pageserver: API for invoking page trace

pageserver: add PageTrace machinery
Merge pull request #10338 from neondatabase/rc/release/2025-01-10
2026-05-17 21:20:37 +00:00 · 2025-01-14 18:04:59 +00:00 · 2025-01-14 18:04:59 +00:00 · 2025-01-10 19:21:43 +00:00 · 2025-01-10 06:02:00 +00:00 · 2025-01-03 20:32:37 +01:00
152 changed files with 3789 additions and 8881 deletions
--- a/.github/actionlint.yml
+++ b/.github/actionlint.yml
@@ -25,4 +25,3 @@ config-variables:
  - PGREGRESS_PG17_PROJECT_ID
  - SLACK_ON_CALL_QA_STAGING_STREAM
  - DEV_AWS_OIDC_ROLE_MANAGE_BENCHMARK_EC2_VMS_ARN
-  - SLACK_ON_CALL_STORAGE_STAGING_STREAM
--- a/.github/workflows/build_and_test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_and_test.yml
@@ -346,22 +346,25 @@ jobs:
      # XXX: no coverage data handling here, since benchmarks are run on release builds,
      # while coverage is currently collected for the debug ones

-  report-benchmarks-results-to-slack:
+  report-benchmarks-failures:
    needs: [ benchmarks, create-test-report ]
-    if: github.ref_name == 'main' && !cancelled() && contains(fromJSON('["success", "failure"]'), needs.benchmarks.result)
+    if: github.ref_name == 'main' && failure() && needs.benchmarks.result == 'failure'
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write # aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials
+      statuses: write
+      contents: write
+      pull-requests: write
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04

    steps:
-    - uses: slackapi/slack-github-action@v2
+    - uses: slackapi/slack-github-action@v1
      with:
-        method: chat.postMessage
-        token: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BOT_TOKEN }}
-        payload: |
-          channel: "${{ vars.SLACK_ON_CALL_STORAGE_STAGING_STREAM }}"
-          text: |
-            Benchmarks on main: *${{ needs.benchmarks.result }}*
-            - <${{ needs.create-test-report.outputs.report-url }}|Allure report>
-            - <${{ github.event.head_commit.url }}|${{ github.sha }}>
+        channel-id: C060CNA47S9 # on-call-staging-storage-stream
+        slack-message: |
+          Benchmarks failed on main <${{ github.event.head_commit.url }}|${{ github.sha }}>
+          <${{ needs.create-test-report.outputs.report-url }}|Allure report>
+      env:
+        SLACK_BOT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BOT_TOKEN }}

  create-test-report:
    needs: [ check-permissions, build-and-test-locally, coverage-report, build-build-tools-image, benchmarks ]
@@ -725,6 +728,30 @@ jobs:
          tags: |
            neondatabase/neon-test-extensions-${{ matrix.version.pg }}:${{needs.tag.outputs.build-tag}}-${{ matrix.version.debian }}-${{ matrix.arch }}

+      - name: Build compute-tools image
+        # compute-tools are Postgres independent, so build it only once
+        # We pick 16, because that builds on debian 11 with older glibc (and is
+        # thus compatible with newer glibc), rather than 17 on Debian 12, as
+        # that isn't guaranteed to be compatible with Debian 11
+        if: matrix.version.pg == 'v16'
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
+        with:
+          target: compute-tools-image
+          context: .
+          build-args: |
+            GIT_VERSION=${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
+            BUILD_TAG=${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}
+            TAG=${{ needs.build-build-tools-image.outputs.image-tag }}-${{ matrix.version.debian }}
+            DEBIAN_VERSION=${{ matrix.version.debian }}
+          provenance: false
+          push: true
+          pull: true
+          file: compute/compute-node.Dockerfile
+          cache-from: type=registry,ref=cache.neon.build/compute-node-${{ matrix.version.pg }}:cache-${{ matrix.version.debian }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
+          cache-to: ${{ github.ref_name == 'main' && format('type=registry,ref=cache.neon.build/compute-tools-{0}:cache-{1}-{2},mode=max', matrix.version.pg, matrix.version.debian, matrix.arch) || '' }}
+          tags: |
+            neondatabase/compute-tools:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}-${{ matrix.version.debian }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
+
  compute-node-image:
    needs: [ compute-node-image-arch, tag ]
    permissions:
@@ -767,6 +794,14 @@ jobs:
                                             neondatabase/neon-test-extensions-${{ matrix.version.pg }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}-${{ matrix.version.debian }}-x64 \
                                             neondatabase/neon-test-extensions-${{ matrix.version.pg }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}-${{ matrix.version.debian }}-arm64

+      - name: Create multi-arch compute-tools image
+        if: matrix.version.pg == 'v16'
+        run: |
+          docker buildx imagetools create -t neondatabase/compute-tools:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }} \
+                                          -t neondatabase/compute-tools:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}-${{ matrix.version.debian }} \
+                                             neondatabase/compute-tools:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}-${{ matrix.version.debian }}-x64 \
+                                             neondatabase/compute-tools:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}-${{ matrix.version.debian }}-arm64
+
      - name: Configure AWS credentials
        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
        with:
@@ -782,6 +817,12 @@ jobs:
          docker buildx imagetools create -t 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/compute-node-${{ matrix.version.pg }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }} \
                                                                                neondatabase/compute-node-${{ matrix.version.pg }}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}

+      - name: Push multi-arch compute-tools image to ECR
+        if: matrix.version.pg == 'v16'
+        run: |
+          docker buildx imagetools create -t 369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/compute-tools:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }} \
+                                                                                neondatabase/compute-tools:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}
+
  vm-compute-node-image:
    needs: [ check-permissions, tag, compute-node-image ]
    runs-on: [ self-hosted, large ]
@@ -960,6 +1001,9 @@ jobs:
            docker buildx imagetools create -t $repo/neon:latest \
                                               $repo/neon:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}

+            docker buildx imagetools create -t $repo/compute-tools:latest \
+                                               $repo/compute-tools:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}
+
            for version in ${VERSIONS}; do
              docker buildx imagetools create -t $repo/compute-node-${version}:latest \
                                                 $repo/compute-node-${version}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}
@@ -988,7 +1032,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Copy all images to prod ECR
        if: github.ref_name == 'release' || github.ref_name == 'release-proxy' || github.ref_name == 'release-compute'
        run: |
-          for image in neon {vm-,}compute-node-{v14,v15,v16,v17}; do
+          for image in neon compute-tools {vm-,}compute-node-{v14,v15,v16,v17}; do
            docker buildx imagetools create -t 093970136003.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/${image}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }} \
                                               369495373322.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/${image}:${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}
          done
@@ -1000,7 +1044,7 @@ jobs:
    with:
      client_id: ${{ vars.AZURE_DEV_CLIENT_ID }}
      image_tag: ${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}
-      images: neon vm-compute-node-v14 vm-compute-node-v15 vm-compute-node-v16 vm-compute-node-v17 compute-node-v14 compute-node-v15 compute-node-v16 compute-node-v17
+      images: neon compute-tools vm-compute-node-v14 vm-compute-node-v15 vm-compute-node-v16 vm-compute-node-v17 compute-node-v14 compute-node-v15 compute-node-v16 compute-node-v17
      registry_name: ${{ vars.AZURE_DEV_REGISTRY_NAME }}
      subscription_id: ${{ vars.AZURE_DEV_SUBSCRIPTION_ID }}
      tenant_id: ${{ vars.AZURE_TENANT_ID }}
@@ -1012,7 +1056,7 @@ jobs:
    with:
      client_id: ${{ vars.AZURE_PROD_CLIENT_ID }}
      image_tag: ${{ needs.tag.outputs.build-tag }}
-      images: neon vm-compute-node-v14 vm-compute-node-v15 vm-compute-node-v16 vm-compute-node-v17 compute-node-v14 compute-node-v15 compute-node-v16 compute-node-v17
+      images: neon compute-tools vm-compute-node-v14 vm-compute-node-v15 vm-compute-node-v16 vm-compute-node-v17 compute-node-v14 compute-node-v15 compute-node-v16 compute-node-v17
      registry_name: ${{ vars.AZURE_PROD_REGISTRY_NAME }}
      subscription_id: ${{ vars.AZURE_PROD_SUBSCRIPTION_ID }}
      tenant_id: ${{ vars.AZURE_TENANT_ID }}
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1605,32 +1605,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "typenum",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "curve25519-dalek"
-version = "4.1.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "97fb8b7c4503de7d6ae7b42ab72a5a59857b4c937ec27a3d4539dba95b5ab2be"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "cpufeatures",
- "curve25519-dalek-derive",
- "digest",
- "fiat-crypto",
- "rustc_version",
- "subtle",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "curve25519-dalek-derive"
-version = "0.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f46882e17999c6cc590af592290432be3bce0428cb0d5f8b6715e4dc7b383eb3"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "darling"
 version = "0.20.1"
@@ -1679,20 +1653,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "parking_lot_core 0.9.8",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "dashmap"
-version = "6.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5041cc499144891f3790297212f32a74fb938e5136a14943f338ef9e0ae276cf"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "crossbeam-utils",
- "hashbrown 0.14.5",
- "lock_api",
- "once_cell",
- "parking_lot_core 0.9.8",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "data-encoding"
 version = "2.4.0"
@@ -1901,28 +1861,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "spki 0.7.3",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "ed25519"
-version = "2.2.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "115531babc129696a58c64a4fef0a8bf9e9698629fb97e9e40767d235cfbcd53"
-dependencies = [
- "signature 2.2.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "ed25519-dalek"
-version = "2.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4a3daa8e81a3963a60642bcc1f90a670680bd4a77535faa384e9d1c79d620871"
-dependencies = [
- "curve25519-dalek",
- "ed25519",
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
- "sha2",
- "subtle",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "either"
 version = "1.8.1"
@@ -2014,15 +1952,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "syn 2.0.90",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "env_filter"
-version = "0.1.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "186e05a59d4c50738528153b83b0b0194d3a29507dfec16eccd4b342903397d0"
-dependencies = [
- "log",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "env_logger"
 version = "0.10.2"
@@ -2036,16 +1965,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "termcolor",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "env_logger"
-version = "0.11.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6c012a26a7f605efc424dd53697843a72be7dc86ad2d01f7814337794a12231d"
-dependencies = [
- "env_filter",
- "log",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "equator"
 version = "0.2.2"
@@ -2161,12 +2080,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "subtle",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "fiat-crypto"
-version = "0.2.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "28dea519a9695b9977216879a3ebfddf92f1c08c05d984f8996aecd6ecdc811d"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "filetime"
 version = "0.2.22"
@@ -3035,28 +2948,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "str_stack",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "inferno"
-version = "0.12.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "75a5d75fee4d36809e6b021e4b96b686e763d365ffdb03af2bd00786353f84fe"
-dependencies = [
- "ahash",
- "clap",
- "crossbeam-channel",
- "crossbeam-utils",
- "dashmap 6.1.0",
- "env_logger 0.11.2",
- "indexmap 2.0.1",
- "itoa",
- "log",
- "num-format",
- "once_cell",
- "quick-xml 0.37.1",
- "rgb",
- "str_stack",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "inotify"
 version = "0.9.6"
@@ -3264,7 +3155,7 @@ version = "0.7.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4644821e1c3d7a560fe13d842d13f587c07348a1a05d3a797152d41c90c56df2"
 dependencies = [
- "dashmap 5.5.0",
+ "dashmap",
 "hashbrown 0.13.2",
 ]

@@ -3802,23 +3693,23 @@ checksum = "ff011a302c396a5197692431fc1948019154afc178baf7d8e37367442a4601cf"

 [[package]]
 name = "opentelemetry"
-version = "0.27.1"
+version = "0.26.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ab70038c28ed37b97d8ed414b6429d343a8bbf44c9f79ec854f3a643029ba6d7"
+checksum = "570074cc999d1a58184080966e5bd3bf3a9a4af650c3b05047c2621e7405cd17"
 dependencies = [
 "futures-core",
 "futures-sink",
 "js-sys",
+ "once_cell",
 "pin-project-lite",
 "thiserror",
- "tracing",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "opentelemetry-http"
-version = "0.27.0"
+version = "0.26.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "10a8a7f5f6ba7c1b286c2fbca0454eaba116f63bbe69ed250b642d36fbb04d80"
+checksum = "6351496aeaa49d7c267fb480678d85d1cd30c5edb20b497c48c56f62a8c14b99"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "bytes",
@@ -3829,9 +3720,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "opentelemetry-otlp"
-version = "0.27.0"
+version = "0.26.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "91cf61a1868dacc576bf2b2a1c3e9ab150af7272909e80085c3173384fe11f76"
+checksum = "29e1f9c8b032d4f635c730c0efcf731d5e2530ea13fa8bef7939ddc8420696bd"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "futures-core",
@@ -3847,9 +3738,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "opentelemetry-proto"
-version = "0.27.0"
+version = "0.26.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a6e05acbfada5ec79023c85368af14abd0b307c015e9064d249b2a950ef459a6"
+checksum = "c9d3968ce3aefdcca5c27e3c4ea4391b37547726a70893aab52d3de95d5f8b34"
 dependencies = [
 "opentelemetry",
 "opentelemetry_sdk",
@@ -3859,21 +3750,22 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "opentelemetry-semantic-conventions"
-version = "0.27.0"
+version = "0.26.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bc1b6902ff63b32ef6c489e8048c5e253e2e4a803ea3ea7e783914536eb15c52"
+checksum = "db945c1eaea8ac6a9677185357480d215bb6999faa9f691d0c4d4d641eab7a09"

 [[package]]
 name = "opentelemetry_sdk"
-version = "0.27.1"
+version = "0.26.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "231e9d6ceef9b0b2546ddf52335785ce41252bc7474ee8ba05bfad277be13ab8"
+checksum = "d2c627d9f4c9cdc1f21a29ee4bfbd6028fcb8bcf2a857b43f3abdf72c9c862f3"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "futures-channel",
 "futures-executor",
 "futures-util",
 "glob",
+ "once_cell",
 "opentelemetry",
 "percent-encoding",
 "rand 0.8.5",
@@ -3881,7 +3773,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "thiserror",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-stream",
- "tracing",
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -3981,11 +3872,9 @@ name = "pagectl"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
 "anyhow",
- "bincode",
 "camino",
 "clap",
 "humantime",
- "itertools 0.10.5",
 "pageserver",
 "pageserver_api",
 "postgres_ffi",
@@ -4047,7 +3936,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "postgres_connection",
 "postgres_ffi",
 "postgres_initdb",
- "pprof",
 "pq_proto",
 "procfs",
 "rand 0.8.5",
@@ -4534,7 +4422,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "bytes",
 "crc32c",
 "criterion",
- "env_logger 0.10.2",
+ "env_logger",
 "log",
 "memoffset 0.9.0",
 "once_cell",
@@ -4575,7 +4463,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "cfg-if",
 "criterion",
 "findshlibs",
- "inferno 0.11.21",
+ "inferno",
 "libc",
 "log",
 "nix 0.26.4",
@@ -4801,10 +4689,9 @@ dependencies = [
 "clap",
 "compute_api",
 "consumption_metrics",
- "dashmap 5.5.0",
+ "dashmap",
 "ecdsa 0.16.9",
- "ed25519-dalek",
- "env_logger 0.10.2",
+ "env_logger",
 "fallible-iterator",
 "flate2",
 "framed-websockets",
@@ -4911,15 +4798,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "serde",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "quick-xml"
-version = "0.37.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f22f29bdff3987b4d8632ef95fd6424ec7e4e0a57e2f4fc63e489e75357f6a03"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
 version = "1.0.37"
@@ -5304,9 +5182,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "reqwest-tracing"
-version = "0.5.5"
+version = "0.5.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "73e6153390585f6961341b50e5a1931d6be6dee4292283635903c26ef9d980d2"
+checksum = "ff82cf5730a1311fb9413b0bc2b8e743e0157cd73f010ab4ec374a923873b6a2"
 dependencies = [
 "anyhow",
 "async-trait",
@@ -5658,7 +5536,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "crc32c",
 "criterion",
 "desim",
- "env_logger 0.10.2",
 "fail",
 "futures",
 "hex",
@@ -5687,7 +5564,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "serde",
 "serde_json",
 "sha2",
- "smallvec",
 "storage_broker",
 "strum",
 "strum_macros",
@@ -5712,13 +5588,10 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "safekeeper_api"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
 "const_format",
- "pageserver_api",
 "postgres_ffi",
 "pq_proto",
 "serde",
- "serde_json",
 "tokio",
 "utils",
 ]
@@ -7176,9 +7049,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "tracing-opentelemetry"
-version = "0.28.0"
+version = "0.27.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "97a971f6058498b5c0f1affa23e7ea202057a7301dbff68e968b2d578bcbd053"
+checksum = "dc58af5d3f6c5811462cabb3289aec0093f7338e367e5a33d28c0433b3c7360b"
 dependencies = [
 "js-sys",
 "once_cell",
@@ -7447,7 +7320,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "hex-literal",
 "humantime",
 "hyper 0.14.30",
- "inferno 0.12.0",
 "itertools 0.10.5",
 "jemalloc_pprof",
 "jsonwebtoken",
@@ -7551,7 +7423,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "anyhow",
 "camino-tempfile",
 "clap",
- "env_logger 0.10.2",
+ "env_logger",
 "log",
 "postgres",
 "postgres_ffi",
@@ -7566,21 +7438,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "anyhow",
 "async-compression",
 "bytes",
- "camino",
- "camino-tempfile",
- "criterion",
- "futures",
 "pageserver_api",
 "postgres_ffi",
- "pprof",
 "prost",
- "remote_storage",
 "serde",
- "serde_json",
 "thiserror",
- "tikv-jemallocator",
 "tokio",
- "tokio-util",
 "tonic",
 "tonic-build",
 "tracing",
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -110,7 +110,6 @@ hyper-util = "0.1"
 tokio-tungstenite = "0.21.0"
 indexmap = "2"
 indoc = "2"
-inferno = "0.12.0"
 ipnet = "2.10.0"
 itertools = "0.10"
 itoa = "1.0.11"
@@ -127,10 +126,10 @@ notify = "6.0.0"
 num_cpus = "1.15"
 num-traits = "0.2.15"
 once_cell = "1.13"
-opentelemetry = "0.27"
-opentelemetry_sdk = "0.27"
-opentelemetry-otlp = { version = "0.27", default-features = false, features = ["http-proto", "trace", "http", "reqwest-client"] }
-opentelemetry-semantic-conventions = "0.27"
+opentelemetry = "0.26"
+opentelemetry_sdk = "0.26"
+opentelemetry-otlp = { version = "0.26", default-features=false, features = ["http-proto", "trace", "http", "reqwest-client"] }
+opentelemetry-semantic-conventions = "0.26"
 parking_lot = "0.12"
 parquet = { version = "53", default-features = false, features = ["zstd"] }
 parquet_derive = "53"
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ rand = "0.8"
 redis = { version = "0.25.2", features = ["tokio-rustls-comp", "keep-alive"] }
 regex = "1.10.2"
 reqwest = { version = "0.12", default-features = false, features = ["rustls-tls"] }
-reqwest-tracing = { version = "0.5", features = ["opentelemetry_0_27"] }
+reqwest-tracing = { version = "0.5", features = ["opentelemetry_0_26"] }
 reqwest-middleware = "0.4"
 reqwest-retry = "0.7"
 routerify = "3"
@@ -193,7 +192,7 @@ tower-http = { version = "0.6.2", features = ["request-id", "trace"] }
 tower-service = "0.3.3"
 tracing = "0.1"
 tracing-error = "0.2"
-tracing-opentelemetry = "0.28"
+tracing-opentelemetry = "0.27"
 tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", default-features = false, features = ["smallvec", "fmt", "tracing-log", "std", "env-filter", "json"] }
 try-lock = "0.2.5"
 twox-hash = { version = "1.6.3", default-features = false }
--- a/1
+++ b/1
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ RUN set -e \
        ca-certificates \
 	# System postgres for use with client libraries (e.g. in storage controller)
        postgresql-15 \
-        openssl \
    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/* /var/tmp/* \
    && useradd -d /data neon \
    && chown -R neon:neon /data
--- a/3
+++ b/3
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ ROOT_PROJECT_DIR := $(dir $(abspath $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST))))
 # Where to install Postgres, default is ./pg_install, maybe useful for package managers
 POSTGRES_INSTALL_DIR ?= $(ROOT_PROJECT_DIR)/pg_install/

+OPENSSL_PREFIX_DIR := /usr/local/openssl
 ICU_PREFIX_DIR := /usr/local/icu

 #
@@ -25,9 +26,11 @@ endif
 ifeq ($(shell test -e /home/nonroot/.docker_build && echo -n yes),yes)
 	# Exclude static build openssl, icu for local build (MacOS, Linux)
 	# Only keep for build type release and debug
+	PG_CFLAGS += -I$(OPENSSL_PREFIX_DIR)/include
 	PG_CONFIGURE_OPTS += --with-icu
 	PG_CONFIGURE_OPTS += ICU_CFLAGS='-I/$(ICU_PREFIX_DIR)/include -DU_STATIC_IMPLEMENTATION'
 	PG_CONFIGURE_OPTS += ICU_LIBS='-L$(ICU_PREFIX_DIR)/lib -L$(ICU_PREFIX_DIR)/lib64 -licui18n -licuuc -licudata -lstdc++ -Wl,-Bdynamic -lm'
+	PG_CONFIGURE_OPTS += LDFLAGS='-L$(OPENSSL_PREFIX_DIR)/lib -L$(OPENSSL_PREFIX_DIR)/lib64 -L$(ICU_PREFIX_DIR)/lib -L$(ICU_PREFIX_DIR)/lib64 -Wl,-Bstatic -lssl -lcrypto -Wl,-Bdynamic -lrt -lm -ldl -lpthread'
 endif

 UNAME_S := $(shell uname -s)
--- a/build-tools.Dockerfile
+++ b/build-tools.Dockerfile
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ RUN set -e \

 # Keep the version the same as in compute/compute-node.Dockerfile and
 # test_runner/regress/test_compute_metrics.py.
-ENV SQL_EXPORTER_VERSION=0.17.0
+ENV SQL_EXPORTER_VERSION=0.16.0
 RUN curl -fsSL \
    "https://github.com/burningalchemist/sql_exporter/releases/download/${SQL_EXPORTER_VERSION}/sql_exporter-${SQL_EXPORTER_VERSION}.linux-$(case "$(uname -m)" in x86_64) echo amd64;; aarch64) echo arm64;; esac).tar.gz" \
    --output sql_exporter.tar.gz \
@@ -190,6 +190,21 @@ RUN for package in Capture::Tiny DateTime Devel::Cover Digest::MD5 File::Spec JS
    && make install \
    && rm -rf ../lcov.tar.gz

+# Compile and install the static OpenSSL library
+ENV OPENSSL_VERSION=1.1.1w
+ENV OPENSSL_PREFIX=/usr/local/openssl
+RUN wget -O /tmp/openssl-${OPENSSL_VERSION}.tar.gz https://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-${OPENSSL_VERSION}.tar.gz && \
+    echo "cf3098950cb4d853ad95c0841f1f9c6d3dc102dccfcacd521d93925208b76ac8 /tmp/openssl-${OPENSSL_VERSION}.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
+    cd /tmp && \
+    tar xzvf /tmp/openssl-${OPENSSL_VERSION}.tar.gz && \
+    rm /tmp/openssl-${OPENSSL_VERSION}.tar.gz && \
+    cd /tmp/openssl-${OPENSSL_VERSION} && \
+    ./config --prefix=${OPENSSL_PREFIX}  -static --static no-shared -fPIC && \
+    make -j "$(nproc)" && \
+    make install && \
+    cd /tmp && \
+    rm -rf /tmp/openssl-${OPENSSL_VERSION}
+
 # Use the same version of libicu as the compute nodes so that
 # clusters created using inidb on pageserver can be used by computes.
 #
--- a/compute/compute-node.Dockerfile
+++ b/compute/compute-node.Dockerfile
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ RUN cd postgres && \
    make MAKELEVEL=0 -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) -s -C src/interfaces/libpq install && \
    # Enable some of contrib extensions
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/autoinc.control && \
-    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/dblink.control && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/bloom.control && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/earthdistance.control && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/insert_username.control && \
@@ -105,18 +104,16 @@ RUN cd postgres && \
        esac; \
    done;

-# Set PATH for all the subsequent build steps
-ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin:$PATH"
-
 #########################################################################################
 #
 # Layer "postgis-build"
 # Build PostGIS from the upstream PostGIS mirror.
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS postgis-build
+FROM build-deps AS postgis-build
 ARG DEBIAN_VERSION
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
 RUN apt update && \
    apt install --no-install-recommends --no-install-suggests -y \
    gdal-bin libboost-dev libboost-thread-dev libboost-filesystem-dev \
@@ -154,6 +151,8 @@ RUN case "${DEBIAN_VERSION}" in \
    DESTDIR=/sfcgal ninja install -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
    ninja clean && cp -R /sfcgal/* /

+ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin:$PATH"
+
 # Postgis 3.5.0 supports v17
 RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
    "v17") \
@@ -171,6 +170,7 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
    wget https://download.osgeo.org/postgis/source/postgis-${POSTGIS_VERSION}.tar.gz -O postgis.tar.gz && \
    echo "${POSTGIS_CHECKSUM} postgis.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir postgis-src && cd postgis-src && tar xzf ../postgis.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
+    find /usr/local/pgsql -type f | sed 's|^/usr/local/pgsql/||' > /before.txt &&\
    ./autogen.sh && \
    ./configure --with-sfcgal=/usr/local/bin/sfcgal-config && \
    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
@@ -220,7 +220,11 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
    cmake -GNinja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release .. && \
    ninja -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
    ninja -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
-    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pgrouting.control
+    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pgrouting.control && \
+    find /usr/local/pgsql -type f | sed 's|^/usr/local/pgsql/||' > /after.txt &&\
+    cp /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pgrouting.control /extensions/postgis && \
+    sort -o /before.txt /before.txt && sort -o /after.txt /after.txt && \
+    comm -13 /before.txt /after.txt | tar --directory=/usr/local/pgsql --zstd -cf /extensions/postgis.tar.zst -T -

 #########################################################################################
 #
@@ -228,8 +232,9 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
 # Build plv8
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS plv8-build
+FROM build-deps AS plv8-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 COPY compute/patches/plv8-3.1.10.patch /plv8-3.1.10.patch

@@ -264,6 +269,7 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
    # generate and copy upgrade scripts
    mkdir -p upgrade && ./generate_upgrade.sh ${PLV8_TAG#v} && \
    cp upgrade/* /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/ && \
+    export PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin:$PATH" && \
    make DOCKER=1 -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
    rm -rf /plv8-* && \
    find /usr/local/pgsql/ -name "plv8-*.so" | xargs strip && \
@@ -290,8 +296,9 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
 # Build h3_pg
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS h3-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS h3-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # not version-specific
 # last release v4.1.0 - Jan 18, 2023
@@ -312,6 +319,7 @@ RUN mkdir -p /h3/usr/ && \
 RUN wget https://github.com/zachasme/h3-pg/archive/refs/tags/v4.1.3.tar.gz -O h3-pg.tar.gz && \
    echo "5c17f09a820859ffe949f847bebf1be98511fb8f1bd86f94932512c00479e324 h3-pg.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir h3-pg-src && cd h3-pg-src && tar xzf ../h3-pg.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
+    export PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin:$PATH" && \
    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/h3.control && \
@@ -323,16 +331,17 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/zachasme/h3-pg/archive/refs/tags/v4.1.3.tar.gz -O h3
 # compile unit extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS unit-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS unit-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # not version-specific
 # last release 7.9 - Sep 15, 2024
 RUN wget https://github.com/df7cb/postgresql-unit/archive/refs/tags/7.9.tar.gz -O postgresql-unit.tar.gz && \
    echo "e46de6245dcc8b2c2ecf29873dbd43b2b346773f31dd5ce4b8315895a052b456 postgresql-unit.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir postgresql-unit-src && cd postgresql-unit-src && tar xzf ../postgresql-unit.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
    # unit extension's "create extension" script relies on absolute install path to fill some reference tables.
    # We move the extension from '/usr/local/pgsql/' to '/usr/local/'  after it is build. So we need to adjust the path.
    # This one-liner removes pgsql/ part of the path.
@@ -346,8 +355,9 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/df7cb/postgresql-unit/archive/refs/tags/7.9.tar.gz -
 # compile pgvector extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS vector-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS vector-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 COPY compute/patches/pgvector.patch /pgvector.patch

@@ -361,8 +371,8 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/archive/refs/tags/v0.8.0.tar.gz -O
    echo "867a2c328d4928a5a9d6f052cd3bc78c7d60228a9b914ad32aa3db88e9de27b0 pgvector.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir pgvector-src && cd pgvector-src && tar xzf ../pgvector.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
    patch -p1 < /pgvector.patch && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) OPTFLAGS="" && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) OPTFLAGS="" install && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) OPTFLAGS="" PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) OPTFLAGS="" install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/vector.control

 #########################################################################################
@@ -371,15 +381,16 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/archive/refs/tags/v0.8.0.tar.gz -O
 # compile pgjwt extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS pgjwt-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS pgjwt-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # not version-specific
 # doesn't use releases, last commit f3d82fd - Mar 2, 2023
 RUN wget https://github.com/michelp/pgjwt/archive/f3d82fd30151e754e19ce5d6a06c71c20689ce3d.tar.gz -O pgjwt.tar.gz && \
    echo "dae8ed99eebb7593b43013f6532d772b12dfecd55548d2673f2dfd0163f6d2b9 pgjwt.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir pgjwt-src && cd pgjwt-src && tar xzf ../pgjwt.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pgjwt.control

 #########################################################################################
@@ -388,16 +399,17 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/michelp/pgjwt/archive/f3d82fd30151e754e19ce5d6a06c71
 # compile hypopg extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS hypopg-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS hypopg-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # HypoPG 1.4.1 supports v17
 # last release 1.4.1 - Apr 28, 2024
 RUN wget https://github.com/HypoPG/hypopg/archive/refs/tags/1.4.1.tar.gz -O hypopg.tar.gz && \
    echo "9afe6357fd389d8d33fad81703038ce520b09275ec00153c6c89282bcdedd6bc hypopg.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir hypopg-src && cd hypopg-src && tar xzf ../hypopg.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/hypopg.control

 #########################################################################################
@@ -406,16 +418,17 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/HypoPG/hypopg/archive/refs/tags/1.4.1.tar.gz -O hypo
 # compile pg_hashids extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS pg-hashids-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS pg-hashids-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # not version-specific
 # last release v1.2.1 -Jan 12, 2018
 RUN wget https://github.com/iCyberon/pg_hashids/archive/refs/tags/v1.2.1.tar.gz -O pg_hashids.tar.gz && \
    echo "74576b992d9277c92196dd8d816baa2cc2d8046fe102f3dcd7f3c3febed6822a pg_hashids.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir pg_hashids-src && cd pg_hashids-src && tar xzf ../pg_hashids.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) USE_PGXS=1 && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install USE_PGXS=1 && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config USE_PGXS=1 && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config USE_PGXS=1 && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_hashids.control

 #########################################################################################
@@ -424,8 +437,9 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/iCyberon/pg_hashids/archive/refs/tags/v1.2.1.tar.gz
 # compile rum extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS rum-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS rum-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 COPY compute/patches/rum.patch /rum.patch

@@ -436,8 +450,8 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/postgrespro/rum/archive/cb1edffc57736cd2a4455f8d0fea
    echo "65e0a752e99f4c3226400c9b899f997049e93503db8bf5c8072efa136d32fd83 rum.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir rum-src && cd rum-src && tar xzf ../rum.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
    patch -p1 < /rum.patch && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) USE_PGXS=1 && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install USE_PGXS=1 && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config USE_PGXS=1 && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config USE_PGXS=1 && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/rum.control

 #########################################################################################
@@ -446,16 +460,17 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/postgrespro/rum/archive/cb1edffc57736cd2a4455f8d0fea
 # compile pgTAP extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS pgtap-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS pgtap-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # pgtap 1.3.3 supports v17
 # last release v1.3.3 - Apr 8, 2024
 RUN wget https://github.com/theory/pgtap/archive/refs/tags/v1.3.3.tar.gz -O pgtap.tar.gz && \
    echo "325ea79d0d2515bce96bce43f6823dcd3effbd6c54cb2a4d6c2384fffa3a14c7 pgtap.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir pgtap-src && cd pgtap-src && tar xzf ../pgtap.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pgtap.control

 #########################################################################################
@@ -464,16 +479,17 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/theory/pgtap/archive/refs/tags/v1.3.3.tar.gz -O pgta
 # compile ip4r extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS ip4r-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS ip4r-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # not version-specific
 # last release v2.4.2 - Jul 29, 2023
 RUN wget https://github.com/RhodiumToad/ip4r/archive/refs/tags/2.4.2.tar.gz -O ip4r.tar.gz && \
    echo "0f7b1f159974f49a47842a8ab6751aecca1ed1142b6d5e38d81b064b2ead1b4b ip4r.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir ip4r-src && cd ip4r-src && tar xzf ../ip4r.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/ip4r.control

 #########################################################################################
@@ -482,16 +498,17 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/RhodiumToad/ip4r/archive/refs/tags/2.4.2.tar.gz -O i
 # compile Prefix extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS prefix-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS prefix-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # not version-specific
 # last release v1.2.10  - Jul 5, 2023
 RUN wget https://github.com/dimitri/prefix/archive/refs/tags/v1.2.10.tar.gz -O prefix.tar.gz && \
    echo "4342f251432a5f6fb05b8597139d3ccde8dcf87e8ca1498e7ee931ca057a8575 prefix.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir prefix-src && cd prefix-src && tar xzf ../prefix.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/prefix.control

 #########################################################################################
@@ -500,16 +517,17 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/dimitri/prefix/archive/refs/tags/v1.2.10.tar.gz -O p
 # compile hll extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS hll-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS hll-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # not version-specific
 # last release v2.18 - Aug 29, 2023
 RUN wget https://github.com/citusdata/postgresql-hll/archive/refs/tags/v2.18.tar.gz -O hll.tar.gz && \
    echo "e2f55a6f4c4ab95ee4f1b4a2b73280258c5136b161fe9d059559556079694f0e hll.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir hll-src && cd hll-src && tar xzf ../hll.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/hll.control

 #########################################################################################
@@ -518,16 +536,17 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/citusdata/postgresql-hll/archive/refs/tags/v2.18.tar
 # compile plpgsql_check extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS plpgsql-check-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS plpgsql-check-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # plpgsql_check v2.7.11 supports v17
 # last release v2.7.11 - Sep 16, 2024
 RUN wget https://github.com/okbob/plpgsql_check/archive/refs/tags/v2.7.11.tar.gz -O plpgsql_check.tar.gz && \
    echo "208933f8dbe8e0d2628eb3851e9f52e6892b8e280c63700c0f1ce7883625d172 plpgsql_check.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir plpgsql_check-src && cd plpgsql_check-src && tar xzf ../plpgsql_check.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) USE_PGXS=1 && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install USE_PGXS=1 && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config USE_PGXS=1 && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config USE_PGXS=1 && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/plpgsql_check.control

 #########################################################################################
@@ -536,8 +555,11 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/okbob/plpgsql_check/archive/refs/tags/v2.7.11.tar.gz
 # compile timescaledb extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS timescaledb-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS timescaledb-pg-build
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
+
 ARG PG_VERSION
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin:$PATH"

 RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
      "v14" | "v15") \
@@ -568,8 +590,11 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
 # compile pg_hint_plan extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS pg-hint-plan-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS pg-hint-plan-pg-build
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
+
 ARG PG_VERSION
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin:$PATH"

 # version-specific, has separate releases for each version
 RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
@@ -607,12 +632,14 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
 # compile pg_cron extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS pg-cron-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS pg-cron-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # This is an experimental extension that we do not support on prod yet.
 # !Do not remove!
 # We set it in shared_preload_libraries and computes will fail to start if library is not found.
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
 RUN wget https://github.com/citusdata/pg_cron/archive/refs/tags/v1.6.4.tar.gz -O pg_cron.tar.gz && \
    echo "52d1850ee7beb85a4cb7185731ef4e5a90d1de216709d8988324b0d02e76af61 pg_cron.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir pg_cron-src && cd pg_cron-src && tar xzf ../pg_cron.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
@@ -626,8 +653,9 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/citusdata/pg_cron/archive/refs/tags/v1.6.4.tar.gz -O
 # compile rdkit extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS rdkit-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS rdkit-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 RUN apt update && \
    apt install --no-install-recommends --no-install-suggests -y \
@@ -645,13 +673,7 @@ RUN apt update && \
 # Use new version only for v17
 # because Release_2024_09_1 has some backward incompatible changes
 # https://github.com/rdkit/rdkit/releases/tag/Release_2024_09_1
-
-# XXX: /usr/local/pgsql/bin is already in PATH, and that should be enough to find
-# pg_config. For some reason the rdkit cmake script doesn't work with just that,
-# however. By also adding /usr/local/pgsql, it works, which is weird because there
-# are no executables in that directory.
-ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql:$PATH"
-
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:/usr/local/pgsql/:$PATH"
 RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
    "v17") \
        export RDKIT_VERSION=Release_2024_09_1 \
@@ -704,11 +726,13 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
 # compile pg_uuidv7 extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS pg-uuidv7-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS pg-uuidv7-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # not version-specific
 # last release v1.6.0 - Oct 9, 2024
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
 RUN wget https://github.com/fboulnois/pg_uuidv7/archive/refs/tags/v1.6.0.tar.gz -O pg_uuidv7.tar.gz && \
    echo "0fa6c710929d003f6ce276a7de7a864e9d1667b2d78be3dc2c07f2409eb55867 pg_uuidv7.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir pg_uuidv7-src && cd pg_uuidv7-src && tar xzf ../pg_uuidv7.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
@@ -722,11 +746,13 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/fboulnois/pg_uuidv7/archive/refs/tags/v1.6.0.tar.gz
 # compile pg_roaringbitmap extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS pg-roaringbitmap-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS pg-roaringbitmap-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # not version-specific
 # last release v0.5.4 - Jun 28, 2022
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
 RUN wget https://github.com/ChenHuajun/pg_roaringbitmap/archive/refs/tags/v0.5.4.tar.gz -O pg_roaringbitmap.tar.gz && \
    echo "b75201efcb1c2d1b014ec4ae6a22769cc7a224e6e406a587f5784a37b6b5a2aa pg_roaringbitmap.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir pg_roaringbitmap-src && cd pg_roaringbitmap-src && tar xzf ../pg_roaringbitmap.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
@@ -740,14 +766,16 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/ChenHuajun/pg_roaringbitmap/archive/refs/tags/v0.5.4
 # compile pg_semver extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS pg-semver-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS pg-semver-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # Release 0.40.0 breaks backward compatibility with previous versions
 # see release note https://github.com/theory/pg-semver/releases/tag/v0.40.0
 # Use new version only for v17
 #
 # last release v0.40.0 - Jul 22, 2024
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
 RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
    "v17") \
        export SEMVER_VERSION=0.40.0 \
@@ -774,11 +802,13 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
 # compile pg_embedding extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS pg-embedding-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS pg-embedding-pg-build
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # This is our extension, support stopped in favor of pgvector
 # TODO: deprecate it
 ARG PG_VERSION
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
 RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
      "v14" | "v15") \
        export PG_EMBEDDING_VERSION=0.3.5 \
@@ -799,19 +829,26 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
 # compile anon extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS pg-anon-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS pg-anon-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # This is an experimental extension, never got to real production.
 # !Do not remove! It can be present in shared_preload_libraries and compute will fail to start if library is not found.
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
 RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in "v17") \
    echo "postgresql_anonymizer does not yet support PG17" && exit 0;; \
    esac && \
    wget  https://github.com/neondatabase/postgresql_anonymizer/archive/refs/tags/neon_1.1.1.tar.gz -O pg_anon.tar.gz && \
    echo "321ea8d5c1648880aafde850a2c576e4a9e7b9933a34ce272efc839328999fa9  pg_anon.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir pg_anon-src && cd pg_anon-src && tar xzf ../pg_anon.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
-    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/anon.control
+    find /usr/local/pgsql -type f | sed 's|^/usr/local/pgsql/||' > /before.txt &&\
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config && \
+    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/anon.control && \
+    find /usr/local/pgsql -type f | sed 's|^/usr/local/pgsql/||' > /after.txt &&\
+    mkdir -p /extensions/anon && cp /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/anon.control /extensions/anon && \
+    sort -o /before.txt /before.txt && sort -o /after.txt /after.txt && \
+    comm -13 /before.txt /after.txt | tar --directory=/usr/local/pgsql --zstd -cf /extensions/anon.tar.zst -T -

 #########################################################################################
 #
@@ -819,8 +856,9 @@ RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in "v17") \
 # This layer is used to build `pgrx` deps
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS rust-extensions-build
+FROM build-deps AS rust-extensions-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 RUN apt update && \
    apt install --no-install-recommends --no-install-suggests -y curl libclang-dev && \
@@ -828,7 +866,7 @@ RUN apt update && \
    useradd -ms /bin/bash nonroot -b /home

 ENV HOME=/home/nonroot
-ENV PATH="/home/nonroot/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
+ENV PATH="/home/nonroot/.cargo/bin:/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
 USER nonroot
 WORKDIR /home/nonroot

@@ -855,8 +893,9 @@ USER root
 # and eventually get merged with `rust-extensions-build`
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS rust-extensions-build-pgrx12
+FROM build-deps AS rust-extensions-build-pgrx12
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 RUN apt update && \
    apt install --no-install-recommends --no-install-suggests -y curl libclang-dev && \
@@ -864,7 +903,7 @@ RUN apt update && \
    useradd -ms /bin/bash nonroot -b /home

 ENV HOME=/home/nonroot
-ENV PATH="/home/nonroot/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
+ENV PATH="/home/nonroot/.cargo/bin:/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
 USER nonroot
 WORKDIR /home/nonroot

@@ -872,7 +911,7 @@ RUN curl -sSO https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup/dist/$(uname -m)-unknown-linux
    chmod +x rustup-init && \
    ./rustup-init -y --no-modify-path --profile minimal --default-toolchain stable && \
    rm rustup-init && \
-    cargo install --locked --version 0.12.9 cargo-pgrx && \
+    cargo install --locked --version 0.12.6 cargo-pgrx && \
    /bin/bash -c 'cargo pgrx init --pg${PG_VERSION:1}=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config'

 USER root
@@ -909,19 +948,19 @@ RUN apt update && apt install --no-install-recommends --no-install-suggests -y p
    mkdir pgrag-src && cd pgrag-src && tar xzf ../pgrag.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
    \
    cd exts/rag && \
-    sed -i 's/pgrx = "0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "0.12.9", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
+    sed -i 's/pgrx = "0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "0.12.6", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
    cargo pgrx install --release && \
    echo "trusted = true" >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/rag.control && \
    \
    cd ../rag_bge_small_en_v15 && \
-    sed -i 's/pgrx = "0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "0.12.9", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
+    sed -i 's/pgrx = "0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "0.12.6", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
    ORT_LIB_LOCATION=/home/nonroot/onnxruntime-src/build/Linux \
        REMOTE_ONNX_URL=http://pg-ext-s3-gateway/pgrag-data/bge_small_en_v15.onnx \
        cargo pgrx install --release --features remote_onnx && \
    echo "trusted = true" >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/rag_bge_small_en_v15.control && \
    \
    cd ../rag_jina_reranker_v1_tiny_en && \
-    sed -i 's/pgrx = "0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "0.12.9", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
+    sed -i 's/pgrx = "0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "0.12.6", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
    ORT_LIB_LOCATION=/home/nonroot/onnxruntime-src/build/Linux \
        REMOTE_ONNX_URL=http://pg-ext-s3-gateway/pgrag-data/jina_reranker_v1_tiny_en.onnx \
        cargo pgrx install --release --features remote_onnx && \
@@ -937,17 +976,29 @@ RUN apt update && apt install --no-install-recommends --no-install-suggests -y p

 FROM rust-extensions-build-pgrx12 AS pg-jsonschema-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+# version 0.3.3 supports v17
 # last release v0.3.3 - Oct 16, 2024
-RUN wget https://github.com/supabase/pg_jsonschema/archive/refs/tags/v0.3.3.tar.gz -O pg_jsonschema.tar.gz && \
-    echo "40c2cffab4187e0233cb8c3bde013be92218c282f95f4469c5282f6b30d64eac pg_jsonschema.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
+#
+# there were no breaking changes
+# so we can use the same version for all postgres versions
+RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
+    "v14" | "v15" | "v16" | "v17") \
+        export PG_JSONSCHEMA_VERSION=0.3.3 \
+        export PG_JSONSCHEMA_CHECKSUM=40c2cffab4187e0233cb8c3bde013be92218c282f95f4469c5282f6b30d64eac \
+    ;; \
+    *) \
+        echo "unexpected PostgreSQL version" && exit 1 \
+    ;; \
+    esac && \
+    wget https://github.com/supabase/pg_jsonschema/archive/refs/tags/v${PG_JSONSCHEMA_VERSION}.tar.gz -O pg_jsonschema.tar.gz && \
+    echo "${PG_JSONSCHEMA_CHECKSUM} pg_jsonschema.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir pg_jsonschema-src && cd pg_jsonschema-src && tar xzf ../pg_jsonschema.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
    # see commit 252b3685a27a0f4c31a0f91e983c6314838e89e8
    # `unsafe-postgres` feature allows to build pgx extensions
    # against postgres forks that decided to change their ABI name (like us).
    # With that we can build extensions without forking them and using stock
    # pgx. As this feature is new few manual version bumps were required.
-    sed -i 's/pgrx = "0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "0.12.9", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
-    sed -i 's/pgrx-tests = "0.12.6"/pgrx-tests = "0.12.9"/g' Cargo.toml && \
+    sed -i 's/pgrx = "0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "0.12.6", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
    cargo pgrx install --release && \
    echo "trusted = true" >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_jsonschema.control

@@ -961,12 +1012,24 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/supabase/pg_jsonschema/archive/refs/tags/v0.3.3.tar.
 FROM rust-extensions-build-pgrx12 AS pg-graphql-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION

+# version 1.5.9 supports v17
 # last release v1.5.9 - Oct 16, 2024
-RUN wget https://github.com/supabase/pg_graphql/archive/refs/tags/v1.5.9.tar.gz -O pg_graphql.tar.gz && \
-    echo "cf768385a41278be1333472204fc0328118644ae443182cf52f7b9b23277e497 pg_graphql.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
+#
+# there were no breaking changes
+# so we can use the same version for all postgres versions
+RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
+    "v14" | "v15" | "v16" | "v17") \
+        export PG_GRAPHQL_VERSION=1.5.9 \
+        export PG_GRAPHQL_CHECKSUM=cf768385a41278be1333472204fc0328118644ae443182cf52f7b9b23277e497 \
+    ;; \
+    *) \
+        echo "unexpected PostgreSQL version" && exit 1 \
+    ;; \
+    esac && \
+    wget https://github.com/supabase/pg_graphql/archive/refs/tags/v${PG_GRAPHQL_VERSION}.tar.gz -O pg_graphql.tar.gz && \
+    echo "${PG_GRAPHQL_CHECKSUM} pg_graphql.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir pg_graphql-src && cd pg_graphql-src && tar xzf ../pg_graphql.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    sed -i 's/pgrx = "=0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "=0.12.9", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
-    sed -i 's/pgrx-tests = "=0.12.6"/pgrx-tests = "=0.12.9"/g' Cargo.toml && \
+    sed -i 's/pgrx = "=0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "0.12.6", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
    cargo pgrx install --release && \
    # it's needed to enable extension because it uses untrusted C language
    sed -i 's/superuser = false/superuser = true/g' /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_graphql.control && \
@@ -987,8 +1050,9 @@ ARG PG_VERSION
 RUN wget https://github.com/kelvich/pg_tiktoken/archive/9118dd4549b7d8c0bbc98e04322499f7bf2fa6f7.tar.gz -O pg_tiktoken.tar.gz && \
    echo "a5bc447e7920ee149d3c064b8b9f0086c0e83939499753178f7d35788416f628 pg_tiktoken.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir pg_tiktoken-src && cd pg_tiktoken-src && tar xzf ../pg_tiktoken.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    sed -i 's/pgrx = { version = "=0.12.6",/pgrx = { version = "0.12.9",/g' Cargo.toml && \
-    sed -i 's/pgrx-tests = "=0.12.6"/pgrx-tests = "0.12.9"/g' Cargo.toml && \
+    # TODO update pgrx version in the pg_tiktoken repo and remove this line
+    sed -i 's/pgrx = { version = "=0.10.2",/pgrx = { version = "0.11.3",/g' Cargo.toml && \
+    sed -i 's/pgrx-tests = "=0.10.2"/pgrx-tests = "0.11.3"/g' Cargo.toml && \
    cargo pgrx install --release && \
    echo "trusted = true" >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_tiktoken.control

@@ -1027,14 +1091,10 @@ ARG PG_VERSION
 # NOTE: local_proxy depends on the version of pg_session_jwt
 # Do not update without approve from proxy team
 # Make sure the version is reflected in proxy/src/serverless/local_conn_pool.rs
-RUN wget https://github.com/neondatabase/pg_session_jwt/archive/refs/tags/v0.2.0.tar.gz -O pg_session_jwt.tar.gz && \
-    echo "5ace028e591f2e000ca10afa5b1ca62203ebff014c2907c0ec3b29c36f28a1bb pg_session_jwt.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
+RUN wget https://github.com/neondatabase/pg_session_jwt/archive/refs/tags/v0.1.2-v17.tar.gz -O pg_session_jwt.tar.gz && \
+    echo "c8ecbed9cb8c6441bce5134a176002b043018adf9d05a08e457dda233090a86e pg_session_jwt.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir pg_session_jwt-src && cd pg_session_jwt-src && tar xzf ../pg_session_jwt.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    sed -i 's/pgrx = "0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "0.12.9", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
-    sed -i 's/version = "0.12.6"/version = "0.12.9"/g' pgrx-tests/Cargo.toml && \
-    sed -i 's/pgrx = "=0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "=0.12.9", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' pgrx-tests/Cargo.toml && \
-    sed -i 's/pgrx-macros = "=0.12.6"/pgrx-macros = "=0.12.9"/g' pgrx-tests/Cargo.toml && \
-    sed -i 's/pgrx-pg-config = "=0.12.6"/pgrx-pg-config = "=0.12.9"/g' pgrx-tests/Cargo.toml && \
+    sed -i 's/pgrx = "0.12.6"/pgrx = { version = "=0.12.6", features = [ "unsafe-postgres" ] }/g' Cargo.toml && \
    cargo pgrx install --release

 #########################################################################################
@@ -1044,11 +1104,13 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/neondatabase/pg_session_jwt/archive/refs/tags/v0.2.0
 #
 #########################################################################################

-FROM pg-build AS wal2json-pg-build
+FROM build-deps AS wal2json-pg-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # wal2json wal2json_2_6 supports v17
 # last release wal2json_2_6 - Apr 25, 2024
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
 RUN wget https://github.com/eulerto/wal2json/archive/refs/tags/wal2json_2_6.tar.gz -O wal2json.tar.gz && \
    echo "18b4bdec28c74a8fc98a11c72de38378a760327ef8e5e42e975b0029eb96ba0d wal2json.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir wal2json-src && cd wal2json-src && tar xzf ../wal2json.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
@@ -1061,11 +1123,13 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/eulerto/wal2json/archive/refs/tags/wal2json_2_6.tar.
 # compile pg_ivm extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS pg-ivm-build
+FROM build-deps AS pg-ivm-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # pg_ivm v1.9 supports v17
 # last release v1.9 - Jul 31
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
 RUN wget https://github.com/sraoss/pg_ivm/archive/refs/tags/v1.9.tar.gz -O pg_ivm.tar.gz && \
    echo "59e15722939f274650abf637f315dd723c87073496ca77236b044cb205270d8b pg_ivm.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir pg_ivm-src && cd pg_ivm-src && tar xzf ../pg_ivm.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
@@ -1079,11 +1143,13 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/sraoss/pg_ivm/archive/refs/tags/v1.9.tar.gz -O pg_iv
 # compile pg_partman extension
 #
 #########################################################################################
-FROM pg-build AS pg-partman-build
+FROM build-deps AS pg-partman-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

 # should support v17 https://github.com/pgpartman/pg_partman/discussions/693
 # last release 5.1.0  Apr 2, 2024
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
 RUN wget https://github.com/pgpartman/pg_partman/archive/refs/tags/v5.1.0.tar.gz -O pg_partman.tar.gz && \
    echo "3e3a27d7ff827295d5c55ef72f07a49062d6204b3cb0b9a048645d6db9f3cb9f pg_partman.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
    mkdir pg_partman-src && cd pg_partman-src && tar xzf ../pg_partman.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
@@ -1099,12 +1165,24 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/pgpartman/pg_partman/archive/refs/tags/v5.1.0.tar.gz
 #########################################################################################
 FROM rust-extensions-build AS pg-mooncake-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/

-RUN wget https://github.com/Mooncake-Labs/pg_mooncake/releases/download/v0.1.0/pg_mooncake-0.1.0.tar.gz -O pg_mooncake.tar.gz && \
-    echo "eafd059b77f541f11525eb8affcd66a176968cbd8fe7c0d436e733f2aa4da59f pg_mooncake.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check && \
-    mkdir pg_mooncake-src && cd pg_mooncake-src && tar xzf ../pg_mooncake.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C . && \
-    make release -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
-    make install -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
+# The topmost commit in the `neon` branch at the time of writing this
+# https://github.com/Mooncake-Labs/pg_mooncake/commits/neon/
+# https://github.com/Mooncake-Labs/pg_mooncake/commit/077c92c452bb6896a7b7776ee95f039984f076af
+ENV PG_MOONCAKE_VERSION=077c92c452bb6896a7b7776ee95f039984f076af
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"
+
+RUN case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
+        'v14') \
+            echo "pg_mooncake is not supported on Postgres ${PG_VERSION}" && exit 0;; \
+    esac && \
+    git clone --depth 1 --branch neon https://github.com/Mooncake-Labs/pg_mooncake.git pg_mooncake-src && \
+    cd pg_mooncake-src && \
+    git checkout "${PG_MOONCAKE_VERSION}" && \
+    git submodule update --init --depth 1 --recursive && \
+    make BUILD_TYPE=release -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) && \
+    make BUILD_TYPE=release -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) install && \
    echo 'trusted = true' >> /usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/pg_mooncake.control

 #########################################################################################
@@ -1114,8 +1192,11 @@ RUN wget https://github.com/Mooncake-Labs/pg_mooncake/releases/download/v0.1.0/p
 #
 #########################################################################################

-FROM pg-build AS pg-repack-build
+FROM build-deps AS pg-repack-build
 ARG PG_VERSION
+COPY --from=pg-build /usr/local/pgsql/ /usr/local/pgsql/
+
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH"

 RUN wget https://github.com/reorg/pg_repack/archive/refs/tags/ver_1.5.2.tar.gz -O pg_repack.tar.gz && \
    echo '4516cad42251ed3ad53ff619733004db47d5755acac83f75924cd94d1c4fb681 pg_repack.tar.gz' | sha256sum --check && \
@@ -1186,6 +1267,20 @@ RUN make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) \
    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) \
        PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config \
        -C pgxn/neon_rmgr \
+        -s install && \
+    case "${PG_VERSION}" in \
+        "v14" | "v15") \
+        ;; \
+        "v16" | "v17") \
+            echo "Skipping HNSW for PostgreSQL ${PG_VERSION}" && exit 0 \
+        ;; \
+        *) \
+            echo "unexpected PostgreSQL version" && exit 1 \
+        ;; \
+        esac && \
+    make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) \
+        PG_CONFIG=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config \
+        -C pgxn/hnsw \
        -s install

 #########################################################################################
@@ -1202,6 +1297,17 @@ USER nonroot
 COPY --chown=nonroot . .
 RUN mold -run cargo build --locked --profile release-line-debug-size-lto --bin compute_ctl --bin fast_import --bin local_proxy

+#########################################################################################
+#
+# Final compute-tools image
+#
+#########################################################################################
+
+FROM debian:$DEBIAN_FLAVOR AS compute-tools-image
+
+COPY --from=compute-tools /home/nonroot/target/release-line-debug-size-lto/compute_ctl /usr/local/bin/compute_ctl
+COPY --from=compute-tools /home/nonroot/target/release-line-debug-size-lto/fast_import /usr/local/bin/fast_import
+
 #########################################################################################
 #
 # Layer "pgbouncer"
@@ -1238,11 +1344,11 @@ RUN set -e \
 #
 #########################################################################################

-FROM quay.io/prometheuscommunity/postgres-exporter:v0.16.0 AS postgres-exporter
+FROM quay.io/prometheuscommunity/postgres-exporter:v0.12.1 AS postgres-exporter

 # Keep the version the same as in build-tools.Dockerfile and
 # test_runner/regress/test_compute_metrics.py.
-FROM burningalchemist/sql_exporter:0.17.0 AS sql-exporter
+FROM burningalchemist/sql_exporter:0.16.0 AS sql-exporter

 #########################################################################################
 #
--- a/compute_tools/src/bin/compute_ctl.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/bin/compute_ctl.rs
@@ -111,6 +111,11 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
 fn init() -> Result<(String, clap::ArgMatches)> {
    init_tracing_and_logging(DEFAULT_LOG_LEVEL)?;

+    opentelemetry::global::set_error_handler(|err| {
+        tracing::info!("OpenTelemetry error: {err}");
+    })
+    .expect("global error handler lock poisoned");
+
    let mut signals = Signals::new([SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGQUIT])?;
    thread::spawn(move || {
        for sig in signals.forever() {
--- a/compute_tools/src/bin/fast_import.rs
+++ b/compute_tools/src/bin/fast_import.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 //!
 //! # Local Testing
 //!
-//! - Comment out most of the pgxns in compute-node.Dockerfile to speed up the build.
+//! - Comment out most of the pgxns in The Dockerfile.compute-tools to speed up the build.
 //! - Build the image with the following command:
 //!
 //! ```bash
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ use camino::{Utf8Path, Utf8PathBuf};
 use clap::Parser;
 use compute_tools::extension_server::{get_pg_version, PostgresMajorVersion};
 use nix::unistd::Pid;
-use tracing::{error, info, info_span, warn, Instrument};
+use tracing::{info, info_span, warn, Instrument};
 use utils::fs_ext::is_directory_empty;

 #[path = "fast_import/aws_s3_sync.rs"]
@@ -41,19 +41,12 @@ mod child_stdio_to_log;
 #[path = "fast_import/s3_uri.rs"]
 mod s3_uri;

-const PG_WAIT_TIMEOUT: std::time::Duration = std::time::Duration::from_secs(600);
-const PG_WAIT_RETRY_INTERVAL: std::time::Duration = std::time::Duration::from_millis(300);
-
 #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 struct Args {
    #[clap(long)]
    working_directory: Utf8PathBuf,
    #[clap(long, env = "NEON_IMPORTER_S3_PREFIX")]
-    s3_prefix: Option<s3_uri::S3Uri>,
-    #[clap(long)]
-    source_connection_string: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    interactive: bool,
+    s3_prefix: s3_uri::S3Uri,
    #[clap(long)]
    pg_bin_dir: Utf8PathBuf,
    #[clap(long)]
@@ -84,70 +77,30 @@ pub(crate) async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {

    info!("starting");

-    let args = Args::parse();
+    let Args {
+        working_directory,
+        s3_prefix,
+        pg_bin_dir,
+        pg_lib_dir,
+    } = Args::parse();

-    // Validate arguments
-    if args.s3_prefix.is_none() && args.source_connection_string.is_none() {
-        anyhow::bail!("either s3_prefix or source_connection_string must be specified");
-    }
-    if args.s3_prefix.is_some() && args.source_connection_string.is_some() {
-        anyhow::bail!("only one of s3_prefix or source_connection_string can be specified");
-    }
+    let aws_config = aws_config::load_defaults(BehaviorVersion::v2024_03_28()).await;

-    let working_directory = args.working_directory;
-    let pg_bin_dir = args.pg_bin_dir;
-    let pg_lib_dir = args.pg_lib_dir;
-
-    // Initialize AWS clients only if s3_prefix is specified
-    let (aws_config, kms_client) = if args.s3_prefix.is_some() {
-        let config = aws_config::load_defaults(BehaviorVersion::v2024_03_28()).await;
-        let kms = aws_sdk_kms::Client::new(&config);
-        (Some(config), Some(kms))
-    } else {
-        (None, None)
-    };
-
-    // Get source connection string either from S3 spec or direct argument
-    let source_connection_string = if let Some(s3_prefix) = &args.s3_prefix {
-        let spec: Spec = {
-            let spec_key = s3_prefix.append("/spec.json");
-            let s3_client = aws_sdk_s3::Client::new(aws_config.as_ref().unwrap());
-            let object = s3_client
-                .get_object()
-                .bucket(&spec_key.bucket)
-                .key(spec_key.key)
-                .send()
-                .await
-                .context("get spec from s3")?
-                .body
-                .collect()
-                .await
-                .context("download spec body")?;
-            serde_json::from_slice(&object.into_bytes()).context("parse spec as json")?
-        };
-
-        match spec.encryption_secret {
-            EncryptionSecret::KMS { key_id } => {
-                let mut output = kms_client
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .decrypt()
-                    .key_id(key_id)
-                    .ciphertext_blob(aws_sdk_s3::primitives::Blob::new(
-                        spec.source_connstring_ciphertext_base64,
-                    ))
-                    .send()
-                    .await
-                    .context("decrypt source connection string")?;
-                let plaintext = output
-                    .plaintext
-                    .take()
-                    .context("get plaintext source connection string")?;
-                String::from_utf8(plaintext.into_inner())
-                    .context("parse source connection string as utf8")?
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        args.source_connection_string.unwrap()
+    let spec: Spec = {
+        let spec_key = s3_prefix.append("/spec.json");
+        let s3_client = aws_sdk_s3::Client::new(&aws_config);
+        let object = s3_client
+            .get_object()
+            .bucket(&spec_key.bucket)
+            .key(spec_key.key)
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .context("get spec from s3")?
+            .body
+            .collect()
+            .await
+            .context("download spec body")?;
+        serde_json::from_slice(&object.into_bytes()).context("parse spec as json")?
    };

    match tokio::fs::create_dir(&working_directory).await {
@@ -170,6 +123,15 @@ pub(crate) async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        .await
        .context("create pgdata directory")?;

+    //
+    // Setup clients
+    //
+    let aws_config = aws_config::load_defaults(BehaviorVersion::v2024_03_28()).await;
+    let kms_client = aws_sdk_kms::Client::new(&aws_config);
+
+    //
+    //  Initialize pgdata
+    //
    let pgbin = pg_bin_dir.join("postgres");
    let pg_version = match get_pg_version(pgbin.as_ref()) {
        PostgresMajorVersion::V14 => 14,
@@ -208,13 +170,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        .args(["-c", &format!("max_parallel_workers={nproc}")])
        .args(["-c", &format!("max_parallel_workers_per_gather={nproc}")])
        .args(["-c", &format!("max_worker_processes={nproc}")])
-        .args([
-            "-c",
-            &format!(
-                "effective_io_concurrency={}",
-                if cfg!(target_os = "macos") { 0 } else { 100 }
-            ),
-        ])
+        .args(["-c", "effective_io_concurrency=100"])
        .env_clear()
        .stdout(std::process::Stdio::piped())
        .stderr(std::process::Stdio::piped())
@@ -229,58 +185,44 @@ pub(crate) async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        )
        .instrument(info_span!("postgres")),
    );
-
-    // Create neondb database in the running postgres
    let restore_pg_connstring =
        format!("host=localhost port=5432 user={superuser} dbname=postgres");
-
-    let start_time = std::time::Instant::now();
-
    loop {
-        if start_time.elapsed() > PG_WAIT_TIMEOUT {
-            error!(
-                "timeout exceeded: failed to poll postgres and create database within 10 minutes"
-            );
-            std::process::exit(1);
-        }
-
-        match tokio_postgres::connect(&restore_pg_connstring, tokio_postgres::NoTls).await {
-            Ok((client, connection)) => {
-                // Spawn the connection handling task to maintain the connection
-                tokio::spawn(async move {
-                    if let Err(e) = connection.await {
-                        warn!("connection error: {}", e);
-                    }
-                });
-
-                match client.simple_query("CREATE DATABASE neondb;").await {
-                    Ok(_) => {
-                        info!("created neondb database");
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    Err(e) => {
-                        warn!(
-                            "failed to create database: {}, retying in {}s",
-                            e,
-                            PG_WAIT_RETRY_INTERVAL.as_secs_f32()
-                        );
-                        tokio::time::sleep(PG_WAIT_RETRY_INTERVAL).await;
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            Err(_) => {
-                info!(
-                    "postgres not ready yet, retrying in {}s",
-                    PG_WAIT_RETRY_INTERVAL.as_secs_f32()
-                );
-                tokio::time::sleep(PG_WAIT_RETRY_INTERVAL).await;
-                continue;
-            }
+        let res = tokio_postgres::connect(&restore_pg_connstring, tokio_postgres::NoTls).await;
+        if res.is_ok() {
+            info!("postgres is ready, could connect to it");
+            break;
        }
    }

-    let restore_pg_connstring = restore_pg_connstring.replace("dbname=postgres", "dbname=neondb");
+    //
+    // Decrypt connection string
+    //
+    let source_connection_string = {
+        match spec.encryption_secret {
+            EncryptionSecret::KMS { key_id } => {
+                let mut output = kms_client
+                    .decrypt()
+                    .key_id(key_id)
+                    .ciphertext_blob(aws_sdk_s3::primitives::Blob::new(
+                        spec.source_connstring_ciphertext_base64,
+                    ))
+                    .send()
+                    .await
+                    .context("decrypt source connection string")?;
+                let plaintext = output
+                    .plaintext
+                    .take()
+                    .context("get plaintext source connection string")?;
+                String::from_utf8(plaintext.into_inner())
+                    .context("parse source connection string as utf8")?
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    //
+    // Start the work
+    //

    let dumpdir = working_directory.join("dumpdir");

@@ -368,12 +310,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        }
    }

-    // If interactive mode, wait for Ctrl+C
-    if args.interactive {
-        info!("Running in interactive mode. Press Ctrl+C to shut down.");
-        tokio::signal::ctrl_c().await.context("wait for ctrl-c")?;
-    }
-
    info!("shutdown postgres");
    {
        nix::sys::signal::kill(
@@ -389,24 +325,21 @@ pub(crate) async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
            .context("wait for postgres to shut down")?;
    }

-    // Only sync if s3_prefix was specified
-    if let Some(s3_prefix) = args.s3_prefix {
-        info!("upload pgdata");
-        aws_s3_sync::sync(Utf8Path::new(&pgdata_dir), &s3_prefix.append("/pgdata/"))
-            .await
-            .context("sync dump directory to destination")?;
+    info!("upload pgdata");
+    aws_s3_sync::sync(Utf8Path::new(&pgdata_dir), &s3_prefix.append("/pgdata/"))
+        .await
+        .context("sync dump directory to destination")?;

-        info!("write status");
-        {
-            let status_dir = working_directory.join("status");
-            std::fs::create_dir(&status_dir).context("create status directory")?;
-            let status_file = status_dir.join("pgdata");
-            std::fs::write(&status_file, serde_json::json!({"done": true}).to_string())
-                .context("write status file")?;
-            aws_s3_sync::sync(&status_dir, &s3_prefix.append("/status/"))
-                .await
-                .context("sync status directory to destination")?;
-        }
+    info!("write status");
+    {
+        let status_dir = working_directory.join("status");
+        std::fs::create_dir(&status_dir).context("create status directory")?;
+        let status_file = status_dir.join("pgdata");
+        std::fs::write(&status_file, serde_json::json!({"done": true}).to_string())
+            .context("write status file")?;
+        aws_s3_sync::sync(&status_dir, &s3_prefix.append("/status/"))
+            .await
+            .context("sync status directory to destination")?;
    }

    Ok(())
--- a/control_plane/src/local_env.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/local_env.rs
@@ -483,6 +483,7 @@ impl LocalEnv {
            .iter()
            .find(|(mapped_tenant_id, _)| mapped_tenant_id == &tenant_id)
            .map(|&(_, timeline_id)| timeline_id)
+            .map(TimelineId::from)
    }

    pub fn timeline_name_mappings(&self) -> HashMap<TenantTimelineId, String> {
--- a/control_plane/src/storage_controller.rs
+++ b/control_plane/src/storage_controller.rs
@@ -822,7 +822,10 @@ impl StorageController {
        self.dispatch(
            Method::PUT,
            format!("control/v1/tenant/{tenant_shard_id}/migrate"),
-            Some(TenantShardMigrateRequest { node_id }),
+            Some(TenantShardMigrateRequest {
+                tenant_shard_id,
+                node_id,
+            }),
        )
        .await
    }
--- a/control_plane/storcon_cli/src/main.rs
+++ b/control_plane/storcon_cli/src/main.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,12 @@
 use futures::StreamExt;
-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    str::FromStr,
-    time::Duration,
-};
+use std::{str::FromStr, time::Duration};

 use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 use pageserver_api::{
    controller_api::{
        AvailabilityZone, NodeAvailabilityWrapper, NodeDescribeResponse, NodeShardResponse,
-        SafekeeperDescribeResponse, SafekeeperSchedulingPolicyRequest, ShardSchedulingPolicy,
-        ShardsPreferredAzsRequest, SkSchedulingPolicy, TenantCreateRequest, TenantDescribeResponse,
-        TenantPolicyRequest,
+        SafekeeperDescribeResponse, ShardSchedulingPolicy, TenantCreateRequest,
+        TenantDescribeResponse, TenantPolicyRequest,
    },
    models::{
        EvictionPolicy, EvictionPolicyLayerAccessThreshold, LocationConfigSecondary,
@@ -117,13 +112,6 @@ enum Command {
        #[arg(long)]
        node: NodeId,
    },
-    /// Migrate the secondary location for a tenant shard to a specific pageserver.
-    TenantShardMigrateSecondary {
-        #[arg(long)]
-        tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
-        #[arg(long)]
-        node: NodeId,
-    },
    /// Cancel any ongoing reconciliation for this shard
    TenantShardCancelReconcile {
        #[arg(long)]
@@ -158,12 +146,6 @@ enum Command {
        #[arg(long)]
        tenant_id: TenantId,
    },
-    TenantSetPreferredAz {
-        #[arg(long)]
-        tenant_id: TenantId,
-        #[arg(long)]
-        preferred_az: Option<String>,
-    },
    /// Uncleanly drop a tenant from the storage controller: this doesn't delete anything from pageservers. Appropriate
    /// if you e.g. used `tenant-warmup` by mistake on a tenant ID that doesn't really exist, or is in some other region.
    TenantDrop {
@@ -232,13 +214,6 @@ enum Command {
    },
    /// List safekeepers known to the storage controller
    Safekeepers {},
-    /// Set the scheduling policy of the specified safekeeper
-    SafekeeperScheduling {
-        #[arg(long)]
-        node_id: NodeId,
-        #[arg(long)]
-        scheduling_policy: SkSchedulingPolicyArg,
-    },
 }

 #[derive(Parser)]
@@ -291,24 +266,6 @@ impl FromStr for PlacementPolicyArg {
    }
 }

-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-struct SkSchedulingPolicyArg(SkSchedulingPolicy);
-
-impl FromStr for SkSchedulingPolicyArg {
-    type Err = anyhow::Error;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        match s {
-            "active" => Ok(Self(SkSchedulingPolicy::Active)),
-            "disabled" => Ok(Self(SkSchedulingPolicy::Disabled)),
-            "decomissioned" => Ok(Self(SkSchedulingPolicy::Decomissioned)),
-            _ => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
-                "Unknown scheduling policy '{s}', try active,disabled,decomissioned"
-            )),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 struct ShardSchedulingPolicyArg(ShardSchedulingPolicy);

@@ -438,12 +395,11 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
            resp.sort_by(|a, b| a.listen_http_addr.cmp(&b.listen_http_addr));

            let mut table = comfy_table::Table::new();
-            table.set_header(["Id", "Hostname", "AZ", "Scheduling", "Availability"]);
+            table.set_header(["Id", "Hostname", "Scheduling", "Availability"]);
            for node in resp {
                table.add_row([
                    format!("{}", node.id),
                    node.listen_http_addr,
-                    node.availability_zone_id,
                    format!("{:?}", node.scheduling),
                    format!("{:?}", node.availability),
                ]);
@@ -503,65 +459,33 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
            println!("{table}");
        }
        Command::Tenants { node_id: None } => {
-            // Set up output formatting
+            let mut resp = storcon_client
+                .dispatch::<(), Vec<TenantDescribeResponse>>(
+                    Method::GET,
+                    "control/v1/tenant".to_string(),
+                    None,
+                )
+                .await?;
+
+            resp.sort_by(|a, b| a.tenant_id.cmp(&b.tenant_id));
+
            let mut table = comfy_table::Table::new();
            table.set_header([
                "TenantId",
-                "Preferred AZ",
                "ShardCount",
                "StripeSize",
                "Placement",
                "Scheduling",
            ]);
-
-            // Pagination loop over listing API
-            let mut start_after = None;
-            const LIMIT: usize = 1000;
-            loop {
-                let path = match start_after {
-                    None => format!("control/v1/tenant?limit={LIMIT}"),
-                    Some(start_after) => {
-                        format!("control/v1/tenant?limit={LIMIT}&start_after={start_after}")
-                    }
-                };
-
-                let resp = storcon_client
-                    .dispatch::<(), Vec<TenantDescribeResponse>>(Method::GET, path, None)
-                    .await?;
-
-                if resp.is_empty() {
-                    // End of data reached
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                // Give some visual feedback while we're building up the table (comfy_table doesn't have
-                // streaming output)
-                if resp.len() >= LIMIT {
-                    eprint!(".");
-                }
-
-                start_after = Some(resp.last().unwrap().tenant_id);
-
-                for tenant in resp {
-                    let shard_zero = tenant.shards.into_iter().next().unwrap();
-                    table.add_row([
-                        format!("{}", tenant.tenant_id),
-                        shard_zero
-                            .preferred_az_id
-                            .as_ref()
-                            .cloned()
-                            .unwrap_or("".to_string()),
-                        format!("{}", shard_zero.tenant_shard_id.shard_count.literal()),
-                        format!("{:?}", tenant.stripe_size),
-                        format!("{:?}", tenant.policy),
-                        format!("{:?}", shard_zero.scheduling_policy),
-                    ]);
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Terminate progress dots
-            if table.row_count() > LIMIT {
-                eprint!("");
+            for tenant in resp {
+                let shard_zero = tenant.shards.into_iter().next().unwrap();
+                table.add_row([
+                    format!("{}", tenant.tenant_id),
+                    format!("{}", shard_zero.tenant_shard_id.shard_count.literal()),
+                    format!("{:?}", tenant.stripe_size),
+                    format!("{:?}", tenant.policy),
+                    format!("{:?}", shard_zero.scheduling_policy),
+                ]);
            }

            println!("{table}");
@@ -616,7 +540,10 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
            tenant_shard_id,
            node,
        } => {
-            let req = TenantShardMigrateRequest { node_id: node };
+            let req = TenantShardMigrateRequest {
+                tenant_shard_id,
+                node_id: node,
+            };

            storcon_client
                .dispatch::<TenantShardMigrateRequest, TenantShardMigrateResponse>(
@@ -626,20 +553,6 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
                )
                .await?;
        }
-        Command::TenantShardMigrateSecondary {
-            tenant_shard_id,
-            node,
-        } => {
-            let req = TenantShardMigrateRequest { node_id: node };
-
-            storcon_client
-                .dispatch::<TenantShardMigrateRequest, TenantShardMigrateResponse>(
-                    Method::PUT,
-                    format!("control/v1/tenant/{tenant_shard_id}/migrate_secondary"),
-                    Some(req),
-                )
-                .await?;
-        }
        Command::TenantShardCancelReconcile { tenant_shard_id } => {
            storcon_client
                .dispatch::<(), ()>(
@@ -683,19 +596,6 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
                    None,
                )
                .await?;
-
-            let nodes = storcon_client
-                .dispatch::<(), Vec<NodeDescribeResponse>>(
-                    Method::GET,
-                    "control/v1/node".to_string(),
-                    None,
-                )
-                .await?;
-            let nodes = nodes
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|n| (n.id, n))
-                .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
-
            println!("Tenant {tenant_id}");
            let mut table = comfy_table::Table::new();
            table.add_row(["Policy", &format!("{:?}", policy)]);
@@ -704,14 +604,7 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
            println!("{table}");
            println!("Shards:");
            let mut table = comfy_table::Table::new();
-            table.set_header([
-                "Shard",
-                "Attached",
-                "Attached AZ",
-                "Secondary",
-                "Last error",
-                "status",
-            ]);
+            table.set_header(["Shard", "Attached", "Secondary", "Last error", "status"]);
            for shard in shards {
                let secondary = shard
                    .node_secondary
@@ -734,18 +627,11 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
                }
                let status = status_parts.join(",");

-                let attached_node = shard
-                    .node_attached
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .map(|id| nodes.get(id).expect("Shard references nonexistent node"));
-
                table.add_row([
                    format!("{}", shard.tenant_shard_id),
-                    attached_node
-                        .map(|n| format!("{} ({})", n.listen_http_addr, n.id))
-                        .unwrap_or(String::new()),
-                    attached_node
-                        .map(|n| n.availability_zone_id.clone())
+                    shard
+                        .node_attached
+                        .map(|n| format!("{}", n))
                        .unwrap_or(String::new()),
                    secondary,
                    shard.last_error,
@@ -754,66 +640,6 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
            }
            println!("{table}");
        }
-        Command::TenantSetPreferredAz {
-            tenant_id,
-            preferred_az,
-        } => {
-            // First learn about the tenant's shards
-            let describe_response = storcon_client
-                .dispatch::<(), TenantDescribeResponse>(
-                    Method::GET,
-                    format!("control/v1/tenant/{tenant_id}"),
-                    None,
-                )
-                .await?;
-
-            // Learn about nodes to validate the AZ ID
-            let nodes = storcon_client
-                .dispatch::<(), Vec<NodeDescribeResponse>>(
-                    Method::GET,
-                    "control/v1/node".to_string(),
-                    None,
-                )
-                .await?;
-
-            if let Some(preferred_az) = &preferred_az {
-                let azs = nodes
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|n| (n.availability_zone_id))
-                    .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
-                if !azs.contains(preferred_az) {
-                    anyhow::bail!(
-                        "AZ {} not found on any node: known AZs are: {:?}",
-                        preferred_az,
-                        azs
-                    );
-                }
-            } else {
-                // Make it obvious to the user that since they've omitted an AZ, we're clearing it
-                eprintln!("Clearing preferred AZ for tenant {}", tenant_id);
-            }
-
-            // Construct a request that modifies all the tenant's shards
-            let req = ShardsPreferredAzsRequest {
-                preferred_az_ids: describe_response
-                    .shards
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|s| {
-                        (
-                            s.tenant_shard_id,
-                            preferred_az.clone().map(AvailabilityZone),
-                        )
-                    })
-                    .collect(),
-            };
-            storcon_client
-                .dispatch::<ShardsPreferredAzsRequest, ()>(
-                    Method::PUT,
-                    "control/v1/preferred_azs".to_string(),
-                    Some(req),
-                )
-                .await?;
-        }
        Command::TenantWarmup { tenant_id } => {
            let describe_response = storcon_client
                .dispatch::<(), TenantDescribeResponse>(
@@ -1089,7 +915,10 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
                            .dispatch::<TenantShardMigrateRequest, TenantShardMigrateResponse>(
                                Method::PUT,
                                format!("control/v1/tenant/{}/migrate", mv.tenant_shard_id),
-                                Some(TenantShardMigrateRequest { node_id: mv.to }),
+                                Some(TenantShardMigrateRequest {
+                                    tenant_shard_id: mv.tenant_shard_id,
+                                    node_id: mv.to,
+                                }),
                            )
                            .await
                            .map_err(|e| (mv.tenant_shard_id, mv.from, mv.to, e))
@@ -1228,23 +1057,6 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
            }
            println!("{table}");
        }
-        Command::SafekeeperScheduling {
-            node_id,
-            scheduling_policy,
-        } => {
-            let scheduling_policy = scheduling_policy.0;
-            storcon_client
-                .dispatch::<SafekeeperSchedulingPolicyRequest, ()>(
-                    Method::POST,
-                    format!("control/v1/safekeeper/{node_id}/scheduling_policy"),
-                    Some(SafekeeperSchedulingPolicyRequest { scheduling_policy }),
-                )
-                .await?;
-            println!(
-                "Scheduling policy of {node_id} set to {}",
-                String::from(scheduling_policy)
-            );
-        }
    }

    Ok(())
--- a/docs/docker.md
+++ b/docs/docker.md
@@ -7,11 +7,15 @@ Currently we build two main images:
 - [neondatabase/neon](https://hub.docker.com/repository/docker/neondatabase/neon) — image with pre-built `pageserver`, `safekeeper` and `proxy` binaries and all the required runtime dependencies. Built from [/Dockerfile](/Dockerfile).
 - [neondatabase/compute-node-v16](https://hub.docker.com/repository/docker/neondatabase/compute-node-v16) — compute node image with pre-built Postgres binaries from [neondatabase/postgres](https://github.com/neondatabase/postgres). Similar images exist for v15 and v14. Built from [/compute-node/Dockerfile](/compute/compute-node.Dockerfile).

+And additional intermediate image:
+
+- [neondatabase/compute-tools](https://hub.docker.com/repository/docker/neondatabase/compute-tools) — compute node configuration management tools.
+
 ## Build pipeline

 We build all images after a successful `release` tests run and push automatically to Docker Hub with two parallel CI jobs

-1. `neondatabase/compute-node-v17` (and -16, -v15, -v14)
+1. `neondatabase/compute-tools` and `neondatabase/compute-node-v16` (and -v15 and -v14)

 2. `neondatabase/neon`

--- a/docs/rfcs/035-safekeeper-dynamic-membership-change.md
+++ b/docs/rfcs/035-safekeeper-dynamic-membership-change.md
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ configuration generation in them is less than its current one. Namely, it
 refuses to vote, to truncate WAL in `handle_elected` and to accept WAL. In
 response it sends its current configuration generation to let walproposer know.

-Safekeeper gets `PUT /v1/tenants/{tenant_id}/timelines/{timeline_id}/configuration`
+Safekeeper gets `PUT /v1/tenants/{tenant_id}/timelines/{timeline_id}/configuration` 
 accepting `Configuration`. Safekeeper switches to the given conf it is higher than its
 current one and ignores it otherwise. In any case it replies with
 ```
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ currently and tries to communicate with all of them. However, the list does not
 define consensus members. Instead, on start walproposer tracks highest
 configuration it receives from `AcceptorGreeting`s. Once it assembles greetings
 from majority of `sk_set` and majority of `new_sk_set` (if it is present), it
-establishes this configuration as its own and moves to voting.
+establishes this configuration as its own and moves to voting. 

 It should stop talking to safekeepers not listed in the configuration at this
 point, though it is not unsafe to continue doing so.
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ refusal to accept due to configuration change) it simply restarts.
 The following algorithm can be executed anywhere having access to configuration
 storage and safekeepers. It is safe to interrupt / restart it and run multiple
 instances of it concurrently, though likely one of them won't make
-progress then. It accepts `desired_set: Vec<NodeId>` as input.
+progress then. It accepts `desired_set: Vec<NodeId>` as input. 

 Algorithm will refuse to make the change if it encounters previous interrupted
 change attempt, but in this case it will try to finish it.
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ storage are reachable.
   safe. Failed CAS aborts the procedure.
 4) Call `PUT` `configuration` on safekeepers from the current set,
   delivering them `joint_conf`. Collecting responses from majority is required
-   to proceed. If any response returned generation higher than
+   to proceed. If any response returned generation higher than 
   `joint_conf.generation`, abort (another switch raced us). Otherwise, choose
   max `<last_log_term, flush_lsn>` among responses and establish it as
   (in memory) `sync_position`. Also choose max `term` and establish it as (in
@@ -149,49 +149,49 @@ storage are reachable.
   without ack from the new set. Similarly, we'll bump term on new majority
   to `sync_term` so that two computes with the same term are never elected.
 4) Initialize timeline on safekeeper(s) from `new_sk_set` where it
-   doesn't exist yet by doing `pull_timeline` from the majority of the
+   doesn't exist yet by doing `pull_timeline` from the majority of the 
   current set. Doing that on majority of `new_sk_set` is enough to
   proceed, but it is reasonable to ensure that all `new_sk_set` members
   are initialized -- if some of them are down why are we migrating there?
-5) Call `POST` `bump_term(sync_term)` on safekeepers from the new set.
+5) Call `POST` `bump_term(sync_term)` on safekeepers from the new set. 
   Success on majority is enough.
 6) Repeatedly call `PUT` `configuration` on safekeepers from the new set,
   delivering them `joint_conf` and collecting their positions. This will
-   switch them to the `joint_conf` which generally won't be needed
+   switch them to the `joint_conf` which generally won't be needed 
   because `pull_timeline` already includes it and plus additionally would be
   broadcast by compute. More importantly, we may proceed to the next step
-   only when `<last_log_term, flush_lsn>` on the majority of the new set reached
-   `sync_position`. Similarly, on the happy path no waiting is not needed because
+   only when `<last_log_term, flush_lsn>` on the majority of the new set reached 
+   `sync_position`. Similarly, on the happy path no waiting is not needed because 
   `pull_timeline` already includes it. However, we should double
    check to be safe. For example, timeline could have been created earlier e.g.
-    manually or after try-to-migrate, abort, try-to-migrate-again sequence.
-7) Create `new_conf: Configuration` incrementing `join_conf` generation and having new
-   safekeeper set as `sk_set` and None `new_sk_set`. Write it to configuration
+    manually or after try-to-migrate, abort, try-to-migrate-again sequence. 
+7) Create `new_conf: Configuration` incrementing `join_conf` generation and having new 
+   safekeeper set as `sk_set` and None `new_sk_set`. Write it to configuration 
   storage under one more CAS.
 8) Call `PUT` `configuration` on safekeepers from the new set,
-   delivering them `new_conf`. It is enough to deliver it to the majority
+   delivering them `new_conf`. It is enough to deliver it to the majority 
   of the new set; the rest can be updated by compute.

 I haven't put huge effort to make the description above very precise, because it
 is natural language prone to interpretations anyway. Instead I'd like to make TLA+
 spec of it.

-Description above focuses on safety. To make the flow practical and live, here a few more
+Description above focuses on safety. To make the flow practical and live, here a few more 
 considerations.
-1) It makes sense to ping new set to ensure it we are migrating to live node(s) before
+1) It makes sense to ping new set to ensure it we are migrating to live node(s) before 
  step 3.
-2) If e.g. accidentally wrong new sk set has been specified, before CAS in step `6` is completed
+2) If e.g. accidentally wrong new sk set has been specified, before CAS in step `6` is completed 
   it is safe to rollback to the old conf with one more CAS.
-3) On step 4 timeline might be already created on members of the new set for various reasons;
+3) On step 4 timeline might be already created on members of the new set for various reasons; 
   the simplest is the procedure restart. There are more complicated scenarious like mentioned
-   in step 5. Deleting and re-doing `pull_timeline` is generally unsafe without involving
-   generations, so seems simpler to treat existing timeline as success. However, this also
+   in step 5. Deleting and re-doing `pull_timeline` is generally unsafe without involving 
+   generations, so seems simpler to treat existing timeline as success. However, this also 
   has a disadvantage: you might imagine an surpassingly unlikely schedule where condition in
   the step 5 is never reached until compute is (re)awaken up to synchronize new member(s).
   I don't think we'll observe this in practice, but can add waking up compute if needed.
 4) In the end timeline should be locally deleted on the safekeeper(s) which are
   in the old set but not in the new one, unless they are unreachable. To be
-   safe this also should be done under generation number (deletion proceeds only if
+   safe this also should be done under generation number (deletion proceeds only if 
   current configuration is <= than one in request and safekeeper is not memeber of it).
 5) If current conf fetched on step 1 is already not joint and members equal to `desired_set`,
   jump to step 7, using it as `new_conf`.
@@ -202,87 +202,47 @@ The procedure ought to be driven from somewhere. Obvious candidates are control
 plane and storage_controller; and as each of them already has db we don't want
 yet another storage. I propose to manage safekeepers in storage_controller
 because 1) since it is in rust it simplifies simulation testing (more on this
-below) 2) it already manages pageservers.
+below) 2) it already manages pageservers. 

 This assumes that migration will be fully usable only after we migrate all
 tenants/timelines to storage_controller. It is discussible whether we want also
 to manage pageserver attachments for all of these, but likely we do.

-This requires us to define storcon <-> cplane interface and changes.
+This requires us to define storcon <-> cplane interface.

-### storage_controller <-> control plane interface and changes
+### storage_controller <-> control plane interface

 First of all, control plane should
 [change](https://neondb.slack.com/archives/C03438W3FLZ/p1719226543199829)
 storing safekeepers per timeline instead of per tenant because we can't migrate
-tenants atomically.
+tenants atomically. 

 The important question is how updated configuration is delivered from
 storage_controller to control plane to provide it to computes. As always, there
 are two options, pull and push. Let's do it the same push as with pageserver
 `/notify-attach` because 1) it keeps storage_controller out of critical compute
-start path 2) uniformity. It makes storage_controller responsible for retrying
-notifying control plane until it succeeds.
+start path 2) provides easier upgrade: there won't be such a thing as 'timeline
+managed by control plane / storcon', cplane just takes the value out of its db
+when needed 3) uniformity. It makes storage_controller responsible for retrying notifying
+control plane until it succeeds.

-It is not needed for the control plane to fully know the `Configuration`. It is
-enough for it to only to be aware of the list of safekeepers in the latest
-configuration to supply it to compute, plus associated generation number to
-protect from stale update requests and to also pass it to compute.
-
-So, cplane `/notify-safekeepers` for the timeline can accept JSON like
-```
-{
-   tenant_id: String,
-   timeline_id: String,
-   generation: u32,
-   safekeepers: Vec<SafekeeperId>,
-}
-```
-where `SafekeeperId` is
-```
-{
-   node_id: u64,
-   host: String
-}
-```
-In principle `host` is redundant, but may be useful for observability.
-
-The request updates list of safekeepers in the db if the provided conf
-generation is higher (the cplane db should also store generations for this).
-Similarly to
-[`/notify-attach`](https://www.notion.so/neondatabase/Storage-Controller-Control-Plane-interface-6de56dd310a043bfa5c2f5564fa98365),
-it should update db which makes the call successful, and then try to schedule
-`apply_config` if possible, it is ok if not. storage_controller should rate
-limit calling the endpoint, but likely this won't be needed, as migration
+So, cplane `/notify-safekeepers` for the timeline accepts `Configuration` and
+updates it in the db if the provided conf generation is higher (the cplane db
+should also store generations for this). Similarly to [`/notify-attach`](https://www.notion.so/neondatabase/Storage-Controller-Control-Plane-interface-6de56dd310a043bfa5c2f5564fa98365), it
+should update db which makes the call successful, and then try to schedule
+`apply_config` if possible, it is ok if not. storage_controller 
+should rate limit calling the endpoint, but likely this won't be needed, as migration
 throughput is limited by `pull_timeline`.

 Timeline (branch) creation in cplane should call storage_controller POST
 `tenant/:tenant_id/timeline` like it currently does for sharded tenants.
-Response should be augmented with `safekeepers_generation` and `safekeepers`
-fields like described in `/notify-safekeepers` above. Initially (currently)
-these fields may be absent; in this case cplane chooses safekeepers on its own
-like it currently does. The call should be retried until succeeds.
+Response should be augmented with `safekeeper_conf: Configuration`. The call
+should be retried until succeeds.

 Timeline deletion and tenant deletion in cplane should call appropriate
 storage_controller endpoints like it currently does for sharded tenants. The
 calls should be retried until they succeed.

-When compute receives safekeepers list from control plane it needs to know the
-generation to checked whether it should be updated (note that compute may get
-safekeeper list from either cplane or safekeepers). Currently `neon.safekeepers`
-GUC is just a comma separates list of `host:port`. Let's prefix it with
-`g#<generation>:` to this end, so it will look like
-```
-g#42:safekeeper-0.eu-central-1.aws.neon.tech:6401,safekeeper-2.eu-central-1.aws.neon.tech:6401,safekeeper-1.eu-central-1.aws.neon.tech:6401
-```
-
-To summarize, list of cplane changes:
- per tenant -> per timeline safekeepers management and addition of int `safekeeper_generation` field.
- `/notify-safekeepers` endpoint.
- Branch creation call may return list of safekeepers and when it is
-  present cplane should adopt it instead of choosing on its own like it does currently.
- `neon.safekeepers` GUC should be prefixed with `g#<generation>:`.
-
 ### storage_controller implementation

 Current 'load everything on startup and keep in memory' easy design is fine.
@@ -400,10 +360,10 @@ source safekeeper might fail, which is not a problem if we are going to
 decomission the node but leaves garbage otherwise. I'd propose in the first version
 1) Don't attempt deletion at all if node status is `offline`.
 2) If it failed, just issue warning.
-And add PUT `/control/v1/safekeepers/:node_id/scrub` endpoint which would find and
-remove garbage timelines for manual use. It will 1) list all timelines on the
-safekeeper 2) compare each one against configuration storage: if timeline
-doesn't exist at all (had been deleted), it can be deleted. Otherwise, it can
+And add PUT `/control/v1/safekeepers/:node_id/scrub` endpoint which would find and 
+remove garbage timelines for manual use. It will 1) list all timelines on the 
+safekeeper 2) compare each one against configuration storage: if timeline 
+doesn't exist at all (had been deleted), it can be deleted. Otherwise, it can 
 be deleted under generation number if node is not member of current generation.

 Automating this is untrivial; we'd need to register all potential missing
@@ -452,8 +412,8 @@ There should be following layers of tests:
 3) Since simulation testing injects at relatively high level points (not
   syscalls), it omits some code, in particular `pull_timeline`. Thus it is
   better to have basic tests covering whole system as well. Extended version of
-   `test_restarts_under_load` would do: start background load and do migration
-   under it, then restart endpoint and check that no reported commits
+   `test_restarts_under_load` would do: start background load and do migration 
+   under it, then restart endpoint and check that no reported commits 
   had been lost. I'd also add one more creating classic network split scenario, with
   one compute talking to AC and another to BD while migration from nodes ABC to ABD
   happens.
@@ -462,51 +422,35 @@ There should be following layers of tests:

 ## Order of implementation and rollout

-Note that
+Note that 
 - Control plane parts and integration with it is fully independent from everything else
  (tests would use simulation and neon_local).
- It is reasonable to make compute <-> safekeepers protocol change
-  independent of enabling generations.
 - There is a lot of infra work making storage_controller aware of timelines and safekeepers
  and its impl/rollout should be separate from migration itself.
- Initially walproposer can just stop working while it observes joint configuration.
+- Initially walproposer can just stop working while it observers joint configuration.
  Such window would be typically very short anyway.
- Obviously we want to test the whole thing thoroughly on staging and only then
-  gradually enable in prod.

-Let's have the following implementation bits for gradual rollout:
- compute gets `neon.safekeepers_proto_version` flag.
-  Initially both compute and safekeepers will be able to talk both
-  versions so that we can delay force restart of them and for
-  simplicity of rollback in case it is needed.
- storcon gets `-set-safekeepers` config option disabled by
-  default. Timeline creation request chooses safekeepers
-  (and returns them in response to cplane) only when it is set to
-  true.
- control_plane [see above](storage_controller-<->-control-plane interface-and-changes)
-  prefixes `neon.safekeepers` GUC with generation number. When it is 0
-  (or prefix not present at all), walproposer behaves as currently, committing on
-  the provided safekeeper list -- generations are disabled.
-  If it is non 0 it follows this RFC rules.
- We provide a script for manual migration to storage controller.
-  It selects timeline(s) from control plane (specified or all of them) db
-  and calls special import endpoint on storage controller which is very
-  similar to timeline creation: it inserts into the db, sets
-  configuration to initial on the safekeepers, calls cplane
-  `notify-safekeepers`.
+To rollout smoothly, both walproposer and safekeeper should have flag
+`configurations_enabled`; when set to false, they would work as currently, i.e.
+walproposer is able to commit on whatever safekeeper set it is provided. Until
+all timelines are managed by storcon we'd need to use current script to migrate
+and update/drop entries in the storage_controller database if it has any.

-Then the rollout for a region would be:
- Current situation: safekeepers are choosen by control_plane.
- We manually migrate some timelines, test moving them around.
- Then we enable `--set-safekeepers` so that all new timelines
-  are on storage controller.
- Finally migrate all existing timelines using the script (no
-  compute should be speaking old proto version at this point).
+Safekeepers would need to be able to talk both current and new protocol version
+with compute to reduce number of computes restarted in prod once v2 protocol is
+deployed (though before completely switching we'd need to force this).
+
+Let's have the following rollout order:
+- storage_controller becomes aware of safekeepers;
+- storage_controller gets timeline creation for new timelines and deletion requests, but
+  doesn't manage all timelines yet. Migration can be tested on these new timelines.
+  To keep control plane and storage_controller databases in sync while control 
+  plane still chooses the safekeepers initially (until all timelines are imported
+  it can choose better), `TimelineCreateRequest` can get optional safekeepers
+  field with safekeepers chosen by cplane.
+- Then we can import all existing timelines from control plane to
+  storage_controller and gradually enable configurations region by region.

-Until all timelines are managed by storcon we'd need to use current ad hoc
-script to migrate if needed. To keep state clean, all storage controller managed
-timelines must be migrated before that, or controller db and configurations
-state of safekeepers dropped manually.

 Very rough implementation order:
 - Add concept of configurations to safekeepers (including control file),
@@ -514,10 +458,10 @@ Very rough implementation order:
 - Implement walproposer changes, including protocol.
 - Implement storconn part. Use it in neon_local (and pytest).
 - Make cplane store safekeepers per timeline instead of per tenant.
- Implement cplane/storcon integration. Route branch creation/deletion
+- Implement cplane/storcon integration. Route branch creation/deletion 
  through storcon. Then we can test migration of new branches.
- Finally import existing branches. Then we can drop cplane
-  safekeeper selection code. Gradually enable configurations at
+- Finally import existing branches. Then we can drop cplane 
+  safekeeper selection code. Gradually enable configurations at 
  computes and safekeepers. Before that, all computes must talk only
  v3 protocol version.

--- a/docs/rfcs/040-profiling.md
+++ b/docs/rfcs/040-profiling.md
@@ -1,247 +0,0 @@
-# CPU and Memory Profiling
-
-Created 2025-01-12 by Erik Grinaker.
-
-See also [internal user guide](https://www.notion.so/neondatabase/Storage-CPU-Memory-Profiling-14bf189e004780228ec7d04442742324?pvs=4).
-
-## Summary
-
-This document proposes a standard cross-team pattern for CPU and memory profiling across
-applications and languages, using the [pprof](https://github.com/google/pprof) profile format.
-
-It enables both ad hoc profiles via HTTP endpoints, and continuous profiling across the fleet via
-[Grafana Cloud Profiles](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana-cloud/monitor-applications/profiles/).
-Continuous profiling incurs an overhead of about 0.1% CPU usage and 3% slower heap allocations.
-
-## Motivation
-
-CPU and memory profiles are crucial observability tools for understanding performance issues,
-resource exhaustion, and resource costs. They allow answering questions like:
-
-* Why is this process using 100% CPU?
-* How do I make this go faster?
-* Why did this process run out of memory?
-* Why are we paying for all these CPU cores and memory chips?
-
-Go has [first-class support](https://pkg.go.dev/net/http/pprof) for profiling included in its
-standard library, using the [pprof](https://github.com/google/pprof) profile format and associated
-tooling.
-
-This is not the case for Rust and C, where obtaining profiles can be rather cumbersome. It requires
-installing and running additional tools like `perf` as root on production nodes, with analysis tools
-that can be hard to use and often don't give good results. This is not only annoying, but can also
-significantly affect the resolution time of production incidents.
-
-This proposal will:
-
-* Provide CPU and heap profiles in pprof format via HTTP API.
-* Record continuous profiles in Grafana for aggregate historical analysis.
-* Make it easy for anyone to see a flamegraph in less than one minute.
-* Be reasonably consistent across teams and services (Rust, Go, C).
-
-## Non Goals (For Now)
-
-* [Additional profile types](https://grafana.com/docs/pyroscope/next/configure-client/profile-types/)
-  like mutexes, locks, goroutines, etc.
-* [Runtime trace integration](https://grafana.com/docs/pyroscope/next/configure-client/trace-span-profiles/).
-* [Profile-guided optimization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile-guided_optimization).
-
-## Using Profiles
-
-Ready-to-use profiles can be obtained using e.g. `curl`. For Rust services:
-
-```
-$ curl localhost:9898/profile/cpu >profile.pb.gz
-```
-
-pprof profiles can be explored using the [`pprof`](https://github.com/google/pprof) web UI, which
-provides flamegraphs, call graphs, plain text listings, and more:
-
-```
-$ pprof -http :6060 <profile>
-```
-
-Some endpoints (e.g. Rust-based ones) can also generate flamegraph SVGs directly:
-
-```
-$ curl localhost:9898/profile/cpu?format=svg >profile.svg
-$ open profile.svg
-```
-
-Continuous profiles are available in Grafana under Explore → Profiles → Explore Profiles
-(currently only in [staging](https://neonstaging.grafana.net/a/grafana-pyroscope-app/profiles-explorer)).
-
-## API Requirements
-
-* HTTP endpoints that return a profile in pprof format (with symbols).
-  * CPU: records a profile over the request time interval (`seconds` query parameter).
-  * Memory: returns the current in-use heap allocations.
-* Unauthenticated, as it should not expose user data or pose a denial-of-service risk.
-* Default sample frequency should not impact service (maximum 5% CPU overhead).
-* Linux-compatibility.
-
-Nice to have:
-
-* Return flamegraph SVG directly from the HTTP endpoint if requested.
-* Configurable sample frequency for CPU profiles.
-* Historical heap allocations, by count and bytes.
-* macOS-compatiblity.
-
-## Rust Profiling
-
-[`libs/utils/src/http/endpoint.rs`](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/8327f68043e692c77f70d6a6dafa463636c01578/libs/utils/src/http/endpoint.rs)
-contains ready-to-use HTTP endpoints for CPU and memory profiling:
-[`profile_cpu_handler`](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/8327f68043e692c77f70d6a6dafa463636c01578/libs/utils/src/http/endpoint.rs#L338) and [`profile_heap_handler`](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/8327f68043e692c77f70d6a6dafa463636c01578/libs/utils/src/http/endpoint.rs#L416).
-
-### CPU
-
-CPU profiles are provided by [pprof-rs](https://github.com/tikv/pprof-rs) via
-[`profile_cpu_handler`](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/8327f68043e692c77f70d6a6dafa463636c01578/libs/utils/src/http/endpoint.rs#L338).
-Expose it unauthenticated at `/profile/cpu`.
-
-Parameters:
-
-* `format`: profile output format (`pprof` or `svg`; default `pprof`).
-* `seconds`: duration to collect profile over, in seconds (default `5`).
-* `frequency`: how often to sample thread stacks, in Hz (default `99`).
-* `force`: if `true`, cancel a running profile and start a new one (default `false`).
-
-Works on Linux and macOS.
-
-### Memory
-
-Use the jemalloc allocator via [`tikv-jemallocator`](https://github.com/tikv/jemallocator),
-and enable profiling with samples every 2 MB allocated:
-
-```rust
-#[global_allocator]
-static GLOBAL: tikv_jemallocator::Jemalloc = tikv_jemallocator::Jemalloc;
-
-#[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-#[export_name = "malloc_conf"]
-pub static malloc_conf: &[u8] = b"prof:true,prof_active:true,lg_prof_sample:21\0";
-```
-
-pprof profiles are generated by
-[`jemalloc-pprof`](https://github.com/polarsignals/rust-jemalloc-pprof) via
-[`profile_heap_handler`](https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/blob/8327f68043e692c77f70d6a6dafa463636c01578/libs/utils/src/http/endpoint.rs#L416).
-Expose it unauthenticated at `/profile/heap`.
-
-Parameters:
-
-* `format`: profile output format (`pprof`, `svg`, or `jemalloc`; default `pprof`).
-
-Works on Linux only, due to [jemalloc limitations](https://github.com/jemalloc/jemalloc/issues/26).
-
-## Go Profiling
-
-The Go standard library includes pprof profiling via HTTP API in
-[`net/http/pprof`](https://pkg.go.dev/net/http/pprof). Expose it unauthenticated at
-`/debug/pprof`.
-
-Works on Linux and macOS.
-
-### CPU 
-
-Via `/debug/pprof/profile`. Parameters:
-
-* `debug`: profile output format (`0` is pprof, `1` or above is plaintext; default `0`).
-* `seconds`: duration to collect profile over, in seconds (default `30`).
-
-Does not support a frequency parameter (see [#57488](https://github.com/golang/go/issues/57488)),
-and defaults to 100 Hz. A lower frequency can be hardcoded via `SetCPUProfileRate`, but the default
-is likely ok (estimated 1% overhead).
-
-### Memory
-
-Via `/debug/pprof/heap`. Parameters:
-
-* `seconds`: take a delta profile over the given duration, in seconds (default `0`).
-* `gc`: if `1`, garbage collect before taking profile.
-
-## C Profiling
-
-[gperftools](https://github.com/gperftools/gperftools) provides in-process CPU and heap profiling
-with pprof output.
-
-However, continuous profiling of PostgreSQL is expensive (many computes), and has limited value
-since we don't own the internals anyway.
-
-Ad hoc profiling might still be useful, but the compute team considers existing tooling sufficient,
-so this is not a priority at the moment.
-
-## Grafana Continuous Profiling
-
-[Grafana Alloy](https://grafana.com/docs/alloy/latest/) continually scrapes CPU and memory profiles
-across the fleet, and archives them as time series. This can be used to analyze resource usage over
-time, either in aggregate or zoomed in to specific events and nodes.
-
-Profiles are retained for 30 days. Profile ingestion volume for CPU+heap at 60-second intervals
-is about 0.5 GB/node/day, or about $0.25/node/day = $7.5/node/month ($0.50/GB).
-
-It is currently enabled in [staging](https://neonstaging.grafana.net/a/grafana-pyroscope-app/profiles-explorer)
-for Pageserver and Safekeeper.
-
-### Scraping
-
-* CPU profiling: 59 seconds at 19 Hz every 60 seconds.
-* Heap profiling: heap snapshot with 2 MB frequency every 60 seconds.
-
-There are two main approaches that can be taken for CPU profiles:
-
-* Continuous low-frequency profiles (e.g. 19 Hz for 60 seconds every 60 seconds).
-* Occasional high-frequency profiles (e.g. 99 Hz for 5 seconds every 60 seconds).
-
-We choose continuous low-frequency profiles where possible. This has a fixed low overhead, instead
-of a spiky high overhead. It likely also gives a more representative view of resource usage.
-However, a 19 Hz rate gives a minimum resolution of 52.6 ms per sample, which may be larger than the
-actual runtime of small functions. Note that Go does not support a frequency parameter, so we must
-use a fixed frequency for all profiles via `SetCPUProfileRate()` (default 100 Hz).
-
-Only one CPU profile can be taken at a time. With continuous profiling, one will always be running.
-To allow also taking an ad hoc CPU profile, the Rust endpoint supports a `force` query parameter to
-cancel a running profile and start a new one.
-
-### Overhead
-
-With Rust:
-
-* CPU profiles at 19 Hz frequency: 0.1% overhead.
-* Heap profiles at 2 MB frequency: 3% allocation overhead.
-* Profile call/encoding/symbolization: 20 ms every 60 seconds, or 0.03% of 1 CPU (for Pageserver).
-* Profile symbolization caches: 125 MB memory, or 0.4% of 32 GB (for Pageserver).
-
-Benchmarks with pprof-rs showed that the CPU time for taking a stack trace of a 40-frame stack was
-11 µs using the `frame-pointer` feature, and 1.4 µs using `libunwind` with DWARF. `libunwind` saw
-frequent seg faults, so we use `frame-pointer` and build binaries with frame pointers (negligible
-overhead).
-
-CPU profiles work by installing an `ITIMER_PROF` for the process, which triggers a `SIGPROF` signal
-after a given amount of cumulative CPU time across all CPUs. The signal handler will run for one
-of the currently executing threads and take a stack trace. Thus, a 19 Hz profile will take 1 stack
-trace every 52.6 ms CPU time -- assuming 11 µs for a stack trace, this is 0.02% overhead, but
-likely 0.1% in practice (given e.g. context switches).
-
-Heap profiles work by probabilistically taking a stack trace on allocations, adjusted for the
-allocation size. A 1 MB allocation takes about 15 µs in benchmarks, and a stack trace about 1 µs,
-so we can estimate that a 2 MB sampling frequency has about 3% allocation overhead -- this is 
-consistent with benchmarks. This is significantly larger than CPU profiles, but mitigated by the
-fact that performance-sensitive code will avoid allocations as far as possible.
-
-Profile symbolization uses in-memory caches for symbol lookups. These take about 125 MB for
-Pageserver.
-
-## Alternatives Considered
-
-* eBPF profiles.
-  * Don't require instrumenting the binary.
-  * Use less resources.
-  * Can profile in kernel space too.
-  * Supported by Grafana.
-  * Less information about stack frames and spans.
-  * Limited tooling for local analysis.
-  * Does not support heap profiles.
-  * Does not work on macOS.
-
-* [Polar Signals](https://www.polarsignals.com) instead of Grafana.
-  * We already use Grafana for everything else. Appears good enough.
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/src/controller_api.rs
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/src/controller_api.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ impl Display for AvailabilityZone {
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ShardsPreferredAzsRequest {
    #[serde(flatten)]
-    pub preferred_az_ids: HashMap<TenantShardId, Option<AvailabilityZone>>,
+    pub preferred_az_ids: HashMap<TenantShardId, AvailabilityZone>,
 }

 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -144,8 +144,6 @@ pub struct NodeDescribeResponse {
    pub availability: NodeAvailabilityWrapper,
    pub scheduling: NodeSchedulingPolicy,

-    pub availability_zone_id: String,
-
    pub listen_http_addr: String,
    pub listen_http_port: u16,

@@ -181,6 +179,7 @@ pub struct TenantDescribeResponseShard {
 /// specifies some constraints, e.g. asking it to get off particular node(s)
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
 pub struct TenantShardMigrateRequest {
+    pub tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId,
    pub node_id: NodeId,
 }

@@ -369,16 +368,6 @@ pub enum PlacementPolicy {
    Detached,
 }

-impl PlacementPolicy {
-    pub fn want_secondaries(&self) -> usize {
-        match self {
-            PlacementPolicy::Attached(secondary_count) => *secondary_count,
-            PlacementPolicy::Secondary => 1,
-            PlacementPolicy::Detached => 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
 pub struct TenantShardMigrateResponse {}

@@ -416,6 +405,8 @@ pub struct MetadataHealthListOutdatedResponse {
 }

 /// Publicly exposed safekeeper description
+///
+/// The `active` flag which we have in the DB is not included on purpose: it is deprecated.
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
 pub struct SafekeeperDescribeResponse {
    pub id: NodeId,
@@ -431,11 +422,6 @@ pub struct SafekeeperDescribeResponse {
    pub scheduling_policy: SkSchedulingPolicy,
 }

-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
-pub struct SafekeeperSchedulingPolicyRequest {
-    pub scheduling_policy: SkSchedulingPolicy,
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
    use super::*;
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/src/key.rs
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/src/key.rs
@@ -24,9 +24,7 @@ pub struct Key {

 /// When working with large numbers of Keys in-memory, it is more efficient to handle them as i128 than as
 /// a struct of fields.
-#[derive(
-    Clone, Copy, Default, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Ord, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug,
-)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Ord, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
 pub struct CompactKey(i128);

 /// The storage key size.
@@ -708,7 +706,7 @@ pub fn repl_origin_key_range() -> Range<Key> {
 /// Non inherited range for vectored get.
 pub const NON_INHERITED_RANGE: Range<Key> = AUX_FILES_KEY..AUX_FILES_KEY.next();
 /// Sparse keyspace range for vectored get. Missing key error will be ignored for this range.
-pub const SPARSE_RANGE: Range<Key> = Key::metadata_key_range();
+pub const NON_INHERITED_SPARSE_RANGE: Range<Key> = Key::metadata_key_range();

 impl Key {
    // AUX_FILES currently stores only data for logical replication (slots etc), and
@@ -716,42 +714,7 @@ impl Key {
    // switch (and generally it likely should be optional), so ignore these.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn is_inherited_key(self) -> bool {
-        if self.is_sparse() {
-            self.is_inherited_sparse_key()
-        } else {
-            !NON_INHERITED_RANGE.contains(&self)
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn is_sparse(self) -> bool {
-        self.field1 >= METADATA_KEY_BEGIN_PREFIX && self.field1 < METADATA_KEY_END_PREFIX
-    }
-
-    /// Check if the key belongs to the inherited keyspace.
-    fn is_inherited_sparse_key(self) -> bool {
-        debug_assert!(self.is_sparse());
-        self.field1 == RELATION_SIZE_PREFIX
-    }
-
-    pub fn sparse_non_inherited_keyspace() -> Range<Key> {
-        // The two keys are adjacent; if we will have non-adjancent keys in the future, we should return a keyspace
-        debug_assert_eq!(AUX_KEY_PREFIX + 1, REPL_ORIGIN_KEY_PREFIX);
-        Key {
-            field1: AUX_KEY_PREFIX,
-            field2: 0,
-            field3: 0,
-            field4: 0,
-            field5: 0,
-            field6: 0,
-        }..Key {
-            field1: REPL_ORIGIN_KEY_PREFIX + 1,
-            field2: 0,
-            field3: 0,
-            field4: 0,
-            field5: 0,
-            field6: 0,
-        }
+        !NON_INHERITED_RANGE.contains(&self) && !NON_INHERITED_SPARSE_RANGE.contains(&self)
    }

    #[inline(always)]
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/src/models.rs
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/src/models.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ use utils::{
 };

 use crate::{
-    key::{CompactKey, Key},
+    key::Key,
    reltag::RelTag,
    shard::{ShardCount, ShardStripeSize, TenantShardId},
 };
@@ -272,8 +272,6 @@ pub struct CompactInfoResponse {
    pub compact_key_range: Option<CompactKeyRange>,
    pub compact_lsn_range: Option<CompactLsnRange>,
    pub sub_compaction: bool,
-    pub running: bool,
-    pub job_id: usize,
 }

 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
@@ -1981,23 +1979,6 @@ impl PagestreamBeMessage {
    }
 }

-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct PageTraceEvent {
-    pub key: CompactKey,
-    pub effective_lsn: Lsn,
-    pub time: SystemTime,
-}
-
-impl Default for PageTraceEvent {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            key: Default::default(),
-            effective_lsn: Default::default(),
-            time: std::time::UNIX_EPOCH,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use serde_json::json;
--- a/libs/pageserver_api/src/shard.rs
+++ b/libs/pageserver_api/src/shard.rs
@@ -31,8 +31,6 @@
 //! - In a tenant with 4 shards, each shard has ShardCount(N), ShardNumber(i) where i in 0..N-1 (inclusive),
 //!   and their slugs are 0004, 0104, 0204, and 0304.

-use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
-
 use crate::{key::Key, models::ShardParameters};
 use postgres_ffi::relfile_utils::INIT_FORKNUM;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -50,23 +48,6 @@ pub struct ShardIdentity {
    layout: ShardLayout,
 }

-/// Hash implementation
-///
-/// The stripe size cannot change dynamically, so it can be ignored for efficiency reasons.
-impl Hash for ShardIdentity {
-    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        let ShardIdentity {
-            number,
-            count,
-            stripe_size: _,
-            layout: _,
-        } = self;
-
-        number.0.hash(state);
-        count.0.hash(state);
-    }
-}
-
 /// Stripe size in number of pages
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
 pub struct ShardStripeSize(pub u32);
@@ -78,7 +59,7 @@ impl Default for ShardStripeSize {
 }

 /// Layout version: for future upgrades where we might change how the key->shard mapping works
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
 pub struct ShardLayout(u8);

 const LAYOUT_V1: ShardLayout = ShardLayout(1);
--- a/libs/postgres_ffi/src/walrecord.rs
+++ b/libs/postgres_ffi/src/walrecord.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use utils::bin_ser::DeserializeError;
 use utils::lsn::Lsn;

 #[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct XlMultiXactCreate {
    pub mid: MultiXactId,
    /* new MultiXact's ID */
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl XlMultiXactCreate {
 }

 #[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct XlMultiXactTruncate {
    pub oldest_multi_db: Oid,
    /* to-be-truncated range of multixact offsets */
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ impl XlMultiXactTruncate {
 }

 #[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct XlRelmapUpdate {
    pub dbid: Oid,   /* database ID, or 0 for shared map */
    pub tsid: Oid,   /* database's tablespace, or pg_global */
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ impl XlRelmapUpdate {
 }

 #[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct XlReploriginDrop {
    pub node_id: RepOriginId,
 }
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ impl XlReploriginDrop {
 }

 #[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct XlReploriginSet {
    pub remote_lsn: Lsn,
    pub node_id: RepOriginId,
@@ -911,7 +911,7 @@ impl XlSmgrCreate {
 }

 #[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct XlSmgrTruncate {
    pub blkno: BlockNumber,
    pub rnode: RelFileNode,
@@ -984,7 +984,7 @@ impl XlDropDatabase {
 /// xl_xact_parsed_abort structs in PostgreSQL, but we use the same
 /// struct for commits and aborts.
 ///
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct XlXactParsedRecord {
    pub xid: TransactionId,
    pub info: u8,
--- a/libs/pq_proto/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/pq_proto/src/lib.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ pub struct ProtocolVersion(u32);

 impl ProtocolVersion {
    pub const fn new(major: u16, minor: u16) -> Self {
-        Self(((major as u32) << 16) | minor as u32)
+        Self((major as u32) << 16 | minor as u32)
    }
    pub const fn minor(self) -> u16 {
        self.0 as u16
--- a/libs/remote_storage/src/config.rs
+++ b/libs/remote_storage/src/config.rs
@@ -43,17 +43,6 @@ impl RemoteStorageKind {
    }
 }

-impl RemoteStorageConfig {
-    /// Helper to fetch the configured concurrency limit.
-    pub fn concurrency_limit(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-        match &self.storage {
-            RemoteStorageKind::LocalFs { .. } => None,
-            RemoteStorageKind::AwsS3(c) => Some(c.concurrency_limit.into()),
-            RemoteStorageKind::AzureContainer(c) => Some(c.concurrency_limit.into()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 fn default_timeout() -> Duration {
    RemoteStorageConfig::DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
 }
--- a/libs/safekeeper_api/Cargo.toml
+++ b/libs/safekeeper_api/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,12 +5,9 @@ edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true

 [dependencies]
-anyhow.workspace = true
 const_format.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
-serde_json.workspace = true
 postgres_ffi.workspace = true
 pq_proto.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
 utils.workspace = true
-pageserver_api.workspace = true
--- a/libs/safekeeper_api/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/safekeeper_api/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,15 +4,12 @@ use const_format::formatcp;
 use pq_proto::SystemId;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

-pub mod membership;
 /// Public API types
 pub mod models;

 /// Consensus logical timestamp. Note: it is a part of sk control file.
 pub type Term = u64;
-/// With this term timeline is created initially. It
-/// is a normal term except wp is never elected with it.
-pub const INITIAL_TERM: Term = 0;
+pub const INVALID_TERM: Term = 0;

 /// Information about Postgres. Safekeeper gets it once and then verifies all
 /// further connections from computes match. Note: it is a part of sk control
--- a/libs/safekeeper_api/src/membership.rs
+++ b/libs/safekeeper_api/src/membership.rs
@@ -1,166 +0,0 @@
-//! Types defining safekeeper membership, see
-//! rfcs/035-safekeeper-dynamic-membership-change.md
-//! for details.
-
-use std::{collections::HashSet, fmt::Display};
-
-use anyhow;
-use anyhow::bail;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use utils::id::NodeId;
-
-/// Number uniquely identifying safekeeper configuration.
-/// Note: it is a part of sk control file.
-pub type Generation = u32;
-/// 1 is the first valid generation, 0 is used as
-/// a placeholder before we fully migrate to generations.
-pub const INVALID_GENERATION: Generation = 0;
-pub const INITIAL_GENERATION: Generation = 1;
-
-/// Membership is defined by ids so e.g. walproposer uses them to figure out
-/// quorums, but we also carry host and port to give wp idea where to connect.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
-pub struct SafekeeperId {
-    pub id: NodeId,
-    pub host: String,
-    /// We include here only port for computes -- that is, pg protocol tenant
-    /// only port, or wide pg protocol port if the former is not configured.
-    pub pg_port: u16,
-}
-
-impl Display for SafekeeperId {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "[id={}, ep={}:{}]", self.id, self.host, self.pg_port)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Set of safekeepers.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
-#[serde(transparent)]
-pub struct MemberSet {
-    pub members: Vec<SafekeeperId>,
-}
-
-impl MemberSet {
-    pub fn empty() -> Self {
-        MemberSet {
-            members: Vec::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn new(members: Vec<SafekeeperId>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let hs: HashSet<NodeId> = HashSet::from_iter(members.iter().map(|sk| sk.id));
-        if hs.len() != members.len() {
-            bail!("duplicate safekeeper id in the set {:?}", members);
-        }
-        Ok(MemberSet { members })
-    }
-
-    pub fn contains(&self, sk: &SafekeeperId) -> bool {
-        self.members.iter().any(|m| m.id == sk.id)
-    }
-
-    pub fn add(&mut self, sk: SafekeeperId) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        if self.contains(&sk) {
-            bail!(format!(
-                "sk {} is already member of the set {}",
-                sk.id, self
-            ));
-        }
-        self.members.push(sk);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Display for MemberSet {
-    /// Display as a comma separated list of members.
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        let sks_str = self
-            .members
-            .iter()
-            .map(|m| m.to_string())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        write!(f, "({})", sks_str.join(", "))
-    }
-}
-
-/// Safekeeper membership configuration.
-/// Note: it is a part of both control file and http API.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
-pub struct Configuration {
-    /// Unique id.
-    pub generation: Generation,
-    /// Current members of the configuration.
-    pub members: MemberSet,
-    /// Some means it is a joint conf.
-    pub new_members: Option<MemberSet>,
-}
-
-impl Configuration {
-    /// Used for pre-generations timelines, will be removed eventually.
-    pub fn empty() -> Self {
-        Configuration {
-            generation: INVALID_GENERATION,
-            members: MemberSet::empty(),
-            new_members: None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Display for Configuration {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(
-            f,
-            "gen={}, members={}, new_members={}",
-            self.generation,
-            self.members,
-            self.new_members
-                .as_ref()
-                .map(ToString::to_string)
-                .unwrap_or(String::from("none"))
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::{MemberSet, SafekeeperId};
-    use utils::id::NodeId;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_member_set() {
-        let mut members = MemberSet::empty();
-        members
-            .add(SafekeeperId {
-                id: NodeId(42),
-                host: String::from("lala.org"),
-                pg_port: 5432,
-            })
-            .unwrap();
-
-        members
-            .add(SafekeeperId {
-                id: NodeId(42),
-                host: String::from("lala.org"),
-                pg_port: 5432,
-            })
-            .expect_err("duplicate must not be allowed");
-
-        members
-            .add(SafekeeperId {
-                id: NodeId(43),
-                host: String::from("bubu.org"),
-                pg_port: 5432,
-            })
-            .unwrap();
-
-        println!("members: {}", members);
-
-        let j = serde_json::to_string(&members).expect("failed to serialize");
-        println!("members json: {}", j);
-        assert_eq!(
-            j,
-            r#"[{"id":42,"host":"lala.org","pg_port":5432},{"id":43,"host":"bubu.org","pg_port":5432}]"#
-        );
-    }
-}
--- a/libs/safekeeper_api/src/models.rs
+++ b/libs/safekeeper_api/src/models.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 //! Types used in safekeeper http API. Many of them are also reused internally.

-use pageserver_api::shard::ShardIdentity;
 use postgres_ffi::TimestampTz;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::net::SocketAddr;
@@ -12,7 +11,7 @@ use utils::{
    pageserver_feedback::PageserverFeedback,
 };

-use crate::{membership::Configuration, ServerInfo, Term};
+use crate::{ServerInfo, Term};

 #[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
 pub struct SafekeeperStatus {
@@ -23,16 +22,13 @@ pub struct SafekeeperStatus {
 pub struct TimelineCreateRequest {
    pub tenant_id: TenantId,
    pub timeline_id: TimelineId,
-    pub mconf: Configuration,
+    pub peer_ids: Option<Vec<NodeId>>,
    pub pg_version: u32,
    pub system_id: Option<u64>,
-    // By default WAL_SEGMENT_SIZE
    pub wal_seg_size: Option<u32>,
-    pub start_lsn: Lsn,
-    // Normal creation should omit this field (start_lsn initializes all LSNs).
-    // However, we allow specifying custom value higher than start_lsn for
-    // manual recovery case, see test_s3_wal_replay.
-    pub commit_lsn: Option<Lsn>,
+    pub commit_lsn: Lsn,
+    // If not passed, it is assigned to the beginning of commit_lsn segment.
+    pub local_start_lsn: Option<Lsn>,
 }

 /// Same as TermLsn, but serializes LSN using display serializer
@@ -147,13 +143,7 @@ pub type ConnectionId = u32;

 /// Serialize is used only for json'ing in API response. Also used internally.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub enum WalSenderState {
-    Vanilla(VanillaWalSenderState),
-    Interpreted(InterpretedWalSenderState),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct VanillaWalSenderState {
+pub struct WalSenderState {
    pub ttid: TenantTimelineId,
    pub addr: SocketAddr,
    pub conn_id: ConnectionId,
@@ -162,17 +152,6 @@ pub struct VanillaWalSenderState {
    pub feedback: ReplicationFeedback,
 }

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct InterpretedWalSenderState {
-    pub ttid: TenantTimelineId,
-    pub shard: ShardIdentity,
-    pub addr: SocketAddr,
-    pub conn_id: ConnectionId,
-    // postgres application_name
-    pub appname: Option<String>,
-    pub feedback: ReplicationFeedback,
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct WalReceiverState {
    /// None means it is recovery initiated by us (this safekeeper).
@@ -193,7 +172,6 @@ pub enum WalReceiverStatus {
 pub struct TimelineStatus {
    pub tenant_id: TenantId,
    pub timeline_id: TimelineId,
-    pub mconf: Configuration,
    pub acceptor_state: AcceptorStateStatus,
    pub pg_info: ServerInfo,
    pub flush_lsn: Lsn,
@@ -208,20 +186,6 @@ pub struct TimelineStatus {
    pub walreceivers: Vec<WalReceiverState>,
 }

-/// Request to switch membership configuration.
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(transparent)]
-pub struct TimelineMembershipSwitchRequest {
-    pub mconf: Configuration,
-}
-
-/// In response both previous and current configuration are sent.
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct TimelineMembershipSwitchResponse {
-    pub previous_conf: Configuration,
-    pub current_conf: Configuration,
-}
-
 fn lsn_invalid() -> Lsn {
    Lsn::INVALID
 }
--- a/libs/tracing-utils/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/tracing-utils/src/lib.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ pub mod http;

 use opentelemetry::trace::TracerProvider;
 use opentelemetry::KeyValue;
+use opentelemetry_sdk::Resource;
 use tracing::Subscriber;
 use tracing_subscriber::registry::LookupSpan;
 use tracing_subscriber::Layer;
@@ -120,10 +121,7 @@ where
    S: Subscriber + for<'span> LookupSpan<'span>,
 {
    // Sets up exporter from the OTEL_EXPORTER_* environment variables.
-    let exporter = opentelemetry_otlp::SpanExporter::builder()
-        .with_http()
-        .build()
-        .expect("could not initialize opentelemetry exporter");
+    let exporter = opentelemetry_otlp::new_exporter().http();

    // TODO: opentelemetry::global::set_error_handler() with custom handler that
    //       bypasses default tracing layers, but logs regular looking log
@@ -134,13 +132,17 @@ where
        opentelemetry_sdk::propagation::TraceContextPropagator::new(),
    );

-    let tracer = opentelemetry_sdk::trace::TracerProvider::builder()
-        .with_batch_exporter(exporter, opentelemetry_sdk::runtime::Tokio)
-        .with_resource(opentelemetry_sdk::Resource::new(vec![KeyValue::new(
-            opentelemetry_semantic_conventions::resource::SERVICE_NAME,
-            service_name,
-        )]))
-        .build()
+    let tracer = opentelemetry_otlp::new_pipeline()
+        .tracing()
+        .with_exporter(exporter)
+        .with_trace_config(opentelemetry_sdk::trace::Config::default().with_resource(
+            Resource::new(vec![KeyValue::new(
+                opentelemetry_semantic_conventions::resource::SERVICE_NAME,
+                service_name,
+            )]),
+        ))
+        .install_batch(opentelemetry_sdk::runtime::Tokio)
+        .expect("could not initialize opentelemetry exporter")
        .tracer("global");

    tracing_opentelemetry::layer().with_tracer(tracer)
--- a/libs/utils/Cargo.toml
+++ b/libs/utils/Cargo.toml
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ git-version.workspace = true
 hex = { workspace = true, features = ["serde"] }
 humantime.workspace = true
 hyper0 = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
-inferno.workspace = true
 itertools.workspace = true
 fail.workspace = true
 futures = { workspace = true }
--- a/libs/utils/src/generation.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/generation.rs
@@ -112,9 +112,9 @@ impl Serialize for Generation {
            // We should never be asked to serialize a None. Structures
            // that include an optional generation should convert None to an
            // Option<Generation>::None
-            Err(serde::ser::Error::custom(format!(
-                "Tried to serialize invalid generation ({self:?})"
-            )))
+            Err(serde::ser::Error::custom(
+                "Tried to serialize invalid generation ({self})",
+            ))
        }
    }
 }
--- a/libs/utils/src/http/endpoint.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/http/endpoint.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use regex::Regex;
 use routerify::ext::RequestExt;
 use routerify::{Middleware, RequestInfo, Router, RouterBuilder};
-use tokio::sync::{mpsc, Mutex, Notify};
+use tokio::sync::{mpsc, Mutex};
 use tokio_stream::wrappers::ReceiverStream;
 use tokio_util::io::ReaderStream;
 use tracing::{debug, info, info_span, warn, Instrument};
@@ -350,53 +350,33 @@ pub async fn profile_cpu_handler(req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, A
    };
    let seconds = match parse_query_param(&req, "seconds")? {
        None => 5,
-        Some(seconds @ 1..=60) => seconds,
-        Some(_) => return Err(ApiError::BadRequest(anyhow!("duration must be 1-60 secs"))),
+        Some(seconds @ 1..=30) => seconds,
+        Some(_) => return Err(ApiError::BadRequest(anyhow!("duration must be 1-30 secs"))),
    };
    let frequency_hz = match parse_query_param(&req, "frequency")? {
        None => 99,
        Some(1001..) => return Err(ApiError::BadRequest(anyhow!("frequency must be <=1000 Hz"))),
        Some(frequency) => frequency,
    };
-    let force: bool = parse_query_param(&req, "force")?.unwrap_or_default();
+
+    // Only allow one profiler at a time.
+    static PROFILE_LOCK: Lazy<Mutex<()>> = Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(()));
+    let _lock = PROFILE_LOCK
+        .try_lock()
+        .map_err(|_| ApiError::Conflict("profiler already running".into()))?;

    // Take the profile.
-    static PROFILE_LOCK: Lazy<Mutex<()>> = Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(()));
-    static PROFILE_CANCEL: Lazy<Notify> = Lazy::new(Notify::new);
-
-    let report = {
-        // Only allow one profiler at a time. If force is true, cancel a running profile (e.g. a
-        // Grafana continuous profile). We use a try_lock() loop when cancelling instead of waiting
-        // for a lock(), to avoid races where the notify isn't currently awaited.
-        let _lock = loop {
-            match PROFILE_LOCK.try_lock() {
-                Ok(lock) => break lock,
-                Err(_) if force => PROFILE_CANCEL.notify_waiters(),
-                Err(_) => {
-                    return Err(ApiError::Conflict(
-                        "profiler already running (use ?force=true to cancel it)".into(),
-                    ))
-                }
-            }
-            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(1)).await; // don't busy-wait
-        };
-
+    let report = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
        let guard = ProfilerGuardBuilder::default()
            .frequency(frequency_hz)
            .blocklist(&["libc", "libgcc", "pthread", "vdso"])
-            .build()
-            .map_err(|err| ApiError::InternalServerError(err.into()))?;
-
-        tokio::select! {
-            _ = tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(seconds)) => {},
-            _ = PROFILE_CANCEL.notified() => {},
-        };
-
-        guard
-            .report()
-            .build()
-            .map_err(|err| ApiError::InternalServerError(err.into()))?
-    };
+            .build()?;
+        std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(seconds));
+        guard.report().build()
+    })
+    .await
+    .map_err(|join_err| ApiError::InternalServerError(join_err.into()))?
+    .map_err(|pprof_err| ApiError::InternalServerError(pprof_err.into()))?;

    // Return the report in the requested format.
    match format {
@@ -437,7 +417,6 @@ pub async fn profile_heap_handler(req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>,
    enum Format {
        Jemalloc,
        Pprof,
-        Svg,
    }

    // Parameters.
@@ -445,24 +424,9 @@ pub async fn profile_heap_handler(req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>,
        None => Format::Pprof,
        Some("jemalloc") => Format::Jemalloc,
        Some("pprof") => Format::Pprof,
-        Some("svg") => Format::Svg,
        Some(format) => return Err(ApiError::BadRequest(anyhow!("invalid format {format}"))),
    };

-    // Functions and mappings to strip when symbolizing pprof profiles. If true,
-    // also remove child frames.
-    static STRIP_FUNCTIONS: Lazy<Vec<(Regex, bool)>> = Lazy::new(|| {
-        vec![
-            (Regex::new("^__rust").unwrap(), false),
-            (Regex::new("^_start$").unwrap(), false),
-            (Regex::new("^irallocx_prof").unwrap(), true),
-            (Regex::new("^prof_alloc_prep").unwrap(), true),
-            (Regex::new("^std::rt::lang_start").unwrap(), false),
-            (Regex::new("^std::sys::backtrace::__rust").unwrap(), false),
-        ]
-    });
-    const STRIP_MAPPINGS: &[&str] = &["libc", "libgcc", "pthread", "vdso"];
-
    // Obtain profiler handle.
    let mut prof_ctl = jemalloc_pprof::PROF_CTL
        .as_ref()
@@ -500,9 +464,24 @@ pub async fn profile_heap_handler(req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>,
                // Symbolize the profile.
                // TODO: consider moving this upstream to jemalloc_pprof and avoiding the
                // serialization roundtrip.
+                static STRIP_FUNCTIONS: Lazy<Vec<(Regex, bool)>> = Lazy::new(|| {
+                    // Functions to strip from profiles. If true, also remove child frames.
+                    vec![
+                        (Regex::new("^__rust").unwrap(), false),
+                        (Regex::new("^_start$").unwrap(), false),
+                        (Regex::new("^irallocx_prof").unwrap(), true),
+                        (Regex::new("^prof_alloc_prep").unwrap(), true),
+                        (Regex::new("^std::rt::lang_start").unwrap(), false),
+                        (Regex::new("^std::sys::backtrace::__rust").unwrap(), false),
+                    ]
+                });
                let profile = pprof::decode(&bytes)?;
                let profile = pprof::symbolize(profile)?;
-                let profile = pprof::strip_locations(profile, STRIP_MAPPINGS, &STRIP_FUNCTIONS);
+                let profile = pprof::strip_locations(
+                    profile,
+                    &["libc", "libgcc", "pthread", "vdso"],
+                    &STRIP_FUNCTIONS,
+                );
                pprof::encode(&profile)
            })
            .await
@@ -515,27 +494,6 @@ pub async fn profile_heap_handler(req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>,
                .body(Body::from(data))
                .map_err(|err| ApiError::InternalServerError(err.into()))
        }
-
-        Format::Svg => {
-            let body = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
-                let bytes = prof_ctl.dump_pprof()?;
-                let profile = pprof::decode(&bytes)?;
-                let profile = pprof::symbolize(profile)?;
-                let profile = pprof::strip_locations(profile, STRIP_MAPPINGS, &STRIP_FUNCTIONS);
-                let mut opts = inferno::flamegraph::Options::default();
-                opts.title = "Heap inuse".to_string();
-                opts.count_name = "bytes".to_string();
-                pprof::flamegraph(profile, &mut opts)
-            })
-            .await
-            .map_err(|join_err| ApiError::InternalServerError(join_err.into()))?
-            .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;
-            Response::builder()
-                .status(200)
-                .header(CONTENT_TYPE, "image/svg+xml")
-                .body(Body::from(body))
-                .map_err(|err| ApiError::InternalServerError(err.into()))
-        }
    }
 }

--- a/libs/utils/src/lsn.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/lsn.rs
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ impl FromStr for Lsn {
        {
            let left_num = u32::from_str_radix(left, 16).map_err(|_| LsnParseError)?;
            let right_num = u32::from_str_radix(right, 16).map_err(|_| LsnParseError)?;
-            Ok(Lsn(((left_num as u64) << 32) | right_num as u64))
+            Ok(Lsn((left_num as u64) << 32 | right_num as u64))
        } else {
            Err(LsnParseError)
        }
--- a/libs/utils/src/pprof.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/pprof.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-use anyhow::bail;
 use flate2::write::{GzDecoder, GzEncoder};
 use flate2::Compression;
 use itertools::Itertools as _;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use pprof::protos::{Function, Line, Location, Message as _, Profile};
+use pprof::protos::{Function, Line, Message as _, Profile};
 use regex::Regex;

 use std::borrow::Cow;
@@ -189,59 +188,3 @@ pub fn strip_locations(

    profile
 }
-
-/// Generates an SVG flamegraph from a symbolized pprof profile.
-pub fn flamegraph(
-    profile: Profile,
-    opts: &mut inferno::flamegraph::Options,
-) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<u8>> {
-    if profile.mapping.iter().any(|m| !m.has_functions) {
-        bail!("profile not symbolized");
-    }
-
-    // Index locations, functions, and strings.
-    let locations: HashMap<u64, Location> =
-        profile.location.into_iter().map(|l| (l.id, l)).collect();
-    let functions: HashMap<u64, Function> =
-        profile.function.into_iter().map(|f| (f.id, f)).collect();
-    let strings = profile.string_table;
-
-    // Resolve stacks as function names, and sum sample values per stack. Also reverse the stack,
-    // since inferno expects it bottom-up.
-    let mut stacks: HashMap<Vec<&str>, i64> = HashMap::new();
-    for sample in profile.sample {
-        let mut stack = Vec::with_capacity(sample.location_id.len());
-        for location in sample.location_id.into_iter().rev() {
-            let Some(location) = locations.get(&location) else {
-                bail!("missing location {location}");
-            };
-            for line in location.line.iter().rev() {
-                let Some(function) = functions.get(&line.function_id) else {
-                    bail!("missing function {}", line.function_id);
-                };
-                let Some(name) = strings.get(function.name as usize) else {
-                    bail!("missing string {}", function.name);
-                };
-                stack.push(name.as_str());
-            }
-        }
-        let Some(&value) = sample.value.first() else {
-            bail!("missing value");
-        };
-        *stacks.entry(stack).or_default() += value;
-    }
-
-    // Construct stack lines for inferno.
-    let lines = stacks
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|(stack, value)| (stack.into_iter().join(";"), value))
-        .map(|(stack, value)| format!("{stack} {value}"))
-        .sorted()
-        .collect_vec();
-
-    // Construct the flamegraph.
-    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
-    let lines = lines.iter().map(|line| line.as_str());
-    inferno::flamegraph::from_lines(opts, lines, &mut bytes)?;
-    Ok(bytes)
-}
--- a/libs/utils/src/sync/spsc_fold.rs
+++ b/libs/utils/src/sync/spsc_fold.rs
@@ -96,11 +96,7 @@ impl<T: Send> Sender<T> {
                    }
                }
                State::SenderWaitsForReceiverToConsume(_data) => {
-                    // SAFETY: send is single threaded due to `&mut self` requirement,
-                    // therefore register is not concurrent.
-                    unsafe {
-                        self.state.wake_sender.register(cx.waker());
-                    }
+                    // Really, we shouldn't be polled until receiver has consumed and wakes us.
                    Poll::Pending
                }
                State::ReceiverGone => Poll::Ready(Err(SendError::ReceiverGone)),
@@ -453,38 +449,4 @@ mod tests {
        let err = recv_task.await.unwrap().expect_err("should error");
        assert!(matches!(err, RecvError::SenderGone));
    }
-
-    #[tokio::test(start_paused = true)]
-    async fn test_receiver_drop_while_waiting_for_receiver_to_consume_unblocks_sender() {
-        let (mut sender, receiver) = channel();
-
-        let state = receiver.state.clone();
-
-        sender.send((), |_, _| unreachable!()).await.unwrap();
-
-        assert!(matches!(&*state.value.lock().unwrap(), &State::HasData(_)));
-
-        let unmergeable = sender.send((), |_, _| Err(()));
-        let mut unmergeable = std::pin::pin!(unmergeable);
-        tokio::select! {
-            _ = tokio::time::sleep(FOREVER) => {},
-            _ = &mut unmergeable => {
-                panic!("unmergeable should not complete");
-            },
-        }
-
-        assert!(matches!(
-            &*state.value.lock().unwrap(),
-            &State::SenderWaitsForReceiverToConsume(_)
-        ));
-
-        drop(receiver);
-
-        assert!(matches!(
-            &*state.value.lock().unwrap(),
-            &State::ReceiverGone
-        ));
-
-        unmergeable.await.unwrap_err();
-    }
 }
--- a/libs/wal_decoder/Cargo.toml
+++ b/libs/wal_decoder/Cargo.toml
@@ -24,18 +24,3 @@ workspace_hack = { version = "0.1", path = "../../workspace_hack" }

 [build-dependencies]
 tonic-build.workspace = true
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-criterion.workspace = true
-camino.workspace = true
-camino-tempfile.workspace = true
-remote_storage.workspace = true
-tokio-util.workspace = true
-serde_json.workspace = true
-futures.workspace = true
-tikv-jemallocator.workspace = true
-pprof.workspace = true
-
-[[bench]]
-name = "bench_interpret_wal"
-harness = false
--- a/libs/wal_decoder/benches/README.md
+++ b/libs/wal_decoder/benches/README.md
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-## WAL Decoding and Interpretation Benchmarks
-
-Note that these benchmarks pull WAL from a public bucket in S3
-as a preparation step. Hence, you need a way to auth with AWS.
-You can achieve this by copying the `~/.aws/config` file from
-the AWS SSO notion page and exporting `AWS_PROFILE=dev` when invoking
-the benchmarks.
-
-To run benchmarks:
-
-```sh
-aws sso login --profile dev
-
-# All benchmarks.
-AWS_PROFILE=dev cargo bench --package wal_decoder
-
-# Specific file.
-AWS_PROFILE=dev cargo bench --package wal_decoder --bench bench_interpret_wal
-
-# Specific benchmark.
-AWS_PROFILE=dev cargo bench --package wal_decoder --bench bench_interpret_wal unsharded
-
-# List available benchmarks.
-cargo bench --package wal_decoder --benches -- --list
-
-# Generate flamegraph profiles using pprof-rs, profiling for 10 seconds.
-# Output in target/criterion/*/profile/flamegraph.svg.
-AWS_PROFILE=dev cargo bench --package wal_decoder --bench bench_interpret_wal unsharded -- --profile-time 10
-```
-
-Additional charts and statistics are available in `target/criterion/report/index.html`.
-
-Benchmarks are automatically compared against the previous run. To compare against other runs, see
-`--baseline` and `--save-baseline`.
--- a/libs/wal_decoder/benches/bench_interpret_wal.rs
+++ b/libs/wal_decoder/benches/bench_interpret_wal.rs
@@ -1,250 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::Context;
-use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
-use futures::{stream::FuturesUnordered, StreamExt};
-use pageserver_api::shard::{ShardIdentity, ShardStripeSize};
-use postgres_ffi::{waldecoder::WalStreamDecoder, MAX_SEND_SIZE, WAL_SEGMENT_SIZE};
-use pprof::criterion::{Output, PProfProfiler};
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use std::{env, num::NonZeroUsize, sync::Arc};
-
-use camino::{Utf8Path, Utf8PathBuf};
-use camino_tempfile::Utf8TempDir;
-use remote_storage::{
-    DownloadOpts, GenericRemoteStorage, ListingMode, RemoteStorageConfig, RemoteStorageKind,
-    S3Config,
-};
-use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
-use utils::{
-    lsn::Lsn,
-    shard::{ShardCount, ShardNumber},
-};
-use wal_decoder::models::InterpretedWalRecord;
-
-const S3_BUCKET: &str = "neon-github-public-dev";
-const S3_REGION: &str = "eu-central-1";
-const BUCKET_PREFIX: &str = "wal-snapshots/bulk-insert/";
-const METADATA_FILENAME: &str = "metadata.json";
-
-/// Use jemalloc, and configure it to sample allocations for profiles every 1 MB.
-/// This mirrors the configuration in bin/safekeeper.rs.
-#[global_allocator]
-static GLOBAL: tikv_jemallocator::Jemalloc = tikv_jemallocator::Jemalloc;
-
-#[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-#[export_name = "malloc_conf"]
-pub static malloc_conf: &[u8] = b"prof:true,prof_active:true,lg_prof_sample:20\0";
-
-async fn create_s3_client() -> anyhow::Result<Arc<GenericRemoteStorage>> {
-    let remote_storage_config = RemoteStorageConfig {
-        storage: RemoteStorageKind::AwsS3(S3Config {
-            bucket_name: S3_BUCKET.to_string(),
-            bucket_region: S3_REGION.to_string(),
-            prefix_in_bucket: Some(BUCKET_PREFIX.to_string()),
-            endpoint: None,
-            concurrency_limit: NonZeroUsize::new(100).unwrap(),
-            max_keys_per_list_response: None,
-            upload_storage_class: None,
-        }),
-        timeout: RemoteStorageConfig::DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
-        small_timeout: RemoteStorageConfig::DEFAULT_SMALL_TIMEOUT,
-    };
-    Ok(Arc::new(
-        GenericRemoteStorage::from_config(&remote_storage_config)
-            .await
-            .context("remote storage init")?,
-    ))
-}
-
-async fn download_bench_data(
-    client: Arc<GenericRemoteStorage>,
-    cancel: &CancellationToken,
-) -> anyhow::Result<Utf8TempDir> {
-    let temp_dir_parent: Utf8PathBuf = env::current_dir().unwrap().try_into()?;
-    let temp_dir = camino_tempfile::tempdir_in(temp_dir_parent)?;
-
-    eprintln!("Downloading benchmark data to {:?}", temp_dir);
-
-    let listing = client
-        .list(None, ListingMode::NoDelimiter, None, cancel)
-        .await?;
-
-    let mut downloads = listing
-        .keys
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|obj| {
-            let client = client.clone();
-            let temp_dir_path = temp_dir.path().to_owned();
-
-            async move {
-                let remote_path = obj.key;
-                let download = client
-                    .download(&remote_path, &DownloadOpts::default(), cancel)
-                    .await?;
-                let mut body = tokio_util::io::StreamReader::new(download.download_stream);
-
-                let file_name = remote_path.object_name().unwrap();
-                let file_path = temp_dir_path.join(file_name);
-                let file = tokio::fs::OpenOptions::new()
-                    .create(true)
-                    .truncate(true)
-                    .write(true)
-                    .open(&file_path)
-                    .await?;
-
-                let mut writer = tokio::io::BufWriter::new(file);
-                tokio::io::copy_buf(&mut body, &mut writer).await?;
-
-                Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
-            }
-        })
-        .collect::<FuturesUnordered<_>>();
-
-    while let Some(download) = downloads.next().await {
-        download?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(temp_dir)
-}
-
-struct BenchmarkData {
-    wal: Vec<u8>,
-    meta: BenchmarkMetadata,
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize)]
-struct BenchmarkMetadata {
-    pg_version: u32,
-    start_lsn: Lsn,
-}
-
-async fn load_bench_data(path: &Utf8Path, input_size: usize) -> anyhow::Result<BenchmarkData> {
-    eprintln!("Loading benchmark data from {:?}", path);
-
-    let mut entries = tokio::fs::read_dir(path).await?;
-    let mut ordered_segment_paths = Vec::new();
-    let mut metadata = None;
-
-    while let Some(entry) = entries.next_entry().await? {
-        if entry.file_name() == METADATA_FILENAME {
-            let bytes = tokio::fs::read(entry.path()).await?;
-            metadata = Some(
-                serde_json::from_slice::<BenchmarkMetadata>(&bytes)
-                    .context("failed to deserialize metadata.json")?,
-            );
-        } else {
-            ordered_segment_paths.push(entry.path());
-        }
-    }
-
-    ordered_segment_paths.sort();
-
-    let mut buffer = Vec::new();
-    for path in ordered_segment_paths {
-        if buffer.len() >= input_size {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        use async_compression::tokio::bufread::ZstdDecoder;
-        let file = tokio::fs::File::open(path).await?;
-        let reader = tokio::io::BufReader::new(file);
-        let decoder = ZstdDecoder::new(reader);
-        let mut reader = tokio::io::BufReader::new(decoder);
-        tokio::io::copy_buf(&mut reader, &mut buffer).await?;
-    }
-
-    buffer.truncate(input_size);
-
-    Ok(BenchmarkData {
-        wal: buffer,
-        meta: metadata.unwrap(),
-    })
-}
-
-fn criterion_benchmark(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    const INPUT_SIZE: usize = 128 * 1024 * 1024;
-
-    let setup_runtime = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
-        .enable_all()
-        .build()
-        .unwrap();
-
-    let (_temp_dir, bench_data) = setup_runtime.block_on(async move {
-        let cancel = CancellationToken::new();
-        let client = create_s3_client().await.unwrap();
-        let temp_dir = download_bench_data(client, &cancel).await.unwrap();
-        let bench_data = load_bench_data(temp_dir.path(), INPUT_SIZE).await.unwrap();
-
-        (temp_dir, bench_data)
-    });
-
-    eprintln!(
-        "Benchmarking against {} MiB of WAL",
-        INPUT_SIZE / 1024 / 1024
-    );
-
-    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("decode-interpret-wal");
-    group.throughput(criterion::Throughput::Bytes(bench_data.wal.len() as u64));
-    group.sample_size(10);
-
-    group.bench_function("unsharded", |b| {
-        b.iter(|| decode_interpret_main(&bench_data, &[ShardIdentity::unsharded()]))
-    });
-
-    let eight_shards = (0..8)
-        .map(|i| ShardIdentity::new(ShardNumber(i), ShardCount(8), ShardStripeSize(8)).unwrap())
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-    group.bench_function("8/8-shards", |b| {
-        b.iter(|| decode_interpret_main(&bench_data, &eight_shards))
-    });
-
-    let four_shards = eight_shards
-        .into_iter()
-        .filter(|s| s.number.0 % 2 == 0)
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    group.bench_function("4/8-shards", |b| {
-        b.iter(|| decode_interpret_main(&bench_data, &four_shards))
-    });
-
-    let two_shards = four_shards
-        .into_iter()
-        .filter(|s| s.number.0 % 4 == 0)
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    group.bench_function("2/8-shards", |b| {
-        b.iter(|| decode_interpret_main(&bench_data, &two_shards))
-    });
-}
-
-fn decode_interpret_main(bench: &BenchmarkData, shards: &[ShardIdentity]) {
-    let r = decode_interpret(bench, shards);
-    if let Err(e) = r {
-        panic!("{e:?}");
-    }
-}
-
-fn decode_interpret(bench: &BenchmarkData, shard: &[ShardIdentity]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let mut decoder = WalStreamDecoder::new(bench.meta.start_lsn, bench.meta.pg_version);
-    let xlogoff: usize = bench.meta.start_lsn.segment_offset(WAL_SEGMENT_SIZE);
-
-    for chunk in bench.wal[xlogoff..].chunks(MAX_SEND_SIZE) {
-        decoder.feed_bytes(chunk);
-        while let Some((lsn, recdata)) = decoder.poll_decode().unwrap() {
-            assert!(lsn.is_aligned());
-            let _ = InterpretedWalRecord::from_bytes_filtered(
-                recdata,
-                shard,
-                lsn,
-                bench.meta.pg_version,
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-criterion_group!(
-    name=benches;
-    config=Criterion::default().with_profiler(PProfProfiler::new(100, Output::Flamegraph(None)));
-    targets=criterion_benchmark
-);
-criterion_main!(benches);
--- a/libs/wal_decoder/src/decoder.rs
+++ b/libs/wal_decoder/src/decoder.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 //! This module contains logic for decoding and interpreting
 //! raw bytes which represent a raw Postgres WAL record.

-use std::collections::HashMap;
-
 use crate::models::*;
 use crate::serialized_batch::SerializedValueBatch;
 use bytes::{Buf, Bytes};
@@ -16,15 +14,15 @@ use utils::lsn::Lsn;

 impl InterpretedWalRecord {
    /// Decode and interpreted raw bytes which represent one Postgres WAL record.
-    /// Data blocks which do not match any of the provided shard identities are filtered out.
+    /// Data blocks which do not match the provided shard identity are filtered out.
    /// Shard 0 is a special case since it tracks all relation sizes. We only give it
    /// the keys that are being written as that is enough for updating relation sizes.
    pub fn from_bytes_filtered(
        buf: Bytes,
-        shards: &[ShardIdentity],
+        shard: &ShardIdentity,
        next_record_lsn: Lsn,
        pg_version: u32,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<HashMap<ShardIdentity, InterpretedWalRecord>> {
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<InterpretedWalRecord> {
        let mut decoded = DecodedWALRecord::default();
        decode_wal_record(buf, &mut decoded, pg_version)?;
        let xid = decoded.xl_xid;
@@ -35,57 +33,43 @@ impl InterpretedWalRecord {
            FlushUncommittedRecords::No
        };

-        let mut shard_records: HashMap<ShardIdentity, InterpretedWalRecord> =
-            HashMap::with_capacity(shards.len());
-        for shard in shards {
-            shard_records.insert(
-                *shard,
-                InterpretedWalRecord {
-                    metadata_record: None,
-                    batch: SerializedValueBatch::default(),
-                    next_record_lsn,
-                    flush_uncommitted,
-                    xid,
-                },
-            );
-        }
-
-        MetadataRecord::from_decoded_filtered(
-            &decoded,
-            &mut shard_records,
-            next_record_lsn,
-            pg_version,
-        )?;
-        SerializedValueBatch::from_decoded_filtered(
+        let metadata_record =
+            MetadataRecord::from_decoded_filtered(&decoded, shard, next_record_lsn, pg_version)?;
+        let batch = SerializedValueBatch::from_decoded_filtered(
            decoded,
-            &mut shard_records,
+            shard,
            next_record_lsn,
            pg_version,
        )?;

-        Ok(shard_records)
+        Ok(InterpretedWalRecord {
+            metadata_record,
+            batch,
+            next_record_lsn,
+            flush_uncommitted,
+            xid,
+        })
    }
 }

 impl MetadataRecord {
-    /// Populates the given `shard_records` with metadata records from this WAL record, if any,
-    /// discarding those belonging to other shards.
+    /// Builds a metadata record for this WAL record, if any.
    ///
-    /// Only metadata records relevant for the given shards is emitted. Currently, most metadata
+    /// Only metadata records relevant for the given shard are emitted. Currently, most metadata
    /// records are broadcast to all shards for simplicity, but this should be improved.
    fn from_decoded_filtered(
        decoded: &DecodedWALRecord,
-        shard_records: &mut HashMap<ShardIdentity, InterpretedWalRecord>,
+        shard: &ShardIdentity,
        next_record_lsn: Lsn,
        pg_version: u32,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<MetadataRecord>> {
        // Note: this doesn't actually copy the bytes since
        // the [`Bytes`] type implements it via a level of indirection.
        let mut buf = decoded.record.clone();
        buf.advance(decoded.main_data_offset);

        // First, generate metadata records from the decoded WAL record.
-        let metadata_record = match decoded.xl_rmid {
+        let mut metadata_record = match decoded.xl_rmid {
            pg_constants::RM_HEAP_ID | pg_constants::RM_HEAP2_ID => {
                Self::decode_heapam_record(&mut buf, decoded, pg_version)?
            }
@@ -128,65 +112,41 @@ impl MetadataRecord {
        };

        // Next, filter the metadata record by shard.
-        for (shard, record) in shard_records.iter_mut() {
-            match metadata_record {
-                Some(
-                    MetadataRecord::Heapam(HeapamRecord::ClearVmBits(ref clear_vm_bits))
-                    | MetadataRecord::Neonrmgr(NeonrmgrRecord::ClearVmBits(ref clear_vm_bits)),
-                ) => {
-                    // Route VM page updates to the shards that own them. VM pages are stored in the VM fork
-                    // of the main relation. These are sharded and managed just like regular relation pages.
-                    // See: https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/issues/9855
-                    let is_local_vm_page = |heap_blk| {
-                        let vm_blk = pg_constants::HEAPBLK_TO_MAPBLOCK(heap_blk);
-                        shard.is_key_local(&rel_block_to_key(clear_vm_bits.vm_rel, vm_blk))
-                    };
-                    // Send the old and new VM page updates to their respective shards.
-                    let updated_old_heap_blkno = clear_vm_bits
-                        .old_heap_blkno
-                        .filter(|&blkno| is_local_vm_page(blkno));
-                    let updated_new_heap_blkno = clear_vm_bits
-                        .new_heap_blkno
-                        .filter(|&blkno| is_local_vm_page(blkno));
-                    // If neither VM page belongs to this shard, discard the record.
-                    if updated_old_heap_blkno.is_some() || updated_new_heap_blkno.is_some() {
-                        // Clone the record and update it for the current shard.
-                        let mut for_shard = metadata_record.clone();
-                        match for_shard {
-                            Some(
-                                MetadataRecord::Heapam(HeapamRecord::ClearVmBits(
-                                    ref mut clear_vm_bits,
-                                ))
-                                | MetadataRecord::Neonrmgr(NeonrmgrRecord::ClearVmBits(
-                                    ref mut clear_vm_bits,
-                                )),
-                            ) => {
-                                clear_vm_bits.old_heap_blkno = updated_old_heap_blkno;
-                                clear_vm_bits.new_heap_blkno = updated_new_heap_blkno;
-                                record.metadata_record = for_shard;
-                            }
-                            _ => {
-                                unreachable!("for_shard is a clone of what we checked above")
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                Some(MetadataRecord::LogicalMessage(LogicalMessageRecord::Put(_))) => {
-                    // Filter LogicalMessage records (AUX files) to only be stored on shard zero
-                    if shard.is_shard_zero() {
-                        record.metadata_record = metadata_record;
-                        // No other shards should receive this record, so we stop traversing shards early.
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    // All other metadata records are sent to all shards.
-                    record.metadata_record = metadata_record.clone();
+        match metadata_record {
+            Some(
+                MetadataRecord::Heapam(HeapamRecord::ClearVmBits(ref mut clear_vm_bits))
+                | MetadataRecord::Neonrmgr(NeonrmgrRecord::ClearVmBits(ref mut clear_vm_bits)),
+            ) => {
+                // Route VM page updates to the shards that own them. VM pages are stored in the VM fork
+                // of the main relation. These are sharded and managed just like regular relation pages.
+                // See: https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/issues/9855
+                let is_local_vm_page = |heap_blk| {
+                    let vm_blk = pg_constants::HEAPBLK_TO_MAPBLOCK(heap_blk);
+                    shard.is_key_local(&rel_block_to_key(clear_vm_bits.vm_rel, vm_blk))
+                };
+                // Send the old and new VM page updates to their respective shards.
+                clear_vm_bits.old_heap_blkno = clear_vm_bits
+                    .old_heap_blkno
+                    .filter(|&blkno| is_local_vm_page(blkno));
+                clear_vm_bits.new_heap_blkno = clear_vm_bits
+                    .new_heap_blkno
+                    .filter(|&blkno| is_local_vm_page(blkno));
+                // If neither VM page belongs to this shard, discard the record.
+                if clear_vm_bits.old_heap_blkno.is_none() && clear_vm_bits.new_heap_blkno.is_none()
+                {
+                    metadata_record = None
                }
            }
+            Some(MetadataRecord::LogicalMessage(LogicalMessageRecord::Put(_))) => {
+                // Filter LogicalMessage records (AUX files) to only be stored on shard zero
+                if !shard.is_shard_zero() {
+                    metadata_record = None;
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
        }

-        Ok(())
+        Ok(metadata_record)
    }

    fn decode_heapam_record(
--- a/libs/wal_decoder/src/models.rs
+++ b/libs/wal_decoder/src/models.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ pub mod proto {
    tonic::include_proto!("interpreted_wal");
 }

-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum FlushUncommittedRecords {
    Yes,
    No,
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub struct InterpretedWalRecords {
 }

 /// An interpreted Postgres WAL record, ready to be handled by the pageserver
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct InterpretedWalRecord {
    /// Optional metadata record - may cause writes to metadata keys
    /// in the storage engine
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ impl InterpretedWalRecord {

 /// The interpreted part of the Postgres WAL record which requires metadata
 /// writes to the underlying storage engine.
-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum MetadataRecord {
    Heapam(HeapamRecord),
    Neonrmgr(NeonrmgrRecord),
@@ -123,12 +123,12 @@ pub enum MetadataRecord {
    Replorigin(ReploriginRecord),
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum HeapamRecord {
    ClearVmBits(ClearVmBits),
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ClearVmBits {
    pub new_heap_blkno: Option<u32>,
    pub old_heap_blkno: Option<u32>,
@@ -136,29 +136,29 @@ pub struct ClearVmBits {
    pub flags: u8,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum NeonrmgrRecord {
    ClearVmBits(ClearVmBits),
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum SmgrRecord {
    Create(SmgrCreate),
    Truncate(XlSmgrTruncate),
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct SmgrCreate {
    pub rel: RelTag,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum DbaseRecord {
    Create(DbaseCreate),
    Drop(DbaseDrop),
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct DbaseCreate {
    pub db_id: Oid,
    pub tablespace_id: Oid,
@@ -166,32 +166,32 @@ pub struct DbaseCreate {
    pub src_tablespace_id: Oid,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct DbaseDrop {
    pub db_id: Oid,
    pub tablespace_ids: Vec<Oid>,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum ClogRecord {
    ZeroPage(ClogZeroPage),
    Truncate(ClogTruncate),
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ClogZeroPage {
    pub segno: u32,
    pub rpageno: u32,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ClogTruncate {
    pub pageno: u32,
    pub oldest_xid: TransactionId,
    pub oldest_xid_db: Oid,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum XactRecord {
    Commit(XactCommon),
    Abort(XactCommon),
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ pub enum XactRecord {
    Prepare(XactPrepare),
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct XactCommon {
    pub parsed: XlXactParsedRecord,
    pub origin_id: u16,
@@ -209,73 +209,73 @@ pub struct XactCommon {
    pub lsn: Lsn,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct XactPrepare {
    pub xl_xid: TransactionId,
    pub data: Bytes,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum MultiXactRecord {
    ZeroPage(MultiXactZeroPage),
    Create(XlMultiXactCreate),
    Truncate(XlMultiXactTruncate),
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct MultiXactZeroPage {
    pub slru_kind: SlruKind,
    pub segno: u32,
    pub rpageno: u32,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum RelmapRecord {
    Update(RelmapUpdate),
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct RelmapUpdate {
    pub update: XlRelmapUpdate,
    pub buf: Bytes,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum XlogRecord {
    Raw(RawXlogRecord),
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct RawXlogRecord {
    pub info: u8,
    pub lsn: Lsn,
    pub buf: Bytes,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum LogicalMessageRecord {
    Put(PutLogicalMessage),
    #[cfg(feature = "testing")]
    Failpoint,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct PutLogicalMessage {
    pub path: String,
    pub buf: Bytes,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum StandbyRecord {
    RunningXacts(StandbyRunningXacts),
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct StandbyRunningXacts {
    pub oldest_running_xid: TransactionId,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum ReploriginRecord {
    Set(XlReploriginSet),
    Drop(XlReploriginDrop),
--- a/libs/wal_decoder/src/serialized_batch.rs
+++ b/libs/wal_decoder/src/serialized_batch.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 //! Such batches are created from decoded PG wal records and ingested
 //! by the pageserver by writing directly to the ephemeral file.

-use std::collections::{BTreeSet, HashMap};
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;

 use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
 use pageserver_api::key::rel_block_to_key;
@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ use utils::lsn::Lsn;

 use pageserver_api::key::Key;

-use crate::models::InterpretedWalRecord;
-
 static ZERO_PAGE: Bytes = Bytes::from_static(&[0u8; BLCKSZ as usize]);

 /// Accompanying metadata for the batch
@@ -32,7 +30,7 @@ static ZERO_PAGE: Bytes = Bytes::from_static(&[0u8; BLCKSZ as usize]);
 /// relation sizes. In the case of "observed" values, we only need to know
 /// the key and LSN, so two types of metadata are supported to save on network
 /// bandwidth.
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum ValueMeta {
    Serialized(SerializedValueMeta),
    Observed(ObservedValueMeta),
@@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ impl PartialEq for OrderedValueMeta {
 impl Eq for OrderedValueMeta {}

 /// Metadata for a [`Value`] serialized into the batch.
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct SerializedValueMeta {
    pub key: CompactKey,
    pub lsn: Lsn,
@@ -91,14 +89,14 @@ pub struct SerializedValueMeta {
 }

 /// Metadata for a [`Value`] observed by the batch
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ObservedValueMeta {
    pub key: CompactKey,
    pub lsn: Lsn,
 }

 /// Batch of serialized [`Value`]s.
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct SerializedValueBatch {
    /// [`Value`]s serialized in EphemeralFile's native format,
    /// ready for disk write by the pageserver
@@ -130,8 +128,7 @@ impl Default for SerializedValueBatch {
 }

 impl SerializedValueBatch {
-    /// Populates the given `shard_records` with value batches from this WAL record, if any,
-    /// discarding those belonging to other shards.
+    /// Build a batch of serialized values from a decoded PG WAL record
    ///
    /// The batch will only contain values for keys targeting the specifiec
    /// shard. Shard 0 is a special case, where any keys that don't belong to
@@ -139,20 +136,21 @@ impl SerializedValueBatch {
    /// but absent from the raw buffer [`SerializedValueBatch::raw`]).
    pub(crate) fn from_decoded_filtered(
        decoded: DecodedWALRecord,
-        shard_records: &mut HashMap<ShardIdentity, InterpretedWalRecord>,
+        shard: &ShardIdentity,
        next_record_lsn: Lsn,
        pg_version: u32,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        // First determine how big the buffers need to be and allocate it up-front.
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<SerializedValueBatch> {
+        // First determine how big the buffer needs to be and allocate it up-front.
        // This duplicates some of the work below, but it's empirically much faster.
-        for (shard, record) in shard_records.iter_mut() {
-            assert!(record.batch.is_empty());
-
-            let estimate = Self::estimate_buffer_size(&decoded, shard, pg_version);
-            record.batch.raw = Vec::with_capacity(estimate);
-        }
+        let estimated_buffer_size = Self::estimate_buffer_size(&decoded, shard, pg_version);
+        let mut buf = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(estimated_buffer_size);

+        let mut metadata: Vec<ValueMeta> = Vec::with_capacity(decoded.blocks.len());
+        let mut max_lsn: Lsn = Lsn(0);
+        let mut len: usize = 0;
        for blk in decoded.blocks.iter() {
+            let relative_off = buf.len() as u64;
+
            let rel = RelTag {
                spcnode: blk.rnode_spcnode,
                dbnode: blk.rnode_dbnode,
@@ -170,98 +168,99 @@ impl SerializedValueBatch {
                );
            }

-            for (shard, record) in shard_records.iter_mut() {
-                let key_is_local = shard.is_key_local(&key);
+            let key_is_local = shard.is_key_local(&key);

-                tracing::debug!(
-                    lsn=%next_record_lsn,
-                    key=%key,
-                    "ingest: shard decision {}",
-                    if !key_is_local { "drop" } else { "keep" },
-                );
+            tracing::debug!(
+                lsn=%next_record_lsn,
+                key=%key,
+                "ingest: shard decision {}",
+                if !key_is_local { "drop" } else { "keep" },
+            );

-                if !key_is_local {
-                    if shard.is_shard_zero() {
-                        // Shard 0 tracks relation sizes.  Although we will not store this block, we will observe
-                        // its blkno in case it implicitly extends a relation.
-                        record
-                            .batch
-                            .metadata
-                            .push(ValueMeta::Observed(ObservedValueMeta {
-                                key: key.to_compact(),
-                                lsn: next_record_lsn,
-                            }))
-                    }
-
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                // Instead of storing full-page-image WAL record,
-                // it is better to store extracted image: we can skip wal-redo
-                // in this case. Also some FPI records may contain multiple (up to 32) pages,
-                // so them have to be copied multiple times.
-                //
-                let val = if Self::block_is_image(&decoded, blk, pg_version) {
-                    // Extract page image from FPI record
-                    let img_len = blk.bimg_len as usize;
-                    let img_offs = blk.bimg_offset as usize;
-                    let mut image = BytesMut::with_capacity(BLCKSZ as usize);
-                    // TODO(vlad): skip the copy
-                    image.extend_from_slice(&decoded.record[img_offs..img_offs + img_len]);
-
-                    if blk.hole_length != 0 {
-                        let tail = image.split_off(blk.hole_offset as usize);
-                        image.resize(image.len() + blk.hole_length as usize, 0u8);
-                        image.unsplit(tail);
-                    }
-                    //
-                    // Match the logic of XLogReadBufferForRedoExtended:
-                    // The page may be uninitialized. If so, we can't set the LSN because
-                    // that would corrupt the page.
-                    //
-                    if !page_is_new(&image) {
-                        page_set_lsn(&mut image, next_record_lsn)
-                    }
-                    assert_eq!(image.len(), BLCKSZ as usize);
-
-                    Value::Image(image.freeze())
-                } else {
-                    Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::Postgres {
-                        will_init: blk.will_init || blk.apply_image,
-                        rec: decoded.record.clone(),
-                    })
-                };
-
-                let relative_off = record.batch.raw.len() as u64;
-
-                val.ser_into(&mut record.batch.raw)
-                    .expect("Writing into in-memory buffer is infallible");
-
-                let val_ser_size = record.batch.raw.len() - relative_off as usize;
-
-                record
-                    .batch
-                    .metadata
-                    .push(ValueMeta::Serialized(SerializedValueMeta {
+            if !key_is_local {
+                if shard.is_shard_zero() {
+                    // Shard 0 tracks relation sizes.  Although we will not store this block, we will observe
+                    // its blkno in case it implicitly extends a relation.
+                    metadata.push(ValueMeta::Observed(ObservedValueMeta {
                        key: key.to_compact(),
                        lsn: next_record_lsn,
-                        batch_offset: relative_off,
-                        len: val_ser_size,
-                        will_init: val.will_init(),
-                    }));
-                record.batch.max_lsn = std::cmp::max(record.batch.max_lsn, next_record_lsn);
-                record.batch.len += 1;
+                    }))
+                }
+
+                continue;
            }
+
+            // Instead of storing full-page-image WAL record,
+            // it is better to store extracted image: we can skip wal-redo
+            // in this case. Also some FPI records may contain multiple (up to 32) pages,
+            // so them have to be copied multiple times.
+            //
+            let val = if Self::block_is_image(&decoded, blk, pg_version) {
+                // Extract page image from FPI record
+                let img_len = blk.bimg_len as usize;
+                let img_offs = blk.bimg_offset as usize;
+                let mut image = BytesMut::with_capacity(BLCKSZ as usize);
+                // TODO(vlad): skip the copy
+                image.extend_from_slice(&decoded.record[img_offs..img_offs + img_len]);
+
+                if blk.hole_length != 0 {
+                    let tail = image.split_off(blk.hole_offset as usize);
+                    image.resize(image.len() + blk.hole_length as usize, 0u8);
+                    image.unsplit(tail);
+                }
+                //
+                // Match the logic of XLogReadBufferForRedoExtended:
+                // The page may be uninitialized. If so, we can't set the LSN because
+                // that would corrupt the page.
+                //
+                if !page_is_new(&image) {
+                    page_set_lsn(&mut image, next_record_lsn)
+                }
+                assert_eq!(image.len(), BLCKSZ as usize);
+
+                Value::Image(image.freeze())
+            } else {
+                Value::WalRecord(NeonWalRecord::Postgres {
+                    will_init: blk.will_init || blk.apply_image,
+                    rec: decoded.record.clone(),
+                })
+            };
+
+            val.ser_into(&mut buf)
+                .expect("Writing into in-memory buffer is infallible");
+
+            let val_ser_size = buf.len() - relative_off as usize;
+
+            metadata.push(ValueMeta::Serialized(SerializedValueMeta {
+                key: key.to_compact(),
+                lsn: next_record_lsn,
+                batch_offset: relative_off,
+                len: val_ser_size,
+                will_init: val.will_init(),
+            }));
+            max_lsn = std::cmp::max(max_lsn, next_record_lsn);
+            len += 1;
        }

        if cfg!(any(debug_assertions, test)) {
-            // Validate that the batches are correct
-            for record in shard_records.values() {
-                record.batch.validate_lsn_order();
-            }
+            let batch = Self {
+                raw: buf,
+                metadata,
+                max_lsn,
+                len,
+            };
+
+            batch.validate_lsn_order();
+
+            return Ok(batch);
        }

-        Ok(())
+        Ok(Self {
+            raw: buf,
+            metadata,
+            max_lsn,
+            len,
+        })
    }

    /// Look into the decoded PG WAL record and determine
--- a/pageserver/Cargo.toml
+++ b/pageserver/Cargo.toml
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ postgres_backend.workspace = true
 postgres-protocol.workspace = true
 postgres-types.workspace = true
 postgres_initdb.workspace = true
-pprof.workspace = true
 rand.workspace = true
 range-set-blaze = { version = "0.1.16", features = ["alloc"] }
 regex.workspace = true
@@ -110,7 +109,3 @@ harness = false
 [[bench]]
 name = "bench_ingest"
 harness = false
-
-[[bench]]
-name = "upload_queue"
-harness = false
--- a/pageserver/benches/upload_queue.rs
+++ b/pageserver/benches/upload_queue.rs
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-//! Upload queue benchmarks.
-
-use std::str::FromStr as _;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Bencher, Criterion};
-use pageserver::tenant::metadata::TimelineMetadata;
-use pageserver::tenant::remote_timeline_client::index::LayerFileMetadata;
-use pageserver::tenant::storage_layer::LayerName;
-use pageserver::tenant::upload_queue::{Delete, UploadOp, UploadQueue, UploadTask};
-use pageserver::tenant::IndexPart;
-use pprof::criterion::{Output, PProfProfiler};
-use utils::generation::Generation;
-use utils::shard::{ShardCount, ShardIndex, ShardNumber};
-
-// Register benchmarks with Criterion.
-criterion_group!(
-    name = benches;
-    config = Criterion::default().with_profiler(PProfProfiler::new(100, Output::Flamegraph(None)));
-    targets = bench_upload_queue_next_ready,
-);
-criterion_main!(benches);
-
-/// Benchmarks the cost of UploadQueue::next_ready() with the given number of in-progress tasks
-/// (which is equivalent to tasks ahead of it in the queue). This has linear cost, and the upload
-/// queue as a whole is thus quadratic.
-///
-/// UploadOp::UploadLayer requires an entire tenant and timeline to construct, so we just test
-/// Delete and UploadMetadata instead. This is incidentally the most expensive case.
-fn bench_upload_queue_next_ready(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut g = c.benchmark_group("upload_queue_next_ready");
-    for inprogress in [0, 1, 10, 100, 1_000, 10_000, 100_000, 1_000_000] {
-        g.bench_function(format!("inprogress={inprogress}"), |b| {
-            run_bench(b, inprogress).unwrap()
-        });
-    }
-
-    fn run_bench(b: &mut Bencher, inprogress: usize) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        // Construct two layers. layer0 is in the indexes, layer1 will be deleted.
-        let layer0 = LayerName::from_str("000000000000000000000000000000000000-100000000000000000000000000000000000__00000000016B59D8-00000000016B5A51").expect("invalid name");
-        let layer1 = LayerName::from_str("100000000000000000000000000000000001-200000000000000000000000000000000000__00000000016B59D8-00000000016B5A51").expect("invalid name");
-
-        let metadata = LayerFileMetadata {
-            shard: ShardIndex::new(ShardNumber(1), ShardCount(2)),
-            generation: Generation::Valid(1),
-            file_size: 0,
-        };
-
-        // Construct the (initial and uploaded) index with layer0.
-        let mut index = IndexPart::empty(TimelineMetadata::example());
-        index.layer_metadata.insert(layer0, metadata.clone());
-
-        // Construct the queue.
-        let mut queue = UploadQueue::Uninitialized;
-        let queue = queue.initialize_with_current_remote_index_part(&index, 0)?;
-
-        // Populate inprogress_tasks with a bunch of layer1 deletions.
-        let delete = UploadOp::Delete(Delete {
-            layers: vec![(layer1, metadata)],
-        });
-
-        for task_id in 0..(inprogress as u64) {
-            queue.inprogress_tasks.insert(
-                task_id,
-                Arc::new(UploadTask {
-                    task_id,
-                    retries: AtomicU32::new(0),
-                    op: delete.clone(),
-                    coalesced_ops: Vec::new(),
-                }),
-            );
-        }
-
-        // Benchmark index upload scheduling.
-        let index_upload = UploadOp::UploadMetadata {
-            uploaded: Box::new(index),
-        };
-
-        b.iter(|| {
-            queue.queued_operations.push_front(index_upload.clone());
-            assert!(queue.next_ready().is_some());
-        });
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
--- a/pageserver/ctl/Cargo.toml
+++ b/pageserver/ctl/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,11 +8,9 @@ license.workspace = true

 [dependencies]
 anyhow.workspace = true
-bincode.workspace = true
 camino.workspace = true
 clap = { workspace = true, features = ["string"] }
 humantime.workspace = true
-itertools.workspace = true
 pageserver = { path = ".." }
 pageserver_api.workspace = true
 remote_storage = { path = "../../libs/remote_storage" }
--- a/pageserver/ctl/src/main.rs
+++ b/pageserver/ctl/src/main.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,7 @@ mod index_part;
 mod key;
 mod layer_map_analyzer;
 mod layers;
-mod page_trace;

-use page_trace::PageTraceCmd;
 use std::{
    str::FromStr,
    time::{Duration, SystemTime},
@@ -66,7 +64,6 @@ enum Commands {
    Layer(LayerCmd),
    /// Debug print a hex key found from logs
    Key(key::DescribeKeyCommand),
-    PageTrace(PageTraceCmd),
 }

 /// Read and update pageserver metadata file
@@ -186,7 +183,6 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
                .await?;
        }
        Commands::Key(dkc) => dkc.execute(),
-        Commands::PageTrace(cmd) => page_trace::main(&cmd)?,
    };
    Ok(())
 }
--- a/pageserver/ctl/src/page_trace.rs
+++ b/pageserver/ctl/src/page_trace.rs
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::io::BufReader;
-
-use camino::Utf8PathBuf;
-use clap::Parser;
-use itertools::Itertools as _;
-use pageserver_api::key::{CompactKey, Key};
-use pageserver_api::models::PageTraceEvent;
-use pageserver_api::reltag::RelTag;
-
-/// Parses a page trace (as emitted by the `page_trace` timeline API), and outputs stats.
-#[derive(Parser)]
-pub(crate) struct PageTraceCmd {
-    /// Trace input file.
-    path: Utf8PathBuf,
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn main(cmd: &PageTraceCmd) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let mut file = BufReader::new(std::fs::OpenOptions::new().read(true).open(&cmd.path)?);
-    let mut events: Vec<PageTraceEvent> = Vec::new();
-    loop {
-        match bincode::deserialize_from(&mut file) {
-            Ok(event) => events.push(event),
-            Err(err) => {
-                if let bincode::ErrorKind::Io(ref err) = *err {
-                    if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof {
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-                return Err(err.into());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    let mut reads_by_relation: HashMap<RelTag, i64> = HashMap::new();
-    let mut reads_by_key: HashMap<CompactKey, i64> = HashMap::new();
-
-    for event in events {
-        let key = Key::from_compact(event.key);
-        let reltag = RelTag {
-            spcnode: key.field2,
-            dbnode: key.field3,
-            relnode: key.field4,
-            forknum: key.field5,
-        };
-
-        *reads_by_relation.entry(reltag).or_default() += 1;
-        *reads_by_key.entry(event.key).or_default() += 1;
-    }
-
-    let multi_read_keys = reads_by_key
-        .into_iter()
-        .filter(|(_, count)| *count > 1)
-        .sorted_by_key(|(key, count)| (-*count, *key))
-        .collect_vec();
-
-    println!("Multi-read keys: {}", multi_read_keys.len());
-    for (key, count) in multi_read_keys {
-        println!("  {key}: {count}");
-    }
-
-    let reads_by_relation = reads_by_relation
-        .into_iter()
-        .sorted_by_key(|(rel, count)| (-*count, *rel))
-        .collect_vec();
-
-    println!("Reads by relation:");
-    for (reltag, count) in reads_by_relation {
-        println!("  {reltag}: {count}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
--- a/pageserver/src/bin/pageserver.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/bin/pageserver.rs
@@ -53,12 +53,12 @@ project_build_tag!(BUILD_TAG);
 #[global_allocator]
 static GLOBAL: tikv_jemallocator::Jemalloc = tikv_jemallocator::Jemalloc;

-/// Configure jemalloc to profile heap allocations by sampling stack traces every 2 MB (1 << 21).
-/// This adds roughly 3% overhead for allocations on average, which is acceptable considering
-/// performance-sensitive code will avoid allocations as far as possible anyway.
-#[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-#[export_name = "malloc_conf"]
-pub static malloc_conf: &[u8] = b"prof:true,prof_active:true,lg_prof_sample:21\0";
+// Configure jemalloc to sample allocations for profiles every 1 MB (1 << 20).
+// TODO: disabled because concurrent CPU profiles cause seg faults. See:
+// https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/issues/10225.
+//#[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+//#[export_name = "malloc_conf"]
+//pub static malloc_conf: &[u8] = b"prof:true,prof_active:true,lg_prof_sample:20\0";

 const PID_FILE_NAME: &str = "pageserver.pid";

--- a/pageserver/src/http/routes.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/http/routes.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
+use std::time::Instant;

 use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
 use enumset::EnumSet;
@@ -27,7 +28,6 @@ use pageserver_api::models::LocationConfigMode;
 use pageserver_api::models::LsnLease;
 use pageserver_api::models::LsnLeaseRequest;
 use pageserver_api::models::OffloadedTimelineInfo;
-use pageserver_api::models::PageTraceEvent;
 use pageserver_api::models::ShardParameters;
 use pageserver_api::models::TenantConfigPatchRequest;
 use pageserver_api::models::TenantDetails;
@@ -52,9 +52,7 @@ use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
 use remote_storage::DownloadError;
 use remote_storage::GenericRemoteStorage;
 use remote_storage::TimeTravelError;
-use scopeguard::defer;
 use tenant_size_model::{svg::SvgBranchKind, SizeResult, StorageModel};
-use tokio::time::Instant;
 use tokio_util::io::StreamReader;
 use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
 use tracing::*;
@@ -93,6 +91,7 @@ use crate::tenant::timeline::CompactFlags;
 use crate::tenant::timeline::CompactOptions;
 use crate::tenant::timeline::CompactRequest;
 use crate::tenant::timeline::CompactionError;
+use crate::tenant::timeline::PageTrace;
 use crate::tenant::timeline::Timeline;
 use crate::tenant::GetTimelineError;
 use crate::tenant::OffloadedTimeline;
@@ -100,8 +99,8 @@ use crate::tenant::{LogicalSizeCalculationCause, PageReconstructError};
 use crate::DEFAULT_PG_VERSION;
 use crate::{disk_usage_eviction_task, tenant};
 use pageserver_api::models::{
-    StatusResponse, TenantConfigRequest, TenantInfo, TimelineCreateRequest, TimelineGcRequest,
-    TimelineInfo,
+    CompactInfoResponse, StatusResponse, TenantConfigRequest, TenantInfo, TimelineCreateRequest,
+    TimelineGcRequest, TimelineInfo,
 };
 use utils::{
    auth::SwappableJwtAuth,
@@ -1524,68 +1523,57 @@ async fn timeline_gc_unblocking_handler(
    block_or_unblock_gc(request, false).await
 }

-/// Traces GetPage@LSN requests for a timeline, and emits metadata in an efficient binary encoding.
-/// Use the `pagectl page-trace` command to decode and analyze the output.
 async fn timeline_page_trace_handler(
    request: Request<Body>,
-    cancel: CancellationToken,
+    _cancel: CancellationToken,
 ) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
    let tenant_shard_id: TenantShardId = parse_request_param(&request, "tenant_shard_id")?;
    let timeline_id: TimelineId = parse_request_param(&request, "timeline_id")?;
    let state = get_state(&request);
-    check_permission(&request, None)?;

-    let size_limit: usize = parse_query_param(&request, "size_limit_bytes")?.unwrap_or(1024 * 1024);
-    let time_limit_secs: u64 = parse_query_param(&request, "time_limit_secs")?.unwrap_or(5);
+    let size_limit =
+        parse_query_param::<_, u64>(&request, "size_limit_bytes")?.unwrap_or(1024 * 1024);
+    let time_limit_secs = parse_query_param::<_, u64>(&request, "time_limit_secs")?.unwrap_or(5);

-    // Convert size limit to event limit based on the serialized size of an event. The event size is
-    // fixed, as the default bincode serializer uses fixed-width integer encoding.
-    let event_size = bincode::serialize(&PageTraceEvent::default())
-        .map_err(|err| ApiError::InternalServerError(err.into()))?
-        .len();
-    let event_limit = size_limit / event_size;
+    // Convert size limit to event limit based on known serialized size of an event
+    let event_limit = size_limit / 32;

    let timeline =
        active_timeline_of_active_tenant(&state.tenant_manager, tenant_shard_id, timeline_id)
            .await?;

-    // Install a page trace, unless one is already in progress. We just use a buffered channel,
-    // which may 2x the memory usage in the worst case, but it's still bounded.
-    let (trace_tx, mut trace_rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(event_limit);
-    let cur = timeline.page_trace.load();
-    let installed = cur.is_none()
-        && timeline
-            .page_trace
-            .compare_and_swap(cur, Some(Arc::new(trace_tx)))
-            .is_none();
-    if !installed {
-        return Err(ApiError::Conflict("page trace already active".to_string()));
-    }
-    defer!(timeline.page_trace.store(None)); // uninstall on return
+    let (page_trace, mut trace_rx) = PageTrace::new(event_limit);
+    timeline.page_trace.store(Arc::new(Some(page_trace)));
+
+    let mut buffer = Vec::with_capacity(size_limit as usize);

-    // Collect the trace and return it to the client. We could stream the response, but this is
-    // simple and fine.
-    let mut body = Vec::with_capacity(size_limit);
    let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(time_limit_secs);

-    while body.len() < size_limit {
+    loop {
+        let timeout = deadline.saturating_duration_since(Instant::now());
        tokio::select! {
            event = trace_rx.recv() => {
-                let Some(event) = event else {
-                    break; // shouldn't happen (sender doesn't close, unless timeline dropped)
-                };
-                bincode::serialize_into(&mut body, &event)
-                    .map_err(|err| ApiError::InternalServerError(err.into()))?;
+                buffer.extend(bincode::serialize(&event).unwrap());
+
+                if buffer.len() >= size_limit as usize {
+                    // Size threshold reached
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            _ = tokio::time::sleep(timeout) => {
+                // Time threshold reached
+                break;
            }
-            _ = tokio::time::sleep_until(deadline) => break, // time limit reached
-            _ = cancel.cancelled() => return Err(ApiError::Cancelled),
        }
    }

+    // Above code is infallible, so we guarantee to switch the trace off when done
+    timeline.page_trace.store(Arc::new(None));
+
    Ok(Response::builder()
        .status(StatusCode::OK)
        .header(header::CONTENT_TYPE, "application/octet-stream")
-        .body(hyper::Body::from(body))
+        .body(hyper::Body::from(buffer))
        .unwrap())
 }

@@ -2120,7 +2108,15 @@ async fn timeline_compact_info_handler(
        let tenant = state
            .tenant_manager
            .get_attached_tenant_shard(tenant_shard_id)?;
-        let resp = tenant.get_scheduled_compaction_tasks(timeline_id);
+        let res = tenant.get_scheduled_compaction_tasks(timeline_id);
+        let mut resp = Vec::new();
+        for item in res {
+            resp.push(CompactInfoResponse {
+                compact_key_range: item.compact_key_range,
+                compact_lsn_range: item.compact_lsn_range,
+                sub_compaction: item.sub_compaction,
+            });
+        }
        json_response(StatusCode::OK, resp)
    }
    .instrument(info_span!("timeline_compact_info", tenant_id = %tenant_shard_id.tenant_id, shard_id = %tenant_shard_id.shard_slug(), %timeline_id))
@@ -3547,7 +3543,7 @@ pub fn make_router(
            "/v1/tenant/:tenant_shard_id/timeline/:timeline_id/unblock_gc",
            |r| api_handler(r, timeline_gc_unblocking_handler),
        )
-        .get(
+        .post(
            "/v1/tenant/:tenant_shard_id/timeline/:timeline_id/page_trace",
            |r| api_handler(r, timeline_page_trace_handler),
        )
--- a/pageserver/src/import_datadir.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/import_datadir.rs
@@ -278,8 +278,6 @@ async fn import_wal(

    let mut walingest = WalIngest::new(tline, startpoint, ctx).await?;

-    let shard = vec![*tline.get_shard_identity()];
-
    while last_lsn <= endpoint {
        // FIXME: assume postgresql tli 1 for now
        let filename = XLogFileName(1, segno, WAL_SEGMENT_SIZE);
@@ -316,12 +314,10 @@ async fn import_wal(
            if let Some((lsn, recdata)) = waldecoder.poll_decode()? {
                let interpreted = InterpretedWalRecord::from_bytes_filtered(
                    recdata,
-                    &shard,
+                    tline.get_shard_identity(),
                    lsn,
                    tline.pg_version,
-                )?
-                .remove(tline.get_shard_identity())
-                .unwrap();
+                )?;

                walingest
                    .ingest_record(interpreted, &mut modification, ctx)
@@ -415,7 +411,6 @@ pub async fn import_wal_from_tar(
    let mut offset = start_lsn.segment_offset(WAL_SEGMENT_SIZE);
    let mut last_lsn = start_lsn;
    let mut walingest = WalIngest::new(tline, start_lsn, ctx).await?;
-    let shard = vec![*tline.get_shard_identity()];

    // Ingest wal until end_lsn
    info!("importing wal until {}", end_lsn);
@@ -464,12 +459,10 @@ pub async fn import_wal_from_tar(
            if let Some((lsn, recdata)) = waldecoder.poll_decode()? {
                let interpreted = InterpretedWalRecord::from_bytes_filtered(
                    recdata,
-                    &shard,
+                    tline.get_shard_identity(),
                    lsn,
                    tline.pg_version,
-                )?
-                .remove(tline.get_shard_identity())
-                .unwrap();
+                )?;

                walingest
                    .ingest_record(interpreted, &mut modification, ctx)
--- a/pageserver/src/metrics.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/metrics.rs
@@ -91,6 +91,15 @@ pub(crate) static STORAGE_TIME_GLOBAL: Lazy<HistogramVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    .expect("failed to define a metric")
 });

+pub(crate) static READ_NUM_LAYERS_VISITED: Lazy<Histogram> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    register_histogram!(
+        "pageserver_layers_visited_per_read_global",
+        "Number of layers visited to reconstruct one key",
+        vec![1.0, 4.0, 8.0, 16.0, 32.0, 64.0, 128.0, 256.0, 512.0, 1024.0],
+    )
+    .expect("failed to define a metric")
+});
+
 pub(crate) static VEC_READ_NUM_LAYERS_VISITED: Lazy<Histogram> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_histogram!(
        "pageserver_layers_visited_per_vectored_read_global",
@@ -1224,189 +1233,117 @@ pub(crate) struct SmgrOpTimerInner {
    global_flush_in_progress_micros: IntCounter,
    per_timeline_flush_in_progress_micros: IntCounter,

-    throttling: Arc<tenant_throttling::Pagestream>,
-
    timings: SmgrOpTimerState,
 }

-/// The stages of request processing are represented by the enum variants.
-/// Used as part of [`SmgrOpTimerInner::timings`].
-///
-/// Request processing calls into the `SmgrOpTimer::observe_*` methods at the
-/// transition points.
-/// These methods bump relevant counters and then update [`SmgrOpTimerInner::timings`]
-/// to the next state.
-///
-/// Each request goes through every stage, in all configurations.
-///
 #[derive(Debug)]
 enum SmgrOpTimerState {
    Received {
-        // In the future, we may want to track the full time the request spent
-        // inside pageserver process (time spent in kernel buffers can't be tracked).
-        // `received_at` would be used for that.
-        #[allow(dead_code)]
        received_at: Instant,
    },
-    Throttling {
+    ThrottleDoneExecutionStarting {
+        received_at: Instant,
        throttle_started_at: Instant,
+        started_execution_at: Instant,
    },
-    Batching {
-        throttle_done_at: Instant,
-    },
-    Executing {
-        execution_started_at: Instant,
-    },
-    Flushing,
-    // NB: when adding observation points, remember to update the Drop impl.
 }

-// NB: when adding observation points, remember to update the Drop impl.
-impl SmgrOpTimer {
-    /// See [`SmgrOpTimerState`] for more context.
-    pub(crate) fn observe_throttle_start(&mut self, at: Instant) {
-        let Some(inner) = self.0.as_mut() else {
-            return;
-        };
-        let SmgrOpTimerState::Received { received_at: _ } = &mut inner.timings else {
-            return;
-        };
-        inner.throttling.count_accounted_start.inc();
-        inner.timings = SmgrOpTimerState::Throttling {
-            throttle_started_at: at,
-        };
-    }
-
-    /// See [`SmgrOpTimerState`] for more context.
-    pub(crate) fn observe_throttle_done(&mut self, throttle: ThrottleResult) {
-        let Some(inner) = self.0.as_mut() else {
-            return;
-        };
-        let SmgrOpTimerState::Throttling {
-            throttle_started_at,
-        } = &inner.timings
-        else {
-            return;
-        };
-        inner.throttling.count_accounted_finish.inc();
-        match throttle {
-            ThrottleResult::NotThrottled { end } => {
-                inner.timings = SmgrOpTimerState::Batching {
-                    throttle_done_at: end,
-                };
-            }
-            ThrottleResult::Throttled { end } => {
-                // update metrics
-                inner.throttling.count_throttled.inc();
-                inner
-                    .throttling
-                    .wait_time
-                    .inc_by((end - *throttle_started_at).as_micros().try_into().unwrap());
-                // state transition
-                inner.timings = SmgrOpTimerState::Batching {
-                    throttle_done_at: end,
-                };
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// See [`SmgrOpTimerState`] for more context.
-    pub(crate) fn observe_execution_start(&mut self, at: Instant) {
-        let Some(inner) = self.0.as_mut() else {
-            return;
-        };
-        let SmgrOpTimerState::Batching { throttle_done_at } = &inner.timings else {
-            return;
-        };
-        // update metrics
-        let batch = at - *throttle_done_at;
-        inner.global_batch_wait_time.observe(batch.as_secs_f64());
-        inner
-            .per_timeline_batch_wait_time
-            .observe(batch.as_secs_f64());
-        // state transition
-        inner.timings = SmgrOpTimerState::Executing {
-            execution_started_at: at,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// For all but the first caller, this is a no-op.
-    /// The first callers receives Some, subsequent ones None.
-    ///
-    /// See [`SmgrOpTimerState`] for more context.
-    pub(crate) fn observe_execution_end_flush_start(
-        &mut self,
-        at: Instant,
-    ) -> Option<SmgrOpFlushInProgress> {
-        // NB: unlike the other observe_* methods, this one take()s.
-        #[allow(clippy::question_mark)] // maintain similar code pattern.
-        let Some(mut inner) = self.0.take() else {
-            return None;
-        };
-        let SmgrOpTimerState::Executing {
-            execution_started_at,
-        } = &inner.timings
-        else {
-            return None;
-        };
-        // update metrics
-        let execution = at - *execution_started_at;
-        inner
-            .global_execution_latency_histo
-            .observe(execution.as_secs_f64());
-        if let Some(per_timeline_execution_latency_histo) =
-            &inner.per_timeline_execution_latency_histo
-        {
-            per_timeline_execution_latency_histo.observe(execution.as_secs_f64());
-        }
-
-        // state transition
-        inner.timings = SmgrOpTimerState::Flushing;
-
-        // return the flush in progress object which
-        // will do the remaining metrics updates
-        let SmgrOpTimerInner {
-            global_flush_in_progress_micros,
-            per_timeline_flush_in_progress_micros,
-            ..
-        } = inner;
-        Some(SmgrOpFlushInProgress {
-            flush_started_at: at,
-            global_micros: global_flush_in_progress_micros,
-            per_timeline_micros: per_timeline_flush_in_progress_micros,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-/// The last stage of request processing is serializing and flushing the request
-/// into the TCP connection. We want to make slow flushes observable
-/// _while they are occuring_, so this struct provides a wrapper method [`Self::measure`]
-/// to periodically bump the metric.
-///
-/// If in the future we decide that we're not interested in live updates, we can
-/// add another `observe_*` method to [`SmgrOpTimer`], follow the existing pattern there,
-/// and remove this struct from the code base.
 pub(crate) struct SmgrOpFlushInProgress {
    flush_started_at: Instant,
    global_micros: IntCounter,
    per_timeline_micros: IntCounter,
 }

+impl SmgrOpTimer {
+    pub(crate) fn observe_throttle_done_execution_starting(&mut self, throttle: &ThrottleResult) {
+        let inner = self.0.as_mut().expect("other public methods consume self");
+        match (&mut inner.timings, throttle) {
+            (SmgrOpTimerState::Received { received_at }, throttle) => match throttle {
+                ThrottleResult::NotThrottled { start } => {
+                    inner.timings = SmgrOpTimerState::ThrottleDoneExecutionStarting {
+                        received_at: *received_at,
+                        throttle_started_at: *start,
+                        started_execution_at: *start,
+                    };
+                }
+                ThrottleResult::Throttled { start, end } => {
+                    inner.timings = SmgrOpTimerState::ThrottleDoneExecutionStarting {
+                        received_at: *start,
+                        throttle_started_at: *start,
+                        started_execution_at: *end,
+                    };
+                }
+            },
+            (x, _) => panic!("called in unexpected state: {x:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn observe_smgr_op_completion_and_start_flushing(mut self) -> SmgrOpFlushInProgress {
+        let (flush_start, inner) = self
+            .smgr_op_end()
+            .expect("this method consume self, and the only other caller is drop handler");
+        let SmgrOpTimerInner {
+            global_flush_in_progress_micros,
+            per_timeline_flush_in_progress_micros,
+            ..
+        } = inner;
+        SmgrOpFlushInProgress {
+            flush_started_at: flush_start,
+            global_micros: global_flush_in_progress_micros,
+            per_timeline_micros: per_timeline_flush_in_progress_micros,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `None`` if this method has already been called, `Some` otherwise.
+    fn smgr_op_end(&mut self) -> Option<(Instant, SmgrOpTimerInner)> {
+        let inner = self.0.take()?;
+
+        let now = Instant::now();
+
+        let batch;
+        let execution;
+        let throttle;
+        match inner.timings {
+            SmgrOpTimerState::Received { received_at } => {
+                batch = (now - received_at).as_secs_f64();
+                // TODO: use label for dropped requests.
+                // This is quite rare in practice, only during tenant/pageservers shutdown.
+                throttle = Duration::ZERO;
+                execution = Duration::ZERO.as_secs_f64();
+            }
+            SmgrOpTimerState::ThrottleDoneExecutionStarting {
+                received_at,
+                throttle_started_at,
+                started_execution_at,
+            } => {
+                batch = (throttle_started_at - received_at).as_secs_f64();
+                throttle = started_execution_at - throttle_started_at;
+                execution = (now - started_execution_at).as_secs_f64();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // update time spent in batching
+        inner.global_batch_wait_time.observe(batch);
+        inner.per_timeline_batch_wait_time.observe(batch);
+
+        // time spent in throttle metric is updated by throttle impl
+        let _ = throttle;
+
+        // update metrics for execution latency
+        inner.global_execution_latency_histo.observe(execution);
+        if let Some(per_timeline_execution_latency_histo) =
+            &inner.per_timeline_execution_latency_histo
+        {
+            per_timeline_execution_latency_histo.observe(execution);
+        }
+
+        Some((now, inner))
+    }
+}
+
 impl Drop for SmgrOpTimer {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        // In case of early drop, update any of the remaining metrics with
-        // observations so that (started,finished) counter pairs balance out
-        // and all counters on the latency path have the the same number of
-        // observations.
-        // It's technically lying and it would be better if each metric had
-        // a separate label or similar for cancelled requests.
-        // But we don't have that right now and counter pairs balancing
-        // out is useful when using the metrics in panels and whatnot.
-        let now = Instant::now();
-        self.observe_throttle_start(now);
-        self.observe_throttle_done(ThrottleResult::NotThrottled { end: now });
-        self.observe_execution_start(now);
-        self.observe_execution_end_flush_start(now);
+        self.smgr_op_end();
    }
 }

@@ -1417,12 +1354,12 @@ impl SmgrOpFlushInProgress {
    {
        let mut fut = std::pin::pin!(fut);

+        let now = Instant::now();
        // Whenever observe_guard gets called, or dropped,
        // it adds the time elapsed since its last call to metrics.
        // Last call is tracked in `now`.
        let mut observe_guard = scopeguard::guard(
            || {
-                let now = Instant::now();
                let elapsed = now - self.flush_started_at;
                self.global_micros
                    .inc_by(u64::try_from(elapsed.as_micros()).unwrap());
@@ -1465,6 +1402,7 @@ pub enum SmgrQueryType {
    GetSlruSegment,
 }

+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct SmgrQueryTimePerTimeline {
    global_started: [IntCounter; SmgrQueryType::COUNT],
    global_latency: [Histogram; SmgrQueryType::COUNT],
@@ -1476,7 +1414,6 @@ pub(crate) struct SmgrQueryTimePerTimeline {
    per_timeline_flush_in_progress_micros: IntCounter,
    global_batch_wait_time: Histogram,
    per_timeline_batch_wait_time: Histogram,
-    throttling: Arc<tenant_throttling::Pagestream>,
 }

 static SMGR_QUERY_STARTED_GLOBAL: Lazy<IntCounterVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
@@ -1682,11 +1619,7 @@ static PAGE_SERVICE_SMGR_BATCH_WAIT_TIME_GLOBAL: Lazy<Histogram> = Lazy::new(||
 });

 impl SmgrQueryTimePerTimeline {
-    pub(crate) fn new(
-        tenant_shard_id: &TenantShardId,
-        timeline_id: &TimelineId,
-        pagestream_throttle_metrics: Arc<tenant_throttling::Pagestream>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(tenant_shard_id: &TenantShardId, timeline_id: &TimelineId) -> Self {
        let tenant_id = tenant_shard_id.tenant_id.to_string();
        let shard_slug = format!("{}", tenant_shard_id.shard_slug());
        let timeline_id = timeline_id.to_string();
@@ -1747,7 +1680,6 @@ impl SmgrQueryTimePerTimeline {
            per_timeline_flush_in_progress_micros,
            global_batch_wait_time,
            per_timeline_batch_wait_time,
-            throttling: pagestream_throttle_metrics,
        }
    }
    pub(crate) fn start_smgr_op(&self, op: SmgrQueryType, received_at: Instant) -> SmgrOpTimer {
@@ -1763,24 +1695,88 @@ impl SmgrQueryTimePerTimeline {
        SmgrOpTimer(Some(SmgrOpTimerInner {
            global_execution_latency_histo: self.global_latency[op as usize].clone(),
            per_timeline_execution_latency_histo: per_timeline_latency_histo,
+            timings: SmgrOpTimerState::Received { received_at },
            global_flush_in_progress_micros: self.global_flush_in_progress_micros.clone(),
            per_timeline_flush_in_progress_micros: self
                .per_timeline_flush_in_progress_micros
                .clone(),
            global_batch_wait_time: self.global_batch_wait_time.clone(),
            per_timeline_batch_wait_time: self.per_timeline_batch_wait_time.clone(),
-            throttling: self.throttling.clone(),
-            timings: SmgrOpTimerState::Received { received_at },
        }))
    }

-    /// TODO: do something about this? seems odd, we have a similar call on SmgrOpTimer
    pub(crate) fn observe_getpage_batch_start(&self, batch_size: usize) {
        self.global_batch_size.observe(batch_size as f64);
        self.per_timeline_batch_size.observe(batch_size as f64);
    }
 }

+#[cfg(test)]
+mod smgr_query_time_tests {
+    use std::time::Instant;
+
+    use pageserver_api::shard::TenantShardId;
+    use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
+    use utils::id::{TenantId, TimelineId};
+
+    // Regression test, we used hard-coded string constants before using an enum.
+    #[test]
+    fn op_label_name() {
+        use super::SmgrQueryType::*;
+        let expect: [(super::SmgrQueryType, &'static str); 5] = [
+            (GetRelExists, "get_rel_exists"),
+            (GetRelSize, "get_rel_size"),
+            (GetPageAtLsn, "get_page_at_lsn"),
+            (GetDbSize, "get_db_size"),
+            (GetSlruSegment, "get_slru_segment"),
+        ];
+        for (op, expect) in expect {
+            let actual: &'static str = op.into();
+            assert_eq!(actual, expect);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn basic() {
+        let ops: Vec<_> = super::SmgrQueryType::iter().collect();
+
+        for op in &ops {
+            let tenant_id = TenantId::generate();
+            let timeline_id = TimelineId::generate();
+            let metrics = super::SmgrQueryTimePerTimeline::new(
+                &TenantShardId::unsharded(tenant_id),
+                &timeline_id,
+            );
+
+            let get_counts = || {
+                let global: u64 = ops
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|op| metrics.global_latency[*op as usize].get_sample_count())
+                    .sum();
+                (
+                    global,
+                    metrics.per_timeline_getpage_latency.get_sample_count(),
+                )
+            };
+
+            let (pre_global, pre_per_tenant_timeline) = get_counts();
+            assert_eq!(pre_per_tenant_timeline, 0);
+
+            let timer = metrics.start_smgr_op(*op, Instant::now());
+            drop(timer);
+
+            let (post_global, post_per_tenant_timeline) = get_counts();
+            if matches!(op, super::SmgrQueryType::GetPageAtLsn) {
+                // getpage ops are tracked per-timeline, others aren't
+                assert_eq!(post_per_tenant_timeline, 1);
+            } else {
+                assert_eq!(post_per_tenant_timeline, 0);
+            }
+            assert!(post_global > pre_global);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 // keep in sync with control plane Go code so that we can validate
 // compute's basebackup_ms metric with our perspective in the context of SLI/SLO.
 static COMPUTE_STARTUP_BUCKETS: Lazy<[f64; 28]> = Lazy::new(|| {
@@ -3576,7 +3572,9 @@ pub(crate) mod tenant_throttling {
    use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
    use utils::shard::TenantShardId;

-    pub(crate) struct GlobalAndPerTenantIntCounter {
+    use crate::tenant::{self};
+
+    struct GlobalAndPerTenantIntCounter {
        global: IntCounter,
        per_tenant: IntCounter,
    }
@@ -3594,10 +3592,10 @@ pub(crate) mod tenant_throttling {
    }

    pub(crate) struct Metrics<const KIND: usize> {
-        pub(super) count_accounted_start: GlobalAndPerTenantIntCounter,
-        pub(super) count_accounted_finish: GlobalAndPerTenantIntCounter,
-        pub(super) wait_time: GlobalAndPerTenantIntCounter,
-        pub(super) count_throttled: GlobalAndPerTenantIntCounter,
+        count_accounted_start: GlobalAndPerTenantIntCounter,
+        count_accounted_finish: GlobalAndPerTenantIntCounter,
+        wait_time: GlobalAndPerTenantIntCounter,
+        count_throttled: GlobalAndPerTenantIntCounter,
    }

    static COUNT_ACCOUNTED_START: Lazy<metrics::IntCounterVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
@@ -3732,6 +3730,26 @@ pub(crate) mod tenant_throttling {
            }
        }
    }
+
+    impl<const KIND: usize> tenant::throttle::Metric for Metrics<KIND> {
+        #[inline(always)]
+        fn accounting_start(&self) {
+            self.count_accounted_start.inc();
+        }
+        #[inline(always)]
+        fn accounting_finish(&self) {
+            self.count_accounted_finish.inc();
+        }
+        #[inline(always)]
+        fn observe_throttling(
+            &self,
+            tenant::throttle::Observation { wait_time }: &tenant::throttle::Observation,
+        ) {
+            let val = u64::try_from(wait_time.as_micros()).unwrap();
+            self.wait_time.inc_by(val);
+            self.count_throttled.inc();
+        }
+    }
 }

 pub(crate) mod disk_usage_based_eviction {
@@ -3876,6 +3894,7 @@ pub fn preinitialize_metrics(conf: &'static PageServerConf) {

    // histograms
    [
+        &READ_NUM_LAYERS_VISITED,
        &VEC_READ_NUM_LAYERS_VISITED,
        &WAIT_LSN_TIME,
        &WAL_REDO_TIME,
--- a/pageserver/src/page_service.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/page_service.rs
@@ -61,13 +61,12 @@ use crate::task_mgr::{self, COMPUTE_REQUEST_RUNTIME};
 use crate::tenant::mgr::ShardSelector;
 use crate::tenant::mgr::TenantManager;
 use crate::tenant::mgr::{GetActiveTenantError, GetTenantError, ShardResolveResult};
-use crate::tenant::timeline::{self, WaitLsnError};
+use crate::tenant::timeline::{self, PageTraceEvent, WaitLsnError};
 use crate::tenant::GetTimelineError;
 use crate::tenant::PageReconstructError;
 use crate::tenant::Timeline;
 use crate::{basebackup, timed_after_cancellation};
 use pageserver_api::key::rel_block_to_key;
-use pageserver_api::models::PageTraceEvent;
 use pageserver_api::reltag::SlruKind;
 use postgres_ffi::pg_constants::DEFAULTTABLESPACE_OID;
 use postgres_ffi::BLCKSZ;
@@ -593,21 +592,40 @@ enum BatchedFeMessage {
 }

 impl BatchedFeMessage {
-    fn observe_execution_start(&mut self, at: Instant) {
-        match self {
-            BatchedFeMessage::Exists { timer, .. }
-            | BatchedFeMessage::Nblocks { timer, .. }
-            | BatchedFeMessage::DbSize { timer, .. }
-            | BatchedFeMessage::GetSlruSegment { timer, .. } => {
-                timer.observe_execution_start(at);
+    async fn throttle_and_record_start_processing(
+        &mut self,
+        cancel: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> Result<(), QueryError> {
+        let (shard, tokens, timers) = match self {
+            BatchedFeMessage::Exists { shard, timer, .. }
+            | BatchedFeMessage::Nblocks { shard, timer, .. }
+            | BatchedFeMessage::DbSize { shard, timer, .. }
+            | BatchedFeMessage::GetSlruSegment { shard, timer, .. } => {
+                (
+                    shard,
+                    // 1 token is probably under-estimating because these
+                    // request handlers typically do several Timeline::get calls.
+                    1,
+                    itertools::Either::Left(std::iter::once(timer)),
+                )
            }
-            BatchedFeMessage::GetPage { pages, .. } => {
-                for page in pages {
-                    page.timer.observe_execution_start(at);
-                }
+            BatchedFeMessage::GetPage { shard, pages, .. } => (
+                shard,
+                pages.len(),
+                itertools::Either::Right(pages.iter_mut().map(|p| &mut p.timer)),
+            ),
+            BatchedFeMessage::RespondError { .. } => return Ok(()),
+        };
+        let throttled = tokio::select! {
+            throttled = shard.pagestream_throttle.throttle(tokens) => { throttled }
+            _ = cancel.cancelled() => {
+                return Err(QueryError::Shutdown);
            }
-            BatchedFeMessage::RespondError { .. } => {}
+        };
+        for timer in timers {
+            timer.observe_throttle_done_execution_starting(&throttled);
        }
+        Ok(())
    }
 }

@@ -699,26 +717,6 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
        let neon_fe_msg =
            PagestreamFeMessage::parse(&mut copy_data_bytes.reader(), protocol_version)?;

-        // TODO: turn in to async closure once available to avoid repeating received_at
-        async fn record_op_start_and_throttle(
-            shard: &timeline::handle::Handle<TenantManagerTypes>,
-            op: metrics::SmgrQueryType,
-            received_at: Instant,
-        ) -> Result<SmgrOpTimer, QueryError> {
-            // It's important to start the smgr op metric recorder as early as possible
-            // so that the _started counters are incremented before we do
-            // any serious waiting, e.g., for throttle, batching, or actual request handling.
-            let mut timer = shard.query_metrics.start_smgr_op(op, received_at);
-            let now = Instant::now();
-            timer.observe_throttle_start(now);
-            let throttled = tokio::select! {
-                res = shard.pagestream_throttle.throttle(1, now) => res,
-                _ = shard.cancel.cancelled() => return Err(QueryError::Shutdown),
-            };
-            timer.observe_throttle_done(throttled);
-            Ok(timer)
-        }
-
        let batched_msg = match neon_fe_msg {
            PagestreamFeMessage::Exists(req) => {
                let span = tracing::info_span!(parent: parent_span, "handle_get_rel_exists_request", rel = %req.rel, req_lsn = %req.hdr.request_lsn);
@@ -726,12 +724,9 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
                    .get(tenant_id, timeline_id, ShardSelector::Zero)
                    .instrument(span.clone()) // sets `shard_id` field
                    .await?;
-                let timer = record_op_start_and_throttle(
-                    &shard,
-                    metrics::SmgrQueryType::GetRelExists,
-                    received_at,
-                )
-                .await?;
+                let timer = shard
+                    .query_metrics
+                    .start_smgr_op(metrics::SmgrQueryType::GetRelExists, received_at);
                BatchedFeMessage::Exists {
                    span,
                    timer,
@@ -745,12 +740,9 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
                    .get(tenant_id, timeline_id, ShardSelector::Zero)
                    .instrument(span.clone()) // sets `shard_id` field
                    .await?;
-                let timer = record_op_start_and_throttle(
-                    &shard,
-                    metrics::SmgrQueryType::GetRelSize,
-                    received_at,
-                )
-                .await?;
+                let timer = shard
+                    .query_metrics
+                    .start_smgr_op(metrics::SmgrQueryType::GetRelSize, received_at);
                BatchedFeMessage::Nblocks {
                    span,
                    timer,
@@ -764,12 +756,9 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
                    .get(tenant_id, timeline_id, ShardSelector::Zero)
                    .instrument(span.clone()) // sets `shard_id` field
                    .await?;
-                let timer = record_op_start_and_throttle(
-                    &shard,
-                    metrics::SmgrQueryType::GetDbSize,
-                    received_at,
-                )
-                .await?;
+                let timer = shard
+                    .query_metrics
+                    .start_smgr_op(metrics::SmgrQueryType::GetDbSize, received_at);
                BatchedFeMessage::DbSize {
                    span,
                    timer,
@@ -783,12 +772,9 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
                    .get(tenant_id, timeline_id, ShardSelector::Zero)
                    .instrument(span.clone()) // sets `shard_id` field
                    .await?;
-                let timer = record_op_start_and_throttle(
-                    &shard,
-                    metrics::SmgrQueryType::GetSlruSegment,
-                    received_at,
-                )
-                .await?;
+                let timer = shard
+                    .query_metrics
+                    .start_smgr_op(metrics::SmgrQueryType::GetSlruSegment, received_at);
                BatchedFeMessage::GetSlruSegment {
                    span,
                    timer,
@@ -837,12 +823,12 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
                    }
                };

-                let timer = record_op_start_and_throttle(
-                    &shard,
-                    metrics::SmgrQueryType::GetPageAtLsn,
-                    received_at,
-                )
-                .await?;
+                // It's important to start the timer before waiting for the LSN
+                // so that the _started counters are incremented before we do
+                // any serious waiting, e.g., for LSNs.
+                let timer = shard
+                    .query_metrics
+                    .start_smgr_op(metrics::SmgrQueryType::GetPageAtLsn, received_at);

                let effective_request_lsn = match Self::wait_or_get_last_lsn(
                    &shard,
@@ -948,13 +934,6 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
    where
        IO: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Send + Sync + Unpin,
    {
-        let started_at = Instant::now();
-        let batch = {
-            let mut batch = batch;
-            batch.observe_execution_start(started_at);
-            batch
-        };
-
        // invoke handler function
        let (handler_results, span): (
            Vec<Result<(PagestreamBeMessage, SmgrOpTimer), BatchedPageStreamError>>,
@@ -1121,11 +1100,8 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
            // The timer's underlying metric is used for a storage-internal latency SLO and
            // we don't want to include latency in it that we can't control.
            // And as pointed out above, in this case, we don't control the time that flush will take.
-            let flushing_timer = timer.map(|mut timer| {
-                timer
-                    .observe_execution_end_flush_start(Instant::now())
-                    .expect("we are the first caller")
-            });
+            let flushing_timer =
+                timer.map(|timer| timer.observe_smgr_op_completion_and_start_flushing());

            // what we want to do
            let flush_fut = pgb_writer.flush();
@@ -1279,7 +1255,7 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
                Ok(msg) => msg,
                Err(e) => break e,
            };
-            let msg = match msg {
+            let mut msg = match msg {
                Some(msg) => msg,
                None => {
                    debug!("pagestream subprotocol end observed");
@@ -1287,6 +1263,10 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
                }
            };

+            if let Err(cancelled) = msg.throttle_and_record_start_processing(&self.cancel).await {
+                break cancelled;
+            }
+
            let err = self
                .pagesteam_handle_batched_message(pgb_writer, msg, &cancel, protocol_version, ctx)
                .await;
@@ -1446,12 +1426,15 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
                            return Ok(());
                        }
                    };
-                    let batch = match batch {
+                    let mut batch = match batch {
                        Ok(batch) => batch,
                        Err(e) => {
                            return Err(e);
                        }
                    };
+                    batch
+                        .throttle_and_record_start_processing(&self.cancel)
+                        .await?;
                    self.pagesteam_handle_batched_message(
                        pgb_writer,
                        batch,
@@ -1719,17 +1702,15 @@ impl PageServerHandler {
            .query_metrics
            .observe_getpage_batch_start(requests.len());

-        // If a page trace is running, submit an event for this request.
        if let Some(page_trace) = timeline.page_trace.load().as_ref() {
            let time = SystemTime::now();
-            for batch in &requests {
-                let key = rel_block_to_key(batch.req.rel, batch.req.blkno).to_compact();
-                // Ignore error (trace buffer may be full or tracer may have disconnected).
-                _ = page_trace.try_send(PageTraceEvent {
+            for BatchedGetPageRequest { req, timer: _ } in &requests {
+                let key = rel_block_to_key(req.rel, req.blkno).to_compact();
+                page_trace.send(PageTraceEvent {
                    key,
                    effective_lsn,
                    time,
-                });
+                })
            }
        }

--- a/pageserver/src/tenant.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ use enumset::EnumSet;
 use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
 use futures::StreamExt;
 use pageserver_api::models;
-use pageserver_api::models::CompactInfoResponse;
 use pageserver_api::models::LsnLease;
 use pageserver_api::models::TimelineArchivalState;
 use pageserver_api::models::TimelineState;
@@ -38,17 +37,21 @@ use remote_timeline_client::manifest::{
 };
 use remote_timeline_client::UploadQueueNotReadyError;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::future::Future;
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
 use std::sync::Weak;
 use std::time::SystemTime;
 use storage_broker::BrokerClientChannel;
-use timeline::compaction::GcCompactionQueue;
+use timeline::compaction::GcCompactJob;
+use timeline::compaction::ScheduledCompactionTask;
 use timeline::import_pgdata;
 use timeline::offload::offload_timeline;
 use timeline::offload::OffloadError;
+use timeline::CompactFlags;
 use timeline::CompactOptions;
+use timeline::CompactionError;
 use timeline::ShutdownMode;
 use tokio::io::BufReader;
 use tokio::sync::watch;
@@ -344,8 +347,10 @@ pub struct Tenant {
    /// Overhead of mutex is acceptable because compaction is done with a multi-second period.
    compaction_circuit_breaker: std::sync::Mutex<CircuitBreaker>,

-    /// Scheduled gc-compaction tasks.
-    scheduled_compaction_tasks: std::sync::Mutex<HashMap<TimelineId, Arc<GcCompactionQueue>>>,
+    /// Scheduled compaction tasks. Currently, this can only be populated by triggering
+    /// a manual gc-compaction from the manual compaction API.
+    scheduled_compaction_tasks:
+        std::sync::Mutex<HashMap<TimelineId, VecDeque<ScheduledCompactionTask>>>,

    /// If the tenant is in Activating state, notify this to encourage it
    /// to proceed to Active as soon as possible, rather than waiting for lazy
@@ -365,9 +370,8 @@ pub struct Tenant {

    /// Throttle applied at the top of [`Timeline::get`].
    /// All [`Tenant::timelines`] of a given [`Tenant`] instance share the same [`throttle::Throttle`] instance.
-    pub(crate) pagestream_throttle: Arc<throttle::Throttle>,
-
-    pub(crate) pagestream_throttle_metrics: Arc<crate::metrics::tenant_throttling::Pagestream>,
+    pub(crate) pagestream_throttle:
+        Arc<throttle::Throttle<crate::metrics::tenant_throttling::Pagestream>>,

    /// An ongoing timeline detach concurrency limiter.
    ///
@@ -1688,7 +1692,6 @@ impl Tenant {
                    TimelineResources {
                        remote_client,
                        pagestream_throttle: self.pagestream_throttle.clone(),
-                        pagestream_throttle_metrics: self.pagestream_throttle_metrics.clone(),
                        l0_flush_global_state: self.l0_flush_global_state.clone(),
                    },
                    LoadTimelineCause::Attach,
@@ -2994,18 +2997,104 @@ impl Tenant {
                if has_pending_l0_compaction_task {
                    Some(true)
                } else {
-                    let queue = {
-                        let guard = self.scheduled_compaction_tasks.lock().unwrap();
-                        guard.get(timeline_id).cloned()
+                    let mut has_pending_scheduled_compaction_task;
+                    let next_scheduled_compaction_task = {
+                        let mut guard = self.scheduled_compaction_tasks.lock().unwrap();
+                        if let Some(tline_pending_tasks) = guard.get_mut(timeline_id) {
+                            if !tline_pending_tasks.is_empty() {
+                                info!(
+                                    "{} tasks left in the compaction schedule queue",
+                                    tline_pending_tasks.len()
+                                );
+                            }
+                            let next_task = tline_pending_tasks.pop_front();
+                            has_pending_scheduled_compaction_task = !tline_pending_tasks.is_empty();
+                            next_task
+                        } else {
+                            has_pending_scheduled_compaction_task = false;
+                            None
+                        }
                    };
-                    if let Some(queue) = queue {
-                        let has_pending_tasks = queue
-                            .iteration(cancel, ctx, &self.gc_block, timeline)
-                            .await?;
-                        Some(has_pending_tasks)
-                    } else {
-                        Some(false)
+                    if let Some(mut next_scheduled_compaction_task) = next_scheduled_compaction_task
+                    {
+                        if !next_scheduled_compaction_task
+                            .options
+                            .flags
+                            .contains(CompactFlags::EnhancedGcBottomMostCompaction)
+                        {
+                            warn!("ignoring scheduled compaction task: scheduled task must be gc compaction: {:?}", next_scheduled_compaction_task.options);
+                        } else if next_scheduled_compaction_task.options.sub_compaction {
+                            info!("running scheduled enhanced gc bottom-most compaction with sub-compaction, splitting compaction jobs");
+                            let jobs: Vec<GcCompactJob> = timeline
+                                .gc_compaction_split_jobs(
+                                    GcCompactJob::from_compact_options(
+                                        next_scheduled_compaction_task.options.clone(),
+                                    ),
+                                    next_scheduled_compaction_task
+                                        .options
+                                        .sub_compaction_max_job_size_mb,
+                                )
+                                .await
+                                .map_err(CompactionError::Other)?;
+                            if jobs.is_empty() {
+                                info!("no jobs to run, skipping scheduled compaction task");
+                            } else {
+                                has_pending_scheduled_compaction_task = true;
+                                let jobs_len = jobs.len();
+                                let mut guard = self.scheduled_compaction_tasks.lock().unwrap();
+                                let tline_pending_tasks = guard.entry(*timeline_id).or_default();
+                                for (idx, job) in jobs.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                                    // Unfortunately we need to convert the `GcCompactJob` back to `CompactionOptions`
+                                    // until we do further refactors to allow directly call `compact_with_gc`.
+                                    let mut flags: EnumSet<CompactFlags> = EnumSet::default();
+                                    flags |= CompactFlags::EnhancedGcBottomMostCompaction;
+                                    if job.dry_run {
+                                        flags |= CompactFlags::DryRun;
+                                    }
+                                    let options = CompactOptions {
+                                        flags,
+                                        sub_compaction: false,
+                                        compact_key_range: Some(job.compact_key_range.into()),
+                                        compact_lsn_range: Some(job.compact_lsn_range.into()),
+                                        sub_compaction_max_job_size_mb: None,
+                                    };
+                                    tline_pending_tasks.push_back(if idx == jobs_len - 1 {
+                                        ScheduledCompactionTask {
+                                            options,
+                                            // The last job in the queue sends the signal and releases the gc guard
+                                            result_tx: next_scheduled_compaction_task
+                                                .result_tx
+                                                .take(),
+                                            gc_block: next_scheduled_compaction_task
+                                                .gc_block
+                                                .take(),
+                                        }
+                                    } else {
+                                        ScheduledCompactionTask {
+                                            options,
+                                            result_tx: None,
+                                            gc_block: None,
+                                        }
+                                    });
+                                }
+                                info!("scheduled enhanced gc bottom-most compaction with sub-compaction, split into {} jobs", jobs_len);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            let _ = timeline
+                                .compact_with_options(
+                                    cancel,
+                                    next_scheduled_compaction_task.options,
+                                    ctx,
+                                )
+                                .instrument(info_span!("scheduled_compact_timeline", %timeline_id))
+                                .await?;
+                            if let Some(tx) = next_scheduled_compaction_task.result_tx.take() {
+                                // TODO: we can send compaction statistics in the future
+                                tx.send(()).ok();
+                            }
+                        }
                    }
+                    Some(has_pending_scheduled_compaction_task)
                }
            } else {
                None
@@ -3035,32 +3124,34 @@ impl Tenant {
    }

    /// Cancel scheduled compaction tasks
-    pub(crate) fn cancel_scheduled_compaction(&self, timeline_id: TimelineId) {
+    pub(crate) fn cancel_scheduled_compaction(
+        &self,
+        timeline_id: TimelineId,
+    ) -> Vec<ScheduledCompactionTask> {
        let mut guard = self.scheduled_compaction_tasks.lock().unwrap();
-        if let Some(q) = guard.get_mut(&timeline_id) {
-            q.cancel_scheduled();
+        if let Some(tline_pending_tasks) = guard.get_mut(&timeline_id) {
+            let current_tline_pending_tasks = std::mem::take(tline_pending_tasks);
+            current_tline_pending_tasks.into_iter().collect()
+        } else {
+            Vec::new()
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn get_scheduled_compaction_tasks(
        &self,
        timeline_id: TimelineId,
-    ) -> Vec<CompactInfoResponse> {
-        let res = {
-            let guard = self.scheduled_compaction_tasks.lock().unwrap();
-            guard.get(&timeline_id).map(|q| q.remaining_jobs())
-        };
-        let Some((running, remaining)) = res else {
-            return Vec::new();
-        };
-        let mut result = Vec::new();
-        if let Some((id, running)) = running {
-            result.extend(running.into_compact_info_resp(id, true));
-        }
-        for (id, job) in remaining {
-            result.extend(job.into_compact_info_resp(id, false));
-        }
-        result
+    ) -> Vec<CompactOptions> {
+        use itertools::Itertools;
+        let guard = self.scheduled_compaction_tasks.lock().unwrap();
+        guard
+            .get(&timeline_id)
+            .map(|tline_pending_tasks| {
+                tline_pending_tasks
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|x| x.options.clone())
+                    .collect_vec()
+            })
+            .unwrap_or_default()
    }

    /// Schedule a compaction task for a timeline.
@@ -3069,12 +3160,20 @@ impl Tenant {
        timeline_id: TimelineId,
        options: CompactOptions,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<tokio::sync::oneshot::Receiver<()>> {
+        let gc_guard = match self.gc_block.start().await {
+            Ok(guard) => guard,
+            Err(e) => {
+                bail!("cannot run gc-compaction because gc is blocked: {}", e);
+            }
+        };
        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
        let mut guard = self.scheduled_compaction_tasks.lock().unwrap();
-        let q = guard
-            .entry(timeline_id)
-            .or_insert_with(|| Arc::new(GcCompactionQueue::new()));
-        q.schedule_manual_compaction(options, Some(tx));
+        let tline_pending_tasks = guard.entry(timeline_id).or_default();
+        tline_pending_tasks.push_back(ScheduledCompactionTask {
+            options,
+            result_tx: Some(tx),
+            gc_block: Some(gc_guard),
+        });
        Ok(rx)
    }

@@ -3994,9 +4093,6 @@ impl Tenant {
        Ok(timeline)
    }

-    /// [`Tenant::shutdown`] must be called before dropping the returned [`Tenant`] object
-    /// to ensure proper cleanup of background tasks and metrics.
-    //
    // Allow too_many_arguments because a constructor's argument list naturally grows with the
    // number of attributes in the struct: breaking these out into a builder wouldn't be helpful.
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
@@ -4105,10 +4201,8 @@ impl Tenant {
            gate: Gate::default(),
            pagestream_throttle: Arc::new(throttle::Throttle::new(
                Tenant::get_pagestream_throttle_config(conf, &attached_conf.tenant_conf),
+                crate::metrics::tenant_throttling::Metrics::new(&tenant_shard_id),
            )),
-            pagestream_throttle_metrics: Arc::new(
-                crate::metrics::tenant_throttling::Pagestream::new(&tenant_shard_id),
-            ),
            tenant_conf: Arc::new(ArcSwap::from_pointee(attached_conf)),
            ongoing_timeline_detach: std::sync::Mutex::default(),
            gc_block: Default::default(),
@@ -5015,7 +5109,6 @@ impl Tenant {
        TimelineResources {
            remote_client: self.build_timeline_remote_client(timeline_id),
            pagestream_throttle: self.pagestream_throttle.clone(),
-            pagestream_throttle_metrics: self.pagestream_throttle_metrics.clone(),
            l0_flush_global_state: self.l0_flush_global_state.clone(),
        }
    }
@@ -5690,7 +5783,7 @@ mod tests {
    use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
    use hex_literal::hex;
    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use pageserver_api::key::{Key, AUX_KEY_PREFIX, NON_INHERITED_RANGE, RELATION_SIZE_PREFIX};
+    use pageserver_api::key::{Key, AUX_KEY_PREFIX, NON_INHERITED_RANGE};
    use pageserver_api::keyspace::KeySpace;
    use pageserver_api::models::{CompactionAlgorithm, CompactionAlgorithmSettings};
    use pageserver_api::value::Value;
@@ -7749,18 +7842,7 @@ mod tests {
        let base_key = Key::from_hex("620000000033333333444444445500000000").unwrap();
        let base_key_child = Key::from_hex("620000000033333333444444445500000001").unwrap();
        let base_key_nonexist = Key::from_hex("620000000033333333444444445500000002").unwrap();
-        let base_key_overwrite = Key::from_hex("620000000033333333444444445500000003").unwrap();
-
-        let base_inherited_key = Key::from_hex("610000000033333333444444445500000000").unwrap();
-        let base_inherited_key_child =
-            Key::from_hex("610000000033333333444444445500000001").unwrap();
-        let base_inherited_key_nonexist =
-            Key::from_hex("610000000033333333444444445500000002").unwrap();
-        let base_inherited_key_overwrite =
-            Key::from_hex("610000000033333333444444445500000003").unwrap();
-
        assert_eq!(base_key.field1, AUX_KEY_PREFIX); // in case someone accidentally changed the prefix...
-        assert_eq!(base_inherited_key.field1, RELATION_SIZE_PREFIX);

        let tline = tenant
            .create_test_timeline_with_layers(
@@ -7769,18 +7851,7 @@ mod tests {
                DEFAULT_PG_VERSION,
                &ctx,
                Vec::new(), // delta layers
-                vec![(
-                    Lsn(0x20),
-                    vec![
-                        (base_inherited_key, test_img("metadata inherited key 1")),
-                        (
-                            base_inherited_key_overwrite,
-                            test_img("metadata key overwrite 1a"),
-                        ),
-                        (base_key, test_img("metadata key 1")),
-                        (base_key_overwrite, test_img("metadata key overwrite 1b")),
-                    ],
-                )], // image layers
+                vec![(Lsn(0x20), vec![(base_key, test_img("metadata key 1"))])], // image layers
                Lsn(0x20), // it's fine to not advance LSN to 0x30 while using 0x30 to get below because `get_vectored_impl` does not wait for LSN
            )
            .await?;
@@ -7794,18 +7865,7 @@ mod tests {
                Vec::new(), // delta layers
                vec![(
                    Lsn(0x30),
-                    vec![
-                        (
-                            base_inherited_key_child,
-                            test_img("metadata inherited key 2"),
-                        ),
-                        (
-                            base_inherited_key_overwrite,
-                            test_img("metadata key overwrite 2a"),
-                        ),
-                        (base_key_child, test_img("metadata key 2")),
-                        (base_key_overwrite, test_img("metadata key overwrite 2b")),
-                    ],
+                    vec![(base_key_child, test_img("metadata key 2"))],
                )], // image layers
                Lsn(0x30),
            )
@@ -7827,26 +7887,6 @@ mod tests {
            get_vectored_impl_wrapper(&tline, base_key_nonexist, lsn, &ctx).await?,
            None
        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            get_vectored_impl_wrapper(&tline, base_key_overwrite, lsn, &ctx).await?,
-            Some(test_img("metadata key overwrite 1b"))
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            get_vectored_impl_wrapper(&tline, base_inherited_key, lsn, &ctx).await?,
-            Some(test_img("metadata inherited key 1"))
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            get_vectored_impl_wrapper(&tline, base_inherited_key_child, lsn, &ctx).await?,
-            None
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            get_vectored_impl_wrapper(&tline, base_inherited_key_nonexist, lsn, &ctx).await?,
-            None
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            get_vectored_impl_wrapper(&tline, base_inherited_key_overwrite, lsn, &ctx).await?,
-            Some(test_img("metadata key overwrite 1a"))
-        );

        // test vectored get on child timeline
        assert_eq!(
@@ -7861,82 +7901,6 @@ mod tests {
            get_vectored_impl_wrapper(&child, base_key_nonexist, lsn, &ctx).await?,
            None
        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            get_vectored_impl_wrapper(&child, base_inherited_key, lsn, &ctx).await?,
-            Some(test_img("metadata inherited key 1"))
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            get_vectored_impl_wrapper(&child, base_inherited_key_child, lsn, &ctx).await?,
-            Some(test_img("metadata inherited key 2"))
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            get_vectored_impl_wrapper(&child, base_inherited_key_nonexist, lsn, &ctx).await?,
-            None
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            get_vectored_impl_wrapper(&child, base_key_overwrite, lsn, &ctx).await?,
-            Some(test_img("metadata key overwrite 2b"))
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            get_vectored_impl_wrapper(&child, base_inherited_key_overwrite, lsn, &ctx).await?,
-            Some(test_img("metadata key overwrite 2a"))
-        );
-
-        // test vectored scan on parent timeline
-        let mut reconstruct_state = ValuesReconstructState::new();
-        let res = tline
-            .get_vectored_impl(
-                KeySpace::single(Key::metadata_key_range()),
-                lsn,
-                &mut reconstruct_state,
-                &ctx,
-            )
-            .await?;
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            res.into_iter()
-                .map(|(k, v)| (k, v.unwrap()))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            vec![
-                (base_inherited_key, test_img("metadata inherited key 1")),
-                (
-                    base_inherited_key_overwrite,
-                    test_img("metadata key overwrite 1a")
-                ),
-                (base_key, test_img("metadata key 1")),
-                (base_key_overwrite, test_img("metadata key overwrite 1b")),
-            ]
-        );
-
-        // test vectored scan on child timeline
-        let mut reconstruct_state = ValuesReconstructState::new();
-        let res = child
-            .get_vectored_impl(
-                KeySpace::single(Key::metadata_key_range()),
-                lsn,
-                &mut reconstruct_state,
-                &ctx,
-            )
-            .await?;
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            res.into_iter()
-                .map(|(k, v)| (k, v.unwrap()))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            vec![
-                (base_inherited_key, test_img("metadata inherited key 1")),
-                (
-                    base_inherited_key_child,
-                    test_img("metadata inherited key 2")
-                ),
-                (
-                    base_inherited_key_overwrite,
-                    test_img("metadata key overwrite 2a")
-                ),
-                (base_key_child, test_img("metadata key 2")),
-                (base_key_overwrite, test_img("metadata key overwrite 2b")),
-            ]
-        );

        Ok(())
    }
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/config.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/config.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 pub(crate) use pageserver_api::config::TenantConfigToml as TenantConf;
 use pageserver_api::models::CompactionAlgorithmSettings;
 use pageserver_api::models::EvictionPolicy;
-use pageserver_api::models::{self, TenantConfigPatch};
+use pageserver_api::models::{self, TenantConfigPatch, ThrottleConfig};
 use pageserver_api::shard::{ShardCount, ShardIdentity, ShardNumber, ShardStripeSize};
 use serde::de::IntoDeserializer;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ impl From<TenantConfOpt> for models::TenantConfig {
                .map(humantime),
            heatmap_period: value.heatmap_period.map(humantime),
            lazy_slru_download: value.lazy_slru_download,
-            timeline_get_throttle: value.timeline_get_throttle,
+            timeline_get_throttle: value.timeline_get_throttle.map(ThrottleConfig::from),
            image_layer_creation_check_threshold: value.image_layer_creation_check_threshold,
            lsn_lease_length: value.lsn_lease_length.map(humantime),
            lsn_lease_length_for_ts: value.lsn_lease_length_for_ts.map(humantime),
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/disk_btree.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/disk_btree.rs
@@ -84,17 +84,17 @@ impl Value {

    fn to_u64(self) -> u64 {
        let b = &self.0;
-        ((b[0] as u64) << 32)
-            | ((b[1] as u64) << 24)
-            | ((b[2] as u64) << 16)
-            | ((b[3] as u64) << 8)
+        (b[0] as u64) << 32
+            | (b[1] as u64) << 24
+            | (b[2] as u64) << 16
+            | (b[3] as u64) << 8
            | b[4] as u64
    }

    fn to_blknum(self) -> u32 {
        let b = &self.0;
        assert!(b[0] == 0x80);
-        ((b[1] as u32) << 24) | ((b[2] as u32) << 16) | ((b[3] as u32) << 8) | b[4] as u32
+        (b[1] as u32) << 24 | (b[2] as u32) << 16 | (b[3] as u32) << 8 | b[4] as u32
    }
 }

--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/metadata.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/metadata.rs
@@ -320,6 +320,7 @@ impl TimelineMetadata {

    // Checksums make it awkward to build a valid instance by hand.  This helper
    // provides a TimelineMetadata with a valid checksum in its header.
+    #[cfg(test)]
    pub fn example() -> Self {
        let instance = Self::new(
            "0/16960E8".parse::<Lsn>().unwrap(),
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/remote_timeline_client.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/remote_timeline_client.rs
@@ -63,18 +63,22 @@
 //! The contract between client and its user is that the user is responsible of
 //! scheduling operations in an order that keeps the remote consistent as
 //! described above.
-//!
 //! From the user's perspective, the operations are executed sequentially.
 //! Internally, the client knows which operations can be performed in parallel,
 //! and which operations act like a "barrier" that require preceding operations
 //! to finish. The calling code just needs to call the schedule-functions in the
 //! correct order, and the client will parallelize the operations in a way that
-//! is safe. For more details, see `UploadOp::can_bypass`.
+//! is safe.
+//!
+//! The caller should be careful with deletion, though. They should not delete
+//! local files that have been scheduled for upload but not yet finished uploading.
+//! Otherwise the upload will fail. To wait for an upload to finish, use
+//! the 'wait_completion' function (more on that later.)
 //!
 //! All of this relies on the following invariants:
 //!
 //! - We rely on read-after write consistency in the remote storage.
-//! - Layer files are immutable.
+//! - Layer files are immutable
 //!
 //! NB: Pageserver assumes that it has exclusive write access to the tenant in remote
 //! storage. Different tenants can be attached to different pageservers, but if the
@@ -425,16 +429,8 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClient {
    /// an index file upload, i.e., it's not empty.
    /// The given `index_part` must be the one on the remote.
    pub fn init_upload_queue(&self, index_part: &IndexPart) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        // Set the maximum number of inprogress tasks to the remote storage concurrency. There's
-        // certainly no point in starting more upload tasks than this.
-        let inprogress_limit = self
-            .conf
-            .remote_storage_config
-            .as_ref()
-            .and_then(|r| r.concurrency_limit())
-            .unwrap_or(0);
        let mut upload_queue = self.upload_queue.lock().unwrap();
-        upload_queue.initialize_with_current_remote_index_part(index_part, inprogress_limit)?;
+        upload_queue.initialize_with_current_remote_index_part(index_part)?;
        self.update_remote_physical_size_gauge(Some(index_part));
        info!(
            "initialized upload queue from remote index with {} layer files",
@@ -449,16 +445,8 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClient {
        &self,
        local_metadata: &TimelineMetadata,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        // Set the maximum number of inprogress tasks to the remote storage concurrency. There's
-        // certainly no point in starting more upload tasks than this.
-        let inprogress_limit = self
-            .conf
-            .remote_storage_config
-            .as_ref()
-            .and_then(|r| r.concurrency_limit())
-            .unwrap_or(0);
        let mut upload_queue = self.upload_queue.lock().unwrap();
-        upload_queue.initialize_empty_remote(local_metadata, inprogress_limit)?;
+        upload_queue.initialize_empty_remote(local_metadata)?;
        self.update_remote_physical_size_gauge(None);
        info!("initialized upload queue as empty");
        Ok(())
@@ -474,15 +462,9 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClient {
        let deleted_at = index_part.deleted_at.ok_or(anyhow::anyhow!(
            "bug: it is responsibility of the caller to provide index part from MaybeDeletedIndexPart::Deleted"
        ))?;
-        let inprogress_limit = self
-            .conf
-            .remote_storage_config
-            .as_ref()
-            .and_then(|r| r.concurrency_limit())
-            .unwrap_or(0);

        let mut upload_queue = self.upload_queue.lock().unwrap();
-        upload_queue.initialize_with_current_remote_index_part(index_part, inprogress_limit)?;
+        upload_queue.initialize_with_current_remote_index_part(index_part)?;
        self.update_remote_physical_size_gauge(Some(index_part));
        self.stop_impl(&mut upload_queue);

@@ -1873,17 +1855,57 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClient {
        Ok(())
    }

+    ///
    /// Pick next tasks from the queue, and start as many of them as possible without violating
    /// the ordering constraints.
    ///
-    /// TODO: consider limiting the number of in-progress tasks, beyond what remote_storage does.
-    /// This can launch an unbounded number of queued tasks. `UploadQueue::next_ready()` also has
-    /// worst-case quadratic cost in the number of tasks, and may struggle beyond 10,000 tasks.
+    /// The caller needs to already hold the `upload_queue` lock.
    fn launch_queued_tasks(self: &Arc<Self>, upload_queue: &mut UploadQueueInitialized) {
-        while let Some((mut next_op, coalesced_ops)) = upload_queue.next_ready() {
-            debug!("starting op: {next_op}");
+        while let Some(next_op) = upload_queue.queued_operations.front() {
+            // Can we run this task now?
+            let can_run_now = match next_op {
+                UploadOp::UploadLayer(..) => {
+                    // Can always be scheduled.
+                    true
+                }
+                UploadOp::UploadMetadata { .. } => {
+                    // These can only be performed after all the preceding operations
+                    // have finished.
+                    upload_queue.inprogress_tasks.is_empty()
+                }
+                UploadOp::Delete(..) => {
+                    // Wait for preceding uploads to finish. Concurrent deletions are OK, though.
+                    upload_queue.num_inprogress_deletions == upload_queue.inprogress_tasks.len()
+                }

-            // Prepare upload.
+                UploadOp::Barrier(_) | UploadOp::Shutdown => {
+                    upload_queue.inprogress_tasks.is_empty()
+                }
+            };
+
+            // If we cannot launch this task, don't look any further.
+            //
+            // In some cases, we could let some non-frontmost tasks to "jump the queue" and launch
+            // them now, but we don't try to do that currently.  For example, if the frontmost task
+            // is an index-file upload that cannot proceed until preceding uploads have finished, we
+            // could still start layer uploads that were scheduled later.
+            if !can_run_now {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            if let UploadOp::Shutdown = next_op {
+                // leave the op in the queue but do not start more tasks; it will be dropped when
+                // the stop is called.
+                upload_queue.shutdown_ready.close();
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // We can launch this task. Remove it from the queue first.
+            let mut next_op = upload_queue.queued_operations.pop_front().unwrap();
+
+            debug!("starting op: {}", next_op);
+
+            // Update the counters and prepare
            match &mut next_op {
                UploadOp::UploadLayer(layer, meta, mode) => {
                    if upload_queue
@@ -1894,14 +1916,18 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClient {
                    } else {
                        *mode = Some(OpType::MayReorder)
                    }
+                    upload_queue.num_inprogress_layer_uploads += 1;
+                }
+                UploadOp::UploadMetadata { .. } => {
+                    upload_queue.num_inprogress_metadata_uploads += 1;
                }
-                UploadOp::UploadMetadata { .. } => {}
                UploadOp::Delete(Delete { layers }) => {
                    for (name, meta) in layers {
                        upload_queue
                            .recently_deleted
                            .insert((name.clone(), meta.generation));
                    }
+                    upload_queue.num_inprogress_deletions += 1;
                }
                UploadOp::Barrier(sender) => {
                    sender.send_replace(());
@@ -1918,7 +1944,6 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClient {
            let task = Arc::new(UploadTask {
                task_id: upload_task_id,
                op: next_op,
-                coalesced_ops,
                retries: AtomicU32::new(0),
            });
            upload_queue
@@ -2002,8 +2027,6 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClient {

            let upload_result: anyhow::Result<()> = match &task.op {
                UploadOp::UploadLayer(ref layer, ref layer_metadata, mode) => {
-                    // TODO: check if this mechanism can be removed now that can_bypass() performs
-                    // conflict checks during scheduling.
                    if let Some(OpType::FlushDeletion) = mode {
                        if self.config.read().unwrap().block_deletions {
                            // Of course, this is not efficient... but usually the queue should be empty.
@@ -2226,8 +2249,13 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClient {
            upload_queue.inprogress_tasks.remove(&task.task_id);

            let lsn_update = match task.op {
-                UploadOp::UploadLayer(_, _, _) => None,
+                UploadOp::UploadLayer(_, _, _) => {
+                    upload_queue.num_inprogress_layer_uploads -= 1;
+                    None
+                }
                UploadOp::UploadMetadata { ref uploaded } => {
+                    upload_queue.num_inprogress_metadata_uploads -= 1;
+
                    // the task id is reused as a monotonicity check for storing the "clean"
                    // IndexPart.
                    let last_updater = upload_queue.clean.1;
@@ -2261,7 +2289,10 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClient {
                        None
                    }
                }
-                UploadOp::Delete(_) => None,
+                UploadOp::Delete(_) => {
+                    upload_queue.num_inprogress_deletions -= 1;
+                    None
+                }
                UploadOp::Barrier(..) | UploadOp::Shutdown => unreachable!(),
            };

@@ -2286,9 +2317,6 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClient {
        }

        self.metric_end(&task.op);
-        for coalesced_op in &task.coalesced_ops {
-            self.metric_end(coalesced_op);
-        }
    }

    fn metric_impl(
@@ -2381,7 +2409,6 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClient {
                    // but for this use case it doesnt really makes sense to bring unsafe code only for this usage point.
                    // Deletion is not really perf sensitive so there shouldnt be any problems with cloning a fraction of it.
                    let upload_queue_for_deletion = UploadQueueInitialized {
-                        inprogress_limit: initialized.inprogress_limit,
                        task_counter: 0,
                        dirty: initialized.dirty.clone(),
                        clean: initialized.clean.clone(),
@@ -2389,6 +2416,9 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClient {
                        visible_remote_consistent_lsn: initialized
                            .visible_remote_consistent_lsn
                            .clone(),
+                        num_inprogress_layer_uploads: 0,
+                        num_inprogress_metadata_uploads: 0,
+                        num_inprogress_deletions: 0,
                        inprogress_tasks: HashMap::default(),
                        queued_operations: VecDeque::default(),
                        #[cfg(feature = "testing")]
@@ -2415,6 +2445,14 @@ impl RemoteTimelineClient {
                    }
                };

+                // consistency check
+                assert_eq!(
+                    qi.num_inprogress_layer_uploads
+                        + qi.num_inprogress_metadata_uploads
+                        + qi.num_inprogress_deletions,
+                    qi.inprogress_tasks.len()
+                );
+
                // We don't need to do anything here for in-progress tasks. They will finish
                // on their own, decrement the unfinished-task counter themselves, and observe
                // that the queue is Stopped.
@@ -2861,8 +2899,8 @@ mod tests {
            let mut guard = client.upload_queue.lock().unwrap();
            let upload_queue = guard.initialized_mut().unwrap();
            assert!(upload_queue.queued_operations.is_empty());
-            assert_eq!(upload_queue.inprogress_tasks.len(), 2);
-            assert_eq!(upload_queue.num_inprogress_layer_uploads(), 2);
+            assert!(upload_queue.inprogress_tasks.len() == 2);
+            assert!(upload_queue.num_inprogress_layer_uploads == 2);

            // also check that `latest_file_changes` was updated
            assert!(upload_queue.latest_files_changes_since_metadata_upload_scheduled == 2);
@@ -2932,8 +2970,8 @@ mod tests {
            // Deletion schedules upload of the index file, and the file deletion itself
            assert_eq!(upload_queue.queued_operations.len(), 2);
            assert_eq!(upload_queue.inprogress_tasks.len(), 1);
-            assert_eq!(upload_queue.num_inprogress_layer_uploads(), 1);
-            assert_eq!(upload_queue.num_inprogress_deletions(), 0);
+            assert_eq!(upload_queue.num_inprogress_layer_uploads, 1);
+            assert_eq!(upload_queue.num_inprogress_deletions, 0);
            assert_eq!(
                upload_queue.latest_files_changes_since_metadata_upload_scheduled,
                0
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/remote_timeline_client/index.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/remote_timeline_client/index.rs
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ impl IndexPart {

    pub const FILE_NAME: &'static str = "index_part.json";

-    pub fn empty(metadata: TimelineMetadata) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn empty(metadata: TimelineMetadata) -> Self {
        IndexPart {
            version: Self::LATEST_VERSION,
            layer_metadata: Default::default(),
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub mod merge_iterator;

 use crate::context::{AccessStatsBehavior, RequestContext};
 use bytes::Bytes;
-use pageserver_api::key::Key;
+use pageserver_api::key::{Key, NON_INHERITED_SPARSE_RANGE};
 use pageserver_api::keyspace::{KeySpace, KeySpaceRandomAccum};
 use pageserver_api::record::NeonWalRecord;
 use pageserver_api::value::Value;
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ impl ValuesReconstructState {
            .keys
            .entry(*key)
            .or_insert(Ok(VectoredValueReconstructState::default()));
-        let is_sparse_key = key.is_sparse();
+        let is_sparse_key = NON_INHERITED_SPARSE_RANGE.contains(key);
        if let Ok(state) = state {
            let key_done = match state.situation {
                ValueReconstructSituation::Complete => {
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer/inmemory_layer.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer/inmemory_layer.rs
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ const MAX_SUPPORTED_BLOB_LEN_BITS: usize = {
 ///
 /// Layout:
 /// - 1 bit: `will_init`
-/// - [`MAX_SUPPORTED_BLOB_LEN_BITS`][]: `len`
-/// - [`MAX_SUPPORTED_POS_BITS`](IndexEntry::MAX_SUPPORTED_POS_BITS): `pos`
+/// - [`MAX_SUPPORTED_BLOB_LEN_BITS`]: `len`
+/// - [`MAX_SUPPORTED_POS_BITS`]: `pos`
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct IndexEntry(u64);

--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer/layer.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/storage_layer/layer.rs
@@ -1812,7 +1812,7 @@ enum LayerKind {

 /// Guard for forcing a layer be resident while it exists.
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct ResidentLayer {
+pub(crate) struct ResidentLayer {
    owner: Layer,
    downloaded: Arc<DownloadedLayer>,
 }
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/throttle.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/throttle.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{
        atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
        Arc,
    },
-    time::Instant,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };

 use arc_swap::ArcSwap;
@@ -16,8 +16,9 @@ use utils::leaky_bucket::{LeakyBucketConfig, RateLimiter};
 /// To share a throttle among multiple entities, wrap it in an [`Arc`].
 ///
 /// The intial use case for this is tenant-wide throttling of getpage@lsn requests.
-pub struct Throttle {
+pub struct Throttle<M: Metric> {
    inner: ArcSwap<Inner>,
+    metric: M,
    /// will be turned into [`Stats::count_accounted_start`]
    count_accounted_start: AtomicU64,
    /// will be turned into [`Stats::count_accounted_finish`]
@@ -35,6 +36,15 @@ pub struct Inner {

 pub type Config = pageserver_api::models::ThrottleConfig;

+pub struct Observation {
+    pub wait_time: Duration,
+}
+pub trait Metric {
+    fn accounting_start(&self);
+    fn accounting_finish(&self);
+    fn observe_throttling(&self, observation: &Observation);
+}
+
 /// See [`Throttle::reset_stats`].
 pub struct Stats {
    /// Number of requests that started [`Throttle::throttle`] calls.
@@ -49,14 +59,18 @@ pub struct Stats {
 }

 pub enum ThrottleResult {
-    NotThrottled { end: Instant },
-    Throttled { end: Instant },
+    NotThrottled { start: Instant },
+    Throttled { start: Instant, end: Instant },
 }

-impl Throttle {
-    pub fn new(config: Config) -> Self {
+impl<M> Throttle<M>
+where
+    M: Metric,
+{
+    pub fn new(config: Config, metric: M) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: ArcSwap::new(Arc::new(Self::new_inner(config))),
+            metric,
            count_accounted_start: AtomicU64::new(0),
            count_accounted_finish: AtomicU64::new(0),
            count_throttled: AtomicU64::new(0),
@@ -113,27 +127,32 @@ impl Throttle {
        self.inner.load().rate_limiter.steady_rps()
    }

-    /// `start` must be [`Instant::now`] or earlier.
-    pub async fn throttle(&self, key_count: usize, start: Instant) -> ThrottleResult {
+    pub async fn throttle(&self, key_count: usize) -> ThrottleResult {
        let inner = self.inner.load_full(); // clones the `Inner` Arc

+        let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+
        if !inner.enabled {
-            return ThrottleResult::NotThrottled { end: start };
+            return ThrottleResult::NotThrottled { start };
        }

+        self.metric.accounting_start();
        self.count_accounted_start.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        let did_throttle = inner.rate_limiter.acquire(key_count).await;
        self.count_accounted_finish.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        self.metric.accounting_finish();

        if did_throttle {
            self.count_throttled.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
-            let end = Instant::now();
-            let wait_time = end - start;
+            let now = Instant::now();
+            let wait_time = now - start;
            self.sum_throttled_usecs
                .fetch_add(wait_time.as_micros() as u64, Ordering::Relaxed);
-            ThrottleResult::Throttled { end }
+            let observation = Observation { wait_time };
+            self.metric.observe_throttling(&observation);
+            ThrottleResult::Throttled { start, end: now }
        } else {
-            ThrottleResult::NotThrottled { end: start }
+            ThrottleResult::NotThrottled { start }
        }
    }
 }
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub mod uninit;
 mod walreceiver;

 use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, ensure, Context, Result};
-use arc_swap::{ArcSwap, ArcSwapOption};
+use arc_swap::ArcSwap;
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use camino::Utf8Path;
 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
@@ -23,12 +23,11 @@ use fail::fail_point;
 use handle::ShardTimelineId;
 use offload::OffloadError;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use pageserver_api::models::PageTraceEvent;
 use pageserver_api::{
    config::tenant_conf_defaults::DEFAULT_COMPACTION_THRESHOLD,
    key::{
-        KEY_SIZE, METADATA_KEY_BEGIN_PREFIX, METADATA_KEY_END_PREFIX, NON_INHERITED_RANGE,
-        SPARSE_RANGE,
+        CompactKey, KEY_SIZE, METADATA_KEY_BEGIN_PREFIX, METADATA_KEY_END_PREFIX,
+        NON_INHERITED_RANGE, NON_INHERITED_SPARSE_RANGE,
    },
    keyspace::{KeySpaceAccum, KeySpaceRandomAccum, SparseKeyPartitioning},
    models::{
@@ -43,7 +42,6 @@ use rand::Rng;
 use remote_storage::DownloadError;
 use serde_with::serde_as;
 use storage_broker::BrokerClientChannel;
-use tokio::sync::mpsc::Sender;
 use tokio::{
    runtime::Handle,
    sync::{oneshot, watch},
@@ -210,8 +208,8 @@ fn drop_wlock<T>(rlock: tokio::sync::RwLockWriteGuard<'_, T>) {
 /// The outward-facing resources required to build a Timeline
 pub struct TimelineResources {
    pub remote_client: RemoteTimelineClient,
-    pub pagestream_throttle: Arc<crate::tenant::throttle::Throttle>,
-    pub pagestream_throttle_metrics: Arc<crate::metrics::tenant_throttling::Pagestream>,
+    pub pagestream_throttle:
+        Arc<crate::tenant::throttle::Throttle<crate::metrics::tenant_throttling::Pagestream>>,
    pub l0_flush_global_state: l0_flush::L0FlushGlobalState,
 }

@@ -414,7 +412,8 @@ pub struct Timeline {
    gc_lock: tokio::sync::Mutex<()>,

    /// Cloned from [`super::Tenant::pagestream_throttle`] on construction.
-    pub(crate) pagestream_throttle: Arc<crate::tenant::throttle::Throttle>,
+    pub(crate) pagestream_throttle:
+        Arc<crate::tenant::throttle::Throttle<crate::metrics::tenant_throttling::Pagestream>>,

    /// Size estimator for aux file v2
    pub(crate) aux_file_size_estimator: AuxFileSizeEstimator,
@@ -436,8 +435,48 @@ pub struct Timeline {
    /// Cf. [`crate::tenant::CreateTimelineIdempotency`].
    pub(crate) create_idempotency: crate::tenant::CreateTimelineIdempotency,

-    /// If Some, collects GetPage metadata for an ongoing PageTrace.
-    pub(crate) page_trace: ArcSwapOption<Sender<PageTraceEvent>>,
+    pub(crate) page_trace: ArcSwap<Option<PageTrace>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct PageTraceEvent {
+    pub(crate) key: CompactKey,
+    pub(crate) effective_lsn: Lsn,
+    pub(crate) time: SystemTime,
+}
+
+/// When one of these is instantiated for a tenant, it will be used to record fine-grained
+/// history of getpage@lsn requests.
+pub(crate) struct PageTrace {
+    size_limit: u64,
+    size: AtomicU64,
+    trace_tx: tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender<PageTraceEvent>,
+}
+
+impl PageTrace {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        size_limit: u64,
+    ) -> (Self, tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<PageTraceEvent>) {
+        let (trace_tx, trace_rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel();
+        let page_trace = Self {
+            size_limit,
+            size: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            trace_tx,
+        };
+
+        (page_trace, trace_rx)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn send(&self, event: PageTraceEvent) {
+        if self.size.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) < self.size_limit {
+            self.size.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+
+            if let Err(_e) = self.trace_tx.send(event) {
+                // Ignore errors: if the receiver is gone, we'll just write up to our size limit
+                // and then stop.
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }

 pub type TimelineDeleteProgress = Arc<tokio::sync::Mutex<DeleteTimelineFlow>>;
@@ -2314,7 +2353,6 @@ impl Timeline {
                query_metrics: crate::metrics::SmgrQueryTimePerTimeline::new(
                    &tenant_shard_id,
                    &timeline_id,
-                    resources.pagestream_throttle_metrics,
                ),

                directory_metrics: array::from_fn(|_| AtomicU64::new(0)),
@@ -3228,7 +3266,7 @@ impl Timeline {
            // We don't return a blanket [`GetVectoredError::MissingKey`] to avoid
            // stalling compaction.
            keyspace.remove_overlapping_with(&KeySpace {
-                ranges: vec![NON_INHERITED_RANGE, Key::sparse_non_inherited_keyspace()],
+                ranges: vec![NON_INHERITED_RANGE, NON_INHERITED_SPARSE_RANGE],
            });

            // Keyspace is fully retrieved
@@ -3249,11 +3287,7 @@ impl Timeline {
            // keys from `keyspace`, we expect there to be no overlap between it and the image covered key
            // space. If that's not the case, we had at least one key encounter a gap in the image layer
            // and stop the search as a result of that.
-            let mut removed = keyspace.remove_overlapping_with(&image_covered_keyspace);
-            // Do not fire missing key error for sparse keys.
-            removed.remove_overlapping_with(&KeySpace {
-                ranges: vec![SPARSE_RANGE],
-            });
+            let removed = keyspace.remove_overlapping_with(&image_covered_keyspace);
            if !removed.is_empty() {
                break Some(removed);
            }
@@ -3268,21 +3302,6 @@ impl Timeline {
            timeline = &*timeline_owned;
        };

-        // Remove sparse keys from the keyspace so that it doesn't fire errors.
-        let missing_keyspace = if let Some(missing_keyspace) = missing_keyspace {
-            let mut missing_keyspace = missing_keyspace;
-            missing_keyspace.remove_overlapping_with(&KeySpace {
-                ranges: vec![SPARSE_RANGE],
-            });
-            if missing_keyspace.is_empty() {
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some(missing_keyspace)
-            }
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
-
        if let Some(missing_keyspace) = missing_keyspace {
            return Err(GetVectoredError::MissingKey(MissingKeyError {
                key: missing_keyspace.start().unwrap(), /* better if we can store the full keyspace */
@@ -3788,34 +3807,35 @@ impl Timeline {
                return Err(FlushLayerError::Cancelled);
            }

-            // Ensure that we have a single call to `create_image_layers` with a combined dense keyspace.
-            // So that the key ranges don't overlap.
-            let mut partitions = KeyPartitioning::default();
-            partitions.parts.extend(rel_partition.parts);
-            if !metadata_partition.parts.is_empty() {
-                assert_eq!(
-                    metadata_partition.parts.len(),
-                    1,
-                    "currently sparse keyspace should only contain a single metadata keyspace"
-                );
-                // Safety: create_image_layers treat sparse keyspaces differently that it does not scan
-                // every single key within the keyspace, and therefore, it's safe to force converting it
-                // into a dense keyspace before calling this function.
-                partitions
-                    .parts
-                    .extend(metadata_partition.into_dense().parts);
-            }
-
            let mut layers_to_upload = Vec::new();
            layers_to_upload.extend(
                self.create_image_layers(
-                    &partitions,
+                    &rel_partition,
                    self.initdb_lsn,
                    ImageLayerCreationMode::Initial,
                    ctx,
                )
                .await?,
            );
+            if !metadata_partition.parts.is_empty() {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    metadata_partition.parts.len(),
+                    1,
+                    "currently sparse keyspace should only contain a single metadata keyspace"
+                );
+                layers_to_upload.extend(
+                    self.create_image_layers(
+                        // Safety: create_image_layers treat sparse keyspaces differently that it does not scan
+                        // every single key within the keyspace, and therefore, it's safe to force converting it
+                        // into a dense keyspace before calling this function.
+                        &metadata_partition.into_dense(),
+                        self.initdb_lsn,
+                        ImageLayerCreationMode::Initial,
+                        ctx,
+                    )
+                    .await?,
+                );
+            }

            (layers_to_upload, None)
        } else {
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline/compaction.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline/compaction.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 //!
 //! The old legacy algorithm is implemented directly in `timeline.rs`.

-use std::collections::{BinaryHeap, HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque};
+use std::collections::{BinaryHeap, HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::ops::{Deref, Range};
 use std::sync::Arc;

@@ -16,12 +16,10 @@ use super::{

 use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context};
 use bytes::Bytes;
-use enumset::EnumSet;
 use fail::fail_point;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use pageserver_api::key::KEY_SIZE;
 use pageserver_api::keyspace::ShardedRange;
-use pageserver_api::models::CompactInfoResponse;
 use pageserver_api::shard::{ShardCount, ShardIdentity, TenantShardId};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
@@ -32,7 +30,6 @@ use crate::context::{AccessStatsBehavior, RequestContext, RequestContextBuilder}
 use crate::page_cache;
 use crate::statvfs::Statvfs;
 use crate::tenant::checks::check_valid_layermap;
-use crate::tenant::gc_block::GcBlock;
 use crate::tenant::remote_timeline_client::WaitCompletionError;
 use crate::tenant::storage_layer::batch_split_writer::{
    BatchWriterResult, SplitDeltaLayerWriter, SplitImageLayerWriter,
@@ -66,284 +63,16 @@ use super::CompactionError;
 /// Maximum number of deltas before generating an image layer in bottom-most compaction.
 const COMPACTION_DELTA_THRESHOLD: usize = 5;

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct GcCompactionJobId(pub usize);
-
-impl std::fmt::Display for GcCompactionJobId {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}", self.0)
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum GcCompactionQueueItem {
-    Manual(CompactOptions),
-    SubCompactionJob(CompactOptions),
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    UpdateL2Lsn(Lsn),
-    Notify(GcCompactionJobId),
-}
-
-impl GcCompactionQueueItem {
-    pub fn into_compact_info_resp(
-        self,
-        id: GcCompactionJobId,
-        running: bool,
-    ) -> Option<CompactInfoResponse> {
-        match self {
-            GcCompactionQueueItem::Manual(options) => Some(CompactInfoResponse {
-                compact_key_range: options.compact_key_range,
-                compact_lsn_range: options.compact_lsn_range,
-                sub_compaction: options.sub_compaction,
-                running,
-                job_id: id.0,
-            }),
-            GcCompactionQueueItem::SubCompactionJob(options) => Some(CompactInfoResponse {
-                compact_key_range: options.compact_key_range,
-                compact_lsn_range: options.compact_lsn_range,
-                sub_compaction: options.sub_compaction,
-                running,
-                job_id: id.0,
-            }),
-            GcCompactionQueueItem::UpdateL2Lsn(_) => None,
-            GcCompactionQueueItem::Notify(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-struct GcCompactionQueueInner {
-    running: Option<(GcCompactionJobId, GcCompactionQueueItem)>,
-    queued: VecDeque<(GcCompactionJobId, GcCompactionQueueItem)>,
-    notify: HashMap<GcCompactionJobId, tokio::sync::oneshot::Sender<()>>,
-    gc_guards: HashMap<GcCompactionJobId, gc_block::Guard>,
-    last_id: GcCompactionJobId,
-}
-
-impl GcCompactionQueueInner {
-    fn next_id(&mut self) -> GcCompactionJobId {
-        let id = self.last_id;
-        self.last_id = GcCompactionJobId(id.0 + 1);
-        id
-    }
-}
-
-/// A structure to store gc_compaction jobs.
-pub struct GcCompactionQueue {
-    /// All items in the queue, and the currently-running job.
-    inner: std::sync::Mutex<GcCompactionQueueInner>,
-    /// Ensure only one thread is consuming the queue.
-    consumer_lock: tokio::sync::Mutex<()>,
-}
-
-impl GcCompactionQueue {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        GcCompactionQueue {
-            inner: std::sync::Mutex::new(GcCompactionQueueInner {
-                running: None,
-                queued: VecDeque::new(),
-                notify: HashMap::new(),
-                gc_guards: HashMap::new(),
-                last_id: GcCompactionJobId(0),
-            }),
-            consumer_lock: tokio::sync::Mutex::new(()),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn cancel_scheduled(&self) {
-        let mut guard = self.inner.lock().unwrap();
-        guard.queued.clear();
-        guard.notify.clear();
-        guard.gc_guards.clear();
-    }
-
-    /// Schedule a manual compaction job.
-    pub fn schedule_manual_compaction(
-        &self,
-        options: CompactOptions,
-        notify: Option<tokio::sync::oneshot::Sender<()>>,
-    ) -> GcCompactionJobId {
-        let mut guard = self.inner.lock().unwrap();
-        let id = guard.next_id();
-        guard
-            .queued
-            .push_back((id, GcCompactionQueueItem::Manual(options)));
-        if let Some(notify) = notify {
-            guard.notify.insert(id, notify);
-        }
-        info!("scheduled compaction job id={}", id);
-        id
-    }
-
-    /// Trigger an auto compaction.
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub fn trigger_auto_compaction(&self, _: &Arc<Timeline>) {}
-
-    /// Notify the caller the job has finished and unblock GC.
-    fn notify_and_unblock(&self, id: GcCompactionJobId) {
-        info!("compaction job id={} finished", id);
-        let mut guard = self.inner.lock().unwrap();
-        if let Some(blocking) = guard.gc_guards.remove(&id) {
-            drop(blocking)
-        }
-        if let Some(tx) = guard.notify.remove(&id) {
-            let _ = tx.send(());
-        }
-    }
-
-    async fn handle_sub_compaction(
-        &self,
-        id: GcCompactionJobId,
-        options: CompactOptions,
-        timeline: &Arc<Timeline>,
-        gc_block: &GcBlock,
-    ) -> Result<(), CompactionError> {
-        info!("running scheduled enhanced gc bottom-most compaction with sub-compaction, splitting compaction jobs");
-        let jobs: Vec<GcCompactJob> = timeline
-            .gc_compaction_split_jobs(
-                GcCompactJob::from_compact_options(options.clone()),
-                options.sub_compaction_max_job_size_mb,
-            )
-            .await
-            .map_err(CompactionError::Other)?;
-        if jobs.is_empty() {
-            info!("no jobs to run, skipping scheduled compaction task");
-            self.notify_and_unblock(id);
-        } else {
-            let gc_guard = match gc_block.start().await {
-                Ok(guard) => guard,
-                Err(e) => {
-                    return Err(CompactionError::Other(anyhow!(
-                        "cannot run gc-compaction because gc is blocked: {}",
-                        e
-                    )));
-                }
-            };
-
-            let jobs_len = jobs.len();
-            let mut pending_tasks = Vec::new();
-            for job in jobs {
-                // Unfortunately we need to convert the `GcCompactJob` back to `CompactionOptions`
-                // until we do further refactors to allow directly call `compact_with_gc`.
-                let mut flags: EnumSet<CompactFlags> = EnumSet::default();
-                flags |= CompactFlags::EnhancedGcBottomMostCompaction;
-                if job.dry_run {
-                    flags |= CompactFlags::DryRun;
-                }
-                let options = CompactOptions {
-                    flags,
-                    sub_compaction: false,
-                    compact_key_range: Some(job.compact_key_range.into()),
-                    compact_lsn_range: Some(job.compact_lsn_range.into()),
-                    sub_compaction_max_job_size_mb: None,
-                };
-                pending_tasks.push(GcCompactionQueueItem::SubCompactionJob(options));
-            }
-            pending_tasks.push(GcCompactionQueueItem::Notify(id));
-            {
-                let mut guard = self.inner.lock().unwrap();
-                guard.gc_guards.insert(id, gc_guard);
-                let mut tasks = Vec::new();
-                for task in pending_tasks {
-                    let id = guard.next_id();
-                    tasks.push((id, task));
-                }
-                tasks.reverse();
-                for item in tasks {
-                    guard.queued.push_front(item);
-                }
-            }
-            info!("scheduled enhanced gc bottom-most compaction with sub-compaction, split into {} jobs", jobs_len);
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Take a job from the queue and process it. Returns if there are still pending tasks.
-    pub async fn iteration(
-        &self,
-        cancel: &CancellationToken,
-        ctx: &RequestContext,
-        gc_block: &GcBlock,
-        timeline: &Arc<Timeline>,
-    ) -> Result<bool, CompactionError> {
-        let _one_op_at_a_time_guard = self.consumer_lock.lock().await;
-        let has_pending_tasks;
-        let (id, item) = {
-            let mut guard = self.inner.lock().unwrap();
-            let Some((id, item)) = guard.queued.pop_front() else {
-                return Ok(false);
-            };
-            guard.running = Some((id, item.clone()));
-            has_pending_tasks = !guard.queued.is_empty();
-            (id, item)
-        };
-
-        match item {
-            GcCompactionQueueItem::Manual(options) => {
-                if !options
-                    .flags
-                    .contains(CompactFlags::EnhancedGcBottomMostCompaction)
-                {
-                    warn!("ignoring scheduled compaction task: scheduled task must be gc compaction: {:?}", options);
-                } else if options.sub_compaction {
-                    self.handle_sub_compaction(id, options, timeline, gc_block)
-                        .await?;
-                } else {
-                    let gc_guard = match gc_block.start().await {
-                        Ok(guard) => guard,
-                        Err(e) => {
-                            return Err(CompactionError::Other(anyhow!(
-                                "cannot run gc-compaction because gc is blocked: {}",
-                                e
-                            )));
-                        }
-                    };
-                    {
-                        let mut guard = self.inner.lock().unwrap();
-                        guard.gc_guards.insert(id, gc_guard);
-                    }
-                    let _ = timeline
-                        .compact_with_options(cancel, options, ctx)
-                        .instrument(info_span!("scheduled_compact_timeline", %timeline.timeline_id))
-                        .await?;
-                    self.notify_and_unblock(id);
-                }
-            }
-            GcCompactionQueueItem::SubCompactionJob(options) => {
-                let _ = timeline
-                    .compact_with_options(cancel, options, ctx)
-                    .instrument(info_span!("scheduled_compact_timeline", %timeline.timeline_id))
-                    .await?;
-            }
-            GcCompactionQueueItem::Notify(id) => {
-                self.notify_and_unblock(id);
-            }
-            GcCompactionQueueItem::UpdateL2Lsn(_) => {
-                unreachable!()
-            }
-        }
-        {
-            let mut guard = self.inner.lock().unwrap();
-            guard.running = None;
-        }
-        Ok(has_pending_tasks)
-    }
-
-    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    pub fn remaining_jobs(
-        &self,
-    ) -> (
-        Option<(GcCompactionJobId, GcCompactionQueueItem)>,
-        VecDeque<(GcCompactionJobId, GcCompactionQueueItem)>,
-    ) {
-        let guard = self.inner.lock().unwrap();
-        (guard.running.clone(), guard.queued.clone())
-    }
-
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub fn remaining_jobs_num(&self) -> usize {
-        let guard = self.inner.lock().unwrap();
-        guard.queued.len() + if guard.running.is_some() { 1 } else { 0 }
-    }
+/// A scheduled compaction task.
+pub(crate) struct ScheduledCompactionTask {
+    /// It's unfortunate that we need to store a compact options struct here because the only outer
+    /// API we can call here is `compact_with_options` which does a few setup calls before starting the
+    /// actual compaction job... We should refactor this to store `GcCompactionJob` in the future.
+    pub options: CompactOptions,
+    /// The channel to send the compaction result. If this is a subcompaction, the last compaction job holds the sender.
+    pub result_tx: Option<tokio::sync::oneshot::Sender<()>>,
+    /// Hold the GC block. If this is a subcompaction, the last compaction job holds the gc block guard.
+    pub gc_block: Option<gc_block::Guard>,
 }

 /// A job description for the gc-compaction job. This structure describes the rectangle range that the job will
@@ -1776,10 +1505,7 @@ impl Timeline {
        base_img_from_ancestor: Option<(Key, Lsn, Bytes)>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<KeyHistoryRetention> {
        // Pre-checks for the invariants
-
-        let debug_mode = cfg!(debug_assertions) || cfg!(feature = "testing");
-
-        if debug_mode {
+        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
            for (log_key, _, _) in full_history {
                assert_eq!(log_key, &key, "mismatched key");
            }
@@ -1925,19 +1651,15 @@ impl Timeline {
            output
        }

-        let mut key_exists = false;
        for (i, split_for_lsn) in split_history.into_iter().enumerate() {
            // TODO: there could be image keys inside the splits, and we can compute records_since_last_image accordingly.
            records_since_last_image += split_for_lsn.len();
-            // Whether to produce an image into the final layer files
-            let produce_image = if i == 0 && !has_ancestor {
+            let generate_image = if i == 0 && !has_ancestor {
                // We always generate images for the first batch (below horizon / lowest retain_lsn)
                true
            } else if i == batch_cnt - 1 {
                // Do not generate images for the last batch (above horizon)
                false
-            } else if records_since_last_image == 0 {
-                false
            } else if records_since_last_image >= delta_threshold_cnt {
                // Generate images when there are too many records
                true
@@ -1952,45 +1674,29 @@ impl Timeline {
                    break;
                }
            }
-            if replay_history.is_empty() && !key_exists {
-                // The key does not exist at earlier LSN, we can skip this iteration.
-                retention.push(Vec::new());
-                continue;
-            } else {
-                key_exists = true;
+            if let Some((_, _, val)) = replay_history.first() {
+                if !val.will_init() {
+                    return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("invalid history, no base image")).with_context(
+                        || {
+                            generate_debug_trace(
+                                Some(&replay_history),
+                                full_history,
+                                retain_lsn_below_horizon,
+                                horizon,
+                            )
+                        },
+                    );
+                }
            }
-            let Some((_, _, val)) = replay_history.first() else {
-                unreachable!("replay history should not be empty once it exists")
-            };
-            if !val.will_init() {
-                return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("invalid history, no base image")).with_context(|| {
-                    generate_debug_trace(
-                        Some(&replay_history),
-                        full_history,
-                        retain_lsn_below_horizon,
-                        horizon,
-                    )
-                });
-            }
-            // Whether to reconstruct the image. In debug mode, we will generate an image
-            // at every retain_lsn to ensure data is not corrupted, but we won't put the
-            // image into the final layer.
-            let generate_image = produce_image || debug_mode;
-            if produce_image {
+            if generate_image && records_since_last_image > 0 {
                records_since_last_image = 0;
-            }
-            let img_and_lsn = if generate_image {
-                let replay_history_for_debug = if debug_mode {
+                let replay_history_for_debug = if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
                    Some(replay_history.clone())
                } else {
                    None
                };
                let replay_history_for_debug_ref = replay_history_for_debug.as_deref();
-                let history = if produce_image {
-                    std::mem::take(&mut replay_history)
-                } else {
-                    replay_history.clone()
-                };
+                let history = std::mem::take(&mut replay_history);
                let mut img = None;
                let mut records = Vec::with_capacity(history.len());
                if let (_, lsn, Value::Image(val)) = history.first().as_ref().unwrap() {
@@ -2027,20 +1733,8 @@ impl Timeline {
                }
                records.reverse();
                let state = ValueReconstructState { img, records };
-                // last batch does not generate image so i is always in range, unless we force generate
-                // an image during testing
-                let request_lsn = if i >= lsn_split_points.len() {
-                    Lsn::MAX
-                } else {
-                    lsn_split_points[i]
-                };
+                let request_lsn = lsn_split_points[i]; // last batch does not generate image so i is always in range
                let img = self.reconstruct_value(key, request_lsn, state).await?;
-                Some((request_lsn, img))
-            } else {
-                None
-            };
-            if produce_image {
-                let (request_lsn, img) = img_and_lsn.unwrap();
                replay_history.push((key, request_lsn, Value::Image(img.clone())));
                retention.push(vec![(request_lsn, Value::Image(img))]);
            } else {
@@ -2308,8 +2002,6 @@ impl Timeline {
        let compact_key_range = job.compact_key_range;
        let compact_lsn_range = job.compact_lsn_range;

-        let debug_mode = cfg!(debug_assertions) || cfg!(feature = "testing");
-
        info!("running enhanced gc bottom-most compaction, dry_run={dry_run}, compact_key_range={}..{}, compact_lsn_range={}..{}", compact_key_range.start, compact_key_range.end, compact_lsn_range.start, compact_lsn_range.end);

        scopeguard::defer! {
@@ -2435,7 +2127,7 @@ impl Timeline {
                .first()
                .copied()
                .unwrap_or(job_desc.gc_cutoff);
-            if debug_mode {
+            if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
                assert_eq!(
                    res,
                    job_desc
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline/delete.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline/delete.rs
@@ -301,7 +301,6 @@ impl DeleteTimelineFlow {
                TimelineResources {
                    remote_client,
                    pagestream_throttle: tenant.pagestream_throttle.clone(),
-                    pagestream_throttle_metrics: tenant.pagestream_throttle_metrics.clone(),
                    l0_flush_global_state: tenant.l0_flush_global_state.clone(),
                },
                // Important. We dont pass ancestor above because it can be missing.
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline/walreceiver/walreceiver_connection.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/timeline/walreceiver/walreceiver_connection.rs
@@ -264,8 +264,6 @@ pub(super) async fn handle_walreceiver_connection(

    let mut walingest = WalIngest::new(timeline.as_ref(), startpoint, &ctx).await?;

-    let shard = vec![*timeline.get_shard_identity()];
-
    let interpreted_proto_config = match protocol {
        PostgresClientProtocol::Vanilla => None,
        PostgresClientProtocol::Interpreted {
@@ -405,7 +403,7 @@ pub(super) async fn handle_walreceiver_connection(
                // need to advance last record LSN on all shards. If we've not ingested the latest
                // record, then set the LSN of the modification past it. This way all shards
                // advance their last record LSN at the same time.
-                let needs_last_record_lsn_advance = match next_record_lsn {
+                let needs_last_record_lsn_advance = match next_record_lsn.map(Lsn::from) {
                    Some(lsn) if lsn > modification.get_lsn() => {
                        modification.set_lsn(lsn).unwrap();
                        true
@@ -478,12 +476,10 @@ pub(super) async fn handle_walreceiver_connection(
                        // Deserialize and interpret WAL record
                        let interpreted = InterpretedWalRecord::from_bytes_filtered(
                            recdata,
-                            &shard,
+                            modification.tline.get_shard_identity(),
                            next_record_lsn,
                            modification.tline.pg_version,
-                        )?
-                        .remove(timeline.get_shard_identity())
-                        .unwrap();
+                        )?;

                        if matches!(interpreted.flush_uncommitted, FlushUncommittedRecords::Yes)
                            && uncommitted_records > 0
--- a/pageserver/src/tenant/upload_queue.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/tenant/upload_queue.rs
--- a/pageserver/src/walingest.rs
+++ b/pageserver/src/walingest.rs
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ impl WalIngest {
            epoch -= 1;
        }

-        Ok(((epoch as u64) << 32) | xid as u64)
+        Ok((epoch as u64) << 32 | xid as u64)
    }

    async fn ingest_clear_vm_bits(
@@ -2163,12 +2163,10 @@ mod tests {
            while let Some((lsn, recdata)) = decoder.poll_decode().unwrap() {
                let interpreted = InterpretedWalRecord::from_bytes_filtered(
                    recdata,
-                    &[*modification.tline.get_shard_identity()],
+                    modification.tline.get_shard_identity(),
                    lsn,
                    modification.tline.pg_version,
                )
-                .unwrap()
-                .remove(modification.tline.get_shard_identity())
                .unwrap();

                walingest
--- a/pgxn/hnsw/Makefile
+++ b/pgxn/hnsw/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+EXTENSION = hnsw
+EXTVERSION = 0.1.0
+
+MODULE_big = hnsw
+DATA = $(wildcard *--*.sql)
+OBJS = hnsw.o hnswalg.o
+
+TESTS = $(wildcard test/sql/*.sql)
+REGRESS = $(patsubst test/sql/%.sql,%,$(TESTS))
+REGRESS_OPTS = --inputdir=test --load-extension=hnsw
+
+# For auto-vectorization:
+# - GCC (needs -ftree-vectorize OR -O3) - https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/tree-ssa/vectorization.html
+PG_CFLAGS += -O3
+PG_CXXFLAGS +=  -O3 -std=c++11
+PG_LDFLAGS += -lstdc++
+
+all: $(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
+
+PG_CONFIG ?= pg_config
+PGXS := $(shell $(PG_CONFIG) --pgxs)
+include $(PGXS)
+
+dist:
+	mkdir -p dist
+	git archive --format zip --prefix=$(EXTENSION)-$(EXTVERSION)/ --output dist/$(EXTENSION)-$(EXTVERSION).zip master
--- a/pgxn/hnsw/README.md
+++ b/pgxn/hnsw/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Revisiting the Inverted Indices for Billion-Scale Approximate Nearest Neighbors
+
+This ANN extension of Postgres is based
+on [ivf-hnsw](https://github.com/dbaranchuk/ivf-hnsw.git) implementation of [HNSW](https://www.pinecone.io/learn/hnsw),
+the code for the current state-of-the-art billion-scale nearest neighbor search system presented in the paper:
+
+[Revisiting the Inverted Indices for Billion-Scale Approximate Nearest Neighbors](http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_ECCV_2018/html/Dmitry_Baranchuk_Revisiting_the_Inverted_ECCV_2018_paper.html),
+<br>
+Dmitry Baranchuk, Artem Babenko, Yury Malkov
+
+# Postgres extension
+
+HNSW index is hold in memory (built on demand) and it's maxial size is limited
+by `maxelements` index parameter. Another required parameter is nubmer of dimensions (if it is not specified in column type).
+Optional parameter `ef` specifies number of neighbors which are considered during index construction and search (corresponds `efConstruction` and `efSearch` parameters
+described in the article).
+
+# Example of usage:
+
+```
+create extension hnsw;
+create table embeddings(id integer primary key, payload real[]);
+create index on embeddings using hnsw(payload) with (maxelements=1000000, dims=100, m=32);
+select id from embeddings order by payload <-> array[1.0, 2.0,...] limit 100;
+```
--- a/pgxn/hnsw/hnsw--0.1.0.sql
+++ b/pgxn/hnsw/hnsw--0.1.0.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+\echo Use "CREATE EXTENSION hnsw" to load this file. \quit
+
+-- functions
+
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(real[], real[]) RETURNS real
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- operators
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
+	LEFTARG = real[], RIGHTARG = real[], PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<->'
+);
+
+-- access method
+
+CREATE FUNCTION hnsw_handler(internal) RETURNS index_am_handler
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
+
+CREATE ACCESS METHOD hnsw TYPE INDEX HANDLER hnsw_handler;
+
+COMMENT ON ACCESS METHOD hnsw IS 'hnsw index access method';
+
+-- opclasses
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS knn_ops
+	DEFAULT FOR TYPE real[] USING hnsw AS
+	OPERATOR 1 <-> (real[], real[]) FOR ORDER BY float_ops;
--- a/pgxn/hnsw/hnsw.c
+++ b/pgxn/hnsw/hnsw.c
@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include "access/amapi.h"
+#include "access/generic_xlog.h"
+#include "access/relation.h"
+#include "access/reloptions.h"
+#include "access/tableam.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "commands/vacuum.h"
+#include "nodes/execnodes.h"
+#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
+#include "utils/guc.h"
+#include "utils/selfuncs.h"
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <float.h>
+
+#include "hnsw.h"
+
+PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
+
+typedef struct {
+	int32 vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
+	int dims;
+	int maxelements;
+	int efConstruction;
+	int efSearch;
+	int M;
+} HnswOptions;
+
+static relopt_kind hnsw_relopt_kind;
+
+typedef struct {
+	HierarchicalNSW* hnsw;
+	size_t curr;
+	size_t n_results;
+	ItemPointer results;
+} HnswScanOpaqueData;
+
+typedef HnswScanOpaqueData* HnswScanOpaque;
+
+typedef struct {
+	Oid relid;
+	uint32 status;
+	HierarchicalNSW* hnsw;
+} HnswHashEntry;
+
+
+#define SH_PREFIX			 hnsw_index
+#define SH_ELEMENT_TYPE		 HnswHashEntry
+#define SH_KEY_TYPE			 Oid
+#define SH_KEY				 relid
+#define SH_STORE_HASH
+#define SH_GET_HASH(tb, a)	 ((a)->relid)
+#define SH_HASH_KEY(tb, key) (key)
+#define SH_EQUAL(tb, a, b)	((a) == (b))
+#define SH_SCOPE			static inline
+#define SH_DEFINE
+#define SH_DECLARE
+#include "lib/simplehash.h"
+
+#define INDEX_HASH_SIZE     11
+
+#define DEFAULT_EF_SEARCH   64
+
+PGDLLEXPORT void _PG_init(void);
+
+static hnsw_index_hash *hnsw_indexes;
+
+/*
+ * Initialize index options and variables
+ */
+void
+_PG_init(void)
+{
+	hnsw_relopt_kind = add_reloption_kind();
+	add_int_reloption(hnsw_relopt_kind, "dims", "Number of dimensions",
+					  0, 0, INT_MAX, AccessExclusiveLock);
+	add_int_reloption(hnsw_relopt_kind, "maxelements", "Maximal number of elements",
+					  0, 0, INT_MAX, AccessExclusiveLock);
+	add_int_reloption(hnsw_relopt_kind, "m", "Number of neighbors of each vertex",
+					  100, 0, INT_MAX, AccessExclusiveLock);
+	add_int_reloption(hnsw_relopt_kind, "efconstruction", "Number of inspected neighbors during index construction",
+					  16, 1, INT_MAX, AccessExclusiveLock);
+	add_int_reloption(hnsw_relopt_kind, "efsearch", "Number of inspected neighbors during index search",
+					  64, 1, INT_MAX, AccessExclusiveLock);
+	hnsw_indexes = hnsw_index_create(TopMemoryContext, INDEX_HASH_SIZE, NULL);
+}
+
+
+static void
+hnsw_build_callback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values,
+					bool *isnull, bool tupleIsAlive, void *state)
+{
+	HierarchicalNSW* hnsw = (HierarchicalNSW*) state;
+	ArrayType* array;
+	int n_items;
+	label_t label = 0;
+
+	/* Skip nulls */
+	if (isnull[0])
+		return;
+
+	array = DatumGetArrayTypeP(values[0]);
+	n_items = ArrayGetNItems(ARR_NDIM(array), ARR_DIMS(array));
+	if (n_items != hnsw_dimensions(hnsw))
+	{
+		elog(ERROR, "Wrong number of dimensions: %d instead of %d expected",
+			 n_items, hnsw_dimensions(hnsw));
+	}
+
+	memcpy(&label, tid, sizeof(*tid));
+	hnsw_add_point(hnsw, (coord_t*)ARR_DATA_PTR(array), label);
+}
+
+static void
+hnsw_populate(HierarchicalNSW* hnsw, Relation indexRel, Relation heapRel)
+{
+	IndexInfo* indexInfo = BuildIndexInfo(indexRel);
+	Assert(indexInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs == 1);
+	table_index_build_scan(heapRel, indexRel, indexInfo,
+						   true, true, hnsw_build_callback, (void *) hnsw, NULL);
+}
+
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/sysctl.h>
+
+static void
+hnsw_check_available_memory(Size requested)
+{
+	size_t total;
+	if (sysctlbyname("hw.memsize", NULL, &total, NULL, 0) < 0)
+		elog(ERROR, "Failed to get amount of RAM: %m");
+
+	if ((Size)NBuffers*BLCKSZ + requested >= total)
+		elog(ERROR, "HNSW index requeries %ld bytes while only %ld are available",
+			requested, total - (Size)NBuffers*BLCKSZ);
+}
+
+#else
+
+#include <sys/sysinfo.h>
+
+static void
+hnsw_check_available_memory(Size requested)
+{
+	struct sysinfo si;
+	Size total;
+	if (sysinfo(&si) < 0)
+		elog(ERROR, "Failed to get amount of RAM: %m");
+
+	total = si.totalram*si.mem_unit;
+	if ((Size)NBuffers*BLCKSZ + requested >= total)
+		elog(ERROR, "HNSW index requeries %ld bytes while only %ld are available",
+			requested, total - (Size)NBuffers*BLCKSZ);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+static HierarchicalNSW*
+hnsw_get_index(Relation indexRel, Relation heapRel)
+{
+	HierarchicalNSW* hnsw;
+	Oid indexoid = RelationGetRelid(indexRel);
+	HnswHashEntry* entry = hnsw_index_lookup(hnsw_indexes, indexoid);
+	if (entry == NULL)
+	{
+		size_t dims, maxelements;
+		size_t M;
+		size_t maxM;
+		size_t size_links_level0;
+		size_t size_data_per_element;
+		size_t data_size;
+		dsm_handle handle = indexoid << 1; /* make it even */
+		void* impl_private = NULL;
+		void* mapped_address = NULL;
+		Size  mapped_size = 0;
+		Size  shmem_size;
+		bool exists = true;
+		bool found;
+		HnswOptions *opts = (HnswOptions *) indexRel->rd_options;
+		if (opts == NULL || opts->maxelements == 0 || opts->dims == 0) {
+			elog(ERROR, "HNSW index requires 'maxelements' and 'dims' to be specified");
+		}
+		dims = opts->dims;
+		maxelements = opts->maxelements;
+		M = opts->M;
+		maxM = M * 2;
+		data_size = dims * sizeof(coord_t);
+		size_links_level0 = (maxM + 1) * sizeof(idx_t);
+		size_data_per_element = size_links_level0 + data_size + sizeof(label_t);
+		shmem_size =  hnsw_sizeof() + maxelements * size_data_per_element;
+
+		hnsw_check_available_memory(shmem_size);
+
+		/* first try to attach to existed index */
+		if (!dsm_impl_op(DSM_OP_ATTACH, handle, 0, &impl_private,
+						 &mapped_address, &mapped_size, DEBUG1))
+		{
+			/* index doesn't exists: try to create it */
+			if (!dsm_impl_op(DSM_OP_CREATE, handle, shmem_size, &impl_private,
+							 &mapped_address, &mapped_size, DEBUG1))
+			{
+				/* We can do it under shared lock, so some other backend may
+				 * try to initialize index. If create is failed because index already
+				 * created by somebody else, then try to attach to it once again
+				 */
+				if (!dsm_impl_op(DSM_OP_ATTACH, handle, 0, &impl_private,
+								 &mapped_address, &mapped_size, ERROR))
+				{
+					return NULL;
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				exists = false;
+			}
+		}
+		Assert(mapped_size == shmem_size);
+		hnsw = (HierarchicalNSW*)mapped_address;
+
+		if (!exists)
+		{
+			hnsw_init(hnsw, dims, maxelements, M, maxM, opts->efConstruction);
+			hnsw_populate(hnsw, indexRel, heapRel);
+		}
+		entry = hnsw_index_insert(hnsw_indexes, indexoid, &found);
+		Assert(!found);
+		entry->hnsw = hnsw;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		hnsw = entry->hnsw;
+	}
+	return hnsw;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Start or restart an index scan
+ */
+static IndexScanDesc
+hnsw_beginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
+{
+	IndexScanDesc scan = RelationGetIndexScan(index, nkeys, norderbys);
+	HnswScanOpaque so = (HnswScanOpaque) palloc(sizeof(HnswScanOpaqueData));
+	Relation heap = relation_open(index->rd_index->indrelid, NoLock);
+	so->hnsw = hnsw_get_index(index, heap);
+	relation_close(heap, NoLock);
+	so->curr = 0;
+	so->n_results = 0;
+	so->results = NULL;
+	scan->opaque = so;
+	return scan;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Start or restart an index scan
+ */
+static void
+hnsw_rescan(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanKey keys, int nkeys, ScanKey orderbys, int norderbys)
+{
+	HnswScanOpaque so = (HnswScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
+	if (so->results)
+	{
+		pfree(so->results);
+		so->results = NULL;
+	}
+	so->curr = 0;
+	if (orderbys && scan->numberOfOrderBys > 0)
+		memmove(scan->orderByData, orderbys, scan->numberOfOrderBys * sizeof(ScanKeyData));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Fetch the next tuple in the given scan
+ */
+static bool
+hnsw_gettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
+{
+	HnswScanOpaque so = (HnswScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
+
+	/*
+	 * Index can be used to scan backward, but Postgres doesn't support
+	 * backward scan on operators
+	 */
+	Assert(ScanDirectionIsForward(dir));
+
+	if (so->curr == 0)
+	{
+		Datum		value;
+		ArrayType*	array;
+		int         n_items;
+		size_t      n_results;
+		label_t*    results;
+		HnswOptions *opts = (HnswOptions *) scan->indexRelation->rd_options;
+		size_t      efSearch = opts ? opts->efSearch : DEFAULT_EF_SEARCH;
+
+		/* Safety check */
+		if (scan->orderByData == NULL)
+			elog(ERROR, "cannot scan HNSW index without order");
+
+		/* No items will match if null */
+		if (scan->orderByData->sk_flags & SK_ISNULL)
+			return false;
+
+		value = scan->orderByData->sk_argument;
+		array = DatumGetArrayTypeP(value);
+		n_items = ArrayGetNItems(ARR_NDIM(array), ARR_DIMS(array));
+		if (n_items != hnsw_dimensions(so->hnsw))
+		{
+			elog(ERROR, "Wrong number of dimensions: %d instead of %d expected",
+				 n_items, hnsw_dimensions(so->hnsw));
+		}
+
+		if (!hnsw_search(so->hnsw, (coord_t*)ARR_DATA_PTR(array), efSearch, &n_results, &results))
+			elog(ERROR, "HNSW index search failed");
+		so->results = (ItemPointer)palloc(n_results*sizeof(ItemPointerData));
+		so->n_results = n_results;
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < n_results; i++)
+		{
+			memcpy(&so->results[i], &results[i], sizeof(so->results[i]));
+		}
+		free(results);
+	}
+	if (so->curr >= so->n_results)
+	{
+		return false;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		scan->xs_heaptid = so->results[so->curr++];
+		scan->xs_recheckorderby = false;
+		return true;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * End a scan and release resources
+ */
+static void
+hnsw_endscan(IndexScanDesc scan)
+{
+	HnswScanOpaque so = (HnswScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
+	if (so->results)
+		pfree(so->results);
+	pfree(so);
+	scan->opaque = NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Estimate the cost of an index scan
+ */
+static void
+hnsw_costestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
+				 Cost *indexStartupCost, Cost *indexTotalCost,
+				 Selectivity *indexSelectivity, double *indexCorrelation
+				 ,double *indexPages
+)
+{
+	GenericCosts costs;
+
+	/* Never use index without order */
+	if (path->indexorderbys == NULL)
+	{
+		*indexStartupCost = DBL_MAX;
+		*indexTotalCost = DBL_MAX;
+		*indexSelectivity = 0;
+		*indexCorrelation = 0;
+		*indexPages = 0;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	MemSet(&costs, 0, sizeof(costs));
+
+	genericcostestimate(root, path, loop_count, &costs);
+
+	/* Startup cost and total cost are same */
+	*indexStartupCost = costs.indexTotalCost;
+	*indexTotalCost = costs.indexTotalCost;
+	*indexSelectivity = costs.indexSelectivity;
+	*indexCorrelation = costs.indexCorrelation;
+	*indexPages = costs.numIndexPages;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Parse and validate the reloptions
+ */
+static bytea *
+hnsw_options(Datum reloptions, bool validate)
+{
+	static const relopt_parse_elt tab[] = {
+		{"dims", RELOPT_TYPE_INT, offsetof(HnswOptions, dims)},
+		{"maxelements", RELOPT_TYPE_INT, offsetof(HnswOptions, maxelements)},
+		{"efconstruction", RELOPT_TYPE_INT, offsetof(HnswOptions, efConstruction)},
+		{"efsearch", RELOPT_TYPE_INT, offsetof(HnswOptions, efSearch)},
+		{"m", RELOPT_TYPE_INT, offsetof(HnswOptions, M)}
+	};
+
+	return (bytea *) build_reloptions(reloptions, validate,
+									  hnsw_relopt_kind,
+									  sizeof(HnswOptions),
+									  tab, lengthof(tab));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Validate catalog entries for the specified operator class
+ */
+static bool
+hnsw_validate(Oid opclassoid)
+{
+	return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Build the index for a logged table
+ */
+static IndexBuildResult *
+hnsw_build(Relation heap, Relation index, IndexInfo *indexInfo)
+{
+	HierarchicalNSW* hnsw = hnsw_get_index(index, heap);
+	IndexBuildResult* result = (IndexBuildResult *) palloc(sizeof(IndexBuildResult));
+	result->heap_tuples = result->index_tuples = hnsw_count(hnsw);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Insert a tuple into the index
+ */
+static bool
+hnsw_insert(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid,
+			  Relation heap, IndexUniqueCheck checkUnique,
+			  bool indexUnchanged,
+			  IndexInfo *indexInfo)
+{
+	HierarchicalNSW* hnsw = hnsw_get_index(index, heap);
+	Datum value;
+	ArrayType* array;
+	int n_items;
+	label_t label = 0;
+
+	/* Skip nulls */
+	if (isnull[0])
+		return false;
+
+	/* Detoast value */
+	value = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(values[0]));
+	array = DatumGetArrayTypeP(value);
+	n_items = ArrayGetNItems(ARR_NDIM(array), ARR_DIMS(array));
+	if (n_items != hnsw_dimensions(hnsw))
+	{
+		elog(ERROR, "Wrong number of dimensions: %d instead of %d expected",
+			 n_items, hnsw_dimensions(hnsw));
+	}
+	memcpy(&label, heap_tid, sizeof(*heap_tid));
+	if (!hnsw_add_point(hnsw, (coord_t*)ARR_DATA_PTR(array), label))
+		elog(ERROR, "HNSW index insert failed");
+	return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Build the index for an unlogged table
+ */
+static void
+hnsw_buildempty(Relation index)
+{
+	/* index will be constructed on dema nd when accessed */
+}
+
+/*
+ * Clean up after a VACUUM operation
+ */
+static IndexBulkDeleteResult *
+hnsw_vacuumcleanup(IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats)
+{
+	Relation	rel = info->index;
+
+	if (stats == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+
+	stats->num_pages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(rel);
+
+	return stats;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Bulk delete tuples from the index
+ */
+static IndexBulkDeleteResult *
+hnsw_bulkdelete(IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats,
+				IndexBulkDeleteCallback callback, void *callback_state)
+{
+	if (stats == NULL)
+		stats = (IndexBulkDeleteResult *) palloc0(sizeof(IndexBulkDeleteResult));
+	return stats;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Define index handler
+ *
+ * See https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/index-api.html
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(hnsw_handler);
+Datum
+hnsw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	IndexAmRoutine *amroutine = makeNode(IndexAmRoutine);
+
+	amroutine->amstrategies = 0;
+	amroutine->amsupport = 0;
+	amroutine->amoptsprocnum = 0;
+	amroutine->amcanorder = false;
+	amroutine->amcanorderbyop = true;
+	amroutine->amcanbackward = false;	/* can change direction mid-scan */
+	amroutine->amcanunique = false;
+	amroutine->amcanmulticol = false;
+	amroutine->amoptionalkey = true;
+	amroutine->amsearcharray = false;
+	amroutine->amsearchnulls = false;
+	amroutine->amstorage = false;
+	amroutine->amclusterable = false;
+	amroutine->ampredlocks = false;
+	amroutine->amcanparallel = false;
+	amroutine->amcaninclude = false;
+	amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false; /* not used during VACUUM */
+	amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL;
+	amroutine->amkeytype = InvalidOid;
+
+	/* Interface functions */
+	amroutine->ambuild = hnsw_build;
+	amroutine->ambuildempty = hnsw_buildempty;
+	amroutine->aminsert = hnsw_insert;
+	amroutine->ambulkdelete = hnsw_bulkdelete;
+	amroutine->amvacuumcleanup = hnsw_vacuumcleanup;
+	amroutine->amcanreturn = NULL;	/* tuple not included in heapsort */
+	amroutine->amcostestimate = hnsw_costestimate;
+	amroutine->amoptions = hnsw_options;
+	amroutine->amproperty = NULL;	/* TODO AMPROP_DISTANCE_ORDERABLE */
+	amroutine->ambuildphasename = NULL;
+	amroutine->amvalidate = hnsw_validate;
+	amroutine->amadjustmembers = NULL;
+	amroutine->ambeginscan = hnsw_beginscan;
+	amroutine->amrescan = hnsw_rescan;
+	amroutine->amgettuple = hnsw_gettuple;
+	amroutine->amgetbitmap = NULL;
+	amroutine->amendscan = hnsw_endscan;
+	amroutine->ammarkpos = NULL;
+	amroutine->amrestrpos = NULL;
+
+	/* Interface functions to support parallel index scans */
+	amroutine->amestimateparallelscan = NULL;
+	amroutine->aminitparallelscan = NULL;
+	amroutine->amparallelrescan = NULL;
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(amroutine);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the L2 distance between vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(l2_distance);
+Datum
+l2_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *a = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	ArrayType  *b = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(1);
+	int         a_dim = ArrayGetNItems(ARR_NDIM(a), ARR_DIMS(a));
+	int         b_dim = ArrayGetNItems(ARR_NDIM(b), ARR_DIMS(b));
+	dist_t 		distance = 0.0;
+	dist_t		diff;
+	coord_t	   *ax = (coord_t*)ARR_DATA_PTR(a);
+	coord_t	   *bx = (coord_t*)ARR_DATA_PTR(b);
+
+	if (a_dim != b_dim)
+	{
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("different array dimensions %d and %d", a_dim, b_dim)));
+	}
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < a_dim; i++)
+	{
+		diff = ax[i] - bx[i];
+		distance += diff * diff;
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT4((dist_t)sqrt(distance));
+}
--- a/pgxn/hnsw/hnsw.control
+++ b/pgxn/hnsw/hnsw.control
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+comment = '** Deprecated ** Please use pg_embedding instead'
+default_version = '0.1.0'
+module_pathname = '$libdir/hnsw'
+relocatable = true
--- a/pgxn/hnsw/hnsw.h
+++ b/pgxn/hnsw/hnsw.h
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#pragma once
+
+typedef float    coord_t;
+typedef float    dist_t;
+typedef uint32_t idx_t;
+typedef uint64_t label_t;
+
+typedef struct HierarchicalNSW HierarchicalNSW;
+
+bool hnsw_search(HierarchicalNSW* hnsw, const coord_t *point, size_t efSearch, size_t* n_results, label_t** results);
+bool hnsw_add_point(HierarchicalNSW* hnsw, const coord_t *point, label_t label);
+void hnsw_init(HierarchicalNSW* hnsw, size_t dim, size_t maxelements, size_t M, size_t maxM, size_t efConstruction);
+int  hnsw_dimensions(HierarchicalNSW* hnsw);
+size_t hnsw_count(HierarchicalNSW* hnsw);
+size_t hnsw_sizeof(void);
--- a/pgxn/hnsw/hnswalg.cpp
+++ b/pgxn/hnsw/hnswalg.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+#include "hnswalg.h"
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+#define PORTABLE_ALIGN32 __attribute__((aligned(32)))
+#define PREFETCH(addr,hint) __builtin_prefetch(addr, 0, hint)
+#else
+#define PORTABLE_ALIGN32 __declspec(align(32))
+#define PREFETCH(addr,hint)
+#endif
+
+HierarchicalNSW::HierarchicalNSW(size_t dim_, size_t maxelements_, size_t M_, size_t maxM_, size_t efConstruction_)
+{
+    dim = dim_;
+    data_size = dim * sizeof(coord_t);
+
+    efConstruction = efConstruction_;
+
+    maxelements = maxelements_;
+    M = M_;
+    maxM = maxM_;
+    size_links_level0 = (maxM + 1) * sizeof(idx_t);
+    size_data_per_element = size_links_level0 + data_size  + sizeof(label_t);
+    offset_data = size_links_level0;
+	offset_label = offset_data + data_size;
+
+    enterpoint_node = 0;
+    cur_element_count = 0;
+#ifdef __x86_64__
+    use_avx2 = __builtin_cpu_supports("avx2");
+#endif
+}
+
+std::priority_queue<std::pair<dist_t, idx_t>> HierarchicalNSW::searchBaseLayer(const coord_t *point, size_t ef)
+{
+	std::vector<uint32_t> visited;
+	visited.resize((cur_element_count + 31) >> 5);
+
+    std::priority_queue<std::pair<dist_t, idx_t >> topResults;
+    std::priority_queue<std::pair<dist_t, idx_t >> candidateSet;
+
+    dist_t dist = fstdistfunc(point, getDataByInternalId(enterpoint_node));
+
+    topResults.emplace(dist, enterpoint_node);
+    candidateSet.emplace(-dist, enterpoint_node);
+    visited[enterpoint_node >> 5] = 1 << (enterpoint_node & 31);
+    dist_t lowerBound = dist;
+
+    while (!candidateSet.empty())
+    {
+        std::pair<dist_t, idx_t> curr_el_pair = candidateSet.top();
+        if (-curr_el_pair.first > lowerBound)
+            break;
+
+        candidateSet.pop();
+        idx_t curNodeNum = curr_el_pair.second;
+
+        idx_t* data = get_linklist0(curNodeNum);
+        size_t size = *data++;
+
+        PREFETCH(getDataByInternalId(*data), 0);
+
+        for (size_t j = 0; j < size; ++j) {
+            size_t tnum = *(data + j);
+
+            PREFETCH(getDataByInternalId(*(data + j + 1)), 0);
+
+            if (!(visited[tnum >> 5] & (1 << (tnum & 31)))) {
+				visited[tnum >> 5] |= 1 << (tnum & 31);
+
+                dist = fstdistfunc(point, getDataByInternalId(tnum));
+
+                if (topResults.top().first > dist || topResults.size() < ef) {
+                    candidateSet.emplace(-dist, tnum);
+
+                    PREFETCH(get_linklist0(candidateSet.top().second), 0);
+                    topResults.emplace(dist, tnum);
+
+                    if (topResults.size() > ef)
+                        topResults.pop();
+
+                    lowerBound = topResults.top().first;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return topResults;
+}
+
+
+void HierarchicalNSW::getNeighborsByHeuristic(std::priority_queue<std::pair<dist_t, idx_t>> &topResults, size_t NN)
+{
+    if (topResults.size() < NN)
+        return;
+
+    std::priority_queue<std::pair<dist_t, idx_t>> resultSet;
+    std::vector<std::pair<dist_t, idx_t>> returnlist;
+
+    while (topResults.size() > 0) {
+        resultSet.emplace(-topResults.top().first, topResults.top().second);
+        topResults.pop();
+    }
+
+    while (resultSet.size()) {
+        if (returnlist.size() >= NN)
+            break;
+        std::pair<dist_t, idx_t> curen = resultSet.top();
+        dist_t dist_to_query = -curen.first;
+        resultSet.pop();
+        bool good = true;
+        for (std::pair<dist_t, idx_t> curen2 : returnlist) {
+            dist_t curdist = fstdistfunc(getDataByInternalId(curen2.second),
+                                         getDataByInternalId(curen.second));
+            if (curdist < dist_to_query) {
+                good = false;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (good) returnlist.push_back(curen);
+    }
+    for (std::pair<dist_t, idx_t> elem : returnlist)
+        topResults.emplace(-elem.first, elem.second);
+}
+
+void HierarchicalNSW::mutuallyConnectNewElement(const coord_t *point, idx_t cur_c,
+                               std::priority_queue<std::pair<dist_t, idx_t>> topResults)
+{
+    getNeighborsByHeuristic(topResults, M);
+
+    std::vector<idx_t> res;
+    res.reserve(M);
+    while (topResults.size() > 0) {
+        res.push_back(topResults.top().second);
+        topResults.pop();
+    }
+    {
+        idx_t* data = get_linklist0(cur_c);
+        if (*data)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Should be blank");
+
+        *data++ = res.size();
+
+        for (size_t idx = 0; idx < res.size(); idx++) {
+            if (data[idx])
+                throw std::runtime_error("Should be blank");
+            data[idx] = res[idx];
+        }
+    }
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < res.size(); idx++) {
+        if (res[idx] == cur_c)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Connection to the same element");
+
+        size_t resMmax = maxM;
+        idx_t *ll_other = get_linklist0(res[idx]);
+        idx_t sz_link_list_other = *ll_other;
+
+        if (sz_link_list_other > resMmax || sz_link_list_other < 0)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Bad sz_link_list_other");
+
+        if (sz_link_list_other < resMmax) {
+            idx_t *data = ll_other + 1;
+            data[sz_link_list_other] = cur_c;
+            *ll_other = sz_link_list_other + 1;
+        } else {
+            // finding the "weakest" element to replace it with the new one
+            idx_t *data = ll_other + 1;
+            dist_t d_max = fstdistfunc(getDataByInternalId(cur_c), getDataByInternalId(res[idx]));
+            // Heuristic:
+            std::priority_queue<std::pair<dist_t, idx_t>> candidates;
+            candidates.emplace(d_max, cur_c);
+
+            for (size_t j = 0; j < sz_link_list_other; j++)
+                candidates.emplace(fstdistfunc(getDataByInternalId(data[j]), getDataByInternalId(res[idx])), data[j]);
+
+            getNeighborsByHeuristic(candidates, resMmax);
+
+            size_t indx = 0;
+            while (!candidates.empty()) {
+                data[indx] = candidates.top().second;
+                candidates.pop();
+                indx++;
+            }
+            *ll_other = indx;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void HierarchicalNSW::addPoint(const coord_t *point, label_t label)
+{
+    if (cur_element_count >= maxelements) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("The number of elements exceeds the specified limit");
+    }
+    idx_t cur_c = cur_element_count++;
+    memset((char *) get_linklist0(cur_c), 0, size_data_per_element);
+    memcpy(getDataByInternalId(cur_c), point, data_size);
+    memcpy(getExternalLabel(cur_c), &label, sizeof label);
+
+    // Do nothing for the first element
+    if (cur_c != 0) {
+        std::priority_queue <std::pair<dist_t, idx_t>> topResults = searchBaseLayer(point, efConstruction);
+        mutuallyConnectNewElement(point, cur_c, topResults);
+    }
+};
+
+std::priority_queue<std::pair<dist_t, label_t>> HierarchicalNSW::searchKnn(const coord_t *query, size_t k)
+{
+	std::priority_queue<std::pair<dist_t, label_t>> topResults;
+	auto topCandidates = searchBaseLayer(query, k);
+    while (topCandidates.size() > k) {
+        topCandidates.pop();
+	}
+	while (!topCandidates.empty()) {
+		std::pair<dist_t, idx_t> rez = topCandidates.top();
+		label_t label;
+		memcpy(&label, getExternalLabel(rez.second), sizeof(label));
+		topResults.push(std::pair<dist_t, label_t>(rez.first, label));
+		topCandidates.pop();
+	}
+
+    return topResults;
+};
+
+dist_t fstdistfunc_scalar(const coord_t *x, const coord_t *y, size_t n)
+{
+    dist_t 	distance = 0.0;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++)
+    {
+        dist_t diff = x[i] - y[i];
+        distance += diff * diff;
+    }
+    return distance;
+
+}
+
+#ifdef __x86_64__
+#include <immintrin.h>
+
+__attribute__((target("avx2")))
+dist_t fstdistfunc_avx2(const coord_t *x, const coord_t *y, size_t n)
+{
+    const size_t TmpResSz = sizeof(__m256) / sizeof(float);
+    float PORTABLE_ALIGN32 TmpRes[TmpResSz];
+    size_t qty16 = n / 16;
+    const float *pEnd1 = x + (qty16 * 16);
+    __m256 diff, v1, v2;
+    __m256 sum = _mm256_set1_ps(0);
+
+    while (x < pEnd1) {
+        v1 = _mm256_loadu_ps(x);
+        x += 8;
+        v2 = _mm256_loadu_ps(y);
+        y += 8;
+        diff = _mm256_sub_ps(v1, v2);
+        sum = _mm256_add_ps(sum, _mm256_mul_ps(diff, diff));
+
+        v1 = _mm256_loadu_ps(x);
+        x += 8;
+        v2 = _mm256_loadu_ps(y);
+        y += 8;
+        diff = _mm256_sub_ps(v1, v2);
+        sum = _mm256_add_ps(sum, _mm256_mul_ps(diff, diff));
+    }
+    _mm256_store_ps(TmpRes, sum);
+    float res = TmpRes[0] + TmpRes[1] + TmpRes[2] + TmpRes[3] + TmpRes[4] + TmpRes[5] + TmpRes[6] + TmpRes[7];
+    return (res);
+}
+
+dist_t fstdistfunc_sse(const coord_t *x, const coord_t *y, size_t n)
+{
+    const size_t TmpResSz = sizeof(__m128) / sizeof(float);
+    float PORTABLE_ALIGN32 TmpRes[TmpResSz];
+    size_t qty16 = n / 16;
+    const float *pEnd1 = x + (qty16 * 16);
+
+    __m128 diff, v1, v2;
+    __m128 sum = _mm_set1_ps(0);
+
+    while (x < pEnd1) {
+        v1 = _mm_loadu_ps(x);
+        x += 4;
+        v2 = _mm_loadu_ps(y);
+        y += 4;
+        diff = _mm_sub_ps(v1, v2);
+        sum = _mm_add_ps(sum, _mm_mul_ps(diff, diff));
+
+        v1 = _mm_loadu_ps(x);
+        x += 4;
+        v2 = _mm_loadu_ps(y);
+        y += 4;
+        diff = _mm_sub_ps(v1, v2);
+        sum = _mm_add_ps(sum, _mm_mul_ps(diff, diff));
+
+        v1 = _mm_loadu_ps(x);
+        x += 4;
+        v2 = _mm_loadu_ps(y);
+        y += 4;
+        diff = _mm_sub_ps(v1, v2);
+        sum = _mm_add_ps(sum, _mm_mul_ps(diff, diff));
+
+        v1 = _mm_loadu_ps(x);
+        x += 4;
+        v2 = _mm_loadu_ps(y);
+        y += 4;
+        diff = _mm_sub_ps(v1, v2);
+        sum = _mm_add_ps(sum, _mm_mul_ps(diff, diff));
+    }
+    _mm_store_ps(TmpRes, sum);
+    float res = TmpRes[0] + TmpRes[1] + TmpRes[2] + TmpRes[3];
+    return res;
+}
+#endif
+
+dist_t HierarchicalNSW::fstdistfunc(const coord_t *x, const coord_t *y)
+{
+#ifndef __x86_64__
+    return fstdistfunc_scalar(x, y, dim);
+#else
+    if(use_avx2)
+        return fstdistfunc_avx2(x, y, dim);
+
+    return fstdistfunc_sse(x, y, dim);
+#endif
+}
+
+bool hnsw_search(HierarchicalNSW* hnsw, const coord_t *point, size_t efSearch, size_t* n_results, label_t** results)
+{
+	try
+	{
+		auto result = hnsw->searchKnn(point, efSearch);
+		size_t nResults = result.size();
+		*results = (label_t*)malloc(nResults*sizeof(label_t));
+		for (size_t i = nResults; i-- != 0;)
+		{
+			(*results)[i] = result.top().second;
+			result.pop();
+		}
+		*n_results = nResults;
+		return true;
+	}
+	catch (std::exception& x)
+	{
+		return false;
+	}
+}
+
+bool hnsw_add_point(HierarchicalNSW* hnsw, const coord_t *point, label_t label)
+{
+	try
+	{
+		hnsw->addPoint(point, label);
+		return true;
+	}
+	catch (std::exception& x)
+	{
+		fprintf(stderr, "Catch %s\n", x.what());
+		return false;
+	}
+}
+
+void hnsw_init(HierarchicalNSW* hnsw, size_t dims, size_t maxelements, size_t M, size_t maxM, size_t efConstruction)
+{
+	new ((void*)hnsw) HierarchicalNSW(dims, maxelements, M, maxM, efConstruction);
+}
+
+
+int hnsw_dimensions(HierarchicalNSW* hnsw)
+{
+	return (int)hnsw->dim;
+}
+
+size_t hnsw_count(HierarchicalNSW* hnsw)
+{
+	return hnsw->cur_element_count;
+}
+
+size_t hnsw_sizeof(void)
+{
+	return sizeof(HierarchicalNSW);
+}
--- a/pgxn/hnsw/hnswalg.h
+++ b/pgxn/hnsw/hnswalg.h
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <map>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <queue>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+extern "C" {
+#include "hnsw.h"
+}
+
+struct HierarchicalNSW
+{
+	size_t maxelements;
+	size_t cur_element_count;
+
+	idx_t  enterpoint_node;
+
+	size_t dim;
+	size_t data_size;
+	size_t offset_data;
+	size_t offset_label;
+	size_t size_data_per_element;
+	size_t M;
+	size_t maxM;
+	size_t size_links_level0;
+	size_t efConstruction;
+
+#ifdef __x86_64__
+	bool	use_avx2;
+#endif
+
+	char   data_level0_memory[0]; // varying size
+
+  public:
+	HierarchicalNSW(size_t dim, size_t maxelements, size_t M, size_t maxM, size_t efConstruction);
+	~HierarchicalNSW();
+
+
+	inline coord_t *getDataByInternalId(idx_t internal_id) const {
+		return (coord_t *)&data_level0_memory[internal_id * size_data_per_element + offset_data];
+	}
+
+	inline idx_t *get_linklist0(idx_t internal_id) const {
+		return (idx_t*)&data_level0_memory[internal_id * size_data_per_element];
+	}
+
+	inline label_t *getExternalLabel(idx_t internal_id) const {
+		return (label_t *)&data_level0_memory[internal_id * size_data_per_element + offset_label];
+	}
+
+	std::priority_queue<std::pair<dist_t, idx_t>> searchBaseLayer(const coord_t *x, size_t ef);
+
+	void getNeighborsByHeuristic(std::priority_queue<std::pair<dist_t, idx_t>> &topResults, size_t NN);
+
+	void mutuallyConnectNewElement(const coord_t *x, idx_t id, std::priority_queue<std::pair<dist_t, idx_t>> topResults);
+
+	void addPoint(const coord_t *point, label_t label);
+
+	std::priority_queue<std::pair<dist_t, label_t>> searchKnn(const coord_t *query_data, size_t k);
+
+	dist_t fstdistfunc(const coord_t *x, const coord_t *y);
+};
--- a/pgxn/hnsw/test/expected/knn.out
+++ b/pgxn/hnsw/test/expected/knn.out
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+CREATE TABLE t (val real[]);
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{0,0,0}'), ('{1,2,3}'), ('{1,1,1}'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val) WITH (maxelements = 10, dims=3, m=3);
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (array[1,2,4]);
+explain SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> array[3,3,3];
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Index Scan using t_val_idx on t  (cost=4.02..8.06 rows=3 width=36)
+   Order By: (val <-> '{3,3,3}'::real[])
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> array[3,3,3];
+   val   
+---------
+ {1,2,3}
+ {1,2,4}
+ {1,1,1}
+ {0,0,0}
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
+ count 
+-------
+     5
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/pgxn/hnsw/test/sql/knn.sql
+++ b/pgxn/hnsw/test/sql/knn.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val real[]);
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{0,0,0}'), ('{1,2,3}'), ('{1,1,1}'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val) WITH (maxelements = 10, dims=3, m=3);
+
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (array[1,2,4]);
+
+explain SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> array[3,3,3];
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> array[3,3,3];
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/pgxn/neon/libpagestore.c
+++ b/pgxn/neon/libpagestore.c
@@ -911,74 +911,7 @@ pageserver_receive(shardno_t shard_no)
 		}
 		PG_CATCH();
 		{
-			neon_shard_log(shard_no, LOG, "pageserver_receive: disconnect due to failure while parsing response");
-			pageserver_disconnect(shard_no);
-			PG_RE_THROW();
-		}
-		PG_END_TRY();
-
-		if (message_level_is_interesting(PageStoreTrace))
-		{
-			char	   *msg = nm_to_string((NeonMessage *) resp);
-
-			neon_shard_log(shard_no, PageStoreTrace, "got response: %s", msg);
-			pfree(msg);
-		}
-	}
-	else if (rc == -1)
-	{
-		neon_shard_log(shard_no, LOG, "pageserver_receive disconnect: psql end of copy data: %s", pchomp(PQerrorMessage(pageserver_conn)));
-		pageserver_disconnect(shard_no);
-		resp = NULL;
-	}
-	else if (rc == -2)
-	{
-		char	   *msg = pchomp(PQerrorMessage(pageserver_conn));
-
-		pageserver_disconnect(shard_no);
-		neon_shard_log(shard_no, ERROR, "pageserver_receive disconnect: could not read COPY data: %s", msg);
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		pageserver_disconnect(shard_no);
-		neon_shard_log(shard_no, ERROR, "pageserver_receive disconnect: unexpected PQgetCopyData return value: %d", rc);
-	}
-
-	shard->nresponses_received++;
-	return (NeonResponse *) resp;
-}
-
-static NeonResponse *
-pageserver_try_receive(shardno_t shard_no)
-{
-	StringInfoData resp_buff;
-	NeonResponse *resp;
-	PageServer *shard = &page_servers[shard_no];
-	PGconn	   *pageserver_conn = shard->conn;
-	/* read response */
-	int			rc;
-
-	if (shard->state != PS_Connected)
-		return NULL;
-
-	Assert(pageserver_conn);
-
-	rc = PQgetCopyData(shard->conn, &resp_buff.data, 1 /* async = true */);
-
-	if (rc == 0)
-		return NULL;
-	else if (rc > 0)
-	{
-		PG_TRY();
-		{
-			resp_buff.len = rc;
-			resp_buff.cursor = 0;
-			resp = nm_unpack_response(&resp_buff);
-			PQfreemem(resp_buff.data);
-		}
-		PG_CATCH();
-		{
-			neon_shard_log(shard_no, LOG, "pageserver_receive: disconnect due to failure while parsing response");
+			neon_shard_log(shard_no, LOG, "pageserver_receive: disconnect due malformatted response");
 			pageserver_disconnect(shard_no);
 			PG_RE_THROW();
 		}
@@ -1047,7 +980,6 @@ page_server_api api =
 	.send = pageserver_send,
 	.flush = pageserver_flush,
 	.receive = pageserver_receive,
-	.try_receive = pageserver_try_receive,
 	.disconnect = pageserver_disconnect_shard
 };

--- a/pgxn/neon/pagestore_client.h
+++ b/pgxn/neon/pagestore_client.h
@@ -192,29 +192,9 @@ typedef uint16 shardno_t;

 typedef struct
 {
-	/*
-	 * Send this request to the PageServer associated with this shard.
-	 */
 	bool		(*send) (shardno_t  shard_no, NeonRequest * request);
-	/*
-	 * Blocking read for the next response of this shard.
-	 *
-	 * When a CANCEL signal is handled, the connection state will be
-	 * unmodified.
-	 */
 	NeonResponse *(*receive) (shardno_t shard_no);
-	/*
-	 * Try get the next response from the TCP buffers, if any.
-	 * Returns NULL when the data is not yet available. 
-	 */
-	NeonResponse *(*try_receive) (shardno_t shard_no);
-	/*
-	 * Make sure all requests are sent to PageServer.
-	 */
 	bool		(*flush) (shardno_t shard_no);
-	/*
-	 * Disconnect from this pageserver shard.
-	 */
 	void        (*disconnect) (shardno_t shard_no);
 } page_server_api;

--- a/pgxn/neon/pagestore_smgr.c
+++ b/pgxn/neon/pagestore_smgr.c
@@ -405,56 +405,6 @@ compact_prefetch_buffers(void)
 	return false;
 }

-/*
- * If there might be responses still in the TCP buffer, then
- * we should try to use those, so as to reduce any TCP backpressure
- * on the OS/PS side.
- *
- * This procedure handles that.
- *
- * Note that this is only valid as long as the only pipelined
- * operations in the TCP buffer are getPage@Lsn requests.
- */
-static void
-prefetch_pump_state(void)
-{
-	while (MyPState->ring_receive != MyPState->ring_flush)
-	{
-		NeonResponse   *response;
-		PrefetchRequest *slot;
-		MemoryContext	old;
-
-		slot = GetPrfSlot(MyPState->ring_receive);
-
-		old = MemoryContextSwitchTo(MyPState->errctx);
-		response = page_server->try_receive(slot->shard_no);
-		MemoryContextSwitchTo(old);
-
-		if (response == NULL)
-			break;
-
-		/* The slot should still be valid */
-		if (slot->status != PRFS_REQUESTED ||
-			slot->response != NULL ||
-			slot->my_ring_index != MyPState->ring_receive)
-			neon_shard_log(slot->shard_no, ERROR,
-						   "Incorrect prefetch slot state after receive: status=%d response=%p my=%lu receive=%lu",
-						   slot->status, slot->response,
-						   (long) slot->my_ring_index, (long) MyPState->ring_receive);
-
-		/* update prefetch state */
-		MyPState->n_responses_buffered += 1;
-		MyPState->n_requests_inflight -= 1;
-		MyPState->ring_receive += 1;
-		MyNeonCounters->getpage_prefetches_buffered =
-			MyPState->n_responses_buffered;
-
-		/* update slot state */
-		slot->status = PRFS_RECEIVED;
-		slot->response = response;
-	}
-}
-
 void
 readahead_buffer_resize(int newsize, void *extra)
 {
@@ -2858,8 +2808,6 @@ neon_prefetch(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum,
 			   MyPState->ring_last <= ring_index);
 	}

-	prefetch_pump_state();
-
 	return false;
 }

@@ -2901,8 +2849,6 @@ neon_prefetch(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum)
 	Assert(ring_index < MyPState->ring_unused &&
 		   MyPState->ring_last <= ring_index);

-	prefetch_pump_state();
-
 	return false;
 }
 #endif /* PG_MAJORVERSION_NUM < 17 */
@@ -2945,8 +2891,6 @@ neon_writeback(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
 	 */
 	neon_log(SmgrTrace, "writeback noop");

-	prefetch_pump_state();
-
 #ifdef DEBUG_COMPARE_LOCAL
 	if (IS_LOCAL_REL(reln))
 		mdwriteback(reln, forknum, blocknum, nblocks);
@@ -3201,8 +3145,6 @@ neon_read(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forkNum, BlockNumber blkno, void *buffer
 	neon_get_request_lsns(InfoFromSMgrRel(reln), forkNum, blkno, &request_lsns, 1, NULL);
 	neon_read_at_lsn(InfoFromSMgrRel(reln), forkNum, blkno, request_lsns, buffer);

-	prefetch_pump_state();
-
 #ifdef DEBUG_COMPARE_LOCAL
 	if (forkNum == MAIN_FORKNUM && IS_LOCAL_REL(reln))
 	{
@@ -3340,8 +3282,6 @@ neon_readv(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum,
 	neon_read_at_lsnv(InfoFromSMgrRel(reln), forknum, blocknum, request_lsns,
 					  buffers, nblocks, read);

-	prefetch_pump_state();
-
 #ifdef DEBUG_COMPARE_LOCAL
 	if (forkNum == MAIN_FORKNUM && IS_LOCAL_REL(reln))
 	{
@@ -3510,8 +3450,6 @@ neon_write(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum, const vo

 	lfc_write(InfoFromSMgrRel(reln), forknum, blocknum, buffer);

-	prefetch_pump_state();
-
 #ifdef DEBUG_COMPARE_LOCAL
 	if (IS_LOCAL_REL(reln))
 		#if PG_MAJORVERSION_NUM >= 17
@@ -3565,8 +3503,6 @@ neon_writev(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blkno,

 	lfc_writev(InfoFromSMgrRel(reln), forknum, blkno, buffers, nblocks);

-	prefetch_pump_state();
-
 #ifdef DEBUG_COMPARE_LOCAL
 	if (IS_LOCAL_REL(reln))
 		mdwritev(reln, forknum, blocknum, &buffer, 1, skipFsync);
@@ -3856,8 +3792,6 @@ neon_immedsync(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum)

 	neon_log(SmgrTrace, "[NEON_SMGR] immedsync noop");

-	prefetch_pump_state();
-
 #ifdef DEBUG_COMPARE_LOCAL
 	if (IS_LOCAL_REL(reln))
 		mdimmedsync(reln, forknum);
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -2028,13 +2028,13 @@ openapi-schema-validator = ">=0.4.2,<0.5.0"

 [[package]]
 name = "packaging"
-version = "24.2"
+version = "23.0"
 description = "Core utilities for Python packages"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.8"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
-    {file = "packaging-24.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:09abb1bccd265c01f4a3aa3f7a7db064b36514d2cba19a2f694fe6150451a759"},
-    {file = "packaging-24.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:c228a6dc5e932d346bc5739379109d49e8853dd8223571c7c5b55260edc0b97f"},
+    {file = "packaging-23.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:714ac14496c3e68c99c29b00845f7a2b85f3bb6f1078fd9f72fd20f0570002b2"},
+    {file = "packaging-23.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:b6ad297f8907de0fa2fe1ccbd26fdaf387f5f47c7275fedf8cce89f99446cf97"},
 ]

 [[package]]
--- a/proxy/Cargo.toml
+++ b/proxy/Cargo.toml
@@ -106,7 +106,6 @@ jose-jwk = { version = "0.1.2", features = ["p256", "p384", "rsa"] }
 signature = "2"
 ecdsa = "0.16"
 p256 = { version = "0.13", features = ["jwk"] }
-ed25519-dalek = { version = "2", default-features = false, features = ["rand_core"] }
 rsa = "0.9"

 workspace_hack.workspace = true
--- a/proxy/src/auth/backend/console_redirect.rs
+++ b/proxy/src/auth/backend/console_redirect.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-use std::fmt;
-
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use postgres_client::config::SslMode;
 use pq_proto::BeMessage as Be;
+use std::fmt;
 use thiserror::Error;
 use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};
 use tracing::{info, info_span};
@@ -13,13 +12,10 @@ use crate::auth::IpPattern;
 use crate::cache::Cached;
 use crate::config::AuthenticationConfig;
 use crate::context::RequestContext;
-use crate::control_plane::client::cplane_proxy_v1;
-use crate::control_plane::{self, CachedNodeInfo, NodeInfo};
+use crate::control_plane::{self, client::cplane_proxy_v1, CachedNodeInfo, NodeInfo};
 use crate::error::{ReportableError, UserFacingError};
 use crate::proxy::connect_compute::ComputeConnectBackend;
-use crate::proxy::NeonOptions;
 use crate::stream::PqStream;
-use crate::types::RoleName;
 use crate::{auth, compute, waiters};

 #[derive(Debug, Error)]
@@ -109,16 +105,10 @@ impl ConsoleRedirectBackend {
        ctx: &RequestContext,
        auth_config: &'static AuthenticationConfig,
        client: &mut PqStream<impl AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin>,
-    ) -> auth::Result<(
-        ConsoleRedirectNodeInfo,
-        ComputeUserInfo,
-        Option<Vec<IpPattern>>,
-    )> {
+    ) -> auth::Result<(ConsoleRedirectNodeInfo, Option<Vec<IpPattern>>)> {
        authenticate(ctx, auth_config, &self.console_uri, client)
            .await
-            .map(|(node_info, user_info, ip_allowlist)| {
-                (ConsoleRedirectNodeInfo(node_info), user_info, ip_allowlist)
-            })
+            .map(|(node_info, ip_allowlist)| (ConsoleRedirectNodeInfo(node_info), ip_allowlist))
    }
 }

@@ -143,7 +133,7 @@ async fn authenticate(
    auth_config: &'static AuthenticationConfig,
    link_uri: &reqwest::Url,
    client: &mut PqStream<impl AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin>,
-) -> auth::Result<(NodeInfo, ComputeUserInfo, Option<Vec<IpPattern>>)> {
+) -> auth::Result<(NodeInfo, Option<Vec<IpPattern>>)> {
    ctx.set_auth_method(crate::context::AuthMethod::ConsoleRedirect);

    // registering waiter can fail if we get unlucky with rng.
@@ -198,15 +188,8 @@ async fn authenticate(
    let mut config = compute::ConnCfg::new(db_info.host.to_string(), db_info.port);
    config.dbname(&db_info.dbname).user(&db_info.user);

-    let user: RoleName = db_info.user.into();
-    let user_info = ComputeUserInfo {
-        endpoint: db_info.aux.endpoint_id.as_str().into(),
-        user: user.clone(),
-        options: NeonOptions::default(),
-    };
-
    ctx.set_dbname(db_info.dbname.into());
-    ctx.set_user(user);
+    ctx.set_user(db_info.user.into());
    ctx.set_project(db_info.aux.clone());
    info!("woken up a compute node");

@@ -229,7 +212,6 @@ async fn authenticate(
            config,
            aux: db_info.aux,
        },
-        user_info,
        db_info.allowed_ips,
    ))
 }
--- a/proxy/src/compute.rs
+++ b/proxy/src/compute.rs
@@ -24,8 +24,10 @@ use crate::control_plane::messages::MetricsAuxInfo;
 use crate::error::{ReportableError, UserFacingError};
 use crate::metrics::{Metrics, NumDbConnectionsGuard};
 use crate::proxy::neon_option;
+use crate::proxy::NeonOptions;
 use crate::tls::postgres_rustls::MakeRustlsConnect;
 use crate::types::Host;
+use crate::types::{EndpointId, RoleName};

 pub const COULD_NOT_CONNECT: &str = "Couldn't connect to compute node";

@@ -251,7 +253,6 @@ impl ConnCfg {
        ctx: &RequestContext,
        aux: MetricsAuxInfo,
        config: &ComputeConfig,
-        user_info: ComputeUserInfo,
    ) -> Result<PostgresConnection, ConnectionError> {
        let pause = ctx.latency_timer_pause(crate::metrics::Waiting::Compute);
        let (socket_addr, stream, host) = self.connect_raw(config.timeout).await?;
@@ -286,6 +287,28 @@ impl ConnCfg {
            self.0.get_ssl_mode()
        );

+        let compute_info = match parameters.get("user") {
+            Some(user) => {
+                match parameters.get("database") {
+                    Some(database) => {
+                        ComputeUserInfo {
+                            user: RoleName::from(user),
+                            options: NeonOptions::default(), // just a shim, we don't need options
+                            endpoint: EndpointId::from(database),
+                        }
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                        warn!("compute node didn't return database name");
+                        ComputeUserInfo::default()
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            None => {
+                warn!("compute node didn't return user name");
+                ComputeUserInfo::default()
+            }
+        };
+
        // NB: CancelToken is supposed to hold socket_addr, but we use connect_raw.
        // Yet another reason to rework the connection establishing code.
        let cancel_closure = CancelClosure::new(
@@ -298,7 +321,7 @@ impl ConnCfg {
            },
            vec![], // TODO: deprecated, will be removed
            host.to_string(),
-            user_info,
+            compute_info,
        );

        let connection = PostgresConnection {
--- a/proxy/src/console_redirect_proxy.rs
+++ b/proxy/src/console_redirect_proxy.rs
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn handle_client<S: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin>(

    ctx.set_db_options(params.clone());

-    let (node_info, user_info, ip_allowlist) = match backend
+    let (user_info, ip_allowlist) = match backend
        .authenticate(ctx, &config.authentication_config, &mut stream)
        .await
    {
@@ -208,12 +208,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn handle_client<S: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin>(
    let mut node = connect_to_compute(
        ctx,
        &TcpMechanism {
-            user_info,
            params_compat: true,
            params: &params,
            locks: &config.connect_compute_locks,
        },
-        &node_info,
+        &user_info,
        config.wake_compute_retry_config,
        &config.connect_to_compute,
    )
--- a/proxy/src/context/parquet.rs
+++ b/proxy/src/context/parquet.rs
@@ -187,6 +187,10 @@ pub async fn worker(
    let rx = futures::stream::poll_fn(move |cx| rx.poll_recv(cx));
    let rx = rx.map(RequestData::from);

+    let storage = GenericRemoteStorage::from_config(&remote_storage_config)
+        .await
+        .context("remote storage init")?;
+
    let properties = WriterProperties::builder()
        .set_data_page_size_limit(config.parquet_upload_page_size)
        .set_compression(config.parquet_upload_compression);
@@ -220,18 +224,18 @@ pub async fn worker(
        let rx_disconnect = futures::stream::poll_fn(move |cx| rx_disconnect.poll_recv(cx));
        let rx_disconnect = rx_disconnect.map(RequestData::from);

+        let storage_disconnect =
+            GenericRemoteStorage::from_config(&disconnect_events_storage_config)
+                .await
+                .context("remote storage for disconnect events init")?;
        let parquet_config_disconnect = parquet_config.clone();
        tokio::try_join!(
-            worker_inner(remote_storage_config, rx, parquet_config),
-            worker_inner(
-                disconnect_events_storage_config,
-                rx_disconnect,
-                parquet_config_disconnect
-            )
+            worker_inner(storage, rx, parquet_config),
+            worker_inner(storage_disconnect, rx_disconnect, parquet_config_disconnect)
        )
        .map(|_| ())
    } else {
-        worker_inner(remote_storage_config, rx, parquet_config).await
+        worker_inner(storage, rx, parquet_config).await
    }
 }

@@ -247,32 +251,18 @@ struct ParquetConfig {
    test_remote_failures: u64,
 }

-impl ParquetConfig {
-    async fn storage(
-        &self,
-        storage_config: &RemoteStorageConfig,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<GenericRemoteStorage> {
-        let storage = GenericRemoteStorage::from_config(storage_config)
-            .await
-            .context("remote storage init")?;
-
-        #[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
-        if self.test_remote_failures > 0 {
-            return Ok(GenericRemoteStorage::unreliable_wrapper(
-                storage,
-                self.test_remote_failures,
-            ));
-        }
-
-        Ok(storage)
-    }
-}
-
 async fn worker_inner(
-    storage_config: RemoteStorageConfig,
+    storage: GenericRemoteStorage,
    rx: impl Stream<Item = RequestData>,
    config: ParquetConfig,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
+    let storage = if config.test_remote_failures > 0 {
+        GenericRemoteStorage::unreliable_wrapper(storage, config.test_remote_failures)
+    } else {
+        storage
+    };
+
    let mut rx = std::pin::pin!(rx);

    let mut rows = Vec::with_capacity(config.rows_per_group);
@@ -295,7 +285,7 @@ async fn worker_inner(
        }
        if len > config.file_size || force {
            last_upload = time::Instant::now();
-            let file = upload_parquet(w, len, &storage_config, &config).await?;
+            let file = upload_parquet(w, len, &storage).await?;
            w = SerializedFileWriter::new(file, schema.clone(), config.propeties.clone())?;
            len = 0;
        }
@@ -308,7 +298,7 @@ async fn worker_inner(
    }

    if !w.flushed_row_groups().is_empty() {
-        let _rtchk: Writer<BytesMut> = upload_parquet(w, len, &storage_config, &config).await?;
+        let _rtchk: Writer<BytesMut> = upload_parquet(w, len, &storage).await?;
    }

    Ok(())
@@ -350,8 +340,7 @@ where
 async fn upload_parquet(
    mut w: SerializedFileWriter<Writer<BytesMut>>,
    len: i64,
-    storage_config: &RemoteStorageConfig,
-    config: &ParquetConfig,
+    storage: &GenericRemoteStorage,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<Writer<BytesMut>> {
    let len_uncompressed = w
        .flushed_row_groups()
@@ -388,15 +377,6 @@ async fn upload_parquet(
        size, compression, "uploading request parquet file"
    );

-    // A bug in azure-sdk means that the identity-token-file that expires after
-    // 1 hour is not refreshed. This identity-token is used to fetch the actual azure storage
-    // tokens that last for 24 hours. After this 24 hour period, azure-sdk tries to refresh
-    // the storage token, but the identity token has now expired.
-    // <https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-rust/issues/1739>
-    //
-    // To work around this, we recreate the storage every time.
-    let storage = config.storage(storage_config).await?;
-
    let year = now.year();
    let month = now.month();
    let day = now.day();
@@ -451,8 +431,8 @@ mod tests {
    use rand::rngs::StdRng;
    use rand::{Rng, SeedableRng};
    use remote_storage::{
-        RemoteStorageConfig, RemoteStorageKind, S3Config, DEFAULT_MAX_KEYS_PER_LIST_RESPONSE,
-        DEFAULT_REMOTE_STORAGE_S3_CONCURRENCY_LIMIT,
+        GenericRemoteStorage, RemoteStorageConfig, RemoteStorageKind, S3Config,
+        DEFAULT_MAX_KEYS_PER_LIST_RESPONSE, DEFAULT_REMOTE_STORAGE_S3_CONCURRENCY_LIMIT,
    };
    use tokio::sync::mpsc;
    use tokio::time;
@@ -579,11 +559,12 @@ mod tests {
            timeout: std::time::Duration::from_secs(120),
            small_timeout: std::time::Duration::from_secs(30),
        };
-
-        worker_inner(remote_storage_config, rx, config)
+        let storage = GenericRemoteStorage::from_config(&remote_storage_config)
            .await
            .unwrap();

+        worker_inner(storage, rx, config).await.unwrap();
+
        let mut files = WalkDir::new(tmpdir.as_std_path())
            .into_iter()
            .filter_map(|entry| entry.ok())
--- a/proxy/src/control_plane/mod.rs
+++ b/proxy/src/control_plane/mod.rs
@@ -74,11 +74,8 @@ impl NodeInfo {
        &self,
        ctx: &RequestContext,
        config: &ComputeConfig,
-        user_info: ComputeUserInfo,
    ) -> Result<compute::PostgresConnection, compute::ConnectionError> {
-        self.config
-            .connect(ctx, self.aux.clone(), config, user_info)
-            .await
+        self.config.connect(ctx, self.aux.clone(), config).await
    }

    pub(crate) fn reuse_settings(&mut self, other: Self) {
--- a/proxy/src/proxy/connect_compute.rs
+++ b/proxy/src/proxy/connect_compute.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use tokio::time;
 use tracing::{debug, info, warn};

 use super::retry::ShouldRetryWakeCompute;
-use crate::auth::backend::{ComputeCredentialKeys, ComputeUserInfo};
+use crate::auth::backend::ComputeCredentialKeys;
 use crate::compute::{self, PostgresConnection, COULD_NOT_CONNECT};
 use crate::config::{ComputeConfig, RetryConfig};
 use crate::context::RequestContext;
@@ -71,8 +71,6 @@ pub(crate) struct TcpMechanism<'a> {

    /// connect_to_compute concurrency lock
    pub(crate) locks: &'static ApiLocks<Host>,
-
-    pub(crate) user_info: ComputeUserInfo,
 }

 #[async_trait]
@@ -90,7 +88,7 @@ impl ConnectMechanism for TcpMechanism<'_> {
    ) -> Result<PostgresConnection, Self::Error> {
        let host = node_info.config.get_host();
        let permit = self.locks.get_permit(&host).await?;
-        permit.release_result(node_info.connect(ctx, config, self.user_info.clone()).await)
+        permit.release_result(node_info.connect(ctx, config).await)
    }

    fn update_connect_config(&self, config: &mut compute::ConnCfg) {
--- a/proxy/src/proxy/mod.rs
+++ b/proxy/src/proxy/mod.rs
@@ -332,19 +332,16 @@ pub(crate) async fn handle_client<S: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin>(
        }
    };

-    let compute_user_info = match &user_info {
-        auth::Backend::ControlPlane(_, info) => &info.info,
-        auth::Backend::Local(_) => unreachable!("local proxy does not run tcp proxy service"),
+    let params_compat = match &user_info {
+        auth::Backend::ControlPlane(_, info) => {
+            info.info.options.get(NeonOptions::PARAMS_COMPAT).is_some()
+        }
+        auth::Backend::Local(_) => false,
    };
-    let params_compat = compute_user_info
-        .options
-        .get(NeonOptions::PARAMS_COMPAT)
-        .is_some();

    let mut node = connect_to_compute(
        ctx,
        &TcpMechanism {
-            user_info: compute_user_info.clone(),
            params_compat,
            params: &params,
            locks: &config.connect_compute_locks,
--- a/proxy/src/redis/notifications.rs
+++ b/proxy/src/redis/notifications.rs
@@ -74,11 +74,7 @@ pub(crate) enum Notification {
    #[serde(rename = "/cancel_session")]
    Cancel(CancelSession),

-    #[serde(
-        other,
-        deserialize_with = "deserialize_unknown_topic",
-        skip_serializing
-    )]
+    #[serde(other, skip_serializing)]
    UnknownTopic,
 }

@@ -127,15 +123,6 @@ where
    serde_json::from_str(&s).map_err(<D::Error as serde::de::Error>::custom)
 }

-// https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/1714
-fn deserialize_unknown_topic<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<(), D::Error>
-where
-    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
-{
-    deserializer.deserialize_any(serde::de::IgnoredAny)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 struct MessageHandler<C: ProjectInfoCache + Send + Sync + 'static> {
    cache: Arc<C>,
    cancellation_handler: Arc<CancellationHandler<()>>,
@@ -471,30 +458,4 @@ mod tests {

        Ok(())
    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn parse_unknown_topic() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let with_data = json!({
-            "type": "message",
-            "topic": "/doesnotexist",
-            "data": {
-                "payload": "ignored"
-            },
-            "extra_fields": "something"
-        })
-        .to_string();
-        let result: Notification = serde_json::from_str(&with_data)?;
-        assert_eq!(result, Notification::UnknownTopic);
-
-        let without_data = json!({
-            "type": "message",
-            "topic": "/doesnotexist",
-            "extra_fields": "something"
-        })
-        .to_string();
-        let result: Notification = serde_json::from_str(&without_data)?;
-        assert_eq!(result, Notification::UnknownTopic);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
 }
--- a/proxy/src/serverless/backend.rs
+++ b/proxy/src/serverless/backend.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;

 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use ed25519_dalek::SigningKey;
 use hyper_util::rt::{TokioExecutor, TokioIo, TokioTimer};
-use jose_jwk::jose_b64;
+use p256::ecdsa::SigningKey;
+use p256::elliptic_curve::JwkEcKey;
 use rand::rngs::OsRng;
 use tokio::net::{lookup_host, TcpStream};
 use tracing::field::display;
@@ -354,15 +354,9 @@ impl PoolingBackend {
    }
 }

-fn create_random_jwk() -> (SigningKey, jose_jwk::Key) {
-    let key = SigningKey::generate(&mut OsRng);
-
-    let jwk = jose_jwk::Key::Okp(jose_jwk::Okp {
-        crv: jose_jwk::OkpCurves::Ed25519,
-        x: jose_b64::serde::Bytes::from(key.verifying_key().to_bytes().to_vec()),
-        d: None,
-    });
-
+fn create_random_jwk() -> (SigningKey, JwkEcKey) {
+    let key = SigningKey::random(&mut OsRng);
+    let jwk = p256::PublicKey::from(key.verifying_key()).to_jwk();
    (key, jwk)
 }

--- a/proxy/src/serverless/local_conn_pool.rs
+++ b/proxy/src/serverless/local_conn_pool.rs
@@ -16,16 +16,17 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::task::{ready, Poll};
 use std::time::Duration;

-use ed25519_dalek::{Signature, Signer, SigningKey};
 use futures::future::poll_fn;
 use futures::Future;
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use jose_jwk::jose_b64::base64ct::{Base64UrlUnpadded, Encoding};
+use p256::ecdsa::{Signature, SigningKey};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use postgres_client::tls::NoTlsStream;
 use postgres_client::types::ToSql;
 use postgres_client::AsyncMessage;
 use serde_json::value::RawValue;
+use signature::Signer;
 use tokio::net::TcpStream;
 use tokio::time::Instant;
 use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ use crate::control_plane::messages::{ColdStartInfo, MetricsAuxInfo};
 use crate::metrics::Metrics;

 pub(crate) const EXT_NAME: &str = "pg_session_jwt";
-pub(crate) const EXT_VERSION: &str = "0.2.0";
+pub(crate) const EXT_VERSION: &str = "0.1.2";
 pub(crate) const EXT_SCHEMA: &str = "auth";

 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -338,8 +339,8 @@ fn sign_jwt(sk: &SigningKey, payload: &[u8]) -> String {
    let cap = jwt.capacity();

    // we only need an empty header with the alg specified.
-    // base64url(r#"{"alg":"EdDSA"}"#) == "eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9"
-    jwt.push_str("eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.");
+    // base64url(r#"{"alg":"ES256"}"#) == "eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9"
+    jwt.push_str("eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9.");

    // encode the jwt payload in-place
    base64::encode_config_buf(payload, base64::URL_SAFE_NO_PAD, &mut jwt);
@@ -365,14 +366,14 @@ fn sign_jwt(sk: &SigningKey, payload: &[u8]) -> String {
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[expect(clippy::unwrap_used)]
 mod tests {
-    use ed25519_dalek::SigningKey;
+    use p256::ecdsa::SigningKey;
    use typed_json::json;

    use super::resign_jwt;

    #[test]
    fn jwt_token_snapshot() {
-        let key = SigningKey::from_bytes(&[1; 32]);
+        let key = SigningKey::from_bytes(&[1; 32].into()).unwrap();
        let data =
            json!({"foo":"bar","jti":"foo\nbar","nested":{"jti":"tricky nesting"}}).to_string();

@@ -380,17 +381,12 @@ mod tests {

        // To validate the JWT, copy the JWT string and paste it into https://jwt.io/.
        // In the public-key box, paste the following jwk public key
-        // `{"kty":"OKP","crv":"Ed25519","x":"iojj3XQJ8ZX9UtstPLpdcspnCb8dlBIb83SIAbQPb1w"}`
-        // Note - jwt.io doesn't support EdDSA :(
-        // https://github.com/jsonwebtoken/jsonwebtoken.github.io/issues/509
+        // `{"kty":"EC","crv":"P-256","x":"b_A7lJJBzh2t1DUZ5pYOCoW0GmmgXDKBA6orzhWUyhY","y":"PE91OlW_AdxT9sCwx-7ni0DG_30lqW4igrmJzvccFEo"}`

-        // let jwk = jose_jwk::Key::Okp(jose_jwk::Okp {
-        //     crv: jose_jwk::OkpCurves::Ed25519,
-        //     x: jose_jwk::jose_b64::serde::Bytes::from(key.verifying_key().to_bytes().to_vec()),
-        //     d: None,
-        // });
-        // println!("{}", serde_json::to_string(&jwk).unwrap());
+        // let pub_key = p256::ecdsa::VerifyingKey::from(&key);
+        // let pub_key = p256::PublicKey::from(pub_key);
+        // println!("{}", pub_key.to_jwk_string());

-        assert_eq!(jwt, "eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJmb28iOiJiYXIiLCJqdGkiOjIsIm5lc3RlZCI6eyJqdGkiOiJ0cmlja3kgbmVzdGluZyJ9fQ.Cvyc2By33KI0f0obystwdy8PN111L3Sc9_Mr2CU3XshtSqSdxuRxNEZGbb_RvyJf2IzheC_s7aBZ-jLeQ9N0Bg");
+        assert_eq!(jwt, "eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9.eyJmb28iOiJiYXIiLCJqdGkiOjIsIm5lc3RlZCI6eyJqdGkiOiJ0cmlja3kgbmVzdGluZyJ9fQ.pYf0LxoJ8sDgpmsYOgrbNecOSipnPBEGwnZzB-JhW2cONrKlqRsgXwK8_cOsyolGy-hTTe8GXbWTl_UdpF5RyA");
    }
 }
--- a/safekeeper/Cargo.toml
+++ b/safekeeper/Cargo.toml
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ hex.workspace = true
 humantime.workspace = true
 http.workspace = true
 hyper0.workspace = true
-itertools.workspace = true
 futures.workspace = true
 once_cell.workspace = true
 parking_lot.workspace = true
@@ -40,7 +39,6 @@ scopeguard.workspace = true
 reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["json"] }
 serde.workspace = true
 serde_json.workspace = true
-smallvec.workspace = true
 strum.workspace = true
 strum_macros.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
@@ -65,7 +63,6 @@ storage_broker.workspace = true
 tokio-stream.workspace = true
 utils.workspace = true
 wal_decoder.workspace = true
-env_logger.workspace = true

 workspace_hack.workspace = true

--- a/safekeeper/benches/receive_wal.rs
+++ b/safekeeper/benches/receive_wal.rs
@@ -21,13 +21,14 @@ const KB: usize = 1024;
 const MB: usize = 1024 * KB;
 const GB: usize = 1024 * MB;

-/// Use jemalloc and enable profiling, to mirror bin/safekeeper.rs.
+/// Use jemalloc, and configure it to sample allocations for profiles every 1 MB.
+/// This mirrors the configuration in bin/safekeeper.rs.
 #[global_allocator]
 static GLOBAL: tikv_jemallocator::Jemalloc = tikv_jemallocator::Jemalloc;

 #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
 #[export_name = "malloc_conf"]
-pub static malloc_conf: &[u8] = b"prof:true,prof_active:true,lg_prof_sample:21\0";
+pub static malloc_conf: &[u8] = b"prof:true,prof_active:true,lg_prof_sample:20\0";

 // Register benchmarks with Criterion.
 criterion_group!(
--- a/safekeeper/src/bin/safekeeper.rs
+++ b/safekeeper/src/bin/safekeeper.rs
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ use utils::{
 #[global_allocator]
 static GLOBAL: tikv_jemallocator::Jemalloc = tikv_jemallocator::Jemalloc;

-/// Configure jemalloc to profile heap allocations by sampling stack traces every 2 MB (1 << 21).
-/// This adds roughly 3% overhead for allocations on average, which is acceptable considering
-/// performance-sensitive code will avoid allocations as far as possible anyway.
-#[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-#[export_name = "malloc_conf"]
-pub static malloc_conf: &[u8] = b"prof:true,prof_active:true,lg_prof_sample:21\0";
+// Configure jemalloc to sample allocations for profiles every 1 MB (1 << 20).
+// TODO: disabled because concurrent CPU profiles cause seg faults. See:
+// https://github.com/neondatabase/neon/issues/10225.
+//#[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+//#[export_name = "malloc_conf"]
+//pub static malloc_conf: &[u8] = b"prof:true,prof_active:true,lg_prof_sample:20\0";

 const PID_FILE_NAME: &str = "safekeeper.pid";
 const ID_FILE_NAME: &str = "safekeeper.id";
@@ -207,13 +207,6 @@ struct Args {
    /// Also defines interval for eviction retries.
    #[arg(long, value_parser = humantime::parse_duration, default_value = DEFAULT_EVICTION_MIN_RESIDENT)]
    eviction_min_resident: Duration,
-    /// Enable fanning out WAL to different shards from the same reader
-    #[arg(long)]
-    wal_reader_fanout: bool,
-    /// Only fan out the WAL reader if the absoulte delta between the new requested position
-    /// and the current position of the reader is smaller than this value.
-    #[arg(long)]
-    max_delta_for_fanout: Option<u64>,
 }

 // Like PathBufValueParser, but allows empty string.
@@ -377,8 +370,6 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        control_file_save_interval: args.control_file_save_interval,
        partial_backup_concurrency: args.partial_backup_concurrency,
        eviction_min_resident: args.eviction_min_resident,
-        wal_reader_fanout: args.wal_reader_fanout,
-        max_delta_for_fanout: args.max_delta_for_fanout,
    });

    // initialize sentry if SENTRY_DSN is provided
--- a/safekeeper/src/control_file.rs
+++ b/safekeeper/src/control_file.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 use anyhow::{bail, ensure, Context, Result};
 use byteorder::{LittleEndian, ReadBytesExt, WriteBytesExt};
 use camino::{Utf8Path, Utf8PathBuf};
-use safekeeper_api::membership::INVALID_GENERATION;
 use tokio::fs::File;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
 use utils::crashsafe::durable_rename;
@@ -14,14 +13,14 @@ use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::time::Instant;

-use crate::control_file_upgrade::downgrade_v10_to_v9;
+use crate::control_file_upgrade::downgrade_v9_to_v8;
 use crate::control_file_upgrade::upgrade_control_file;
 use crate::metrics::PERSIST_CONTROL_FILE_SECONDS;
 use crate::state::{EvictionState, TimelinePersistentState};
 use utils::bin_ser::LeSer;

 pub const SK_MAGIC: u32 = 0xcafeceefu32;
-pub const SK_FORMAT_VERSION: u32 = 10;
+pub const SK_FORMAT_VERSION: u32 = 9;

 // contains persistent metadata for safekeeper
 pub const CONTROL_FILE_NAME: &str = "safekeeper.control";
@@ -170,11 +169,10 @@ impl TimelinePersistentState {
        let mut buf: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
        WriteBytesExt::write_u32::<LittleEndian>(&mut buf, SK_MAGIC)?;

-        if self.mconf.generation == INVALID_GENERATION {
-            // Temp hack for forward compatibility test: in case of none
-            // configuration save cfile in previous v9 format.
-            const PREV_FORMAT_VERSION: u32 = 9;
-            let prev = downgrade_v10_to_v9(self);
+        if self.eviction_state == EvictionState::Present {
+            // temp hack for forward compatibility
+            const PREV_FORMAT_VERSION: u32 = 8;
+            let prev = downgrade_v9_to_v8(self);
            WriteBytesExt::write_u32::<LittleEndian>(&mut buf, PREV_FORMAT_VERSION)?;
            prev.ser_into(&mut buf)?;
        } else {
@@ -235,7 +233,6 @@ impl Storage for FileStorage {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
    use super::*;
-    use safekeeper_api::membership::{Configuration, MemberSet};
    use tokio::fs;
    use utils::lsn::Lsn;

@@ -245,11 +242,6 @@ mod test {
    async fn test_read_write_safekeeper_state() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let tempdir = camino_tempfile::tempdir()?;
        let mut state = TimelinePersistentState::empty();
-        state.mconf = Configuration {
-            generation: 42,
-            members: MemberSet::empty(),
-            new_members: None,
-        };
        let mut storage = FileStorage::create_new(tempdir.path(), state.clone(), NO_SYNC).await?;

        // Make a change.
--- a/safekeeper/src/control_file_upgrade.rs
+++ b/safekeeper/src/control_file_upgrade.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,17 @@
 //! Code to deal with safekeeper control file upgrades
-use std::vec;
-
 use crate::{
    safekeeper::{AcceptorState, PgUuid, TermHistory, TermLsn},
-    state::{EvictionState, TimelinePersistentState},
+    state::{EvictionState, PersistedPeers, TimelinePersistentState},
    wal_backup_partial,
 };
 use anyhow::{bail, Result};
 use pq_proto::SystemId;
-use safekeeper_api::{
-    membership::{Configuration, INVALID_GENERATION},
-    ServerInfo, Term,
-};
+use safekeeper_api::{ServerInfo, Term};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use tracing::*;
 use utils::{
    bin_ser::LeSer,
-    id::{NodeId, TenantId, TimelineId},
+    id::{TenantId, TimelineId},
    lsn::Lsn,
 };

@@ -238,90 +233,6 @@ pub struct SafeKeeperStateV8 {
    pub partial_backup: wal_backup_partial::State,
 }

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
-pub struct PersistedPeers(pub Vec<(NodeId, PersistedPeerInfo)>);
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
-pub struct PersistedPeerInfo {
-    /// LSN up to which safekeeper offloaded WAL to s3.
-    pub backup_lsn: Lsn,
-    /// Term of the last entry.
-    pub term: Term,
-    /// LSN of the last record.
-    pub flush_lsn: Lsn,
-    /// Up to which LSN safekeeper regards its WAL as committed.
-    pub commit_lsn: Lsn,
-}
-
-impl PersistedPeerInfo {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            backup_lsn: Lsn::INVALID,
-            term: safekeeper_api::INITIAL_TERM,
-            flush_lsn: Lsn(0),
-            commit_lsn: Lsn(0),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// make clippy happy
-impl Default for PersistedPeerInfo {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}
-
-/// Note: SafekeeperStateVn is old name for TimelinePersistentStateVn.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
-pub struct TimelinePersistentStateV9 {
-    #[serde(with = "hex")]
-    pub tenant_id: TenantId,
-    #[serde(with = "hex")]
-    pub timeline_id: TimelineId,
-    /// persistent acceptor state
-    pub acceptor_state: AcceptorState,
-    /// information about server
-    pub server: ServerInfo,
-    /// Unique id of the last *elected* proposer we dealt with. Not needed
-    /// for correctness, exists for monitoring purposes.
-    #[serde(with = "hex")]
-    pub proposer_uuid: PgUuid,
-    /// Since which LSN this timeline generally starts. Safekeeper might have
-    /// joined later.
-    pub timeline_start_lsn: Lsn,
-    /// Since which LSN safekeeper has (had) WAL for this timeline.
-    /// All WAL segments next to one containing local_start_lsn are
-    /// filled with data from the beginning.
-    pub local_start_lsn: Lsn,
-    /// Part of WAL acknowledged by quorum *and available locally*. Always points
-    /// to record boundary.
-    pub commit_lsn: Lsn,
-    /// LSN that points to the end of the last backed up segment. Useful to
-    /// persist to avoid finding out offloading progress on boot.
-    pub backup_lsn: Lsn,
-    /// Minimal LSN which may be needed for recovery of some safekeeper (end_lsn
-    /// of last record streamed to everyone). Persisting it helps skipping
-    /// recovery in walproposer, generally we compute it from peers. In
-    /// walproposer proto called 'truncate_lsn'. Updates are currently drived
-    /// only by walproposer.
-    pub peer_horizon_lsn: Lsn,
-    /// LSN of the oldest known checkpoint made by pageserver and successfully
-    /// pushed to s3. We don't remove WAL beyond it. Persisted only for
-    /// informational purposes, we receive it from pageserver (or broker).
-    pub remote_consistent_lsn: Lsn,
-    /// Peers and their state as we remember it. Knowing peers themselves is
-    /// fundamental; but state is saved here only for informational purposes and
-    /// obviously can be stale. (Currently not saved at all, but let's provision
-    /// place to have less file version upgrades).
-    pub peers: PersistedPeers,
-    /// Holds names of partial segments uploaded to remote storage. Used to
-    /// clean up old objects without leaving garbage in remote storage.
-    pub partial_backup: wal_backup_partial::State,
-    /// Eviction state of the timeline. If it's Offloaded, we should download
-    /// WAL files from remote storage to serve the timeline.
-    pub eviction_state: EvictionState,
-}
-
 pub fn upgrade_control_file(buf: &[u8], version: u32) -> Result<TimelinePersistentState> {
    // migrate to storing full term history
    if version == 1 {
@@ -337,7 +248,6 @@ pub fn upgrade_control_file(buf: &[u8], version: u32) -> Result<TimelinePersiste
        return Ok(TimelinePersistentState {
            tenant_id: oldstate.server.tenant_id,
            timeline_id: oldstate.server.timeline_id,
-            mconf: Configuration::empty(),
            acceptor_state: ac,
            server: ServerInfo {
                pg_version: oldstate.server.pg_version,
@@ -351,9 +261,9 @@ pub fn upgrade_control_file(buf: &[u8], version: u32) -> Result<TimelinePersiste
            backup_lsn: Lsn(0),
            peer_horizon_lsn: oldstate.truncate_lsn,
            remote_consistent_lsn: Lsn(0),
+            peers: PersistedPeers(vec![]),
            partial_backup: wal_backup_partial::State::default(),
            eviction_state: EvictionState::Present,
-            creation_ts: std::time::SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
        });
    // migrate to hexing some ids
    } else if version == 2 {
@@ -367,7 +277,6 @@ pub fn upgrade_control_file(buf: &[u8], version: u32) -> Result<TimelinePersiste
        return Ok(TimelinePersistentState {
            tenant_id: oldstate.server.tenant_id,
            timeline_id: oldstate.server.timeline_id,
-            mconf: Configuration::empty(),
            acceptor_state: oldstate.acceptor_state,
            server,
            proposer_uuid: oldstate.proposer_uuid,
@@ -377,9 +286,9 @@ pub fn upgrade_control_file(buf: &[u8], version: u32) -> Result<TimelinePersiste
            backup_lsn: Lsn(0),
            peer_horizon_lsn: oldstate.truncate_lsn,
            remote_consistent_lsn: Lsn(0),
+            peers: PersistedPeers(vec![]),
            partial_backup: wal_backup_partial::State::default(),
            eviction_state: EvictionState::Present,
-            creation_ts: std::time::SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
        });
    // migrate to moving tenant_id/timeline_id to the top and adding some lsns
    } else if version == 3 {
@@ -393,7 +302,6 @@ pub fn upgrade_control_file(buf: &[u8], version: u32) -> Result<TimelinePersiste
        return Ok(TimelinePersistentState {
            tenant_id: oldstate.server.tenant_id,
            timeline_id: oldstate.server.timeline_id,
-            mconf: Configuration::empty(),
            acceptor_state: oldstate.acceptor_state,
            server,
            proposer_uuid: oldstate.proposer_uuid,
@@ -403,9 +311,9 @@ pub fn upgrade_control_file(buf: &[u8], version: u32) -> Result<TimelinePersiste
            backup_lsn: Lsn(0),
            peer_horizon_lsn: oldstate.truncate_lsn,
            remote_consistent_lsn: Lsn(0),
+            peers: PersistedPeers(vec![]),
            partial_backup: wal_backup_partial::State::default(),
            eviction_state: EvictionState::Present,
-            creation_ts: std::time::SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
        });
    // migrate to having timeline_start_lsn
    } else if version == 4 {
@@ -419,7 +327,6 @@ pub fn upgrade_control_file(buf: &[u8], version: u32) -> Result<TimelinePersiste
        return Ok(TimelinePersistentState {
            tenant_id: oldstate.tenant_id,
            timeline_id: oldstate.timeline_id,
-            mconf: Configuration::empty(),
            acceptor_state: oldstate.acceptor_state,
            server,
            proposer_uuid: oldstate.proposer_uuid,
@@ -429,9 +336,9 @@ pub fn upgrade_control_file(buf: &[u8], version: u32) -> Result<TimelinePersiste
            backup_lsn: Lsn::INVALID,
            peer_horizon_lsn: oldstate.peer_horizon_lsn,
            remote_consistent_lsn: Lsn(0),
+            peers: PersistedPeers(vec![]),
            partial_backup: wal_backup_partial::State::default(),
            eviction_state: EvictionState::Present,
-            creation_ts: std::time::SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
        });
    } else if version == 5 {
        info!("reading safekeeper control file version {}", version);
@@ -465,7 +372,6 @@ pub fn upgrade_control_file(buf: &[u8], version: u32) -> Result<TimelinePersiste
        return Ok(TimelinePersistentState {
            tenant_id: oldstate.tenant_id,
            timeline_id: oldstate.timeline_id,
-            mconf: Configuration::empty(),
            acceptor_state: oldstate.acceptor_state,
            server: oldstate.server,
            proposer_uuid: oldstate.proposer_uuid,
@@ -475,9 +381,9 @@ pub fn upgrade_control_file(buf: &[u8], version: u32) -> Result<TimelinePersiste
            backup_lsn: oldstate.backup_lsn,
            peer_horizon_lsn: oldstate.peer_horizon_lsn,
            remote_consistent_lsn: oldstate.remote_consistent_lsn,
+            peers: oldstate.peers,
            partial_backup: wal_backup_partial::State::default(),
            eviction_state: EvictionState::Present,
-            creation_ts: std::time::SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
        });
    } else if version == 8 {
        let oldstate = SafeKeeperStateV8::des(&buf[..buf.len()])?;
@@ -485,7 +391,6 @@ pub fn upgrade_control_file(buf: &[u8], version: u32) -> Result<TimelinePersiste
        return Ok(TimelinePersistentState {
            tenant_id: oldstate.tenant_id,
            timeline_id: oldstate.timeline_id,
-            mconf: Configuration::empty(),
            acceptor_state: oldstate.acceptor_state,
            server: oldstate.server,
            proposer_uuid: oldstate.proposer_uuid,
@@ -495,28 +400,9 @@ pub fn upgrade_control_file(buf: &[u8], version: u32) -> Result<TimelinePersiste
            backup_lsn: oldstate.backup_lsn,
            peer_horizon_lsn: oldstate.peer_horizon_lsn,
            remote_consistent_lsn: oldstate.remote_consistent_lsn,
+            peers: oldstate.peers,
            partial_backup: oldstate.partial_backup,
            eviction_state: EvictionState::Present,
-            creation_ts: std::time::SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
-        });
-    } else if version == 9 {
-        let oldstate = TimelinePersistentStateV9::des(&buf[..buf.len()])?;
-        return Ok(TimelinePersistentState {
-            tenant_id: oldstate.tenant_id,
-            timeline_id: oldstate.timeline_id,
-            mconf: Configuration::empty(),
-            acceptor_state: oldstate.acceptor_state,
-            server: oldstate.server,
-            proposer_uuid: oldstate.proposer_uuid,
-            timeline_start_lsn: oldstate.timeline_start_lsn,
-            local_start_lsn: oldstate.local_start_lsn,
-            commit_lsn: oldstate.commit_lsn,
-            backup_lsn: oldstate.backup_lsn,
-            peer_horizon_lsn: oldstate.peer_horizon_lsn,
-            remote_consistent_lsn: oldstate.remote_consistent_lsn,
-            partial_backup: oldstate.partial_backup,
-            eviction_state: oldstate.eviction_state,
-            creation_ts: std::time::SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
        });
    }

@@ -526,11 +412,9 @@ pub fn upgrade_control_file(buf: &[u8], version: u32) -> Result<TimelinePersiste
    bail!("unsupported safekeeper control file version {}", version)
 }

-// Used as a temp hack to make forward compatibility test work. Should be
-// removed after PR adding v10 is merged.
-pub fn downgrade_v10_to_v9(state: &TimelinePersistentState) -> TimelinePersistentStateV9 {
-    assert!(state.mconf.generation == INVALID_GENERATION);
-    TimelinePersistentStateV9 {
+pub fn downgrade_v9_to_v8(state: &TimelinePersistentState) -> SafeKeeperStateV8 {
+    assert!(state.eviction_state == EvictionState::Present);
+    SafeKeeperStateV8 {
        tenant_id: state.tenant_id,
        timeline_id: state.timeline_id,
        acceptor_state: state.acceptor_state.clone(),
@@ -542,9 +426,8 @@ pub fn downgrade_v10_to_v9(state: &TimelinePersistentState) -> TimelinePersisten
        backup_lsn: state.backup_lsn,
        peer_horizon_lsn: state.peer_horizon_lsn,
        remote_consistent_lsn: state.remote_consistent_lsn,
-        peers: PersistedPeers(vec![]),
+        peers: state.peers.clone(),
        partial_backup: state.partial_backup.clone(),
-        eviction_state: state.eviction_state,
    }
 }

@@ -554,7 +437,7 @@ mod tests {

    use utils::{id::NodeId, Hex};

-    use crate::control_file_upgrade::PersistedPeerInfo;
+    use crate::safekeeper::PersistedPeerInfo;

    use super::*;

--- a/safekeeper/src/copy_timeline.rs
+++ b/safekeeper/src/copy_timeline.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use anyhow::{bail, Result};
 use camino::Utf8PathBuf;
 use postgres_ffi::{MAX_SEND_SIZE, WAL_SEGMENT_SIZE};
-use safekeeper_api::membership::Configuration;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::{
    fs::OpenOptions,
@@ -148,10 +147,10 @@ pub async fn handle_request(

    let mut new_state = TimelinePersistentState::new(
        &request.destination_ttid,
-        Configuration::empty(),
        state.server.clone(),
-        start_lsn,
+        vec![],
        request.until_lsn,
+        start_lsn,
    )?;
    new_state.timeline_start_lsn = start_lsn;
    new_state.peer_horizon_lsn = request.until_lsn;
--- a/safekeeper/src/http/routes.rs
+++ b/safekeeper/src/http/routes.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use hyper::{Body, Request, Response, StatusCode};
-use safekeeper_api::models;
 use safekeeper_api::models::AcceptorStateStatus;
 use safekeeper_api::models::SafekeeperStatus;
 use safekeeper_api::models::TermSwitchApiEntry;
@@ -112,15 +111,14 @@ async fn timeline_create_handler(mut request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<
        system_id: request_data.system_id.unwrap_or(0),
        wal_seg_size: request_data.wal_seg_size.unwrap_or(WAL_SEGMENT_SIZE as u32),
    };
+    let local_start_lsn = request_data.local_start_lsn.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        request_data
+            .commit_lsn
+            .segment_lsn(server_info.wal_seg_size as usize)
+    });
    let global_timelines = get_global_timelines(&request);
    global_timelines
-        .create(
-            ttid,
-            request_data.mconf,
-            server_info,
-            request_data.start_lsn,
-            request_data.commit_lsn.unwrap_or(request_data.start_lsn),
-        )
+        .create(ttid, server_info, request_data.commit_lsn, local_start_lsn)
        .await
        .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;

@@ -184,7 +182,6 @@ async fn timeline_status_handler(request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body
    let status = TimelineStatus {
        tenant_id: ttid.tenant_id,
        timeline_id: ttid.timeline_id,
-        mconf: state.mconf,
        acceptor_state: acc_state,
        pg_info: state.server,
        flush_lsn,
@@ -195,7 +192,7 @@ async fn timeline_status_handler(request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body
        peer_horizon_lsn: inmem.peer_horizon_lsn,
        remote_consistent_lsn: inmem.remote_consistent_lsn,
        peers: tli.get_peers(conf).await,
-        walsenders: tli.get_walsenders().get_all_public(),
+        walsenders: tli.get_walsenders().get_all(),
        walreceivers: tli.get_walreceivers().get_all(),
    };
    json_response(StatusCode::OK, status)
@@ -270,28 +267,6 @@ async fn timeline_snapshot_handler(request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Bo
    Ok(response)
 }

-/// Consider switching timeline membership configuration to the provided one.
-async fn timeline_membership_handler(
-    mut request: Request<Body>,
-) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
-    let ttid = TenantTimelineId::new(
-        parse_request_param(&request, "tenant_id")?,
-        parse_request_param(&request, "timeline_id")?,
-    );
-    check_permission(&request, Some(ttid.tenant_id))?;
-
-    let global_timelines = get_global_timelines(&request);
-    let tli = global_timelines.get(ttid).map_err(ApiError::from)?;
-
-    let data: models::TimelineMembershipSwitchRequest = json_request(&mut request).await?;
-    let response = tli
-        .membership_switch(data.mconf)
-        .await
-        .map_err(ApiError::InternalServerError)?;
-
-    json_response(StatusCode::OK, response)
-}
-
 async fn timeline_copy_handler(mut request: Request<Body>) -> Result<Response<Body>, ApiError> {
    check_permission(&request, None)?;

@@ -643,10 +618,6 @@ pub fn make_router(
            "/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id/snapshot/:destination_id",
            |r| request_span(r, timeline_snapshot_handler),
        )
-        .post(
-            "/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:timeline_id/membership",
-            |r| request_span(r, timeline_membership_handler),
-        )
        .post(
            "/v1/tenant/:tenant_id/timeline/:source_timeline_id/copy",
            |r| request_span(r, timeline_copy_handler),
--- a/safekeeper/src/json_ctrl.rs
+++ b/safekeeper/src/json_ctrl.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@

 use anyhow::Context;
 use postgres_backend::QueryError;
-use safekeeper_api::membership::Configuration;
 use safekeeper_api::{ServerInfo, Term};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};
@@ -106,7 +105,6 @@ async fn prepare_safekeeper(
        .global_timelines
        .create(
            spg.ttid,
-            Configuration::empty(),
            ServerInfo {
                pg_version,
                wal_seg_size: WAL_SEGMENT_SIZE as u32,
--- a/safekeeper/src/lib.rs
+++ b/safekeeper/src/lib.rs
@@ -108,8 +108,6 @@ pub struct SafeKeeperConf {
    pub control_file_save_interval: Duration,
    pub partial_backup_concurrency: usize,
    pub eviction_min_resident: Duration,
-    pub wal_reader_fanout: bool,
-    pub max_delta_for_fanout: Option<u64>,
 }

 impl SafeKeeperConf {
@@ -152,8 +150,6 @@ impl SafeKeeperConf {
            control_file_save_interval: Duration::from_secs(1),
            partial_backup_concurrency: 1,
            eviction_min_resident: Duration::ZERO,
-            wal_reader_fanout: false,
-            max_delta_for_fanout: None,
        }
    }
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More