) pg_catalog_provider: Arc<PGCatalogProvider>,
+    pub(super) numbers_table_provider: NumbersTableProvider,
    pub(super) backend: KvBackendRef,
    pub(super) process_manager: Option<ProcessManagerRef>,
-    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
    pub(super) extra_information_table_factories:
        std::collections::HashMap<String, InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef>,
 }
@@ -584,9 +583,7 @@ impl SystemCatalog {
            PG_CATALOG_NAME if channel == Channel::Postgres => {
                self.pg_catalog_provider.table_names()
            }
-            DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME => {
-                vec![NUMBERS_TABLE_NAME.to_string()]
-            }
+            DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME => self.numbers_table_provider.table_names(),
            _ => vec![],
        }
    }
@@ -604,7 +601,7 @@ impl SystemCatalog {
        if schema == INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME {
            self.information_schema_provider.table(table).is_some()
        } else if schema == DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME {
-            table == NUMBERS_TABLE_NAME
+            self.numbers_table_provider.table_exists(table)
        } else if schema == PG_CATALOG_NAME && channel == Channel::Postgres {
            self.pg_catalog_provider.table(table).is_some()
        } else {
@@ -630,7 +627,6 @@ impl SystemCatalog {
                        self.process_manager.clone(),
                        self.backend.clone(),
                    );
-                    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
                    let provider = provider
                        .with_extra_table_factories(self.extra_information_table_factories.clone());
                    Arc::new(provider)
@@ -649,8 +645,8 @@ impl SystemCatalog {
                    });
                pg_catalog_provider.table(table_name)
            }
-        } else if schema == DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME && table_name == NUMBERS_TABLE_NAME {
-            Some(NumbersTable::table(NUMBERS_TABLE_ID))
+        } else if schema == DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME {
+            self.numbers_table_provider.table(table_name)
        } else {
            None
        }
--- a/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/table_cache.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/kvbackend/table_cache.rs
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ use common_meta::instruction::CacheIdent;
 use futures::future::BoxFuture;
 use moka::future::Cache;
 use snafu::OptionExt;
+use table::TableRef;
 use table::dist_table::DistTable;
 use table::table_name::TableName;
-use table::TableRef;

 pub type TableCacheRef = Arc<TableCache>;

--- a/src/catalog/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@

 #![feature(assert_matches)]
 #![feature(try_blocks)]
-#![feature(let_chains)]

 use std::any::Any;
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
@@ -25,8 +24,8 @@ use common_catalog::consts::{INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME, PG_CATALOG_NAME};
 use futures::future::BoxFuture;
 use futures_util::stream::BoxStream;
 use session::context::QueryContext;
-use table::metadata::{TableId, TableInfoRef};
 use table::TableRef;
+use table::metadata::{TableId, TableInfoRef};

 use crate::error::Result;

--- a/src/catalog/src/memory.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/memory.rs
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@

 pub mod manager;

-pub use manager::{new_memory_catalog_manager, MemoryCatalogManager};
+pub use manager::{MemoryCatalogManager, new_memory_catalog_manager};
--- a/src/catalog/src/memory/manager.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/memory/manager.rs
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ use common_meta::kv_backend::memory::MemoryKvBackend;
 use futures_util::stream::BoxStream;
 use session::context::QueryContext;
 use snafu::OptionExt;
-use table::metadata::{TableId, TableInfoRef};
 use table::TableRef;
+use table::metadata::{TableId, TableInfoRef};

 use crate::error::{CatalogNotFoundSnafu, Result, SchemaNotFoundSnafu, TableExistsSnafu};
 use crate::information_schema::InformationSchemaProvider;
@@ -392,15 +392,15 @@ impl MemoryCatalogManager {
        if !manager.schema_exist_sync(catalog, schema).unwrap() {
            manager
                .register_schema_sync(RegisterSchemaRequest {
-                    catalog: catalog.to_string(),
-                    schema: schema.to_string(),
+                    catalog: catalog.clone(),
+                    schema: schema.clone(),
                })
                .unwrap();
        }

        let request = RegisterTableRequest {
-            catalog: catalog.to_string(),
-            schema: schema.to_string(),
+            catalog: catalog.clone(),
+            schema: schema.clone(),
            table_name: table.table_info().name.clone(),
            table_id: table.table_info().ident.table_id,
            table,
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ pub fn new_memory_catalog_manager() -> Result<Arc<MemoryCatalogManager>> {
 mod tests {
    use common_catalog::consts::*;
    use futures_util::TryStreamExt;
-    use table::table::numbers::{NumbersTable, NUMBERS_TABLE_NAME};
+    use table::table::numbers::{NUMBERS_TABLE_NAME, NumbersTable};

    use super::*;

@@ -454,7 +454,8 @@ mod tests {
            tables[0].table_info().table_id()
        );

-        assert!(catalog_list
+        assert!(
+            catalog_list
                .table(
                    DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME,
                    DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME,
@@ -463,7 +464,8 @@ mod tests {
                )
                .await
                .unwrap()
-            .is_none());
+                .is_none()
+        );
    }

    #[test]
@@ -486,11 +488,13 @@ mod tests {
            table: NumbersTable::table(2333),
        };
        catalog.register_table_sync(register_table_req).unwrap();
-        assert!(catalog
+        assert!(
+            catalog
                .table(DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME, table_name, None)
                .await
                .unwrap()
-            .is_some());
+                .is_some()
+        );

        let deregister_table_req = DeregisterTableRequest {
            catalog: DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME.to_string(),
@@ -498,10 +502,12 @@ mod tests {
            table_name: table_name.to_string(),
        };
        catalog.deregister_table_sync(deregister_table_req).unwrap();
-        assert!(catalog
+        assert!(
+            catalog
                .table(DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME, table_name, None)
                .await
                .unwrap()
-            .is_none());
+                .is_none()
+        );
    }
 }
--- a/src/catalog/src/process_manager.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/process_manager.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, Ordering};
 use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ use common_time::util::current_time_millis;
 use meta_client::MetaClientRef;
 use promql_parser::parser::EvalStmt;
 use rand::random;
-use snafu::{ensure, OptionExt, ResultExt};
+use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt, ensure};
 use sql::statements::statement::Statement;

 use crate::error;
@@ -56,14 +56,21 @@ pub struct ProcessManager {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum QueryStatement {
    Sql(Statement),
-    Promql(EvalStmt),
+    // The optional string is the alias of the PromQL query.
+    Promql(EvalStmt, Option<String>),
 }

 impl Display for QueryStatement {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            QueryStatement::Sql(stmt) => write!(f, "{}", stmt),
-            QueryStatement::Promql(eval_stmt) => write!(f, "{}", eval_stmt),
+            QueryStatement::Promql(eval_stmt, alias) => {
+                if let Some(alias) = alias {
+                    write!(f, "{} AS {}", eval_stmt, alias)
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "{}", eval_stmt)
+                }
+            }
        }
    }
 }
@@ -338,9 +345,9 @@ impl SlowQueryTimer {
        };

        match &self.stmt {
-            QueryStatement::Promql(stmt) => {
+            QueryStatement::Promql(stmt, _alias) => {
                slow_query_event.is_promql = true;
-                slow_query_event.query = stmt.expr.to_string();
+                slow_query_event.query = self.stmt.to_string();
                slow_query_event.promql_step = Some(stmt.interval.as_millis() as u64);

                let start = stmt
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@

 pub mod information_schema;
 mod memory_table;
+pub mod numbers_table_provider;
 pub mod pg_catalog;
 pub mod predicate;
 mod utils;
@@ -137,21 +138,24 @@ impl DataSource for SystemTableDataSource {
        &self,
        request: ScanRequest,
    ) -> std::result::Result<SendableRecordBatchStream, BoxedError> {
-        let projection = request.projection.clone();
-        let projected_schema = match &projection {
+        let projected_schema = match &request.projection {
            Some(projection) => self.try_project(projection)?,
            None => self.table.schema(),
        };

+        let projection = request.projection.clone();
        let stream = self
            .table
            .to_stream(request)
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
            .context(TablesRecordBatchSnafu)
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)?
-            .map(move |batch| match &projection {
-                Some(p) => batch.and_then(|b| b.try_project(p)),
-                None => batch,
+            .map(move |batch| match (&projection, batch) {
+                // Some tables (e.g., inspect tables) already honor projection in their inner stream;
+                // others ignore it and return full rows. We will only apply projection here if the
+                // inner batch width doesn't match the projection size.
+                (Some(p), Ok(b)) if b.num_columns() != p.len() => b.try_project(p),
+                (_, res) => res,
            });

        let stream = RecordBatchStreamWrapper {
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema.rs
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ mod procedure_info;
 pub mod process_list;
 pub mod region_peers;
 mod region_statistics;
-mod runtime_metrics;
 pub mod schemata;
+mod ssts;
 mod table_constraints;
 mod table_names;
 pub mod tables;
@@ -36,22 +36,26 @@ use common_catalog::consts::{self, DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAME
 use common_error::ext::ErrorExt;
 use common_meta::cluster::NodeInfo;
 use common_meta::datanode::RegionStat;
-use common_meta::key::flow::flow_state::FlowStat;
 use common_meta::key::flow::FlowMetadataManager;
+use common_meta::key::flow::flow_state::FlowStat;
 use common_meta::kv_backend::KvBackendRef;
 use common_procedure::ProcedureInfo;
 use common_recordbatch::SendableRecordBatchStream;
+use datafusion::error::DataFusionError;
+use datafusion::logical_expr::LogicalPlan;
 use datatypes::schema::SchemaRef;
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 use paste::paste;
 use process_list::InformationSchemaProcessList;
+use store_api::sst_entry::{ManifestSstEntry, PuffinIndexMetaEntry, StorageSstEntry};
 use store_api::storage::{ScanRequest, TableId};
-use table::metadata::TableType;
 use table::TableRef;
+use table::metadata::TableType;
 pub use table_names::*;
 use views::InformationSchemaViews;

 use self::columns::InformationSchemaColumns;
+use crate::CatalogManager;
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 use crate::process_manager::ProcessManagerRef;
 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::cluster_info::InformationSchemaClusterInfo;
@@ -60,8 +64,10 @@ use crate::system_schema::information_schema::information_memory_table::get_sche
 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::key_column_usage::InformationSchemaKeyColumnUsage;
 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::partitions::InformationSchemaPartitions;
 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::region_peers::InformationSchemaRegionPeers;
-use crate::system_schema::information_schema::runtime_metrics::InformationSchemaMetrics;
 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::schemata::InformationSchemaSchemata;
+use crate::system_schema::information_schema::ssts::{
+    InformationSchemaSstsIndexMeta, InformationSchemaSstsManifest, InformationSchemaSstsStorage,
+};
 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::table_constraints::InformationSchemaTableConstraints;
 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::tables::InformationSchemaTables;
 use crate::system_schema::memory_table::MemoryTable;
@@ -69,7 +75,6 @@ pub(crate) use crate::system_schema::predicate::Predicates;
 use crate::system_schema::{
    SystemSchemaProvider, SystemSchemaProviderInner, SystemTable, SystemTableRef,
 };
-use crate::CatalogManager;

 lazy_static! {
    // Memory tables in `information_schema`.
@@ -90,7 +95,6 @@ lazy_static! {
        ROUTINES,
        SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES,
        TABLE_PRIVILEGES,
-        TRIGGERS,
        GLOBAL_STATUS,
        SESSION_STATUS,
        PARTITIONS,
@@ -113,7 +117,6 @@ macro_rules! setup_memory_table {
    };
 }

-#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
 pub struct MakeInformationTableRequest {
    pub catalog_name: String,
    pub catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>,
@@ -124,12 +127,10 @@ pub struct MakeInformationTableRequest {
 ///
 /// This trait allows for extensibility of the information schema by providing
 /// a way to dynamically create custom information schema tables.
-#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
 pub trait InformationSchemaTableFactory {
    fn make_information_table(&self, req: MakeInformationTableRequest) -> SystemTableRef;
 }

-#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
 pub type InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef = Arc<dyn InformationSchemaTableFactory + Send + Sync>;

 /// The `information_schema` tables info provider.
@@ -139,9 +140,7 @@ pub struct InformationSchemaProvider {
    process_manager: Option<ProcessManagerRef>,
    flow_metadata_manager: Arc<FlowMetadataManager>,
    tables: HashMap<String, TableRef>,
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
    kv_backend: KvBackendRef,
-    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
    extra_table_factories: HashMap<String, InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef>,
 }

@@ -162,7 +161,6 @@ impl SystemSchemaProviderInner for InformationSchemaProvider {
    }

    fn system_table(&self, name: &str) -> Option<SystemTableRef> {
-        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
        if let Some(factory) = self.extra_table_factories.get(name) {
            let req = MakeInformationTableRequest {
                catalog_name: self.catalog_name.clone(),
@@ -200,7 +198,6 @@ impl SystemSchemaProviderInner for InformationSchemaProvider {
            ROUTINES => setup_memory_table!(ROUTINES),
            SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES => setup_memory_table!(SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES),
            TABLE_PRIVILEGES => setup_memory_table!(TABLE_PRIVILEGES),
-            TRIGGERS => setup_memory_table!(TRIGGERS),
            GLOBAL_STATUS => setup_memory_table!(GLOBAL_STATUS),
            SESSION_STATUS => setup_memory_table!(SESSION_STATUS),
            KEY_COLUMN_USAGE => Some(Arc::new(InformationSchemaKeyColumnUsage::new(
@@ -211,7 +208,6 @@ impl SystemSchemaProviderInner for InformationSchemaProvider {
                self.catalog_name.clone(),
                self.catalog_manager.clone(),
            )) as _),
-            RUNTIME_METRICS => Some(Arc::new(InformationSchemaMetrics::new())),
            PARTITIONS => Some(Arc::new(InformationSchemaPartitions::new(
                self.catalog_name.clone(),
                self.catalog_manager.clone(),
@@ -250,6 +246,15 @@ impl SystemSchemaProviderInner for InformationSchemaProvider {
                .process_manager
                .as_ref()
                .map(|p| Arc::new(InformationSchemaProcessList::new(p.clone())) as _),
+            SSTS_MANIFEST => Some(Arc::new(InformationSchemaSstsManifest::new(
+                self.catalog_manager.clone(),
+            )) as _),
+            SSTS_STORAGE => Some(Arc::new(InformationSchemaSstsStorage::new(
+                self.catalog_manager.clone(),
+            )) as _),
+            SSTS_INDEX_META => Some(Arc::new(InformationSchemaSstsIndexMeta::new(
+                self.catalog_manager.clone(),
+            )) as _),
            _ => None,
        }
    }
@@ -270,7 +275,6 @@ impl InformationSchemaProvider {
            process_manager,
            tables: HashMap::new(),
            kv_backend,
-            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
            extra_table_factories: HashMap::new(),
        };

@@ -279,7 +283,6 @@ impl InformationSchemaProvider {
        provider
    }

-    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
    pub(crate) fn with_extra_table_factories(
        mut self,
        factories: HashMap<String, InformationSchemaTableFactoryRef>,
@@ -297,10 +300,6 @@ impl InformationSchemaProvider {
        // authentication details, and other critical information.
        // Only put these tables under `greptime` catalog to prevent info leak.
        if self.catalog_name == DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME {
-            tables.insert(
-                RUNTIME_METRICS.to_string(),
-                self.build_table(RUNTIME_METRICS).unwrap(),
-            );
            tables.insert(
                BUILD_INFO.to_string(),
                self.build_table(BUILD_INFO).unwrap(),
@@ -321,6 +320,18 @@ impl InformationSchemaProvider {
                REGION_STATISTICS.to_string(),
                self.build_table(REGION_STATISTICS).unwrap(),
            );
+            tables.insert(
+                SSTS_MANIFEST.to_string(),
+                self.build_table(SSTS_MANIFEST).unwrap(),
+            );
+            tables.insert(
+                SSTS_STORAGE.to_string(),
+                self.build_table(SSTS_STORAGE).unwrap(),
+            );
+            tables.insert(
+                SSTS_INDEX_META.to_string(),
+                self.build_table(SSTS_INDEX_META).unwrap(),
+            );
        }

        tables.insert(TABLES.to_string(), self.build_table(TABLES).unwrap());
@@ -339,9 +350,8 @@ impl InformationSchemaProvider {
        if let Some(process_list) = self.build_table(PROCESS_LIST) {
            tables.insert(PROCESS_LIST.to_string(), process_list);
        }
-        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
        for name in self.extra_table_factories.keys() {
-            tables.insert(name.to_string(), self.build_table(name).expect(name));
+            tables.insert(name.clone(), self.build_table(name).expect(name));
        }
        // Add memory tables
        for name in MEMORY_TABLES.iter() {
@@ -409,8 +419,46 @@ pub trait InformationExtension {

    /// Get the flow statistics. If no flownode is available, return `None`.
    async fn flow_stats(&self) -> std::result::Result<Option<FlowStat>, Self::Error>;
+
+    /// Inspects the datanode.
+    async fn inspect_datanode(
+        &self,
+        request: DatanodeInspectRequest,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<SendableRecordBatchStream, Self::Error>;
 }

+/// The request to inspect the datanode.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DatanodeInspectRequest {
+    /// Kind to fetch from datanode.
+    pub kind: DatanodeInspectKind,
+
+    /// Pushdown scan configuration (projection/predicate/limit) for the returned stream.
+    /// This allows server-side filtering to reduce I/O and network costs.
+    pub scan: ScanRequest,
+}
+
+/// The kind of the datanode inspect request.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum DatanodeInspectKind {
+    /// List SST entries recorded in manifest
+    SstManifest,
+    /// List SST entries discovered in storage layer
+    SstStorage,
+    /// List index metadata collected from manifest
+    SstIndexMeta,
+}
+
+impl DatanodeInspectRequest {
+    /// Builds a logical plan for the datanode inspect request.
+    pub fn build_plan(self) -> std::result::Result<LogicalPlan, DataFusionError> {
+        match self.kind {
+            DatanodeInspectKind::SstManifest => ManifestSstEntry::build_plan(self.scan),
+            DatanodeInspectKind::SstStorage => StorageSstEntry::build_plan(self.scan),
+            DatanodeInspectKind::SstIndexMeta => PuffinIndexMetaEntry::build_plan(self.scan),
+        }
+    }
+}
 pub struct NoopInformationExtension;

 #[async_trait::async_trait]
@@ -432,4 +480,11 @@ impl InformationExtension for NoopInformationExtension {
    async fn flow_stats(&self) -> std::result::Result<Option<FlowStat>, Self::Error> {
        Ok(None)
    }
+
+    async fn inspect_datanode(
+        &self,
+        _request: DatanodeInspectRequest,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<SendableRecordBatchStream, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(common_recordbatch::RecordBatches::empty().as_stream())
+    }
 }
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/cluster_info.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/cluster_info.rs
@@ -18,14 +18,15 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 use arrow_schema::SchemaRef as ArrowSchemaRef;
 use common_catalog::consts::INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CLUSTER_INFO_TABLE_ID;
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
-use common_meta::cluster::NodeInfo;
+use common_meta::cluster::{DatanodeStatus, NodeInfo, NodeStatus};
 use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatch, SendableRecordBatchStream};
 use common_time::timestamp::Timestamp;
+use common_workload::DatanodeWorkloadType;
 use datafusion::execution::TaskContext;
+use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::stream::RecordBatchStreamAdapter as DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::streaming::PartitionStream as DfPartitionStream;
-use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, ScalarVectorBuilder, VectorRef};
 use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema, SchemaRef};
 use datatypes::timestamp::TimestampMillisecond;
@@ -33,22 +34,32 @@ use datatypes::value::Value;
 use datatypes::vectors::{
    Int64VectorBuilder, StringVectorBuilder, TimestampMillisecondVectorBuilder,
 };
+use serde::Serialize;
 use snafu::ResultExt;
 use store_api::storage::{ScanRequest, TableId};

-use crate::error::{CreateRecordBatchSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result};
-use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{InformationTable, Predicates, CLUSTER_INFO};
-use crate::system_schema::utils;
 use crate::CatalogManager;
+use crate::error::{CreateRecordBatchSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result};
+use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{CLUSTER_INFO, InformationTable, Predicates};
+use crate::system_schema::utils;
+
+const PEER_TYPE_FRONTEND: &str = "FRONTEND";
+const PEER_TYPE_METASRV: &str = "METASRV";

 const PEER_ID: &str = "peer_id";
 const PEER_TYPE: &str = "peer_type";
 const PEER_ADDR: &str = "peer_addr";
+const PEER_HOSTNAME: &str = "peer_hostname";
+const TOTAL_CPU_MILLICORES: &str = "total_cpu_millicores";
+const TOTAL_MEMORY_BYTES: &str = "total_memory_bytes";
+const CPU_USAGE_MILLICORES: &str = "cpu_usage_millicores";
+const MEMORY_USAGE_BYTES: &str = "memory_usage_bytes";
 const VERSION: &str = "version";
 const GIT_COMMIT: &str = "git_commit";
 const START_TIME: &str = "start_time";
 const UPTIME: &str = "uptime";
 const ACTIVE_TIME: &str = "active_time";
+const NODE_STATUS: &str = "node_status";

 const INIT_CAPACITY: usize = 42;

@@ -57,11 +68,17 @@ const INIT_CAPACITY: usize = 42;
 /// - `peer_id`: the peer server id.
 /// - `peer_type`: the peer type, such as `datanode`, `frontend`, `metasrv` etc.
 /// - `peer_addr`: the peer gRPC address.
+/// - `peer_hostname`: the hostname of the peer.
+/// - `total_cpu_millicores`: the total CPU millicores of the peer.
+/// - `total_memory_bytes`: the total memory bytes of the peer.
+/// - `cpu_usage_millicores`: the CPU usage millicores of the peer.
+/// - `memory_usage_bytes`: the memory usage bytes of the peer.
 /// - `version`: the build package version of the peer.
 /// - `git_commit`: the build git commit hash of the peer.
 /// - `start_time`: the starting time of the peer.
 /// - `uptime`: the uptime of the peer.
 /// - `active_time`: the time since the last activity of the peer.
+/// - `node_status`: the status info of the peer.
 ///
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(super) struct InformationSchemaClusterInfo {
@@ -82,6 +99,27 @@ impl InformationSchemaClusterInfo {
            ColumnSchema::new(PEER_ID, ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype(), false),
            ColumnSchema::new(PEER_TYPE, ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), false),
            ColumnSchema::new(PEER_ADDR, ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), true),
+            ColumnSchema::new(PEER_HOSTNAME, ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), true),
+            ColumnSchema::new(
+                TOTAL_CPU_MILLICORES,
+                ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            ColumnSchema::new(
+                TOTAL_MEMORY_BYTES,
+                ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            ColumnSchema::new(
+                CPU_USAGE_MILLICORES,
+                ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            ColumnSchema::new(
+                MEMORY_USAGE_BYTES,
+                ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype(),
+                false,
+            ),
            ColumnSchema::new(VERSION, ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), false),
            ColumnSchema::new(GIT_COMMIT, ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), false),
            ColumnSchema::new(
@@ -91,6 +129,7 @@ impl InformationSchemaClusterInfo {
            ),
            ColumnSchema::new(UPTIME, ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), true),
            ColumnSchema::new(ACTIVE_TIME, ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), true),
+            ColumnSchema::new(NODE_STATUS, ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), true),
        ]))
    }

@@ -140,11 +179,17 @@ struct InformationSchemaClusterInfoBuilder {
    peer_ids: Int64VectorBuilder,
    peer_types: StringVectorBuilder,
    peer_addrs: StringVectorBuilder,
+    peer_hostnames: StringVectorBuilder,
+    total_cpu_millicores: Int64VectorBuilder,
+    total_memory_bytes: Int64VectorBuilder,
+    cpu_usage_millicores: Int64VectorBuilder,
+    memory_usage_bytes: Int64VectorBuilder,
    versions: StringVectorBuilder,
    git_commits: StringVectorBuilder,
    start_times: TimestampMillisecondVectorBuilder,
    uptimes: StringVectorBuilder,
    active_times: StringVectorBuilder,
+    node_status: StringVectorBuilder,
 }

 impl InformationSchemaClusterInfoBuilder {
@@ -155,11 +200,17 @@ impl InformationSchemaClusterInfoBuilder {
            peer_ids: Int64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
            peer_types: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
            peer_addrs: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            peer_hostnames: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            total_cpu_millicores: Int64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            total_memory_bytes: Int64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            cpu_usage_millicores: Int64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            memory_usage_bytes: Int64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
            versions: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
            git_commits: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
            start_times: TimestampMillisecondVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
            uptimes: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
            active_times: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            node_status: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
        }
    }

@@ -176,11 +227,13 @@ impl InformationSchemaClusterInfoBuilder {

    fn add_node_info(&mut self, predicates: &Predicates, node_info: NodeInfo) {
        let peer_type = node_info.status.role_name();
+        let peer_id = peer_id(peer_type, node_info.peer.id);

        let row = [
-            (PEER_ID, &Value::from(node_info.peer.id)),
+            (PEER_ID, &Value::from(peer_id)),
            (PEER_TYPE, &Value::from(peer_type)),
            (PEER_ADDR, &Value::from(node_info.peer.addr.as_str())),
+            (PEER_HOSTNAME, &Value::from(node_info.hostname.as_str())),
            (VERSION, &Value::from(node_info.version.as_str())),
            (GIT_COMMIT, &Value::from(node_info.git_commit.as_str())),
        ];
@@ -189,15 +242,10 @@ impl InformationSchemaClusterInfoBuilder {
            return;
        }

-        if peer_type == "FRONTEND" || peer_type == "METASRV" {
-            // Always set peer_id to be -1 for frontends and metasrvs
-            self.peer_ids.push(Some(-1));
-        } else {
-            self.peer_ids.push(Some(node_info.peer.id as i64));
-        }
-
+        self.peer_ids.push(Some(peer_id));
        self.peer_types.push(Some(peer_type));
        self.peer_addrs.push(Some(&node_info.peer.addr));
+        self.peer_hostnames.push(Some(&node_info.hostname));
        self.versions.push(Some(&node_info.version));
        self.git_commits.push(Some(&node_info.git_commit));
        if node_info.start_time_ms > 0 {
@@ -212,6 +260,14 @@ impl InformationSchemaClusterInfoBuilder {
            self.start_times.push(None);
            self.uptimes.push(None);
        }
+        self.total_cpu_millicores
+            .push(Some(node_info.total_cpu_millicores));
+        self.total_memory_bytes
+            .push(Some(node_info.total_memory_bytes));
+        self.cpu_usage_millicores
+            .push(Some(node_info.cpu_usage_millicores));
+        self.memory_usage_bytes
+            .push(Some(node_info.memory_usage_bytes));

        if node_info.last_activity_ts > 0 {
            self.active_times.push(Some(
@@ -220,6 +276,8 @@ impl InformationSchemaClusterInfoBuilder {
        } else {
            self.active_times.push(None);
        }
+        self.node_status
+            .push(format_node_status(&node_info).as_deref());
    }

    fn format_duration_since(ts: u64) -> String {
@@ -233,11 +291,17 @@ impl InformationSchemaClusterInfoBuilder {
            Arc::new(self.peer_ids.finish()),
            Arc::new(self.peer_types.finish()),
            Arc::new(self.peer_addrs.finish()),
+            Arc::new(self.peer_hostnames.finish()),
+            Arc::new(self.total_cpu_millicores.finish()),
+            Arc::new(self.total_memory_bytes.finish()),
+            Arc::new(self.cpu_usage_millicores.finish()),
+            Arc::new(self.memory_usage_bytes.finish()),
            Arc::new(self.versions.finish()),
            Arc::new(self.git_commits.finish()),
            Arc::new(self.start_times.finish()),
            Arc::new(self.uptimes.finish()),
            Arc::new(self.active_times.finish()),
+            Arc::new(self.node_status.finish()),
        ];
        RecordBatch::new(self.schema.clone(), columns).context(CreateRecordBatchSnafu)
    }
@@ -263,3 +327,56 @@ impl DfPartitionStream for InformationSchemaClusterInfo {
        ))
    }
 }
+
+fn peer_id(peer_type: &str, peer_id: u64) -> i64 {
+    if peer_type == PEER_TYPE_FRONTEND || peer_type == PEER_TYPE_METASRV {
+        -1
+    } else {
+        peer_id as i64
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+struct DisplayMetasrvStatus {
+    is_leader: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+struct DisplayDatanodeStatus {
+    workloads: Vec<DatanodeWorkloadType>,
+    leader_regions: usize,
+    follower_regions: usize,
+}
+
+impl From<&DatanodeStatus> for DisplayDatanodeStatus {
+    fn from(status: &DatanodeStatus) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            workloads: status
+                .workloads
+                .types
+                .iter()
+                .flat_map(|w| DatanodeWorkloadType::from_i32(*w))
+                .collect(),
+            leader_regions: status.leader_regions,
+            follower_regions: status.follower_regions,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn format_node_status(node_info: &NodeInfo) -> Option<String> {
+    match &node_info.status {
+        NodeStatus::Datanode(datanode_status) => {
+            serde_json::to_string(&DisplayDatanodeStatus::from(datanode_status)).ok()
+        }
+        NodeStatus::Frontend(_) => None,
+        NodeStatus::Flownode(_) => None,
+        NodeStatus::Metasrv(metasrv_status) => {
+            if metasrv_status.is_leader {
+                serde_json::to_string(&DisplayMetasrvStatus { is_leader: true }).ok()
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+        NodeStatus::Standalone => None,
+    }
+}
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/columns.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/columns.rs
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatch, SendableRecordBatchStream};
 use datafusion::execution::TaskContext;
+use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::stream::RecordBatchStreamAdapter as DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::streaming::PartitionStream as DfPartitionStream;
-use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, DataType, MutableVector};
 use datatypes::scalars::ScalarVectorBuilder;
 use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema, SchemaRef};
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use sql::statements;
 use store_api::storage::{ScanRequest, TableId};

+use crate::CatalogManager;
 use crate::error::{
    CreateRecordBatchSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result, UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRefSnafu,
 };
 use crate::information_schema::Predicates;
-use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{InformationTable, COLUMNS};
-use crate::CatalogManager;
+use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{COLUMNS, InformationTable};

 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(super) struct InformationSchemaColumns {
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/flows.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/flows.rs
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};

 use common_catalog::consts::INFORMATION_SCHEMA_FLOW_TABLE_ID;
 use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
+use common_meta::key::FlowId;
+use common_meta::key::flow::FlowMetadataManager;
 use common_meta::key::flow::flow_info::FlowInfoValue;
 use common_meta::key::flow::flow_state::FlowStat;
-use common_meta::key::flow::FlowMetadataManager;
-use common_meta::key::FlowId;
 use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use common_recordbatch::{DfSendableRecordBatchStream, RecordBatch, SendableRecordBatchStream};
 use datafusion::execution::TaskContext;
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ use futures::TryStreamExt;
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::storage::{ScanRequest, TableId};

+use crate::CatalogManager;
 use crate::error::{
    CreateRecordBatchSnafu, FlowInfoNotFoundSnafu, InternalSnafu, JsonSnafu, ListFlowsSnafu,
    Result, UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRefSnafu,
 };
-use crate::information_schema::{Predicates, FLOWS};
+use crate::information_schema::{FLOWS, Predicates};
 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::InformationTable;
 use crate::system_schema::utils;
-use crate::CatalogManager;

 const INIT_CAPACITY: usize = 42;

@@ -254,9 +254,9 @@ impl InformationSchemaFlowsBuilder {
                .await
                .map_err(BoxedError::new)
                .context(InternalSnafu)?
-                .context(FlowInfoNotFoundSnafu {
-                    catalog_name: catalog_name.to_string(),
-                    flow_name: flow_name.to_string(),
+                .with_context(|| FlowInfoNotFoundSnafu {
+                    catalog_name: catalog_name.clone(),
+                    flow_name: flow_name.clone(),
                })?;
            self.add_flow(&predicates, flow_id.flow_id(), flow_info, &flow_stat)
                .await?;
@@ -273,11 +273,11 @@ impl InformationSchemaFlowsBuilder {
        flow_stat: &Option<FlowStat>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let row = [
-            (FLOW_NAME, &Value::from(flow_info.flow_name().to_string())),
+            (FLOW_NAME, &Value::from(flow_info.flow_name().clone())),
            (FLOW_ID, &Value::from(flow_id)),
            (
                TABLE_CATALOG,
-                &Value::from(flow_info.catalog_name().to_string()),
+                &Value::from(flow_info.catalog_name().clone()),
            ),
        ];
        if !predicates.eval(&row) {
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/information_memory_table.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/information_memory_table.rs
@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;

 use common_catalog::consts::{METRIC_ENGINE, MITO_ENGINE};
-use datatypes::data_type::ConcreteDataType;
-use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema, SchemaRef};
+use datatypes::schema::{Schema, SchemaRef};
 use datatypes::vectors::{Int64Vector, StringVector, VectorRef};

 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::table_names::*;
@@ -89,9 +88,9 @@ pub(super) fn get_schema_columns(table_name: &str) -> (SchemaRef, Vec<VectorRef>
                vec![
                    Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec![build_info.branch.to_string()])),
                    Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec![build_info.commit.to_string()])),
-                    Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec![build_info
-                        .commit_short
-                        .to_string()])),
+                    Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec![
+                        build_info.commit_short.to_string(),
+                    ])),
                    Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec![build_info.clean.to_string()])),
                    Arc::new(StringVector::from(vec![build_info.version.to_string()])),
                ],
@@ -366,24 +365,6 @@ pub(super) fn get_schema_columns(table_name: &str) -> (SchemaRef, Vec<VectorRef>
            vec![],
        ),

-        TRIGGERS => (
-            vec![
-                string_column("TRIGGER_NAME"),
-                ColumnSchema::new(
-                    "trigger_id",
-                    ConcreteDataType::uint64_datatype(),
-                    false,
-                ),
-                string_column("TRIGGER_DEFINITION"),
-                ColumnSchema::new(
-                    "flownode_id",
-                    ConcreteDataType::uint64_datatype(),
-                    true,
-                ),
-            ],
-            vec![],
-        ),
-
        // TODO: Considering store internal metrics in `global_status` and
        // `session_status` tables.
        GLOBAL_STATUS => (
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/key_column_usage.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/key_column_usage.rs
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatch, SendableRecordBatchStream};
 use datafusion::execution::TaskContext;
+use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::stream::RecordBatchStreamAdapter as DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::streaming::PartitionStream as DfPartitionStream;
-use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, MutableVector, ScalarVectorBuilder, VectorRef};
 use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, FulltextBackend, Schema, SchemaRef};
 use datatypes::value::Value;
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ use futures_util::TryStreamExt;
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::storage::{ScanRequest, TableId};

+use crate::CatalogManager;
 use crate::error::{
    CreateRecordBatchSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result, UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRefSnafu,
 };
-use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{InformationTable, Predicates, KEY_COLUMN_USAGE};
-use crate::CatalogManager;
+use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{InformationTable, KEY_COLUMN_USAGE, Predicates};

 pub const CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA: &str = "constraint_schema";
 pub const CONSTRAINT_NAME: &str = "constraint_name";
@@ -277,8 +277,9 @@ impl InformationSchemaKeyColumnUsageBuilder {
                        constraints.push(CONSTRAINT_NAME_INVERTED_INDEX);
                        greptime_index_type.push(INDEX_TYPE_INVERTED_INDEX);
                    }
-                    if let Ok(Some(options)) = column.fulltext_options() {
-                        if options.enable {
+                    if let Ok(Some(options)) = column.fulltext_options()
+                        && options.enable
+                    {
                        constraints.push(CONSTRAINT_NAME_FULLTEXT_INDEX);
                        let index_type = match options.backend {
                            FulltextBackend::Bloom => INDEX_TYPE_FULLTEXT_BLOOM,
@@ -286,7 +287,6 @@ impl InformationSchemaKeyColumnUsageBuilder {
                        };
                        greptime_index_type.push(index_type);
                    }
-                    }
                    if column.is_skipping_indexed() {
                        constraints.push(CONSTRAINT_NAME_SKIPPING_INDEX);
                        greptime_index_type.push(INDEX_TYPE_SKIPPING_INDEX);
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/partitions.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/partitions.rs
@@ -21,17 +21,16 @@ use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatch, SendableRecordBatchStream};
 use datafusion::execution::TaskContext;
+use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::stream::RecordBatchStreamAdapter as DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::streaming::PartitionStream as DfPartitionStream;
-use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, ScalarVectorBuilder, VectorRef};
 use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema, SchemaRef};
-use datatypes::timestamp::TimestampMicrosecond;
+use datatypes::timestamp::TimestampSecond;
 use datatypes::value::Value;
 use datatypes::vectors::{
    ConstantVector, Int64Vector, Int64VectorBuilder, MutableVector, StringVector,
-    StringVectorBuilder, TimestampMicrosecondVector, TimestampMicrosecondVectorBuilder,
-    UInt64VectorBuilder,
+    StringVectorBuilder, TimestampSecondVector, TimestampSecondVectorBuilder, UInt64VectorBuilder,
 };
 use futures::{StreamExt, TryStreamExt};
 use partition::manager::PartitionInfo;
@@ -39,13 +38,13 @@ use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::storage::{ScanRequest, TableId};
 use table::metadata::{TableInfo, TableType};

+use crate::CatalogManager;
 use crate::error::{
    CreateRecordBatchSnafu, FindPartitionsSnafu, InternalSnafu, PartitionManagerNotFoundSnafu,
    Result, UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRefSnafu,
 };
 use crate::kvbackend::KvBackendCatalogManager;
-use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{InformationTable, Predicates, PARTITIONS};
-use crate::CatalogManager;
+use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{InformationTable, PARTITIONS, Predicates};

 const TABLE_CATALOG: &str = "table_catalog";
 const TABLE_SCHEMA: &str = "table_schema";
@@ -129,17 +128,17 @@ impl InformationSchemaPartitions {
            ColumnSchema::new("data_free", ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype(), true),
            ColumnSchema::new(
                "create_time",
-                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype(),
                true,
            ),
            ColumnSchema::new(
                "update_time",
-                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype(),
                true,
            ),
            ColumnSchema::new(
                "check_time",
-                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_microsecond_datatype(),
+                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_second_datatype(),
                true,
            ),
            ColumnSchema::new("checksum", ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype(), true),
@@ -212,7 +211,8 @@ struct InformationSchemaPartitionsBuilder {
    partition_names: StringVectorBuilder,
    partition_ordinal_positions: Int64VectorBuilder,
    partition_expressions: StringVectorBuilder,
-    create_times: TimestampMicrosecondVectorBuilder,
+    partition_descriptions: StringVectorBuilder,
+    create_times: TimestampSecondVectorBuilder,
    partition_ids: UInt64VectorBuilder,
 }

@@ -232,7 +232,8 @@ impl InformationSchemaPartitionsBuilder {
            partition_names: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
            partition_ordinal_positions: Int64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
            partition_expressions: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
-            create_times: TimestampMicrosecondVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            partition_descriptions: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            create_times: TimestampSecondVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
            partition_ids: UInt64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
        }
    }
@@ -320,6 +321,21 @@ impl InformationSchemaPartitionsBuilder {
            return;
        }

+        // Get partition column names (shared by all partitions)
+        // In MySQL, PARTITION_EXPRESSION is the partitioning function expression (e.g., column name)
+        let partition_columns: String = table_info
+            .meta
+            .partition_column_names()
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join(", ");
+
+        let partition_expr_str = if partition_columns.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(partition_columns)
+        };
+
        for (index, partition) in partitions.iter().enumerate() {
            let partition_name = format!("p{index}");

@@ -329,10 +345,14 @@ impl InformationSchemaPartitionsBuilder {
            self.partition_names.push(Some(&partition_name));
            self.partition_ordinal_positions
                .push(Some((index + 1) as i64));
-            let expression = partition.partition_expr.as_ref().map(|e| e.to_string());
-            self.partition_expressions.push(expression.as_deref());
-            self.create_times.push(Some(TimestampMicrosecond::from(
-                table_info.meta.created_on.timestamp_millis(),
+            // PARTITION_EXPRESSION: partition column names (same for all partitions)
+            self.partition_expressions
+                .push(partition_expr_str.as_deref());
+            // PARTITION_DESCRIPTION: partition boundary expression (different for each partition)
+            let description = partition.partition_expr.as_ref().map(|e| e.to_string());
+            self.partition_descriptions.push(description.as_deref());
+            self.create_times.push(Some(TimestampSecond::from(
+                table_info.meta.created_on.timestamp(),
            )));
            self.partition_ids.push(Some(partition.id.as_u64()));
        }
@@ -349,8 +369,8 @@ impl InformationSchemaPartitionsBuilder {
            Arc::new(Int64Vector::from(vec![None])),
            rows_num,
        ));
-        let null_timestampmicrosecond_vector = Arc::new(ConstantVector::new(
-            Arc::new(TimestampMicrosecondVector::from(vec![None])),
+        let null_timestamp_second_vector = Arc::new(ConstantVector::new(
+            Arc::new(TimestampSecondVector::from(vec![None])),
            rows_num,
        ));
        let partition_methods = Arc::new(ConstantVector::new(
@@ -370,7 +390,7 @@ impl InformationSchemaPartitionsBuilder {
            null_string_vector.clone(),
            Arc::new(self.partition_expressions.finish()),
            null_string_vector.clone(),
-            null_string_vector.clone(),
+            Arc::new(self.partition_descriptions.finish()),
            // TODO(dennis): rows and index statistics info
            null_i64_vector.clone(),
            null_i64_vector.clone(),
@@ -380,8 +400,8 @@ impl InformationSchemaPartitionsBuilder {
            null_i64_vector.clone(),
            Arc::new(self.create_times.finish()),
            // TODO(dennis): supports update_time
-            null_timestampmicrosecond_vector.clone(),
-            null_timestampmicrosecond_vector,
+            null_timestamp_second_vector.clone(),
+            null_timestamp_second_vector,
            null_i64_vector,
            null_string_vector.clone(),
            null_string_vector.clone(),
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/procedure_info.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/procedure_info.rs
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatch, SendableRecordBatchStream};
 use common_time::timestamp::Timestamp;
 use datafusion::execution::TaskContext;
+use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::stream::RecordBatchStreamAdapter as DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::streaming::PartitionStream as DfPartitionStream;
-use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, ScalarVectorBuilder, VectorRef};
 use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema, SchemaRef};
 use datatypes::timestamp::TimestampMillisecond;
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ use datatypes::vectors::{StringVectorBuilder, TimestampMillisecondVectorBuilder}
 use snafu::ResultExt;
 use store_api::storage::{ScanRequest, TableId};

-use crate::error::{CreateRecordBatchSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result};
-use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{InformationTable, Predicates, PROCEDURE_INFO};
-use crate::system_schema::utils;
 use crate::CatalogManager;
+use crate::error::{CreateRecordBatchSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result};
+use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{InformationTable, PROCEDURE_INFO, Predicates};
+use crate::system_schema::utils;

 const PROCEDURE_ID: &str = "procedure_id";
 const PROCEDURE_TYPE: &str = "procedure_type";
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/process_list.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/process_list.rs
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ async fn make_process_list(

    for process in queries {
        let display_id = DisplayProcessId {
-            server_addr: process.frontend.to_string(),
+            server_addr: process.frontend.clone(),
            id: process.id,
        }
        .to_string();
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/region_peers.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/region_peers.rs
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatch, SendableRecordBatchStream};
 use datafusion::common::HashMap;
 use datafusion::execution::TaskContext;
+use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::stream::RecordBatchStreamAdapter as DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::streaming::PartitionStream as DfPartitionStream;
-use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, ScalarVectorBuilder, VectorRef};
 use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema, SchemaRef};
 use datatypes::value::Value;
@@ -35,13 +35,13 @@ use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::storage::{RegionId, ScanRequest, TableId};
 use table::metadata::TableType;

+use crate::CatalogManager;
 use crate::error::{
    CreateRecordBatchSnafu, FindRegionRoutesSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result,
    UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRefSnafu,
 };
 use crate::kvbackend::KvBackendCatalogManager;
 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{InformationTable, Predicates, REGION_PEERS};
-use crate::CatalogManager;

 pub const TABLE_CATALOG: &str = "table_catalog";
 pub const TABLE_SCHEMA: &str = "table_schema";
@@ -199,10 +199,7 @@ impl InformationSchemaRegionPeersBuilder {
                    if table_info.table_type == TableType::Temporary {
                        Ok(None)
                    } else {
-                        Ok(Some((
-                            table_info.ident.table_id,
-                            table_info.name.to_string(),
-                        )))
+                        Ok(Some((table_info.ident.table_id, table_info.name.clone())))
                    }
                });

--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/region_statistics.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/region_statistics.rs
@@ -30,16 +30,17 @@ use datatypes::vectors::{StringVectorBuilder, UInt32VectorBuilder, UInt64VectorB
 use snafu::ResultExt;
 use store_api::storage::{ScanRequest, TableId};

+use crate::CatalogManager;
 use crate::error::{CreateRecordBatchSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result};
 use crate::information_schema::Predicates;
 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{InformationTable, REGION_STATISTICS};
 use crate::system_schema::utils;
-use crate::CatalogManager;

 const REGION_ID: &str = "region_id";
 const TABLE_ID: &str = "table_id";
 const REGION_NUMBER: &str = "region_number";
 const REGION_ROWS: &str = "region_rows";
+const WRITTEN_BYTES: &str = "written_bytes_since_open";
 const DISK_SIZE: &str = "disk_size";
 const MEMTABLE_SIZE: &str = "memtable_size";
 const MANIFEST_SIZE: &str = "manifest_size";
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@ const INIT_CAPACITY: usize = 42;
 /// - `table_id`: The table id.
 /// - `region_number`: The region number.
 /// - `region_rows`: The number of rows in region.
+/// - `written_bytes_since_open`: The total bytes written of the region since region opened.
 /// - `memtable_size`: The memtable size in bytes.
 /// - `disk_size`: The approximate disk size in bytes.
 /// - `manifest_size`: The manifest size in bytes.
@@ -84,6 +86,7 @@ impl InformationSchemaRegionStatistics {
            ColumnSchema::new(TABLE_ID, ConcreteDataType::uint32_datatype(), false),
            ColumnSchema::new(REGION_NUMBER, ConcreteDataType::uint32_datatype(), false),
            ColumnSchema::new(REGION_ROWS, ConcreteDataType::uint64_datatype(), true),
+            ColumnSchema::new(WRITTEN_BYTES, ConcreteDataType::uint64_datatype(), true),
            ColumnSchema::new(DISK_SIZE, ConcreteDataType::uint64_datatype(), true),
            ColumnSchema::new(MEMTABLE_SIZE, ConcreteDataType::uint64_datatype(), true),
            ColumnSchema::new(MANIFEST_SIZE, ConcreteDataType::uint64_datatype(), true),
@@ -147,6 +150,7 @@ struct InformationSchemaRegionStatisticsBuilder {
    table_ids: UInt32VectorBuilder,
    region_numbers: UInt32VectorBuilder,
    region_rows: UInt64VectorBuilder,
+    written_bytes: UInt64VectorBuilder,
    disk_sizes: UInt64VectorBuilder,
    memtable_sizes: UInt64VectorBuilder,
    manifest_sizes: UInt64VectorBuilder,
@@ -166,6 +170,7 @@ impl InformationSchemaRegionStatisticsBuilder {
            table_ids: UInt32VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
            region_numbers: UInt32VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
            region_rows: UInt64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
+            written_bytes: UInt64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
            disk_sizes: UInt64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
            memtable_sizes: UInt64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
            manifest_sizes: UInt64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
@@ -197,6 +202,7 @@ impl InformationSchemaRegionStatisticsBuilder {
            (TABLE_ID, &Value::from(region_stat.id.table_id())),
            (REGION_NUMBER, &Value::from(region_stat.id.region_number())),
            (REGION_ROWS, &Value::from(region_stat.num_rows)),
+            (WRITTEN_BYTES, &Value::from(region_stat.written_bytes)),
            (DISK_SIZE, &Value::from(region_stat.approximate_bytes)),
            (MEMTABLE_SIZE, &Value::from(region_stat.memtable_size)),
            (MANIFEST_SIZE, &Value::from(region_stat.manifest_size)),
@@ -216,6 +222,7 @@ impl InformationSchemaRegionStatisticsBuilder {
        self.region_numbers
            .push(Some(region_stat.id.region_number()));
        self.region_rows.push(Some(region_stat.num_rows));
+        self.written_bytes.push(Some(region_stat.written_bytes));
        self.disk_sizes.push(Some(region_stat.approximate_bytes));
        self.memtable_sizes.push(Some(region_stat.memtable_size));
        self.manifest_sizes.push(Some(region_stat.manifest_size));
@@ -232,6 +239,7 @@ impl InformationSchemaRegionStatisticsBuilder {
            Arc::new(self.table_ids.finish()),
            Arc::new(self.region_numbers.finish()),
            Arc::new(self.region_rows.finish()),
+            Arc::new(self.written_bytes.finish()),
            Arc::new(self.disk_sizes.finish()),
            Arc::new(self.memtable_sizes.finish()),
            Arc::new(self.manifest_sizes.finish()),
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/runtime_metrics.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/runtime_metrics.rs
@@ -1,265 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use arrow_schema::SchemaRef as ArrowSchemaRef;
-use common_catalog::consts::INFORMATION_SCHEMA_RUNTIME_METRICS_TABLE_ID;
-use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
-use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
-use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatch, SendableRecordBatchStream};
-use common_time::util::current_time_millis;
-use datafusion::execution::TaskContext;
-use datafusion::physical_plan::stream::RecordBatchStreamAdapter as DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
-use datafusion::physical_plan::streaming::PartitionStream as DfPartitionStream;
-use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
-use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, MutableVector};
-use datatypes::scalars::ScalarVectorBuilder;
-use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema, SchemaRef};
-use datatypes::vectors::{
-    ConstantVector, Float64VectorBuilder, StringVectorBuilder, TimestampMillisecondVector,
-    VectorRef,
-};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use snafu::ResultExt;
-use store_api::storage::{ScanRequest, TableId};
-
-use crate::error::{CreateRecordBatchSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result};
-use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{InformationTable, RUNTIME_METRICS};
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(super) struct InformationSchemaMetrics {
-    schema: SchemaRef,
-}
-
-const METRIC_NAME: &str = "metric_name";
-const METRIC_VALUE: &str = "value";
-const METRIC_LABELS: &str = "labels";
-const PEER_ADDR: &str = "peer_addr";
-const PEER_TYPE: &str = "peer_type";
-const TIMESTAMP: &str = "timestamp";
-
-/// The `information_schema.runtime_metrics` virtual table.
-/// It provides the GreptimeDB runtime metrics for the users by SQL.
-impl InformationSchemaMetrics {
-    pub(super) fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            schema: Self::schema(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn schema() -> SchemaRef {
-        Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
-            ColumnSchema::new(METRIC_NAME, ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), false),
-            ColumnSchema::new(METRIC_VALUE, ConcreteDataType::float64_datatype(), false),
-            ColumnSchema::new(METRIC_LABELS, ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), true),
-            ColumnSchema::new(PEER_ADDR, ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), true),
-            ColumnSchema::new(PEER_TYPE, ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), false),
-            ColumnSchema::new(
-                TIMESTAMP,
-                ConcreteDataType::timestamp_millisecond_datatype(),
-                false,
-            ),
-        ]))
-    }
-
-    fn builder(&self) -> InformationSchemaMetricsBuilder {
-        InformationSchemaMetricsBuilder::new(self.schema.clone())
-    }
-}
-
-impl InformationTable for InformationSchemaMetrics {
-    fn table_id(&self) -> TableId {
-        INFORMATION_SCHEMA_RUNTIME_METRICS_TABLE_ID
-    }
-
-    fn table_name(&self) -> &'static str {
-        RUNTIME_METRICS
-    }
-
-    fn schema(&self) -> SchemaRef {
-        self.schema.clone()
-    }
-
-    fn to_stream(&self, request: ScanRequest) -> Result<SendableRecordBatchStream> {
-        let schema = self.schema.arrow_schema().clone();
-        let mut builder = self.builder();
-        let stream = Box::pin(DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter::new(
-            schema,
-            futures::stream::once(async move {
-                builder
-                    .make_metrics(Some(request))
-                    .await
-                    .map(|x| x.into_df_record_batch())
-                    .map_err(Into::into)
-            }),
-        ));
-
-        Ok(Box::pin(
-            RecordBatchStreamAdapter::try_new(stream)
-                .map_err(BoxedError::new)
-                .context(InternalSnafu)?,
-        ))
-    }
-}
-
-struct InformationSchemaMetricsBuilder {
-    schema: SchemaRef,
-
-    metric_names: StringVectorBuilder,
-    metric_values: Float64VectorBuilder,
-    metric_labels: StringVectorBuilder,
-    peer_addrs: StringVectorBuilder,
-    peer_types: StringVectorBuilder,
-}
-
-impl InformationSchemaMetricsBuilder {
-    fn new(schema: SchemaRef) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            schema,
-            metric_names: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(42),
-            metric_values: Float64VectorBuilder::with_capacity(42),
-            metric_labels: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(42),
-            peer_addrs: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(42),
-            peer_types: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(42),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn add_metric(
-        &mut self,
-        metric_name: &str,
-        labels: String,
-        metric_value: f64,
-        peer: Option<&str>,
-        peer_type: &str,
-    ) {
-        self.metric_names.push(Some(metric_name));
-        self.metric_values.push(Some(metric_value));
-        self.metric_labels.push(Some(&labels));
-        self.peer_addrs.push(peer);
-        self.peer_types.push(Some(peer_type));
-    }
-
-    async fn make_metrics(&mut self, _request: Option<ScanRequest>) -> Result<RecordBatch> {
-        let metric_families = prometheus::gather();
-
-        let write_request =
-            common_telemetry::metric::convert_metric_to_write_request(metric_families, None, 0);
-
-        for ts in write_request.timeseries {
-            //Safety: always has `__name__` label
-            let metric_name = ts
-                .labels
-                .iter()
-                .find_map(|label| {
-                    if label.name == "__name__" {
-                        Some(label.value.clone())
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                })
-                .unwrap();
-
-            self.add_metric(
-                &metric_name,
-                ts.labels
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .filter_map(|label| {
-                        if label.name == "__name__" {
-                            None
-                        } else {
-                            Some(format!("{}={}", label.name, label.value))
-                        }
-                    })
-                    .join(", "),
-                // Safety: always has a sample
-                ts.samples[0].value,
-                // The peer column is always `None` for standalone
-                None,
-                "STANDALONE",
-            );
-        }
-
-        // FIXME(dennis): fetching other peers metrics
-        self.finish()
-    }
-
-    fn finish(&mut self) -> Result<RecordBatch> {
-        let rows_num = self.metric_names.len();
-
-        let timestamps = Arc::new(ConstantVector::new(
-            Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondVector::from_slice([
-                current_time_millis(),
-            ])),
-            rows_num,
-        ));
-
-        let columns: Vec<VectorRef> = vec![
-            Arc::new(self.metric_names.finish()),
-            Arc::new(self.metric_values.finish()),
-            Arc::new(self.metric_labels.finish()),
-            Arc::new(self.peer_addrs.finish()),
-            Arc::new(self.peer_types.finish()),
-            timestamps,
-        ];
-
-        RecordBatch::new(self.schema.clone(), columns).context(CreateRecordBatchSnafu)
-    }
-}
-
-impl DfPartitionStream for InformationSchemaMetrics {
-    fn schema(&self) -> &ArrowSchemaRef {
-        self.schema.arrow_schema()
-    }
-
-    fn execute(&self, _: Arc<TaskContext>) -> DfSendableRecordBatchStream {
-        let schema = self.schema.arrow_schema().clone();
-        let mut builder = self.builder();
-        Box::pin(DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter::new(
-            schema,
-            futures::stream::once(async move {
-                builder
-                    .make_metrics(None)
-                    .await
-                    .map(|x| x.into_df_record_batch())
-                    .map_err(Into::into)
-            }),
-        ))
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use common_recordbatch::RecordBatches;
-
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_make_metrics() {
-        let metrics = InformationSchemaMetrics::new();
-
-        let stream = metrics.to_stream(ScanRequest::default()).unwrap();
-
-        let batches = RecordBatches::try_collect(stream).await.unwrap();
-
-        let result_literal = batches.pretty_print().unwrap();
-
-        assert!(result_literal.contains(METRIC_NAME));
-        assert!(result_literal.contains(METRIC_VALUE));
-        assert!(result_literal.contains(METRIC_LABELS));
-        assert!(result_literal.contains(PEER_ADDR));
-        assert!(result_literal.contains(PEER_TYPE));
-        assert!(result_literal.contains(TIMESTAMP));
-    }
-}
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/schemata.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/schemata.rs
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ use common_meta::key::schema_name::SchemaNameKey;
 use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatch, SendableRecordBatchStream};
 use datafusion::execution::TaskContext;
+use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::stream::RecordBatchStreamAdapter as DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::streaming::PartitionStream as DfPartitionStream;
-use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, ScalarVectorBuilder, VectorRef};
 use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema, SchemaRef};
 use datatypes::value::Value;
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ use datatypes::vectors::StringVectorBuilder;
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::storage::{ScanRequest, TableId};

+use crate::CatalogManager;
 use crate::error::{
    CreateRecordBatchSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result, TableMetadataManagerSnafu,
    UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRefSnafu,
 };
 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{InformationTable, Predicates, SCHEMATA};
 use crate::system_schema::utils;
-use crate::CatalogManager;

 pub const CATALOG_NAME: &str = "catalog_name";
 pub const SCHEMA_NAME: &str = "schema_name";
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/ssts.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/ssts.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
+
+use common_catalog::consts::{
+    INFORMATION_SCHEMA_SSTS_INDEX_META_TABLE_ID, INFORMATION_SCHEMA_SSTS_MANIFEST_TABLE_ID,
+    INFORMATION_SCHEMA_SSTS_STORAGE_TABLE_ID,
+};
+use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
+use common_recordbatch::SendableRecordBatchStream;
+use common_recordbatch::adapter::AsyncRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
+use datatypes::schema::SchemaRef;
+use snafu::ResultExt;
+use store_api::sst_entry::{ManifestSstEntry, PuffinIndexMetaEntry, StorageSstEntry};
+use store_api::storage::{ScanRequest, TableId};
+
+use crate::CatalogManager;
+use crate::error::{ProjectSchemaSnafu, Result};
+use crate::information_schema::{
+    DatanodeInspectKind, DatanodeInspectRequest, InformationTable, SSTS_INDEX_META, SSTS_MANIFEST,
+    SSTS_STORAGE,
+};
+use crate::system_schema::utils;
+
+/// Information schema table for sst manifest.
+pub struct InformationSchemaSstsManifest {
+    schema: SchemaRef,
+    catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>,
+}
+
+impl InformationSchemaSstsManifest {
+    pub(super) fn new(catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            schema: ManifestSstEntry::schema(),
+            catalog_manager,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl InformationTable for InformationSchemaSstsManifest {
+    fn table_id(&self) -> TableId {
+        INFORMATION_SCHEMA_SSTS_MANIFEST_TABLE_ID
+    }
+
+    fn table_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        SSTS_MANIFEST
+    }
+
+    fn schema(&self) -> SchemaRef {
+        self.schema.clone()
+    }
+
+    fn to_stream(&self, request: ScanRequest) -> Result<SendableRecordBatchStream> {
+        let schema = if let Some(p) = &request.projection {
+            Arc::new(self.schema.try_project(p).context(ProjectSchemaSnafu)?)
+        } else {
+            self.schema.clone()
+        };
+        let info_ext = utils::information_extension(&self.catalog_manager)?;
+        let req = DatanodeInspectRequest {
+            kind: DatanodeInspectKind::SstManifest,
+            scan: request,
+        };
+
+        let future = async move {
+            info_ext
+                .inspect_datanode(req)
+                .await
+                .map_err(BoxedError::new)
+                .context(common_recordbatch::error::ExternalSnafu)
+        };
+        Ok(Box::pin(AsyncRecordBatchStreamAdapter::new(
+            schema,
+            Box::pin(future),
+        )))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Information schema table for sst storage.
+pub struct InformationSchemaSstsStorage {
+    schema: SchemaRef,
+    catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>,
+}
+
+impl InformationSchemaSstsStorage {
+    pub(super) fn new(catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            schema: StorageSstEntry::schema(),
+            catalog_manager,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl InformationTable for InformationSchemaSstsStorage {
+    fn table_id(&self) -> TableId {
+        INFORMATION_SCHEMA_SSTS_STORAGE_TABLE_ID
+    }
+
+    fn table_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        SSTS_STORAGE
+    }
+
+    fn schema(&self) -> SchemaRef {
+        self.schema.clone()
+    }
+
+    fn to_stream(&self, request: ScanRequest) -> Result<SendableRecordBatchStream> {
+        let schema = if let Some(p) = &request.projection {
+            Arc::new(self.schema.try_project(p).context(ProjectSchemaSnafu)?)
+        } else {
+            self.schema.clone()
+        };
+
+        let info_ext = utils::information_extension(&self.catalog_manager)?;
+        let req = DatanodeInspectRequest {
+            kind: DatanodeInspectKind::SstStorage,
+            scan: request,
+        };
+
+        let future = async move {
+            info_ext
+                .inspect_datanode(req)
+                .await
+                .map_err(BoxedError::new)
+                .context(common_recordbatch::error::ExternalSnafu)
+        };
+        Ok(Box::pin(AsyncRecordBatchStreamAdapter::new(
+            schema,
+            Box::pin(future),
+        )))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Information schema table for index metadata.
+pub struct InformationSchemaSstsIndexMeta {
+    schema: SchemaRef,
+    catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>,
+}
+
+impl InformationSchemaSstsIndexMeta {
+    pub(super) fn new(catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            schema: PuffinIndexMetaEntry::schema(),
+            catalog_manager,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl InformationTable for InformationSchemaSstsIndexMeta {
+    fn table_id(&self) -> TableId {
+        INFORMATION_SCHEMA_SSTS_INDEX_META_TABLE_ID
+    }
+
+    fn table_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        SSTS_INDEX_META
+    }
+
+    fn schema(&self) -> SchemaRef {
+        self.schema.clone()
+    }
+
+    fn to_stream(&self, request: ScanRequest) -> Result<SendableRecordBatchStream> {
+        let schema = if let Some(p) = &request.projection {
+            Arc::new(self.schema.try_project(p).context(ProjectSchemaSnafu)?)
+        } else {
+            self.schema.clone()
+        };
+
+        let info_ext = utils::information_extension(&self.catalog_manager)?;
+        let req = DatanodeInspectRequest {
+            kind: DatanodeInspectKind::SstIndexMeta,
+            scan: request,
+        };
+
+        let future = async move {
+            info_ext
+                .inspect_datanode(req)
+                .await
+                .map_err(BoxedError::new)
+                .context(common_recordbatch::error::ExternalSnafu)
+        };
+        Ok(Box::pin(AsyncRecordBatchStreamAdapter::new(
+            schema,
+            Box::pin(future),
+        )))
+    }
+}
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/table_constraints.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/table_constraints.rs
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatch, SendableRecordBatchStream};
 use datafusion::execution::TaskContext;
+use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::stream::RecordBatchStreamAdapter as DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::streaming::PartitionStream as DfPartitionStream;
-use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, MutableVector};
 use datatypes::scalars::ScalarVectorBuilder;
 use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema, SchemaRef};
@@ -32,15 +32,15 @@ use futures::TryStreamExt;
 use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::storage::{ScanRequest, TableId};

+use crate::CatalogManager;
 use crate::error::{
    CreateRecordBatchSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result, UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRefSnafu,
 };
+use crate::information_schema::Predicates;
 use crate::information_schema::key_column_usage::{
    CONSTRAINT_NAME_PRI, CONSTRAINT_NAME_TIME_INDEX,
 };
-use crate::information_schema::Predicates;
 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{InformationTable, TABLE_CONSTRAINTS};
-use crate::CatalogManager;

 /// The `TABLE_CONSTRAINTS` table describes which tables have constraints.
 #[derive(Debug)]
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/table_names.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/table_names.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ pub const TABLE_PRIVILEGES: &str = "table_privileges";
 pub const TRIGGERS: &str = "triggers";
 pub const GLOBAL_STATUS: &str = "global_status";
 pub const SESSION_STATUS: &str = "session_status";
-pub const RUNTIME_METRICS: &str = "runtime_metrics";
 pub const PARTITIONS: &str = "partitions";
 pub const REGION_PEERS: &str = "region_peers";
 pub const TABLE_CONSTRAINTS: &str = "table_constraints";
@@ -48,3 +47,6 @@ pub const FLOWS: &str = "flows";
 pub const PROCEDURE_INFO: &str = "procedure_info";
 pub const REGION_STATISTICS: &str = "region_statistics";
 pub const PROCESS_LIST: &str = "process_list";
+pub const SSTS_MANIFEST: &str = "ssts_manifest";
+pub const SSTS_STORAGE: &str = "ssts_storage";
+pub const SSTS_INDEX_META: &str = "ssts_index_meta";
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/tables.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/tables.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};

 use arrow_schema::SchemaRef as ArrowSchemaRef;
@@ -23,9 +22,9 @@ use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatch, SendableRecordBatchStream};
 use common_telemetry::error;
 use datafusion::execution::TaskContext;
+use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::stream::RecordBatchStreamAdapter as DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::streaming::PartitionStream as DfPartitionStream;
-use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, ScalarVectorBuilder, VectorRef};
 use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema, SchemaRef};
 use datatypes::value::Value;
@@ -37,12 +36,12 @@ use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::storage::{RegionId, ScanRequest, TableId};
 use table::metadata::{TableInfo, TableType};

+use crate::CatalogManager;
 use crate::error::{
    CreateRecordBatchSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result, UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRefSnafu,
 };
 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{InformationTable, Predicates, TABLES};
 use crate::system_schema::utils;
-use crate::CatalogManager;

 pub const TABLE_CATALOG: &str = "table_catalog";
 pub const TABLE_SCHEMA: &str = "table_schema";
@@ -255,14 +254,17 @@ impl InformationSchemaTablesBuilder {
        // TODO(dennis): `region_stats` API is not stable in distributed cluster because of network issue etc.
        // But we don't want the statements such as `show tables` fail,
        // so using `unwrap_or_else` here instead of `?` operator.
-        let region_stats = information_extension
+        let region_stats = {
+            let mut x = information_extension
                .region_stats()
                .await
-            .map_err(|e| {
-                error!(e; "Failed to call region_stats");
-                e
-            })
-            .unwrap_or_else(|_| vec![]);
+                .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+                    error!(e; "Failed to find region stats in information_schema, fallback to all empty");
+                    vec![]
+                });
+            x.sort_unstable_by_key(|x| x.id);
+            x
+        };

        for schema_name in catalog_manager.schema_names(&catalog_name, None).await? {
            let mut stream = catalog_manager.tables(&catalog_name, &schema_name, None);
@@ -273,16 +275,16 @@ impl InformationSchemaTablesBuilder {
                // TODO(dennis): make it working for metric engine
                let table_region_stats =
                    if table_info.meta.engine == MITO_ENGINE || table_info.is_physical_table() {
-                        let region_ids = table_info
+                        table_info
                            .meta
                            .region_numbers
                            .iter()
                            .map(|n| RegionId::new(table_info.ident.table_id, *n))
-                            .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-
+                            .flat_map(|region_id| {
                                region_stats
-                            .iter()
-                            .filter(|stat| region_ids.contains(&stat.id))
+                                    .binary_search_by_key(&region_id, |x| x.id)
+                                    .map(|i| &region_stats[i])
+                            })
                            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    } else {
                        vec![]
@@ -371,7 +373,8 @@ impl InformationSchemaTablesBuilder {
        self.auto_increment.push(Some(0));
        self.row_format.push(Some("Fixed"));
        self.table_collation.push(Some("utf8_bin"));
-        self.update_time.push(None);
+        self.update_time
+            .push(Some(table_info.meta.updated_on.timestamp().into()));
        self.check_time.push(None);
        // use mariadb default table version number here
        self.version.push(Some(11));
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/views.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/information_schema/views.rs
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatch, SendableRecordBatchStream};
 use datafusion::execution::TaskContext;
+use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::stream::RecordBatchStreamAdapter as DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::streaming::PartitionStream as DfPartitionStream;
-use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datatypes::prelude::{ConcreteDataType, ScalarVectorBuilder, VectorRef};
 use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema, SchemaRef};
 use datatypes::value::Value;
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
 use store_api::storage::{ScanRequest, TableId};
 use table::metadata::TableType;

+use crate::CatalogManager;
 use crate::error::{
    CastManagerSnafu, CreateRecordBatchSnafu, GetViewCacheSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result,
    UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRefSnafu, ViewInfoNotFoundSnafu,
 };
 use crate::kvbackend::KvBackendCatalogManager;
 use crate::system_schema::information_schema::{InformationTable, Predicates, VIEWS};
-use crate::CatalogManager;
 const INIT_CAPACITY: usize = 42;

 pub const TABLE_CATALOG: &str = "table_catalog";
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/memory_table.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/memory_table.rs
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
 use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use common_recordbatch::{RecordBatch, SendableRecordBatchStream};
 use datafusion::execution::TaskContext;
+use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::stream::RecordBatchStreamAdapter as DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
 use datafusion::physical_plan::streaming::PartitionStream as DfPartitionStream;
-use datafusion::physical_plan::SendableRecordBatchStream as DfSendableRecordBatchStream;
 use datatypes::schema::SchemaRef;
 use datatypes::vectors::VectorRef;
 use snafu::ResultExt;
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/numbers_table_provider.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/numbers_table_provider.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing", debug_assertions))]
+use common_catalog::consts::NUMBERS_TABLE_ID;
+use table::TableRef;
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing", debug_assertions))]
+use table::table::numbers::NUMBERS_TABLE_NAME;
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing", debug_assertions))]
+use table::table::numbers::NumbersTable;
+
+// NumbersTableProvider is a dedicated provider for feature-gating the numbers table.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct NumbersTableProvider;
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing", debug_assertions))]
+impl NumbersTableProvider {
+    pub(crate) fn table_exists(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
+        name == NUMBERS_TABLE_NAME
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn table_names(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        vec![NUMBERS_TABLE_NAME.to_string()]
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn table(&self, name: &str) -> Option<TableRef> {
+        if name == NUMBERS_TABLE_NAME {
+            Some(NumbersTable::table(NUMBERS_TABLE_ID))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(any(test, feature = "testing", debug_assertions)))]
+impl NumbersTableProvider {
+    pub(crate) fn table_exists(&self, _name: &str) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn table_names(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        vec![]
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn table(&self, _name: &str) -> Option<TableRef> {
+        None
+    }
+}
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/pg_catalog.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/pg_catalog.rs
@@ -12,53 +12,42 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-mod pg_catalog_memory_table;
-mod pg_class;
-mod pg_database;
-mod pg_namespace;
-mod table_names;
-
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::sync::{Arc, LazyLock, Weak};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};

-use common_catalog::consts::{self, DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME, PG_CATALOG_NAME};
-use datatypes::schema::ColumnSchema;
-use lazy_static::lazy_static;
-use paste::paste;
-use pg_catalog_memory_table::get_schema_columns;
-use pg_class::PGClass;
-use pg_database::PGDatabase;
-use pg_namespace::PGNamespace;
-use session::context::{Channel, QueryContext};
+use arrow_schema::SchemaRef;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use common_catalog::consts::{DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, PG_CATALOG_NAME, PG_CATALOG_TABLE_ID_START};
+use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
+use common_recordbatch::SendableRecordBatchStream;
+use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
+use common_telemetry::warn;
+use datafusion::datasource::TableType;
+use datafusion::error::DataFusionError;
+use datafusion::execution::TaskContext;
+use datafusion::physical_plan::stream::RecordBatchStreamAdapter as DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
+use datafusion_pg_catalog::pg_catalog::catalog_info::CatalogInfo;
+use datafusion_pg_catalog::pg_catalog::context::EmptyContextProvider;
+use datafusion_pg_catalog::pg_catalog::{
+    PG_CATALOG_TABLES, PgCatalogSchemaProvider, PgCatalogStaticTables, PgCatalogTable,
+};
+use snafu::ResultExt;
+use store_api::storage::ScanRequest;
 use table::TableRef;
-pub use table_names::*;
+use table::metadata::TableId;

-use self::pg_namespace::oid_map::{PGNamespaceOidMap, PGNamespaceOidMapRef};
-use crate::system_schema::memory_table::MemoryTable;
-use crate::system_schema::utils::tables::u32_column;
-use crate::system_schema::{SystemSchemaProvider, SystemSchemaProviderInner, SystemTableRef};
 use crate::CatalogManager;
-
-lazy_static! {
-    static ref MEMORY_TABLES: &'static [&'static str] = &[table_names::PG_TYPE];
-}
-
-/// The column name for the OID column.
-/// The OID column is a unique identifier of type u32 for each object in the database.
-const OID_COLUMN_NAME: &str = "oid";
-
-fn oid_column() -> ColumnSchema {
-    u32_column(OID_COLUMN_NAME)
-}
+use crate::error::{InternalSnafu, ProjectSchemaSnafu, Result};
+use crate::system_schema::{
+    SystemSchemaProvider, SystemSchemaProviderInner, SystemTable, SystemTableRef,
+};

 /// [`PGCatalogProvider`] is the provider for a schema named `pg_catalog`, it is not a catalog.
 pub struct PGCatalogProvider {
    catalog_name: String,
-    catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>,
+    inner: PgCatalogSchemaProvider<CatalogManagerWrapper, EmptyContextProvider>,
    tables: HashMap<String, TableRef>,
-
-    // Workaround to store mapping of schema_name to a numeric id
-    namespace_oid_map: PGNamespaceOidMapRef,
+    table_ids: HashMap<&'static str, u32>,
 }

 impl SystemSchemaProvider for PGCatalogProvider {
@@ -69,30 +58,34 @@ impl SystemSchemaProvider for PGCatalogProvider {
    }
 }

-// TODO(j0hn50n133): Not sure whether to avoid duplication with `information_schema` or not.
-macro_rules! setup_memory_table {
-    ($name: expr) => {
-        paste! {
-            {
-                let (schema, columns) = get_schema_columns($name);
-                Some(Arc::new(MemoryTable::new(
-                    consts::[<PG_CATALOG_ $name  _TABLE_ID>],
-                    $name,
-                    schema,
-                    columns
-                )) as _)
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}
-
 impl PGCatalogProvider {
    pub fn new(catalog_name: String, catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>) -> Self {
+        // safe to expect/unwrap because it contains only schema read, this can
+        // be ensured by sqlness tests
+        let static_tables =
+            PgCatalogStaticTables::try_new().expect("Failed to initialize static tables");
+        let inner = PgCatalogSchemaProvider::try_new(
+            CatalogManagerWrapper {
+                catalog_name: catalog_name.clone(),
+                catalog_manager,
+            },
+            Arc::new(static_tables),
+            EmptyContextProvider,
+        )
+        .expect("Failed to initialize PgCatalogSchemaProvider");
+
+        let mut table_ids = HashMap::new();
+        let mut table_id = PG_CATALOG_TABLE_ID_START;
+        for name in PG_CATALOG_TABLES {
+            table_ids.insert(*name, table_id);
+            table_id += 1;
+        }
+
        let mut provider = Self {
            catalog_name,
-            catalog_manager,
+            inner,
            tables: HashMap::new(),
-            namespace_oid_map: Arc::new(PGNamespaceOidMap::new()),
+            table_ids,
        };
        provider.build_tables();
        provider
@@ -102,23 +95,13 @@ impl PGCatalogProvider {
        // SECURITY NOTE:
        // Must follow the same security rules as [`InformationSchemaProvider::build_tables`].
        let mut tables = HashMap::new();
-        // TODO(J0HN50N133): modeling the table_name as a enum type to get rid of expect/unwrap here
        // It's safe to unwrap here because we are sure that the constants have been handle correctly inside system_table.
-        for name in MEMORY_TABLES.iter() {
-            tables.insert(name.to_string(), self.build_table(name).expect(name));
+        for name in PG_CATALOG_TABLES {
+            if let Some(table) = self.build_table(name) {
+                tables.insert(name.to_string(), table);
            }
-        tables.insert(
-            PG_NAMESPACE.to_string(),
-            self.build_table(PG_NAMESPACE).expect(PG_NAMESPACE),
-        );
-        tables.insert(
-            PG_CLASS.to_string(),
-            self.build_table(PG_CLASS).expect(PG_NAMESPACE),
-        );
-        tables.insert(
-            PG_DATABASE.to_string(),
-            self.build_table(PG_DATABASE).expect(PG_DATABASE),
-        );
+        }
+
        self.tables = tables;
    }
 }
@@ -129,24 +112,26 @@ impl SystemSchemaProviderInner for PGCatalogProvider {
    }

    fn system_table(&self, name: &str) -> Option<SystemTableRef> {
-        match name {
-            table_names::PG_TYPE => setup_memory_table!(PG_TYPE),
-            table_names::PG_NAMESPACE => Some(Arc::new(PGNamespace::new(
-                self.catalog_name.clone(),
-                self.catalog_manager.clone(),
-                self.namespace_oid_map.clone(),
-            ))),
-            table_names::PG_CLASS => Some(Arc::new(PGClass::new(
-                self.catalog_name.clone(),
-                self.catalog_manager.clone(),
-                self.namespace_oid_map.clone(),
-            ))),
-            table_names::PG_DATABASE => Some(Arc::new(PGDatabase::new(
-                self.catalog_name.clone(),
-                self.catalog_manager.clone(),
-                self.namespace_oid_map.clone(),
-            ))),
-            _ => None,
+        if let Some((table_name, table_id)) = self.table_ids.get_key_value(name) {
+            let table = self.inner.build_table_by_name(name).expect(name);
+
+            if let Some(table) = table {
+                if let Ok(system_table) = DFTableProviderAsSystemTable::try_new(
+                    *table_id,
+                    table_name,
+                    table::metadata::TableType::Temporary,
+                    table,
+                ) {
+                    Some(Arc::new(system_table))
+                } else {
+                    warn!("failed to create pg_catalog system table {}", name);
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
        }
    }

@@ -155,11 +140,177 @@ impl SystemSchemaProviderInner for PGCatalogProvider {
    }
 }

-/// Provide query context to call the [`CatalogManager`]'s method.
-static PG_QUERY_CTX: LazyLock<QueryContext> = LazyLock::new(|| {
-    QueryContext::with_channel(DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME, DEFAULT_SCHEMA_NAME, Channel::Postgres)
-});
-
-fn query_ctx() -> Option<&'static QueryContext> {
-    Some(&PG_QUERY_CTX)
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct CatalogManagerWrapper {
+    catalog_name: String,
+    catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>,
+}
+
+impl CatalogManagerWrapper {
+    fn catalog_manager(&self) -> std::result::Result<Arc<dyn CatalogManager>, DataFusionError> {
+        self.catalog_manager.upgrade().ok_or_else(|| {
+            DataFusionError::Internal("Failed to access catalog manager".to_string())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for CatalogManagerWrapper {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("CatalogManagerWrapper").finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl CatalogInfo for CatalogManagerWrapper {
+    async fn catalog_names(&self) -> std::result::Result<Vec<String>, DataFusionError> {
+        if self.catalog_name == DEFAULT_CATALOG_NAME {
+            CatalogManager::catalog_names(self.catalog_manager()?.as_ref())
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| DataFusionError::External(Box::new(e)))
+        } else {
+            Ok(vec![self.catalog_name.clone()])
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn schema_names(
+        &self,
+        catalog_name: &str,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<Option<Vec<String>>, DataFusionError> {
+        self.catalog_manager()?
+            .schema_names(catalog_name, None)
+            .await
+            .map(Some)
+            .map_err(|e| DataFusionError::External(Box::new(e)))
+    }
+
+    async fn table_names(
+        &self,
+        catalog_name: &str,
+        schema_name: &str,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<Option<Vec<String>>, DataFusionError> {
+        self.catalog_manager()?
+            .table_names(catalog_name, schema_name, None)
+            .await
+            .map(Some)
+            .map_err(|e| DataFusionError::External(Box::new(e)))
+    }
+
+    async fn table_schema(
+        &self,
+        catalog_name: &str,
+        schema_name: &str,
+        table_name: &str,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<Option<SchemaRef>, DataFusionError> {
+        let table = self
+            .catalog_manager()?
+            .table(catalog_name, schema_name, table_name, None)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| DataFusionError::External(Box::new(e)))?;
+
+        Ok(table.map(|t| t.schema().arrow_schema().clone()))
+    }
+
+    async fn table_type(
+        &self,
+        catalog_name: &str,
+        schema_name: &str,
+        table_name: &str,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<Option<TableType>, DataFusionError> {
+        let table = self
+            .catalog_manager()?
+            .table(catalog_name, schema_name, table_name, None)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| DataFusionError::External(Box::new(e)))?;
+
+        Ok(table.map(|t| t.table_type().into()))
+    }
+}
+
+struct DFTableProviderAsSystemTable {
+    pub table_id: TableId,
+    pub table_name: &'static str,
+    pub table_type: table::metadata::TableType,
+    pub schema: Arc<datatypes::schema::Schema>,
+    pub table_provider: PgCatalogTable,
+}
+
+impl DFTableProviderAsSystemTable {
+    pub fn try_new(
+        table_id: TableId,
+        table_name: &'static str,
+        table_type: table::metadata::TableType,
+        table_provider: PgCatalogTable,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let arrow_schema = table_provider.schema();
+        let schema = Arc::new(arrow_schema.try_into().context(ProjectSchemaSnafu)?);
+        Ok(Self {
+            table_id,
+            table_name,
+            table_type,
+            schema,
+            table_provider,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl SystemTable for DFTableProviderAsSystemTable {
+    fn table_id(&self) -> TableId {
+        self.table_id
+    }
+
+    fn table_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        self.table_name
+    }
+
+    fn schema(&self) -> Arc<datatypes::schema::Schema> {
+        self.schema.clone()
+    }
+
+    fn table_type(&self) -> table::metadata::TableType {
+        self.table_type
+    }
+
+    fn to_stream(&self, _request: ScanRequest) -> Result<SendableRecordBatchStream> {
+        match &self.table_provider {
+            PgCatalogTable::Static(table) => {
+                let schema = self.schema.arrow_schema().clone();
+                let data = table
+                    .data()
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|rb| Ok(rb.clone()))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                let stream = Box::pin(DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter::new(
+                    schema,
+                    futures::stream::iter(data),
+                ));
+                Ok(Box::pin(
+                    RecordBatchStreamAdapter::try_new(stream)
+                        .map_err(BoxedError::new)
+                        .context(InternalSnafu)?,
+                ))
+            }
+
+            PgCatalogTable::Dynamic(table) => {
+                let stream = table.execute(Arc::new(TaskContext::default()));
+                Ok(Box::pin(
+                    RecordBatchStreamAdapter::try_new(stream)
+                        .map_err(BoxedError::new)
+                        .context(InternalSnafu)?,
+                ))
+            }
+
+            PgCatalogTable::Empty(_) => {
+                let schema = self.schema.arrow_schema().clone();
+                let stream = Box::pin(DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter::new(
+                    schema,
+                    futures::stream::iter(vec![]),
+                ));
+                Ok(Box::pin(
+                    RecordBatchStreamAdapter::try_new(stream)
+                        .map_err(BoxedError::new)
+                        .context(InternalSnafu)?,
+                ))
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/pg_catalog/pg_catalog_memory_table.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/pg_catalog/pg_catalog_memory_table.rs
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use datatypes::schema::{ColumnSchema, Schema, SchemaRef};
-use datatypes::vectors::{Int16Vector, StringVector, UInt32Vector, VectorRef};
-
-use crate::memory_table_cols;
-use crate::system_schema::pg_catalog::oid_column;
-use crate::system_schema::pg_catalog::table_names::PG_TYPE;
-use crate::system_schema::utils::tables::{i16_column, string_column};
-
-fn pg_type_schema_columns() -> (Vec<ColumnSchema>, Vec<VectorRef>) {
-    // TODO(j0hn50n133): acquire this information from `DataType` instead of hardcoding it to avoid regression.
-    memory_table_cols!(
-        [oid, typname, typlen],
-        [
-            (1, "String", -1),
-            (2, "Binary", -1),
-            (3, "Int8", 1),
-            (4, "Int16", 2),
-            (5, "Int32", 4),
-            (6, "Int64", 8),
-            (7, "UInt8", 1),
-            (8, "UInt16", 2),
-            (9, "UInt32", 4),
-            (10, "UInt64", 8),
-            (11, "Float32", 4),
-            (12, "Float64", 8),
-            (13, "Decimal", 16),
-            (14, "Date", 4),
-            (15, "DateTime", 8),
-            (16, "Timestamp", 8),
-            (17, "Time", 8),
-            (18, "Duration", 8),
-            (19, "Interval", 16),
-            (20, "List", -1),
-        ]
-    );
-    (
-        // not quiet identical with pg, we only follow the definition in pg
-        vec![oid_column(), string_column("typname"), i16_column("typlen")],
-        vec![
-            Arc::new(UInt32Vector::from_vec(oid)), // oid
-            Arc::new(StringVector::from(typname)),
-            Arc::new(Int16Vector::from_vec(typlen)), // typlen in bytes
-        ],
-    )
-}
-
-pub(super) fn get_schema_columns(table_name: &str) -> (SchemaRef, Vec<VectorRef>) {
-    let (column_schemas, columns): (_, Vec<VectorRef>) = match table_name {
-        PG_TYPE => pg_type_schema_columns(),
-        _ => unreachable!("Unknown table in pg_catalog: {}", table_name),
-    };
-    (Arc::new(Schema::new(column_schemas)), columns)
-}
--- a/src/catalog/src/system_schema/pg_catalog/pg_class.rs
+++ b/src/catalog/src/system_schema/pg_catalog/pg_class.rs
@@ -1,276 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use std::fmt;
-use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
-
-use arrow_schema::SchemaRef as ArrowSchemaRef;
-use common_catalog::consts::PG_CATALOG_PG_CLASS_TABLE_ID;
-use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
-use common_recordbatch::adapter::RecordBatchStreamAdapter;
-use common_recordbatch::{DfSendableRecordBatchStream, RecordBatch};
-use datafusion::execution::TaskContext;
-use datafusion::physical_plan::stream::RecordBatchStreamAdapter as DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter;
-use datafusion::physical_plan::streaming::PartitionStream as DfPartitionStream;
-use datatypes::scalars::ScalarVectorBuilder;
-use datatypes::schema::{Schema, SchemaRef};
-use datatypes::value::Value;
-use datatypes::vectors::{StringVectorBuilder, UInt32VectorBuilder, VectorRef};
-use futures::TryStreamExt;
-use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
-use store_api::storage::ScanRequest;
-use table::metadata::TableType;
-
-use crate::error::{
-    CreateRecordBatchSnafu, InternalSnafu, Result, UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRefSnafu,
-};
-use crate::information_schema::Predicates;
-use crate::system_schema::pg_catalog::pg_namespace::oid_map::PGNamespaceOidMapRef;
-use crate::system_schema::pg_catalog::{query_ctx, OID_COLUMN_NAME, PG_CLASS};
-use crate::system_schema::utils::tables::{string_column, u32_column};
-use crate::system_schema::SystemTable;
-use crate::CatalogManager;
-
-// === column name ===
-pub const RELNAME: &str = "relname";
-pub const RELNAMESPACE: &str = "relnamespace";
-pub const RELKIND: &str = "relkind";
-pub const RELOWNER: &str = "relowner";
-
-// === enum value of relkind ===
-pub const RELKIND_TABLE: &str = "r";
-pub const RELKIND_VIEW: &str = "v";
-
-/// The initial capacity of the vector builders.
-const INIT_CAPACITY: usize = 42;
-/// The dummy owner id for the namespace.
-const DUMMY_OWNER_ID: u32 = 0;
-
-/// The `pg_catalog.pg_class` table implementation.
-pub(super) struct PGClass {
-    schema: SchemaRef,
-    catalog_name: String,
-    catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>,
-
-    // Workaround to convert schema_name to a numeric id
-    namespace_oid_map: PGNamespaceOidMapRef,
-}
-
-impl PGClass {
-    pub(super) fn new(
-        catalog_name: String,
-        catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>,
-        namespace_oid_map: PGNamespaceOidMapRef,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            schema: Self::schema(),
-            catalog_name,
-            catalog_manager,
-            namespace_oid_map,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn schema() -> SchemaRef {
-        Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
-            u32_column(OID_COLUMN_NAME),
-            string_column(RELNAME),
-            u32_column(RELNAMESPACE),
-            string_column(RELKIND),
-            u32_column(RELOWNER),
-        ]))
-    }
-
-    fn builder(&self) -> PGClassBuilder {
-        PGClassBuilder::new(
-            self.schema.clone(),
-            self.catalog_name.clone(),
-            self.catalog_manager.clone(),
-            self.namespace_oid_map.clone(),
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Debug for PGClass {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("PGClass")
-            .field("schema", &self.schema)
-            .field("catalog_name", &self.catalog_name)
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-impl SystemTable for PGClass {
-    fn table_id(&self) -> table::metadata::TableId {
-        PG_CATALOG_PG_CLASS_TABLE_ID
-    }
-
-    fn table_name(&self) -> &'static str {
-        PG_CLASS
-    }
-
-    fn schema(&self) -> SchemaRef {
-        self.schema.clone()
-    }
-
-    fn to_stream(
-        &self,
-        request: ScanRequest,
-    ) -> Result<common_recordbatch::SendableRecordBatchStream> {
-        let schema = self.schema.arrow_schema().clone();
-        let mut builder = self.builder();
-        let stream = Box::pin(DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter::new(
-            schema,
-            futures::stream::once(async move {
-                builder
-                    .make_class(Some(request))
-                    .await
-                    .map(|x| x.into_df_record_batch())
-                    .map_err(Into::into)
-            }),
-        ));
-        Ok(Box::pin(
-            RecordBatchStreamAdapter::try_new(stream)
-                .map_err(BoxedError::new)
-                .context(InternalSnafu)?,
-        ))
-    }
-}
-
-impl DfPartitionStream for PGClass {
-    fn schema(&self) -> &ArrowSchemaRef {
-        self.schema.arrow_schema()
-    }
-
-    fn execute(&self, _: Arc<TaskContext>) -> DfSendableRecordBatchStream {
-        let schema = self.schema.arrow_schema().clone();
-        let mut builder = self.builder();
-        Box::pin(DfRecordBatchStreamAdapter::new(
-            schema,
-            futures::stream::once(async move {
-                builder
-                    .make_class(None)
-                    .await
-                    .map(|x| x.into_df_record_batch())
-                    .map_err(Into::into)
-            }),
-        ))
-    }
-}
-
-/// Builds the `pg_catalog.pg_class` table row by row
-/// TODO(J0HN50N133): `relowner` is always the [`DUMMY_OWNER_ID`] because we don't have users.
-/// Once we have user system, make it the actual owner of the table.
-struct PGClassBuilder {
-    schema: SchemaRef,
-    catalog_name: String,
-    catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>,
-    namespace_oid_map: PGNamespaceOidMapRef,
-
-    oid: UInt32VectorBuilder,
-    relname: StringVectorBuilder,
-    relnamespace: UInt32VectorBuilder,
-    relkind: StringVectorBuilder,
-    relowner: UInt32VectorBuilder,
-}
-
-impl PGClassBuilder {
-    fn new(
-        schema: SchemaRef,
-        catalog_name: String,
-        catalog_manager: Weak<dyn CatalogManager>,
-        namespace_oid_map: PGNamespaceOidMapRef,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            schema,
-            catalog_name,
-            catalog_manager,
-            namespace_oid_map,
-
-            oid: UInt32VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
-            relname: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
-            relnamespace: UInt32VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
-            relkind: StringVectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
-            relowner: UInt32VectorBuilder::with_capacity(INIT_CAPACITY),
-        }
-    }
-
-    async fn make_class(&mut self, request: Option<ScanRequest>) -> Result<RecordBatch> {
-        let catalog_name = self.catalog_name.clone();
-        let catalog_manager = self
-            .catalog_manager
-            .upgrade()
-            .context(UpgradeWeakCatalogManagerRefSnafu)?;
-        let predicates = Predicates::from_scan_request(&request);
-        for schema_name in catalog_manager
-            .schema_names(&catalog_name, query_ctx())
-            .await?
-        {
-            let mut stream = catalog_manager.tables(&catalog_name, &schema_name, query_ctx());
-            while let Some(table) = stream.try_next().await? {
-                let table_info = table.table_info();
-                self.add_class(
-                    &predicates,
-                    table_info.table_id(),
-                    &schema_name,
-                    &table_info.name,
-                    if table_info.table_type == TableType::View {
-                        RELKIND_VIEW
-                    } else {
-                        RELKIND_TABLE
-                    },
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        self.finish()
-    }
-
-    fn add_class(
-        &mut self,
-        predicates: &Predicates,
-        oid: u32,
-        schema: &str,
-        table: &str,
-        kind: &str,
-    ) {
-        let namespace_oid = self.namespace_oid_map.get_oid(schema);
-        let row = [
-            (OID_COLUMN_NAME, &Value::from(oid)),
-            (RELNAMESPACE, &Value::from(schema)),
-            (RELNAME, &Value::from(table)),
-            (RELKIND, &Value::from(kind)),
-            (RELOWNER, &Value::from(DUMMY_OWNER_ID)),
-        ];
-
-        if !predicates.eval(&row) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        self.oid.push(Some(oid));
-        self.relnamespace.push(Some(namespace_oid));
-        self.relname.push(Some(table));
-        self.relkind.push(Some(kind));
-        self.relowner.push(Some(DUMMY_OWNER_ID));
-    }
-
-    fn finish(&mut self) -> Result<RecordBatch> {
-        let columns: Vec<VectorRef> = vec![
-            Arc::new(self.oid.finish()),
-            Arc::new(self.relname.finish()),
-            Arc::new(self.relnamespace.finish()),
-            Arc::new(self.relkind.finish()),
-            Arc::new(self.relowner.finish()),
-        ];
-        RecordBatch::new(self.schema.clone(), columns).context(CreateRecordBatchSnafu)
-    }
-}
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More